ENSC283 IntroductionandPropertiesofFluids

Spring2009

Preparedby: Prepared by: M.Bahrami MechatronicsSystemEngineering,SchoolofEngineeringandSciences,SFU

M.Bahrami

ENSC283

Spring2009

Pressure
Pressureisthe(compression)forceexertedbyafluidperunitarea.

Stressvs.pressure? Influids,gasesandliquids,wespeakofpressure;insolidsthisisnormal In fluids gases and liquids we speak of pressure; in solids this is normal stress.Forafluidatrest,thepressureatagivenpointisthesameinall directions.

Differencesorgradientsinpressuredriveafluidflow,especiallyinductsand pipes. i
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Density
Thedensityofafluidisitsmassperunitvolume:

Liquidsareessentiallyincompressible Densityishighlyvariableingasesnearlyproportionaltothepressure. @20C, 1 atm Air Water 998 Hydrogen 0.0838 Mercury 13,580

Density (kg/m3) 1.20

Note:specificvolume isdefinedas:

M.Bahrami

ENSC283

Spring2009

Specificweight
Thespecificweightofafluidisitsweight,,perunitvolume. Densityandspecificweightarerelatedbygravity: y p g yg y

M.Bahrami

ENSC283

Spring2009

Specificgravity
Specificgravityistheratioofafluiddensitytoastandardreferencefluid, typicallywaterat4C(forliquids)andair(forgases):

Forexample,thespecificgravityofmercuryisSGHg =13,580/1000 13.6.

M.Bahrami

ENSC283

Spring2009

Kineticandpotentialenergy
Potentialenergy istheworkrequiredtomovethesystemofmassm from theorigintoapositionagainstagravityfieldg:

Kineticenergy istheworkrequiredtochangethespeedofthemassfrom zerotovelocityV.

M.Bahrami

ENSC283

Spring2009

Energy

Note:internalenergy,u,isafunctionoftemperatureandpressureforthe singlephasesubstance,whereasKEandPEarekinematicquantities.
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Specificheat
Specificheatcapacity:isthemeasureoftheheatenergyrequiredto increasethetemperatureofaunitmassofasubstancebyonedegree temperature. caluminum =0.9(kJ/kg.K)andcwater =4.186(kJ/kg.K) Therearetwotypesofspecificheats,constantvolumecv andconstant yp p , pressurecp.
Atmospheric pressure Gas withconst. volume Rigidtank Heat transfer Cylinder piston Gas withconst. pressure

Heat transfer

cv
M.Bahrami ENSC283 Spring2009

cp
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Idealgasequationofstate
Anyequationthatrelatesthepressure,temperature,andspecificvolume ofasubstanceiscalledanequationofstate. Itisexperimentallyobservedthatatalowpressurethevolumeofagasis It i i t ll b d th t t l th l f i proportionaltoitstemperature:

Ru isthegasuniversalconstant,Ru=8.314(kJ/kmol.K) TheconstantR isdifferentforeachgas;forair,Rair =0.287(kJ/kg.K).The molecularweightofairM=28.97kg/kmol. l l i ht f i M 28 97 k /k l

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Propertiesofidealgas
Foranidealgas,internalenergyisonlyafunctionoftemperature;thus constantvolumespecificheatisonlyafunctionoftemperature:

Foranidealgas,enthalpy isonlyafunctionoftemperature;h=u+pv Theconstantpressurespecificheatcanbedefinedas:

Thespecificheatratioisanimportantdimensionlessparameter:

M.Bahrami

ENSC283

Spring2009

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Incompressiblefluids
Liquidsare(almost)incompressibleandthushaveasingleconstantspecific heat:

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ENSC283

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Viscosity
Viscosityisameasureofafluidsresistancetoflow.Itdeterminesthefluid strainratethatisgeneratedbyagivenappliedshearstress.

