AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR FARMERS ABSTRACT: The continuous increasing demand of the food requires the rapid

improvement in food production technology. In a country like India, where the economy is mainly based on agriculture and the climatic conditions are isotropic, still we are not able to make full use of agricultural resources. The main reason is the lack of rains & scarcity of land reservoir water. The continuous extraction of water from earth is reducing the water level due to which lot of land is coming slowly in the zones of un-irrigated land. Another very important reason of this is due to unplanned use of water due to which a significant amount of water goes waste. In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip is very economical and efficient. In the modern drip irrigation systems, the most significant advantage is that water is supplied near the root zone of the plants drip by drip due to which a large quantity of water is saved. At the present era, the farmers have been using irrigation technique in India through the manual control in which the farmers irrigate the land at the regular intervals. This process sometimes consumes more water or sometimes the water reaches late due to which the crops get dried. Water deficiency can be detrimental to plants before visible wilting occurs. Slowed growth rate, lighter weight fruit follows slight water deficiency. This problem can be perfectly rectified if we use automatic micro controller based drip irrigation system in which the irrigation will take place only when there will be intense requirement of water.

The proposed Automatic Irrigation System for Farmers project makes the irrigation automated. With the use of low cost sensors and the simple circuitry, we can make this project as a low cost product, which can be bought even by a poor farmer. This project is best suited for places where water is scares and has to be used in limited quantity. The circuit comprises sensor parts built using an operational amplifier. Two stiff copper wires are inserted in the soil to sense whether the Soil is wet or dry. These sensors are buried in the ground at required depth. Once the soil has reached desired moisture level the sensors send a signal to the microcontroller to turn on / off the relay. That is, the microcontroller is used to control the whole system, which monitors the sensors and when sensors sense the dry condition then the microcontroller will switch on the motor and it will switch off the motor when sensors sense the wet condition. The system is built with Sensors, LM324 Comparator IC, and a Relay. The software part of the system is designed using C language. The Keil IDE is used as a development tool. This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. The AC mains supply is applied to a 12V step down transformer. The transformer output is 12V AC which is rectified using a bridge rectifier. The output of bridge rectifier is DC 12V which is filtered by a capacitor, and then regulated using 7812 voltage regulator. The output of 7812 is +12V DC which is the required voltage for relay operation. The output of 7812 regulator is further filtered by a capacitor, and then regulated using 7805 voltage regulator. The output of 7805 is +5V DC which is the required voltage for

microcontroller operation. Also an LED in series with 470 Ohms resistor is used for power on indication.

INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION SCHEMATIC 3. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

AC MOTOR

COMPARATOR(LM358) 4. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION KEIL C 5. CONCLUSION 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION Objective: The main aim of this embedded application is to save the power as well as automatic starts the ac motor. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

SENSORS

COMPARATOR

DRIVER

RELAY

Description: This application is in the area of embedded systems. An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular function Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it reducing the size and cost of the product and increasing the reliability and performance. Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that is typically either a microcontroller or a digital signal

processor (DSP). Embedded common use today.

systems

control

many

devices

in

Irrigation is the key to a successful garden. Long gone are the days of manual watering or relying on a friend to water when you are on vacation or away on business. The Project presented here waters your plants regularly when you are out for vocation. The circuit comprises sensor parts built using op-amp IC LM358. Op-amp is configured here as a comparator. Two stiff copper wires are inserted in the soil to sense the whether the Soil is wet or dry. The comparator monitors the sensors and when sensors sense the dry condition then the project will switch on the motor and it will switch off the motor when the sensors are in wet. when it receives the signals from the comparator.

