LIST OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1:-INTRODUCTION..5

SECTION 2:-COMPONENT USED7

SECTION 3:-CIRCUIT DIAGRAM9

SECTION 4:-COMPONENT DESCRIPTION11

SECTION 5:-PCB LAYOUT44

SECTION 6:-WORKING OF PROJECT..49

SECTION 7:-PROGRAMMING OF PROJECT52

SECTION 8:-SNAPSHOT OF PROJECT..68

SECTION 8:-APPLICATIONS & SCOPE..........70

SECTION 9:-BIBLIOGRAPHY74

SECTION- 1

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
Smart Card Entry Access is a basically a project which is used in big organizations for security purposes. With the right controls in place, the user must have the smart card and know the PIN to gain access to network resources. The two-factor requirement significantly reduces the likelihood of unauthorized access to an organizations network. This project is based on 8051 Microcontroller. In this we have to give our identity using password and smart card. This project is simple module which is valid for one person only. The Smart Card is made of plastic, generally polyvinyl chloride, but sometimes acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or polycarbonate . Smart cards may also provide strong security authentication for single sign-on within large organizations. As in any organization on swapping card gate opens and one can get into the special areas of organization. In the same way swapping card through sensors D.C Motor rotates.

FEATURES
Fully micro controller based interface using PIC16F72 MCU Working Voltage 12V AC/DC Operating Current - 500ma Approx Relay Contact Rating 230V AC / 500W On board 16 x 2 LCD display Programmable user code On board switches for programmed the smart card

SECTION-2

COMPONENTS USED

*MICROCONTROLLER(AT89S52) *OSCILLATOR CLOCK CIRCUIT *POWER SUPPLY *TRANSFORMER *KEYPAD MATRIX *LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY *SENSORS(MOC 7811) *D.C. MOTOR *MOTOR DRIVER(L2930)

SECTION-3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

HARDWARE DESIGN OF PROJECT

SECTION-4

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52)

8051 family microcontrollers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors sales, the 8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and pulse width modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to 1.5 volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051 family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a company's entire line of products since it can perform many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform. AT89S52 is a low-power,high-performance CMOS 8-bit controller with\ 8K bytes of insystem programmable Flash memory.The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost- effective solution to many

embedded control applications. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

PIN CONFIGURATION

VCC:- Supply voltage GND:- Ground. PORT 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs .Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification .External pull ups are required during program verification. PORT 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As input ,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2

trigger input (P1.1/T2EX).Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, Port uses strong internal pull ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the highorder address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3

Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups .The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the . With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source Current (IIL) because of the pull ups .Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table .Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out .The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EHprogram memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER

A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space . Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return effect. User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.

TIMER 2 REGISTER: Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.

INTERRUPT REGISTER: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.

DUAL DATA POINT REGISTER To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers are provided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective Data Pointer Register. POWER OFF REGISTER The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the PCON SFR. POF is set to 1 during power up. It can be set and rest under software control and is not affected by reset.

MEMORY ORGANISATOIN
MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.

PROGRAM MEMORY
If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, programfetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed tointernal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.

DATA MEMORY
The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access of the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space. OSCILLATOR CLOCK CIRCUIT It uses a quartz crystal oscillator We can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin

The crystal frequency is the basic internal frequency of the microcontroller. The internal counters must divide the basic clock rate to yield standard

communication bit per second (baud) rates. An 11.0592 megahertz crystal, although seemingly an odd value, yields a crystal

frequency of 921.6 kilohertz, which can be divided evenly by the standard communication baud rates of 19200, 9600, 4800, 2400, 1200, and 300 hertz The function of an oscillator circuit is to provide an accurate and stable periodic clock signal to a microcontroller. The frequency of this clock signal can range from a few kilohertz to tens of megahertz and determines how quickly the microcontroller executes its instructions. Most microcontrollers include a clock driver circuit which is designed to drive a quartz crystal into oscillation. The clock driver circuitry built into the PIC micro family is very flexible and allows for four different clocking options: clock signal supplied from another oscillator, an R-C clock (based on a resistor-capacitor charging time constant), a ceramic resonator, or a crystal oscillator. An R-C clock circuit is the simplest but does not provide accurate timing since both resistor and capacitor values can vary greatly with temperature. Crystal oscillator and ceramic resonatorbased clock circuits provide the most stable and accurate time bases, and require only a few extra parts than a simple R-C oscillator (see the schematic diagram, above).. The clock circuit consists of capacitors C1 and C2, a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator Y1, and a series resistor, R3. The values of capacitors C1 and C2 is determined by both the clock speed at which you intend to run the PIC micro, and by the selection of a quartz crystal or a ceramic resonator as the clock source. Use the table as a guide to select the appropriate capacitors. When the capacitance of C1 orC2 is shown as a range of values, select a higher capacitance for lower frequencies of operation, and a lower capacitance for higher clock frequencies. For example, when using the XT oscillator mode with a 100 kHz quartz crystal, select a value of C1 close to 30 pF and a value of C2 close to 300 Pf for the best performance.

Series resistor R3 is required for some types of crystals in HS or XT mode. Including R3 with crystals that do not require a series resistor will not degrade the performance of the oscillator

circuit. A low value of resistance, up to a few hundred ohms, will keep the clock driver circuit in the PICmicro from overdriving the crystal.

SELECTING THE COMPONETS

Quartz crystals and ceramic resonators are similar, but have some physical differences. As shown in the diagram, quartz crystals are typically mounted in a hermetically sealed metal case with two wire leads protruding from the bottom. Sometimes crystals may have a third ground lead soldered or welded to the top of the metal can. Grounding the pin on the metal can helps to both stabilize the crystal, lessening the impact of mechanical shock, as well as reduces RF emissions. Select a quartz crystal specified as a microprocessor crystal rather than a tuning crystal for radio. Typically, these are stocked in common frequencies by most large electronic distributors. Ceramic resonators are usually produced in the form of molded or dipped parts with two or three wire leads. The center wire, if present, connects to the circuit ground. Both quartz crystals and ceramic resonators are non-polarized electronic devices and can be installed in the oscillator circuit in either orientation. Lastly, the type of resistor and capacitors chosen for the circuit are not critical. Any ceramic or monolithic capacitor of the suggested value should work, as should any typical watt metal or carbon film resistor.