Temperaturehasastrongandpressurehasamoderateeffectonviscosity. Theviscosityofgasesandmostliquidsincreasesslowlywithpressure. y g q y p

M.Bahrami

ENSC283

Spring2009

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Viscosity
ANewtonianfluid hasalinearrelationshipbetweenshearstressand velocitygradient:
y u(y)

Velocityprofile

Noslipatwall

Theno slipcondition:atthewallvelocityiszerorelativetothewall.Thisis The noslip condition: at the wall velocity is zero relative to the wall This is acharacteristicofallviscousfluid. Theshearstressisproportionaltotheslopeofthevelocityprofileandis greatestatthewall. greatest at the wall
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TheReynoldsnumber
TheReynoldsnumber,Re,isadimensionlessnumberthatgivesameasure oftheratioofinertialforcestoviscousforces

Laminar flow,Remoderate

Creepingflow,Reisverylow

Turbulent flow,Rehigh

M.Bahrami

ENSC283

Spring2009

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Thermalconductivity
Rateofheatconductionisproportionaltothetemperaturedifference,but itisinverselyproportionaltothethicknessofthelayer

T1 T2

Q
Area,A A x

Tomakethisequality,k (Wm.K)thethermalconductivityofthematerial,is introduced. ThisiscalledtheFourierslawofheatconduction:

M.Bahrami

ENSC283

Spring2009

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Flowbetweenparallelplates
Itistheflowinducedbetweenafixedlowerplateandupperplatemoving steadilyatvelocityV

Shearstressisconstantthroughoutthefluid:

Afterintegrationandapplyingboundaryconditions:

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ENSC283

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Surfacetension
Aliquid,beingunabletoexpandfreely,willformaninterface withasecond liquidorgas.

Thecohesiveforcesbetweenliquidmoleculesareresponsibleforthe phenomenonknownassurfacetension.
Surfacetension (pronouncedupsilon)hasthedimensionofforceperunit length(N/m)orofenergyperunitarea(J/m2). airwater =0.073N/m;airmercury =0.48N/m

M.Bahrami

ENSC283

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Surfacetension

Usingaforcebalance,pressureincreaseintheinteriorofaliquidhalf cylinderdropletoflengthLandradiusR is: y p g Contactangleappearswhenaliquidinterfaceintersectswithasolid surface. f Waterisextremelywettingtoacleanglasssurfacewith0.Foraclean mercuryairglassinterface,130.

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Vaporpressureandcavitation
Vapor pressure:thepressureatwhichaliquidboilsandisinequilibrium withitsownvapor. Whentheliquidpressureisdroppedbelowthevapor pressureduetoa flowphenomenon,wecalltheprocesscavitation.

Thedimensionlessparameterdescribingflowinducedboilingiscalled cavitationnumber:

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ENSC283

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Cavitation

Bubbleformationduetohighvelocity(flowinducedboiling).

Damage(erosion)duetocavitationonamarinepropeller.
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Noslipandnotempjump
Whenafluidflowisboundedbyasurface,molecularinteractionscausethe fluidincontactwiththesurfacetoseekmomentumandenergyequilibrium withthesurface. with the surface
Velocityprofile, turbulentflow

Thinfixedplate

Velocityprofile, laminarflow

Noslipflowcondition Notemperaturejumpcondition

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ENSC283

Spring2009

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Speedofsound&compressibility
thecompressibilityeffectsareimportantathighgasflowsduetosignificant densitychanges.

Speedofsound:istherateofpropagationofsmalldisturbancepressure pulses(soundwaves)throughthefluid: Foranidealgas For an ideal gas Machnumberistheratiooftheflowtothespeedofsound CompressibilityeffectsarenormallyneglectedforMa<0.3 C ibilit ff t ll l t d f M <0 3
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Flowpattern

Streamline:isalineeverywheretangenttothevelocityvectoratagiven instant. Pathline:istheactualpathtraversedbyagivenfluidparticle. Note:insteadyflows,streamlinesandpathlinesareidentical. Iftheelementalarclengthdr ofastreamlineistobeparalleltoV,their respectivecomponentsmustbeinproportion:

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