SCHEMATIC:

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD Printed circuit boards may be covered in two topics namely 1) Technology 2) Design Introduction to printed circuit boards: It is called PCB in short, printed circuit consists of conductive circuit pattern

Applied to one or both sides of an insulating base, depending upon that, it is called single sided PCB or double-sided PCB. (SSB and DSB). Conductor materials available are silver, brass, aluminium and copper. Copper is most widely used. The thickness of conducting material depends upon the current carrying capacity of circuit. Thus a thicker copper layer will have more current carrying capacity. The printed circuit boards usually serves three distinct functions. 1) it provides mechanical support for the mounted on it. 2) It provides necessary electrical interconnections. 3) It acts as heat sink that is provides a conduction path leading to removal of the heat generated in the circuit. Advantages of PCB 1) When a number of identical assemblies are required. PCBs provide cost saving because once a layout is approved there is no need to check the circuit every time. 2) For large equipments such as computers, the saving on checking connections or wires is substantial. 3) PCBs have controllable and predictable electrical and mechanical properties. 4) A more uniform product is produced because wiring errors are eliminated. components

5) The distributed capacitances are constant from one production to another. 6) Soldering is done in one operation instead of connecting discrete components by wires. 7) The PCB construction lands itself for automatic assembly. 8) Spiral type of inductors may be printed. 9) Weight is less. 10) It has miniaturization potential. 11) It has reproducible performance. 12) All the signals are accessible for testing at any point along conductor track. Classifications of laminates : Laminates

Glass base lamination base lamination

Paper

There materials are built from several layers of paper or glass, which are bound together under heat and pressure to form rigid sheets. The binder is usually a phenolic resin in the case of glass base.

The copper layer is formed on either side or two sides of the laminate. Because of the different filters and binding resins the characteristic properties of copper clad laminates change. The rigid sheets of filters which form reinforcement use paper in the form of alpha cellulose, craft or rags. These are cheaper and have easy machinbillity. Glass filter uses glass fibers which are woven to give cloth like appearance. This gives a high mechanical strength, they are better moisture resistant than above type. Binding resins are either phenolic or epoxy as are also used. Of these, Epoxy resin has Good electrical and mechanical properties. Manufacture of cu clad laminate: The base of laminate is either paper or glass fiber cloth, as mentioned before. The copper foil is produced by electroplating a thin layer of copper on a large rotating drum of stainless steel. As the drum runs the deposited copper layer is peeled off and forms a continuous length, which is coiled into rolls for use. To ensure good adhesion between copper foils and hydraulic press for proper adhesion. AC Motor AC motors are configured in many types and sizes, including brush less, servo, and gear motor types. A motor consists of a base material, under surface of copper on the laminate and both are kept mentioned before in addition to these; phenol formaldehyde and polyesters

rotor and a permanent magnetic field stator. The magnetic field is maintained using speed either permanent and magnets or electromagnetic windings. AC motors are most commonly used in variable torque.

Motion and controls cover a wide range of components that in some way are used to generate and/or control motion. Areas within this category include bearings and bushings, clutches and brakes, controls and drives, drive components, encoders and resolves, Integrated motion control, limit switches, linear actuators, linear and rotary motion components, linear position sensing, motors (both AC and AC motors), orientation position sensing, pneumatics and pneumatic components, positioning stages, slides and guides, power transmission (mechanical), seals, slip rings, solenoids, springs.

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal configuration of a AC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion.

Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole AC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).

Every AC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common AC motors (and all that Beamers will see), the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets1. The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets. The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, and driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, AC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would exhibit a high amount of torque ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor). So since most small AC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the workings of one via an interactive animation (JavaScript required): You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time (but two others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one commutator contact to the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring: There's probably no better way to see how an average AC motor is put together, than by just opening one up. Unfortunately this is tedious work, as well as requiring the destruction of a perfectly good motor.

This is a basic 3-pole ACmotor, with 2 brushes and three commutator contacts.
Single-phase induction motors A three phase motor may be run from a single phase power source. (Figure below) However, it will not self-start. It may be hand started in either direction, coming up to speed in a few seconds. It will only develop 2/3 of the 3- power rating because one winding is not used.