BUILDING THE OSCILLATOR

A few general precautions should be observed when building the oscillator circuit. Since the clock oscillator is typically the source of the fastest signals, and potentially, the major source of RF emissions in a circuit, good design practice dictates that all clock circuit signal lengths should be kept as short as possible. A good, low impedance ground return wire from capacitors C1 and C2 to the circuit ground is also necessary Some PIC micros, like the PIC16C711, use the pins adjacent to the clock oscillator circuit as analog inputs. For accurate analog to- digital conversion it is especially important to minimize the length of any clock oscillator signal wires running in parallel with the analog input lines. Ideally, separate the analog signal lines from any digital signals by using a ground wire as a shield between all analog and digital wiring.

PROGRAMMING THE MEMORY Before you download your program into a PIC micro, you must select the appropriate clock oscillator fuse settings. These settings tell the PIC micro which of the four clock oscillator options to use. The oscillator fuse settings are most commonly set by the downloading software, but some assemblers allow you to specify the oscillator type in your source code. Make sure that you know how to select the oscillator before programming your microcontroller.

THE RESET CIRCUIT A real reset circuit is not necessary in order for a PIC micro to function in a circuit. The only component required to run a PIC micro, other than those parts that make up the oscillator circuit, is a pull-up resistor connected to the MCLR/ Vpp pin. In the schematic diagram, R2 functions as the pull up resistor.If you omit the pull-up resistor, your PIC micro will remain in reset (clear) mode on power-up, and will not execute its program. Resistor R1 and pushbutton switch S1 make up an actual reset circuit. When S1 is pressed, it completes a low impedance connection from the MCLR/Vpp pin to ground, forcing the PIC micro into reset (clear) mode. Resistor R1 is optional,

and is used to limit the current on the MCLR/Vpp pin to prevent a condition called latch up in which the input circuit of a CMOS chip can become stuck. Electrostatic discard (ESD) from a person touching the reset switch could potentially cause latch-up. S1 is not two push button switches as the schematic seems to indicate. We use a small pcb mounted pushbutton switch with four legs in our circuitsthats why the one in the schematic is shown with four circles attached to wires. There is one last part in the basic oscillator and reset circuit. Capacitor C3 is a decoupling capacitor which forms part of the power supply circuit. POWER SUPPLY A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads. The term is most commonly applied to devices that convert one form of electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (e.g., mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source.Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power supply may obtain energy from: Electrical energy transmission systems. Common examples of this include power supplies that convert AC line voltage to DC voltage. Energy storage devices such as batteries and fuel cells. Electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators. Solar Power

A power supply may be implemented as a discrete, stand-alone device or as an integral device that is hardwired to its load. In the latter case, for example, low voltage DC power supplies are commonly integrated with their loads in devices such as computers and household electronics. An electronic circuit is only stable as its power supply. Capacitor C3 is a decoupling capacitor which is used to reduce ringing and ground-bounce on the power supply lines. In other words, C3 works to cleanup any voltage fluctuations at the power supply pins of the PIC micro. To be most effective, it is important to mount C3 as close to the PIC micro power supply pin (Vdd) as possible. The schematic diagram on the last page of this project sheet shows a simple regulator circuit that will produce a five volt output from any input voltage between approximately eight and twenty volts (its shown with a 9V source attached). U2 is a 7805 three-terminal voltage regulator IC. It works by actively maintaining a five volt output independent of the output current. The difference between the output voltage (5V) and the input voltage is converted to heat. The higher the input voltage, the hotter U2 will get. You may need to add a heat sink to U2 if you have a high input voltage, or a high output current. Capacitors C5 and C6 are input and output filter capacitors for the voltage regulator. C5 may not be necessary if a battery is used to power the circuit, and as long asthe battery wires are kept short. Capacitor C6 is important as an output filter capacitor for the regulator. If you wish to add other circuits to the voltage regulator, try to run a separate set of wires from your new circuit back to the +5V and ground common connections at C6

TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction. If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the

primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less than Np.

Here we use step down Transformer which will convert 220 Volt D.C Power Supply into 5 volt which is the basic requirement of our project.

CONSTRUCTION, TYPES, AND CHARACTERISTICS 1. A transformer is an apparatus for converting electrical power in an ac system at one voltage or current into electrical power at some other voltage or current without the use of rotating parts. 2. A constant-voltage transformer consists essentially of three parts: the primary coil which carries the alternating current from the supply lines, the core of magnetic material in which is produced an alternating magnetic flux, and the secondary coil in which is generated an emf by the change of magnetism in the core which it surrounds. Sometimes the transformer may have only one winding, which will serve the dual purpose of primary and secondary coils. The hightension winding is composed of many turns of relatively fine copper wire, well insulated to withstand the voltage impressed on it. The low-tension winding is composed of relatively few turns of heavy copper wire capable of carrying considerable current at a low voltage. 3. Transformer terminology The primary winding is the winding of the transformer which is connected to the source of power. It may be either the high- or the low voltage winding, depending upon the application of the transformer.The secondary winding is the winding of the

transformer which delivers power to the load. It may be either the high- or the low-voltage winding, depending upon the application of the transformer. The core is the magnetic circuit upon which the windings are wound. The high tension winding is the one which is rated for the higher voltage. The low-tension winding is the one which is rated for the lower voltage. A stepup transformer is a constant-voltage transformer so connected that the delivered voltage is greater than the supplied voltage. A step-down transformer is one so connected that the delivered voltage is less than that supplied; the actual transformer may be the same in one case as in the other, the terms stepup and step-down relating merely to the application of the apparatus. 4. Transformer cores Until recently, all transformer cores were made up of stacks of sheet-steel punchings firmly clamped together. One method of assembly and clamping of the sheets is shown in Fig. 5.2. Sometimes the laminations are coated with a thin varnish to reduce eddy current losses. When the laminations are not coated with varnish, a sheet of insulating paper is inserted between laminations at regular intervals. A new type of core construction consists of a continuous strip of silicon steel which is wound in a tight spiral around the insulated coils and firmly held by spot welding at the end. This type of construction reduces the cost of manufacture and reduces the power loss in the core due to eddy currents.

5. Cooling of transformers A certain amount of the electrical energy delivered to a transformer is transformed into heat energy because of the resistance of its windings and the hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron core. Means must be provided for removing this heat energy from the transformer and dissipating it into the surrounding air. If this were not done in a satisfactory manner, the transformer would operate at an excessively high temperature, which would destroy or harm the insulation of the transformer. In self-aircooled transformers the windings are simply surrounded by air at atmospheric pressure. The heat is removed by natural convection of the surrounding air and by radiation from the different parts of the transformer structure. Air cooling has long been employed for transformers of very small capacity. The development of satisfactory coil insulation materials, such as porcelain, mica, glass, and asbestos. KEYPAD MATRIX The key board here we are interfacing is a matrix keyboard. The key board is designed with a particular rows & columns. These rows & columns are connected to the microcontroller through its ports of the microcontroller 8051. We normally use 4*3 matrix keyboard . So only one port of 8051 can be easily connected to the rows of the keyboard. When ever a key is pressed , a row and a column gets shorted through that pressed key and aal the other keys are left open. When a key is pressed only a bit in the port goes high. By this high on the bit key in the corresponding column is identified.

This reference design illustrates the implementation of a keypad matrix scanner using a Silicon Blue iCE65 FPGA. The keypad scanner HDL code is a generic implementation, which supports any number of rows and columns. This document describes 7x7 matrix keypad scanner, commonly used to accept inputs from a QWERTY keypad, generally found in PDAs and other hand held devices. The design includes functionalities such as user definable key debounce time setting and auto sleep feature for conserving power. A keypad forms an important part of the user interface of any electronic device. It is generally implemented using a grid of rows and columns, as shown in Figure 1. An event such as a key

press or a key release can be decoded by driving and reading these rows and columns in a specific manner. In this application example, the columns have been configured as outputs and the rows as inputs. All the row lines have been pulled up using pull-up resistors near the iCE65 FPGA inputs. On power-up, or on reset, all the columns are driven low and the status of all the seven rows is constantly monitored. This state is also known as the keypad scanner's Sleep Mode, in which the dynamic scanning of every line is suspended to conserve power. Silicon Blue. Before pressing any key, initialize keypad scanner by supplying a high pulse to its 'rst' input. A key press is indicated whenever the valid line is high. This bit will remain high as long as the key remains pressed. During this time, the row_addr and col_addr buses provide the matrix address of the pressed key in terms of its row and column number. The keypad scanner design listed in this application note when implemented using Silicon Blue device iCE65L04-UCB284C for a keypad matrix of size 7x7, runs at a frequency of 32 kHz utilizing 50 Flip-Flops and 153 LUTs (Post P&R data). This example design demonstrates the implementation of a keypad scanner on iCE FPGAs. ICE FPGAs, due to their very low power capabilities, are ideal for implementing applications requiring a keypad, such as hand held and mobile devices where power saving is of paramount importance. Silicon Blue is providing this document, design example, or information "as is." Silicon Blue does not ensure that this implementation or information is void of any claims of infringement. As a reader / implementer, you are responsible for obtaining any rights you may require for your implementation. Silicon Blue also does not warranty the fitness of this design example to be readily implemented in any specific context. It is your sole responsibility to validate this design example and its correctness while implementing it for your requirement. This example design demonstrates the implementation of a keypad scanner on iCE FPGAs. ICE FPGAs, due to their very low power capabilities, are ideal for implementing applications requiring a keypad, such as hand held and mobile devices where power saving is of paramount importance. Before pressing any key, initialize keypad scanner by supplying a high pulse to its 'rst' input. A key press is indicated whenever the valid line is high. This bit will remain high as long as the key remains pressed. During this time, the row_addr and col_addr buses provide the matrix address of the pressed key in terms of its row and column number.

The keypad scanner design listed in this application note when implemented using Silicon Blue device iCE65L04-UCB284C for a keypad matrix of size 7x7, runs at a frequency of 32 kHz utilizing 50 Flip-Flops and 153 LUTs (Post P&R data). LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY The LCD is a dot matrix liquid crystal display that displays alphanumeric, kana(Japanese) character and symbols. The built-in controller & driver LSIs provide convenient connectivity between a dot matrix LCD and most 4 or 8 bit microprocessor or microcontrollers. Al the functions required for dot matrix liquid crystal display drive are internally provided. Internal refresh is provided by the LCD. The CMOC technology makes the device ideal for application in hand held, portable and other battery powered instruments with low power consumption. DESCRIPTION The HD44780U dot-matrix liquid crystal display controller and driver LSI displays alphanumerics, Japanese kana characters, and symbols. It can be configured to drive a dot-matrix liquid crystal display under the control of a 4- or 8-bit microprocessor. Since all the functions such as display RAM, character generator, and liquid crystal driver, required for driving a dot matrix liquid crystal display are internally provided on one chip, a minimal system can be interfaced with this controller/driver. A single HD44780U can display up to one 8-character line or two 8-character lines. The HD44780U has pin function compatibility with the HD44780S which allows the user to easily replace an LCD-II with an HD44780U. The HD44780U character generator ROM is extended to generate 208 5 8 dot character fonts and 32 5 10 dot character fonts for a total of 240 different character fonts.The low power supply (2.7V to 5.5V) of the HD44780U is suitable for any portable battery-driven product requiring low power dissipation.

FEATURES 5 8 and 5 10 dot matrix possible Low power operation support:

2.7 to 5.5V Wide range of liquid crystal display driver power

3.0 to 11V Liquid crystal drive waveform

A (One line frequency AC waveform) Correspond to high speed MPU bus interface

2 MHz (when VCC = 5V) 4-bit or 8-bit MPU interface enabled 80 8-bit display RAM (80 characters max.) 9,920-bit character generator ROM for a total of 240 character fonts

208 character fonts (5 8 dot) 32 character fonts (5 10 dot)

REGISTER The HD44780U has two 8-bit registers, an instruction register (IR) and a data register (DR). The IR stores instruction codes, such as display clear and cursor shift, and address information for display data RAM (DDRAM) and character generator RAM (CGRAM). The IR can only be written from the MPU. The DR temporarily stores data to be written into DDRAM or CGRAM and temporarily stores data to be read from DDRAM or CGRAM. Data written into the DR from the MPU is automatically written into DDRAM or CGRAM by an internal operation. The DR is

also used for data storage when reading data from DDRAM or CGRAM. When address information is written into the IR, data is read and then stored into the DR from DDRAM or CGRAM by an internal operation. Data transfer between the MPU is then completed when the MPU reads the DR. After the read, data in DDRAM or CGRAM at the next address is sent to the DR for the next read from the MPU. By the register selector (RS) signal, these two registers can be selected . BUSY FLAG (BF) When the busy flag is 1, the HD44780U is in the internal operation mode, and the next instruction will not be accepted. When RS = 0 and R/W = 1 (Table 1), the busy flag is output to DB7. The next instruction must be written after ensuring that the busy flag is 0.