3-motor runs from 1- power, but does not start. The single coil of a single phase induction motor does not produce a rotating magnetic field, but a pulsating field reaching maximum intensity at 0o and 180o electrical. (Figure below)

Single phase stator produces a nonrotating, pulsating magnetic field. Another view is that the single coil excited by a single phase current produces two counter rotating magnetic field phasors, coinciding twice

per revolution at 0o (Figure above-a) and 180o (figure e). When the phasors rotate to 90o and -90o they cancel in figure b. At 45o and -45o (figure c) they are partially additive along the +x axis and cancel along the y axis. An analogous situation exists in figure d. The sum of these two phasors is a phasor stationary in space, but alternating polarity in time. Thus, no starting torque is developed. However, if the rotor is rotated forward at a bit less than the synchronous speed, It will develop maximum torque at 10% slip with respect to the forward rotating phasor. Less torque will be developed above or below 10% slip. The rotor will see 200% - 10% slip with respect to the counter rotating magnetic field phasor. Little torque (see torque vs slip curve) other than a double freqency ripple is developed from the counter rotating phasor. Thus, the single phase coil will develop torque, once the rotor is started. If the rotor is started in the reverse direction, it will develop a similar large torque as it nears the speed of the backward Rotating phasor. Single phase induction motors have a copper or aluminum squirrel cage embedded in a cylinder of steel laminations, typical of poly-phase induction motors. Permanent-split capacitor motor One way to solve the single phase problem is to build a 2-phase motor, deriving 2-phase power from single phase. This requires a motor with two windings spaced apart 90o electrical, fed with two phases of current displaced 90o in time. This is called a permanent-split capacitor motor in Figure below.

Permanent-split capacitor induction motor. This type of motor suffers increased current magnitude and backward time shift as the motor comes up to speed, with torque pulsations at full speed. The solution is to keep the capacitor (impedance) small to minimize losses. The losses are less than for a shaded pole motor. This motor configuration works well up to 1/4 horsepower (200watt), though, usually applied to smaller motors. The direction of the motor is easily reversed by switching the capacitor in series with the other winding. This type of motor can be adapted for use as a servo motor, described elsewhere is this chapter.

Single phase induction motor with embedded stator coils. Single phase induction motors may have coils embedded into the stator as shown in Figure above for larger size motors. Though, the smaller sizes use less complex to build concentrated windings with salient poles.

Capacitor-start induction motor In Figure below a larger capacitor may be used to start a single phase induction motor via the auxiliary winding if it is switched out by a centrifugal switch once the motor is up to speed. Moreover, the auxiliary winding may be many more turns of heavier wire than used in a resistance split-phase motor to mitigate excessive temperature rise. The result is that more starting torque is available for heavy loads like air conditioning compressors. This motor configuration works so well that it is available in multi-horsepower (multi-kilowatt) sizes.

Capacitor-start induction motor. Capacitor-run motor induction motor A variation of the capacitor-start motor (Figure below) is to start the motor with a relatively large capacitor for high starting torque, but leave a smaller value capacitor in place after starting to improve running characteristics while not drawing excessive current. The additional complexity of the capacitor-run motor is justified for larger size motors.

Capacitor-run motor induction motor. A motor starting capacitor may be a double-anode non-polar

electrolytic capacitor which could be two + to + (or - to -) series connected polarized electrolytic capacitors. Such AC rated electrolytic capacitors have such high losses that they can only be used for intermittent duty (1 second on, 60 seconds off) like motor starting. A capacitor for motor running must not be of electrolytic construction, but a lower loss polymer type. Resistance split-phase motor induction motor If an auxiliary winding of much fewer turns of smaller wire is placed at 90o electrical to the main winding, it can start a single phase induction motor. (Figure below) With lower inductance and higher resistance, the current will experience less phase shift than the main winding. About 30o of phase difference may be obtained. This coil produces a moderate starting torque, which is disconnected by a centrifugal switch at 3/4 of synchronous speed. This simple (no capacitor) arrangement serves well for motors up to 1/3 horsepower (250 watts) driving easily started loads.

Resistance split-phase motor induction motor.