ADDRESS COUNTER (AC) The address counter (AC) assigns addresses to both DDRAM and CGRAM. When an address of an instruction is written into the IR, the address information is sent from the IR to the AC. Selection of either DDRAM or CGRAM is also determined concurrently by the instruction. After writing into (reading from) DDRAM or CGRAM, the AC is automatically DISPLAY DATA RAM (DDRAM) Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit character codes. Its extended capacity is 80 8 bits, or 80 characters. The area in display data RAM (DDRAM) that is not used for display can be used as general data RAM. See Figure 1 for the relationships between DDRAM addresses and positions on the liquid crystal display. The DDRAM address (ADD) is set in the address counter (AC) as hexadecimal. CHARATER GENERATOR ROM (CGROM) The character generator ROM generates 5 8 dot or 5 10 dot character patterns from 8-bit character codes It can generate 208 5 8 dot character patterns and 32 5 10 dot character patterns. Userdefined character patterns are also available by mask-programmed ROM.

CHARACTER GENERATOR RAM (CGRAM) In the character generator RAM, the user can rewrite character patterns by program. For 5 8 dots, eight character patterns can be written, and for 5 10 dots, four character patterns can be

written. Write into DDRAM the character codes at the addresses shown as the left column of character patterns stored in CGRAM. for the relationship between CGRAM addresses and data and display patterns. Areas that are not used for display can be used as general data RAM. MODIFYING CHARACTER PATTERNS Character pattern development procedure 1. Determine the correspondence between character codes and character patterns. 2. Create a listing indicating the correspondence between EPROM addresses and data. 3. Program the character patterns into the EPROM. 4. Send the EPROM to Hitachi. 5. Computer processing on the EPROM is performed at Hitachi to create a character pattern listing, which is sent to the user. 6. If there are no problems within the character pattern listing, a trial LSI is created at Hitachi and samples are sent to the user for evaluation. When it is confirmed by the user that the character patterns are correctly written.

TIMING GENERATION CIRCUIT:The timing generation circuit generates timing signals for the operation of internal circuits such as DDRAM, CGROM and CGRAM. RAM read timing for display and internal operation timing by MPU access are generated separately to avoid interfering with each other. Therefore, when writing data to DDRAM, for example, there will be no undesirable interferences, such as flickering, in areas other than the display area. Liquid Crystal Display Driver Circuit The liquid crystal display driver circuit consists of 16 common signal drivers and 40 segment signal drivers. When the character font and number of lines are selected by a program, the required common signal drivers automatically output drive waveforms, while the other common signal drivers continue to output non-selection waveforms. Sending serial data always starts at the display data character pattern corresponding to the last address of the display data RAM (DDRAM). Since serial data is latched when the display data character pattern corresponding to the starting address enters the internal shift register, the HD44780U drives from the head display. Cursor/Blink Control Circuit

The cursor/blink control circuit generates the cursor or character blinking. The cursor or the blinking will appear with the digit located at the display data RAM (DDRAM) address set in the address counter (AC). Instruction Description Clear Display Clear display writes space code 20H (character pattern for character code 20H must be a blank pattern) into all DDRAM addresses. It then sets DDRAM address 0 into the address counter, and returns the display to its original status if it was shifted. In other words, the display disappears and the cursor or blinking goes to the left edge of the display (in the first line if 2 lines are displayed). It also sets I/D to 1 (increment mode) in entry mode. S of entry mode does not change Return Home Return home sets DDRAM address 0 into the address counter, and returns the display to its original status if it was shifted. The DDRAM contents do not change. The cursor or blinking go to the left edge of the display (in the first line if 2 lines are displayed). Entry Mode Set I/D: Increments (I/D = 1) or decrements (I/D = 0) the DDRAM address by 1 when a character code is written into or read from DDRAM.The cursor or blinking moves to the right when incremented by 1 and to the left when decremented by 1. The same applies to writing and reading of CGRAM. S: Shifts the entire display either to the right (I/D = 0) or to the left (I/D = 1) when S is 1. The display does not shift if S is 0. If S is 1, it will seem as if the cursor does not move but the display does. The display does not shift when reading from DDRAM. Also, writing into or reading out from CGRAM does not shift the display. Display On/Off Control D: The display is on when D is 1 and off when D is 0. When off, the display data remains in DDRAM, but can be displayed instantly by setting D to 1. C: The cursor is displayed when C is 1 and not displayed when C is 0. Even if the cursor disappears, the function of I/D or other specifications will not change during display data write. The cursor is displayed using 5 dots in the 8th line for 5 8 dot character font selection and in the 11th line for the 5 10 dot character font selection (Figure 13).

B: The character indicated by the cursor blinks when B is 1 (Figure 13). The blinking is displayed as switching between all blank dots and displayed characters at a speed of 409.6-ms intervals when fcp or Fosc is 250 kHz. The cursor and blinking can be set to display simultaneously. (The blinking frequency changes according to fOSC or the reciprocal of fcp. For example, when fcp is 270 kHz, 409.6 250/270 = 379.2 ms Instruction and Display Correspondence It can store data for 80 characters, as explained before, the RAM can be used for displays such as for advertising when combined with the display shift operation. Since the display shift operation changes only the display position with DDRAM contents unchanged, the first display data entered into DDRAM can be output when the return home operation is performed. The program must set all functions prior to the 4-bit operation (Table 12). When the power is turned on, 8-bit operation is automatically selected and the first write is performed as an 8-bit operation. Since DB0 to DB3 are not connected, a rewrite is then required. However, since one operation is completed in two accesses for 4-bit operation, a rewrite is needed to set the functions). Thus, DB4 to DB7 of the function set instruction is written twice. Thus, if there are only 8 characters in the first line, the DDRAM address must be again set after the 8th character is completedNote that the display shift operation is performed for the first and second lines. In the example of the display shift is performed when the cursor is on the second line. However, if the shift operation is performed when the cursor is on the first line, both the first and second lines move together. If the shift is repeated, the display of the second line will not move to the first line. The same display will only shift within its own line for the number of times the shift is repeated.: When using the internal reset, the electrical characteristics in the Power Supply Conditions Usin Internal Reset Circuit table must be satisfied.

SENSORS (MOC 7811) The infrared reflectance sensor is a small rectangular device that contains a phototransistor (sensitive to infrared light) and an infrared emitter. The amount of light reflected from the emitter into the phototransistor yields a measurement of a surface's reflectance, for example, to determine whether the surface is black or white. The phototransistor has peak sensitivity at the wavelength of the emitter (a near-visible infrared), but is also sensitive to visible light and

infrared light emitted by visible light sources. For this reason, the device should be shielded from ambient lighting as much as possible in order to obtain reliable results.

Magnetic field sensors

The KMZ range of magnetoresistive sensors is detection of characterized by high sensitivity in the and stable offset and magnetic fields, a wide operating temperature range, a low

low sensitivity to mechanical stress.

They therefore provide an excellent means of measuring environmental conditions, because their components in, for measurable

both linear and angular displacement under extreme very high

sensitivity means that a fairly small movement of actuating

example, cars or machinery (gear

wheels, metal rods, cogs, cams, etc.) can create

changes in magnetic field. Other applications speed measurement and current measurement.

for magnetoresistive sensors include rotational

Examples where their properties can be put to good effect can be found in automotive applications, such as wheel speed sensors for ABS and motor management systems and position sensors for chassis position, throttle and pedal position measurement. Other examples include instrumentation and control equipment, which often require position sensors capable of detecting displacements in the region of tenths of a millimetre (or even less), and in electronic ignition systems, which must be able to determine the angular position of an internal combustion engine with great accuracy. Finally, because of their high sensitivity, magnetoresistive sensors can measure very weak magnetic fields and are thus ideal for application in electronic compasses, earth field correction and traffic detection. If the KMZ sensors are to be used to maximum

advantage, however, it is important to have a clear understanding of their operating principles and characteristics, and how their behaviour may be affected by external influences and by their magnetic history.

OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Magnetoresistive (MR) sensors make use of the magnetoresistive effect, the property of a current-carrying magnetic material to change its resistivity in the presence of an external magnetic field Assume that, when no external magnetic field is present, the permalloy has an internal magnetization vector parallel to the current flow (shown to flow through the permalloy from left to right). If an external magnetic field H is applied, parallel to the plane of the permalloy but perpendicular to the current flow, the internal magnetization vector of the permalloy will rotate around an angle a. As a result, the resistance of R of the permalloy will Ro and DRo are material parameters and to achieve optimum sensor characteristics this material, DRo is of the order of 3.In this basic form, the MR effect can be used effectively for angular measurement and some rotational speed measurements, which do not require linearization of the sensor characteristic. In the KMZ series of sensors, four permalloy strips are arranged in a meander fashion on the silicon (Fig.4 shows one example, of the pattern on a KMZ10). They are connected in a Wheatstone bridge configuration, which has a number of advantages: Reduction of temperature drift . It smoothes the rectified signal so that a single continuous output signal is generated. As long as a compensation coil is used, it is recommended that this filter is also used, to ensure stable operation. If compensation is not used, then it is possible to use less expensive components. This block, as well as the rectifier Block 4 can even be omitted entirely if, for example, the output signal is then passed to a microcontroller which can easily perform the rectification and smoothing, especially if it is also being used to generate the flipping frequency. The components in Block 6 drive the compensation coil and ensure that Vout is proportional to the compensation current. If the application does not need the highest accuracy, reduced circuit complexity can be used.

APPLICATIONS
The amount of light reflected from the emitter into the phototransistor yields a measurement of a surface's reflectance (when other factors, such as the distance from the sensor to the surface, are held constant). The reflectance sensor can also be used to measure distance, provided that the surface reflectance is constant. A reflectance sensor can be used to detect features drawn on a surface or segments on a wheel used to encode rotations of a shaft. It is important to remember that the reflectivity measurement indicates the surface's reflectivity at a particular wavelength of light (the near-visible infrared). A surface's properties with respect to visible light may or may not be indicators of infrared light reflectance. In general, though, surfaces that absorb visible light (making them appear dark to the eye) will absorb infrared light as well.

D.C MOTOR

An electric motor uses electrical enrgy to produce mechanical energy, nearly always by the interaction of magnetic fields and curent- carrying conductors. The reverse process, that of using mechanical energy to produce electrical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. Traction motors used on vehicles often perform both tasks. Electric motors are found in a myriad of uses such as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and computer disk drives, among many other applications.

Nearly all motors exploit the force which is exerted on a current carrying conductor placed in magnetic field. This phenomenon is often demonstrated in classroom experiments where a bar magnet is placed near a wire carrying current, and the resultant force can be seen to distort the

shape of the wire. Unfortunately, the force generated in such an experiment is miniscule and could hardly be used to do any useful mechanical work. In order to make a useful electric motor we need to arrange for there to be a strong magnetic field and for it to interact with many conductors, each carrying as much current as possible. The component parts of a motor are designed so that interaction of currents and magnetic fields produces a continuous, smooth rotational movement. A brushed DC motor is the simplest of all motor types, and typically consists of the following parts; Stator. The stationary part of the motor in which the rotor revolves. The stator typically takes the form of a metal can, open at one end, with two or more curved magnets mounted inside it.

The stator housing often doubles up as the housing for the motor as a whole.The rotating part of the motor, mounted axially in the centre of the stator housing. The motor windings are wound on the rotor. A series of electromechanical contacts which enable current to flow to the rotating motor windings in the correct sequence and direction. The stationary brushes make electrical contact with part of the rotor known as the commutator. This arrangement creates the correct sequence of current through the motor coils as the rotor rotates.The commutator is usually in the form of a cylinder, consisting of segments of conducting material interspersed with, and insulated from one another by, an insulating material. Current flow is in through the left hand

brushand out through the right hand brush, and is indicated by the red arrows. If the rotation is clockwise, it can beseen that one sixth of a revolution after the instant shown, the current in coils A and D will have changeddirections. As successive commutator segments pass under the brushes, their current directions will also change. This rotating magnetic field interacts with the stationary field generated by the stator magnets, and the result is continuous rotational motion produced in the motors rotor.Assuming the motor is stationary before voltage is applied to the terminals, when voltage is applied, E will be zero and hence I will be limited only by R and L. As the motor builds up speed, E begins to increase, reducing the voltage across R and L and hence also reducing I. If the motor windings were made of perfect conductors, with no resistance, and the motor had zero friction in its bearings, then we would eventually reach a point where E = V and I = 0. All that would be required to keep the motor running in this condition would be to maintain the voltage V at the motor terminals. Of course, real motors have both winding resistance and friction in their bearings, so even in a no load condition, I is greater than zero. Another way to look at this is to consider the motor as an energy conversion mechanism where; electrical energy in = mechanical energy out + energy dissipated in bearings and windings. If we now apply some load to a motor running in a no load condition, the speed of the motor will decrease. As a result, E will also decrease and hence I will increase. As I increases, the motor speed increases again and soE increases. In this way, the motor will quickly reach an equilibrium speed once more. Although this self regulation mechanism will go some way to restoring the original motor speed under the new load condition, it cannot compensate for the voltage dropped across (and power dissipated in) the motor winding resistance. Hence we see the motor speed drop with increasing load. Motors with higher winding resistance will tend to have worse speed regulation under load, as well as being less efficient dissipating more power and running hotter for a given output power

MOTOR DRIVER

L293D is a dual H-Bridge motor driver, So with one IC we can interface two DC motors which can be controlled in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction and if you have motor with fix direction of motion the you can make use of all the four I/Os to connect up to four DC motors. L293D has output current of 600mA and peak output current of 1.2A per channel. Moreover for protection of circuit from back EMF ouput diodes are included within the IC. The output supply (VCC2) has a wide range from 4.5V to 36V, which has made L293D a best choice for DC motor driver. As you can see in the circuit, three pins are needed for interfacing a DC motor (A, B, Enable). If you want the o/p to be enabled completely then you can connect Enable to VCC and only 2 pins needed from controller to make the motor work.