This motor has more starting torque than a shaded pole motor (next section), but not as much as a two phase motor built from the same parts. The current density in the auxiliary winding is so high during starting that the consequent rapid temperature rise precludes frequent restarting or slow starting loads. Nola power factor corrrector Frank Nola of NASA proposed a power factor corrector for improving the efficiency of AC induction motors in the mid 1970's. It is based on the premise that induction motors are inefficient at less than full load. This inefficiency correlates with a low power factor. The less than unity power factor is due to magnetizing current required by the stator. This fixed current is a larger proportion of total motor current as motor load is decreased. At light load, the full magnetizing current is not required. It could be reduced by decreasing the applied voltage, improving the power factor and efficiency. The power factor corrector senses power factor, and decreases motor voltage, thus restoring a higher power factor and decreasing losses. Since single-phase motors are about 2 to 4 times as inefficient as three-phase motors, there is potential energy savings for 1- motors. There is no savings for a fully loaded motor since all the stator magnetizing current is required. The voltage cannot be reduced. But there is potential savings from a less than fully loaded motor. A nominal 117 VAC motor is designed to work at as high as 127 VAC, as low as 104 VAC. That means that it is not fully loaded when operated at greater than 104 VAC, for example, a 117 VAC refrigerator. It is safe for the power factor controller to lower the line voltage to 104-110 VAC. The higher the initial line voltage, the greater the potential savings. Of course, if the power company delivers closer to 110 VAC, the motor will operate more efficiently without any add-on device.Any substantially idle, 25% FLC or less, single phase induction motor is a

candidate for a PFC. Though, it needs to operate a large number of hours per year. And the more time it idles, as in a lumber saw, punch press, or conveyor, the greater the possibility of paying for the controller in a few years operation. It should be easier to pay for it by a factor of three as compared to the more efficient 3--motor. The cost of a PFC cannot be recovered for a motor operating only a few hours per day Summary: Single-phase induction motors

Single-phase induction motors are not self-starting without an auxiliary stator winding driven by an out of phase current of near 90o. Once started the auxiliary winding is optional.

The auxiliary winding of a permanent-split capacitor motor has a capacitor in series with it during starting and running. A capacitor-start induction motor only has a capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding during starting. A capacitor-run motor typically has a large non-polarized electrolytic capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding for starting, then a smaller non-electrolytic capacitor during running.

The auxiliary winding of a resistance split-phase motor develops a phase difference versus the main winding during starting by virtue of the difference in resistance.

Learn about "Capacitor Start - Induction Run" Motors The starter winding has a capacitor incorporated which makes the single-phase motor a self-starting one. Read here to know about the different types of widely used capacitor-motors

Introduction We know that the single-phase induction motor can be made selfstarting in numerous ways. One such most used method was the Split Phase motors which we discussed in my last article. In this article, we will discuss about the Capacitor Start Induction Run Motors.

Capacitor-Start Induction-Run Motors We know about the activity of a capacitor in a pure A.C. Circuit. When a capacitor is so introduced, the voltage lags the current by some

phase angle. In these motors, the necessary phase difference between the Is and Im is obtained by introducing a capacitor in series with the starter winding. The capacitor used in these motors are of electrolytic type and usually visible as it is mounted outside the motor as a separate unit.

During starting, as the capacitor is connected in series with the starter winding, the current through the starter winding Is leads the voltage V, which is applied across the circuit. But the current through the main winding Im, still lags the applied voltage V across the circuit. Thus more the difference between the Is and Im, better the resulting rotating magnetic field.

When the motor reaches about 75% of the full load speed, the centrifugal switch S opens and thus disconnecting the starter winding and the capacitor from the main winding. It is important to point out from the phasor diagram that the phase difference between Im and Is is almost 80 degrees as against 30 degrees in a split-phase induction motor. Thus a capacitor-start induction-run motor produces a better rotating magnetic field than the split-phase motors. It is evident from

the phasor diagram that the current through the starter winding Is leads the voltage V by a small angle and the current through the main winding Im lags the applied voltage. It is to be appreciated that the resultant current I, is small and is almost in phase with the applied voltage V.

As discussed earlier in my last article on split-phase motors, the torque developed by a split-phase induction motor is directly proportional to the sine of the angle between Is and Im. Also the angle is 30 degrees in case of split-phase motors. But incase of capacitor-start induction-run motors, the angle between Is and Im is 80 degrees. It is then obvious that the increase in the angle (from 30 degrees to 80 degrees) alone increases the starting torque to nearly twice the value developed by a standard split-phase induction motor. The speed-torque characteristics curve is exhibiting the starting and running torques of a capacitor-start induction-run motor.