As per the truth mentioned in the image above its fairly simple to program the microcontroller. Its also clear from the truth table of BJT circuit and L293D the programming will be same for both of them, just keeping in mind the allowed combinations of A and B. We will discuss about programming in C as well as assembly for running motor with the help of a microcontroller.

DESCRIPTION
The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays solenoides, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device

is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic packaage which has 4 center pins connected together and used for heatsinking The L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount which has 8 center pins connected together and used for heatsinking. CIRCUIT OPERATION The L297 is intended for use with a dual bridge driver, quad darlington array or discrete power devices in step motor driving applications. It receives step clock, direction and mode signals from the systems controller (usually a microcomputer chip) and generates control signals for the power stage. The principal functionsare a translator,which generates the motor phase sequences, and a dual PWMchopper circuit which regulates the current in the motor windings.The translator generatesthree different sequences, selected by the HALF/FULL input. These are normal (two phases energised), wave drive (one phase energised) and half-step (alternately one phase energised/two phases energised). Two inhibit signals are also generated by the L297 in half step and wavedrive modes.These signals, whichconnect directly to the L298senable inputs, are intended to speed current decay when a winding is de-energised.When the L297 is used to drive a unipolarmotor the chopper acts on these lines. An input calledCONTROL determines whether the chopper will act on the phase lines ABCD or the inhibit lines INH1 and INH2.When the phase lines are choppedthe non-activephase line of each pair (AB or CD)is activated(ratherthan interrupting the line then active).In L297 + L298 configurationsthis technique reduces dissipation in the load current sense resistors. A common on-chip oscillator drives the dual chopper. It suppliespulses at the chopper rate which set the two flip-flops FF1 and FF2.Whenthe current in a winding reaches the programmed peakvalue the voltage across the sense resistor (connected to one of the sense inputs SENS1 or SENS2) equals Vref and the corresponding comparator resets its flip flop, interrupting the drive current until the next oscillator pulse arrives. The peak current for both windingsis programmedbya voltage divideron the Vref input. Ground noise problems in multiple configurations can be avoided by synchronising the chopper oscillators. This is done by connecting all the SYNC pins together, mounting the oscillator RC network on one device only and grounding the OSC pin on all other devices.

SECTION- 5

PCB LAYOUT

Printed Circuit Board or PCB is used as support to electronic components by providing means of connection between electronic devices. It uses trails and conduits that are imprinted into copper sheets.The history and progression of the printed circuit board runs way back in 1930s but became increasingly prolific throughout the 1940s and 1950s. As PCBs have become more common, their structures and mechanics have changed, allowing for more dependability and

usability. Today, PCBs are widely used in almost all modern electronic devices and equipments as they provide a relatively economical and efficient method of electronic data printing that are most suitable to companies with elevated volume and data needs.Printed Circuit Boards are now constructed using thin layers of copper, coated in a nonconductive layer of glass fibers mixed with other materials.

STEP1 - CHOOSING AND INCORPORATING SOFTWARE

There are many types of software and manufacturing tools available for creating and printing a PCB image. Printed circuit board software works to create an image that will aid a technician in successfully transferring and printing a plan onto a PCB. This software is used throughout the printing and etching process to ensure these procedures are done correctly. A company that prints and creates PCB will have to look for the best tools available in order to create quality PCBs at high volumes and rates. Software incorporation and options however, depends on the customers needs and requirements, as well as their financial capacity.

STEP2:- DESIGNING THE PCB STRUCTURE:The layout of a PCB image is formed by the creation of various mechanisms of the PCB and linking of each mechanism. This process requires supervision from a technician to ensure proper software use and performance.

STEP 3 :-CREATING THE PCB MECHANISMS AND STRUCTURE

Once the plan has been determined, each element of the PCB must be planned and drawn into the copper sheets through either additive or subtractive method. In the subtractive method, the image can be created using a variety of inks to imprint the image into the copper and removing the excess and unnecessary copper once it was finalized. This can also be done by simply using the PCB machinery. On the other hand, additive method uses printed layer of the image and add copper that is later removed in the etching process.

Step 4 DETERMINIG THE PCB FORM

The printed circuit boards parameters and components should be properly measured and applied in order to ensure proper PCB imaging and set-up. Any mistake on this level of design and production can cause significant problems in the PCB.

STEP 5 - ENSURING RULES OF STRUCTURE AND CREATION

See to it that that every part of the PCB image is placed and attached correctly with every other part. At this stage, the PCB software should have been successful in its imaging and application.

STEP 6 LOCATING AND POSITIONING DESING PARTS

This process can be very time-consuming, but PCB software and mechanisms work to streamline it. With the copper printed and properly placed, etching is done to remove excess copper and fix the impression. Then, the copper and board are connected and a layer of tin or lead is used to overlay the PCB, thus allowing etching to occur. Depending on its complexity, PCB layers can be molded together by placing small holes using high-performance drills. This allows the printed circuit boards conductivity and performance efficiency.

STEP 7 - ROUTING PCB TRACES

Once the process of determining and creating the printed circuit board is complete, it is

necessary to test each route and connection. This process is completed by using high-level computer software and voltage that help technicians work through the board to ensure that the electronic traces are working properly and efficiently

STEP 8 USING AUTOROUTING APPLICATION

Autorouting is more helpful compared to manual routing. This enables the technicians to accurately pinpoint trace errors or changes. Autorouting softwares now come in many varieties and are constantly improving. Its many options allows better organization of the process.

STEP 9 - CHECKING RULES OF CREATION AND INCOPORATION

The printed circuit board is now ready to be analyzed and tested by computer software. This software checks the image and reports faulty aspects.