Types of Motors There are different types of Capacitor-start motors designed and used in various fields. They are as follows: 1. Single-voltage, externally reversible type, 2. Single-voltage, non-reversible type, 3. Single-voltage reversible and with thermostat type, 4. Single-voltage, non-reversible with magnetic switch type, 5. Two-voltage, non-reversible type, 6. Two-voltage, reversible type, 7. Single-voltage, three-lead reversible type, 8. Single-voltage, instantly-reversible type, 9. Two speed type, and 10. Two-speed with two-capacitor type.

These motors can be used for various purposes depending upon the need of the user. The starting, speed/torque characteristics of each of the above motors can be analyzed before employing them in work.

COMPARATOR(LM358):

Features

 Internally Frequency Compensated for Unity Gain Large DC Voltage Gain: 100dB Wide Power Supply Range: LM258/LM258A, LM358/LM358A: 3V~32V (or 1.5V ~ 16V) LM2904: 3V~26V (or 1.5V ~ 13V) Input Common Mode Voltage Range Includes Ground Large Output Voltage Swing: 0V DC to Vcc -1.5V DC Power Drain Suitable for Battery Operation. Description The LM2904, LM358/LM358A, LM258/LM258A consist of two independent, operational high gain, Internally were frequency designed compensated specifically to amplifiers which

operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltage. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifier, DC gain blocks and all the conventional OP-AMP circuits which now can be easily implemented in single power supply systems.

Power Supply:
LM7812 LM7805

BR1
Red led
O/P power I/P power
1000 uf 470 uf 100 uf 100 ohm

Power supply

D1

The power supply consists of ac voltage transformer, diode rectifier, ripple filter, and voltage regulators. The transformer is an AC device, which increases or decreases the input supply voltage without change in frequency. There are 2 types of transformers. One of Stepup and the other is Step-down. Here we are using a Step-down transformer, which decreases the 230 supply volts to 12 volts. The rectifier is a device which converts an AC voltage to the pulsating DC voltage. Here IN4007 diodes are used as rectifiers. A bridge type full

wave rectifier is constructed using these diodes, as its efficiency is 81.2% and ripple factor is 0.482. After the rectification, the output voltage signal contains both an average dc component and a time varying ac component called the ripple. To reduce or eliminate the ac component, one needs low pass filter(s). The low pass filter allows the dc component to pass through it but attenuate the ac at 60 Hz or its harmonics, i.e., 120 Hz. Here we use 1000Mf, 470Mf & 100Mf capacitors at the o/p and i/p of regulators. The 12v DC output of the filter is passed through voltage regulators of 7812 & 7805. 78 indicates that it is a regulator for positive voltage. There is a corresponding 79 model for negative voltage. 12 indicates that it has an output of 12 V. similarly we are connecting a 7805 to the 7812 regulator o/p, to generate 5volts. An LED in series to a 100ohms resistor is connected in parallel to the output voltage to indicate the supply. And also a switch is connected in series to the o/p voltage terminal to ON/OFF the supply.

Transformer: Definition: The transformer is a static electro-magnetic device that transforms one alternating voltage (current) into another voltage (current). However, power remains the some during the transformation. Transformers play a major role in the transmission and distribution of ac power.

Principle: Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. A transformer consists of laminated magnetic core forming the magnetic frame. Primary and secondary coils are wound upon the two cores of the magnetic frame, linked by the common magnetic flux. When an alternating voltage is applied across the primary coil, a current flows in the primary coil producing magnetic flux in the transformer core. This flux induces voltage in secondary coil. Transformers are classified as: (a) Based on position of the windings with respect to core i.e. (1) (2) (b) (1) (2) (a) Core type transformer Shell type transformer Step up transformer Step down transformer

Transformation ratio:

Core & shell types: Transformer is simplest electrical machine, which consists of windings on the laminated magnetic core. There are two possibilities of putting up the windings on the core.

(1) (2) (b)

Winding encircle the core in the case of core type transformer Cores encircle the windings on shell type transformer. Step up and Step down: In these Voltage transformation takes place according to whether the Primary is high voltage coil or a low voltage coil.

(1) (2)

Lower to higher-> Step up Higher to lower-> Step down

DIODES

It is a two terminal device consisting of a P-N junction formed either of Ge or Si crystal. The P and N type regions are referred to as anode and cathode respectively. Commercially available diodes usually have some means to indicate which lead is P and which lead is N.

FEATURE Low forward voltage High current capability Low leakage current High surge capability Low cost MECHANICAL DATA Case:Molded plastic use UL 94V-0 recognized Flame retardant epoxy Terminals:Axial leads, solderable per MIL-STD-202, method 208 Polarity:Color band denotes cathode Mounting Position:Any

RESISTORS: A Resistor is a heat-dissipating element and in the electronic circuits it is mostly used for either controlling the current in the circuit or developing a voltage drop across it, which could be utilized for many applications. There are various types of resistors, which can be classified according to a number of factors depending upon: Material used for fabrication Wattage and physical size Intended application Ambient temperature rating Cost

Basically the resistor can be split in to the following four parts from the construction view point. (1) Base (2) Resistance element (3) Terminals (4) Protective means. The following characteristics are inherent in all resistors and may be controlled by design considerations and choice of material i.e. Temperature coefficient of resistance, Voltage coefficient of resistance, high frequency characteristics, power rating, tolerance & voltage rating of resistors. Resistors may be classified as (1)Fixed (2)Semi variable (3)Variable resistor.

CAPACITORS
The fundamental relation for the capacitance between two flat plates separated by a dielectric material is given by:C=0.08854KA/D Where: C= capacitance in pf. K= dielectric constant A=Area per plate in square cm. D=Distance between two plates in cm Design of capacitor depends on the proper dielectric material with particular type of application. The dielectric material used for capacitors may be grouped in various classes like Mica, Glass, air, ceramic, paper, Aluminum, electrolyte etc. The value of capacitance never remains constant. It changes with temperature, frequency and

aging. The capacitance value marked on the capacitor strictly applies only at specified temperature and at low frequencies.

LED (Light Emitting Diodes):

As its name implies it is a diode, which emits light when forward biased. Charge carrier recombination takes place when electrons from the N-side cross the junction and recombine with the holes on the P side. Electrons are in the higher conduction band on the N side whereas holes are in the lower valence band on the P side. During recombination, some of the energy is given up in the form of heat and light. In the case of semiconductor materials like Gallium arsenide (GaAs), Gallium phoshide (Gap) and Gallium arsenide phoshide (GaAsP) a greater percentage of energy is released during recombination and is given out in the form of light. LED emits no light when junction is reverse biased. LM7812 AND LM7805:

Features

Output Current of 1.5A Output Voltage Tolerance of 5% Internal thermal overload protection Internal Short-Circuit Limited No External Component Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24V Offer in plastic TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263 Direct Replacement for LM78XX

Description:
The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages

making them useful in wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263 Packages

Applications:
Post regulator for switching DC/DC converter Bias supply for analog circuits

CONCLUSION: The project AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR FARMERS has been successfully designed and tested. It has been developed by integrating features of all the hardware components used. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit.

Secondly, using highly advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the project has been successfully implemented. Finally we conclude that EMBEDDED SYSTEM system is an emerging field and there is a huge scope for research and development.

BIBLIOGRAPHY The 8051 Micro controller and Embedded Systems -Muhammad Ali Mazidi Janice Gillispie Mazidi The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, Programming & Applications -Kenneth J.Ayala Fundamentals Of Micro processors and Micro computers -B.Ram Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications -Ramesh S.Gaonkar Electronic Components -D.V.Prasad Wireless Communications - Theodore S. Rappaport

Mobile Tele Communications - William C.Y. Lee References on the Web: www.national.com www.atmel.com www.microsoftsearch.com www.geocities.com