Step 10 - Using Gerber Files The process of creating and manufacturing printed circuit boards can be both time-consuming and extensive. The details and specifications in the manufacturing process should all be entered and compiled into the Gerber Files as this can be used by the manufacturing company for further PCB creation. For companies with high-volume needs, using a trusted and reliable PCB production company can make the process much easier and cost-efficient.

SECTION-6

WORKING OF PROJECT

WORKING
It is a system which can be used where accessing of door or any other electrical device, can be open using a smart card on inserting the card users data is being read by the micro controller

which will process the data the card is an EPROM IC where we can store the data in that there where quick updating, quick record database generator for the person using for and where few organization cant work efficiently like post, telegraph, telephone. Manual handling required for telephone. The smart card is one of the latest additions to the world of information technology. Similar in size to today's plastic payment card, the smart card has a microprocessor or memory chip embedded in it that, when coupled with a reader, has the processing power to serve many different applications. As an access-control device, smart cards make personal and business data available only to the appropriate users. Another application provides users with the ability to make a purchase or exchange value. Smart cards provide data portability, security and convenience. We use a system that is called smart card connectivity which has the following features. Analysis, computation, decision making is easier & faster: Space constraints sensitive to environmental condition computer literates are required to operate. We have developed a system, which can use for remote sites or area. The EEPROM (memory) on the smart card is there for security. The host computer and card reader actually "talk" to the EEPROM. The EEPROM enforces access to the data on the card. If the host computer read and wrote the smart card's random access memory (RAM), it would be no different than a diskette. Smarts cards may have up to 512 kilobytes of EEPROM. The smart card uses a serial interface and receives its power from external sources like a card reader. The processor uses a limited instruction set for applications such as cryptography. Smart cards can be used with a smart-card reader attachment to a personal computer to authenticate a user. Web browsers also can use smart card technology to supplement Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) for improved security of Internet transactions. Visa's Smart Card FAQ shows how online purchases work using a smart card and a PC equipped with a smart-card reader. Smart-card readers can also be found in mobile phones and vending machines. Working with ROMs and EPROMs can be a wasteful business. Even though they are inexpensive per chip, the cost can add up over time. Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) addresses this issue. EPROM chips can be rewritten many times. Erasing an EPROM requires a special tool that emits a certain frequency of ultraviolet (UV) light. EPROMs are configured

using an EPROM programmer that provides voltage at specified levels depending on the type of EPROM used. In the smart card we used a two-wire serial EEPROM AT24C04 is used in the circuit to store the user code, as the memory ensures reading of the latest saved settings by the micro controller. This 12C bus-compatible- 2048-bit (2-kbit) EEPROM is organized as 256x8 bits. It can retain data for more than ten years. The smart card is a microcontroller-based card and has 32 kilobytes (KB) of memory, of which 22 KB will be used for four kinds of information: Personal information, including the card serial number, date of issue and cardholders name, gender, date of birth, ID number, and picture. NHI-related information, including cardholder status, remarks for catastrophic diseases, number of visits and admissions, use of NHI health prevention programs, cardholders premium records, accumulated medical expenditure records and amount of cost-sharing. Medical service information, including drug allergy history and long-term prescriptions of ambulatory care and certain medical treatments. This information is planned to be gradually added depending on how health care providers adapt to the system. Public health administration information (such as the cardholders personal immunization chart and instructions for organ donation). The Taiwanese government has reserved the other 10 KB of memory for future use. Moving to the smart card system has resulted in the following changes: Hospitals and clinics upload electronic records daily to BNHI. After every six patient visits, card iinformation is uploaded online for data analysis, audit, and authentication. The reimbursement process is faster

SECTION 7

PROGRAMMING OF PROJECT

;HARDWARE

DECLARATION

LCDPORT LCDCD LCDE

EQU EQU EQU

P0 P2.4 P2.5

ROW0 ROW1 ROW2 ROW3

EQU EQU EQU EQU

P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3

COL0 COL1 COL2

EQU EQU EQU

P1.5 P1.6 P1.7

SENSOR1 SENSOR2 SENSOR3

EQU EQU EQU

P3.2 P3.3 P3.4

DCM1 DCM2

EQU EQU

P3.6 P3.7

;RAM KEYPRESS UNIT TEN HUND THSND FLAG FLAG1 EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU BIT BIT

DECLARATION 34H 30H 31H 32H 33H 00H 01H

;BIT STACKVAL EQU

DECLARATION 70H

;START

OF

MAIN

PROGRAM

;INTERRUPT

VECTOR

TABLE

ORG LJMP ORG RETI ORG RETI ORG RETI ORG RETI ORG 0013H;EXT 0003H;EXT

0000H POWERON INT0

000BH;TIMER0

INT1

001BH;TIMER1

0023H;SERIAL

RETI ORG RETI ORG 0033H; 002BH;TIMER2

POWERON: MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV SP,#STACKVAL P0,#0FFH P1,#0FFH P2,#0FFH P3,#0FFH IE,#00H IP,#00H

MOV

KEYPRESS,#0FFH

MOV MOV MOV MOV

UNIT,#00H TEN,#00H HUND,#00H THSND,#00H

CLR CLR

FLAG FLAG1

ACALL ACALL MOV ACALL ACALL MOV ACALL

SECDELAY SECDELAY A,#01H SENDLCDCMD SECDELAY A,#02H SENDLCDCMD

ACALL

SECDELAY

MOV ACALL ACALL MOV ACALL ACALL MOV ACALL ACALL

A,#28H SENDLCDCMD SECDELAY A,#28H SENDLCDCMD SECDELAY A,#28H SENDLCDCMD SECDELAY

MOV ACALL ACALL

A,#0FH SENDLCDCMD SECDELAY

MOV ACALL ACALL

A,#06H SENDLCDCMD SECDELAY

MOV ACALL ACALL

A,#02H SENDLCDCMD SECDELAY

MOV ACALL ACALL

A,#01H SENDLCDCMD SECDELAY

MOV

R0,00H

MOV

DPTR,#CODETABLE3

WELCOME: MOVC ACALL INC CJNE ACALL MOV ACALL ACALL MOV MOV

MOV

A,R0 A,@A+DPTR SENDLCDDATA R0 R0,#07,WELCOME SECDELAY A,#02H SENDLCDCMD SECDELAY R0,00H DPTR,#CODETABLE4

PASSWORD: MOVC ACALL INC CJNE ACALL MOV ACALL ACALL

MOV

A,R0 A,@A+DPTR SENDLCDDATA R0 R0,#14,PASSWORD SECDELAY A,#02H SENDLCDCMD SECDELAY

MAINLOOP: JB FLAG,NEXT

ACALL ACALL SJMP

KEYCHECK KEYACTION MAINLOOP

NEXT:

ACALL SJMP

CARDDETECT MAINLOOP

KEYCHECK:SETB SETB SETB CLR JNB JNB JNB JNB SETB

COL1 COL2 COL0 COL0 ROW0,KEY1 ROW1,KEY4 ROW2,KEY7 ROW3,KEYA COL0

CLR JNB JNB JNB JNB SETB

COL1 ROW0,KEY2 ROW1,KEY5 ROW2,KEY8 ROW3,KEYB COL1

CLR JNB

COL2 ROW0,KEY3

JNB JNB JNB SETB

ROW1,KEY6 ROW2,KEY9 ROW3,KEYC COL2

MOV RET

KEYPRESS,#0FFH

KEY1: RET

MOV

KEYPRESS,#01H

KEY4: RET

MOV

KEYPRESS,#04H

KEY7: RET

MOV

KEYPRESS,#07H

KEYA: RET

MOV

KEYPRESS,#0AH

KEY2: RET

MOV

KEYPRESS,#02H

KEY5: RET

MOV

KEYPRESS,#05H

KEY8: RET

MOV

KEYPRESS,#08H

KEYB:

MOV

KEYPRESS,#0BH

RET

KEY3: RET

MOV

KEYPRESS,#03H

KEY6: RET

MOV

KEYPRESS,#06H

KEY9: RET

MOV

KEYPRESS,#09H

KEYC: RET

MOV

KEYPRESS,#0CH

KEYACTION: MOV CJNE CLR CLR RET A,KEYPRESS A,#0FFH,ENTER FLAG FLAG1

ENTER: CJNE ACALL RET A,#05H,SHIFT COMPARE

SHIFT:

MOV

R0,#00H

MOV

DPTR,#CODETABLE

JB SETB MOV MOV

FLAG,L2 FLAG THSND,HUND HUND,TEN

MOV MOV MOV MOVC ACALL

TEN,UNIT UNIT,KEYPRESS A,KEYPRESS A,@A+DPTR SENDLCDDATA

RET

L2: RET

COMPARE:JB SETB MOV CJNE MOV CJNE MOV CJNE MOV CJNE ACALL

FLAG1,L2 FLAG1 A,UNIT A,#01,FAIL A,TEN A,#01,FAIL A,HUND A,#01,FAIL A,THSND A,#01,FAIL PASS

RET

FAIL: MOV MOV MOV ACALL LJMP RET PASS: MOV MOV MOV ACALL SETB RET

MOV

UNIT,#14 TEN,#15 HUND,#16 THSND,#17 DISPLAY1 POWERON

MOV

UNIT,#10 TEN,#11 HUND,#12 THSND,#13 DISPLAY1 FLAG

CARDDETECT: JNB JNB JB SETB CLR ACALL SENSOR1,CARDDENY SENSOR3,CARDDENY SENSOR2,GORET DCM1 DCM2 CARDACCEPT

GORET:

RET

CARDACCEPT: MOV MOV LABEL: MOVC ACALL INC CJNE ACALL MOV DPTR,#CODETABLE1 R0,#00H A,R0 A,@A+DPTR SENDLCDDATA R0 R0,#13,LABEL SECDELAY

RET

CARDDENY: MOV LABEL1: MOVC ACALL INC CJNE ACALL RET

MOV

DPTR,#CODETABLE2 R0,#00H MOV A,R0 A,@A+DPTR SENDLCDDATA R0 R0,#09,LABEL1 SECDELAY

SENDLCDCMD: ACALL MOV ACALL SETB ACALL CLR

CLR

LCDCD SECDELAY LCDPORT,A SECDELAY LCDE SECDELAY LCDE

ACALL SWAP MOV ACALL SETB ACALL CLR ACALL SETB RET

SECDELAY A LCDPORT,A SECDELAY LCDE SECDELAY LCDE SECDELAY LCDCD

SENDLCDDATA:SETB ACALL MOV ACALL SETB ACALL CLR ACALL SWAP MOV ACALL SETB ACALL CLR ACALL CLR RET

LCDCD SECDELAY LCDPORT,A SECDELAY LCDE SECDELAY LCDE SECDELAY A LCDPORT,A SECDELAY LCDE SECDELAY LCDE SECDELAY LCDCD

DISPLAY:MOV MOVC ACALL ACALL

A,UNIT A,@A+DPTR SENDLCDDATA SECDELAY

DISPLAY1:MOV MOVC ACALL ACALL

A,UNIT A,@A+DPTR SENDLCDDATA SECDELAY

MOV MOVC ACALL ACALL

A,TEN A,@A+DPTR SENDLCDDATA SECDELAY

MOV MOVC ACALL ACALL

A,HUND A,@A+DPTR SENDLCDDATA SECDELAY

MOV MOVC ACALL ACALL RET

A,THSND A,@A+DPTR SENDLCDDATA SECDELAY

SECDELAY: LOOP2: LOOP1: LOOP0: DJNZ DJNZ RET

MOV MOV MOV DJNZ

R7,#10 R6,#20 R5,#100 R5,LOOP0 R6,LOOP1 R7,LOOP2

CODETABLE:DB

'0123456789PASSFAIL'

CODETABLE1:DB

'CARD

ACCEPT'

CODETABLE2:DB

'CARD

DENY'

CODETABLE3:DB

'WELCOME'

CODETABLE4:DB 'ENTER PASSWORD'

SECTION 8:-

SNAPSHOT OF PROJECT

SECTION 8:-

APPLICATION & SCOPE

The most common smart card applications are:-

1. CREDIT CARD
A credit card, such as VISA or MasterCard, allows you to pay for sales or services by borrowing against your line of credit with the credit card company and to make monthly payments on the outstanding balance. A charge card, such as American Express requires payment in full each

month of the outstanding balance charged to the account.They allow you to make purchases on credit without carrying around a lot of cash. They allow accurate record-keeping by consolidating purchases into a single statement. They allow convenient ordering by mail or phone. They allow you to pay for large purchases in small, monthly installments. Under certain circumstances, they allow you to withhold payment for merchandise which proves defective. When you have been issued a credit card you are given a line of credit. You can make purchases or receive cash advances up to that amount with your card. When you make a purchase, the merchant gives proof of your purchase to the credit card company and they pay the merchant on your behalf; in effect granting you a loan. The credit card issuer then bills you for reimbursement of the purchase or cash advance amount. You can either pay the balance in full or make payments. The issuer must send you periodic billing statements giving you information on your account which includes the minimum payment due, date it is due, and the periodic interest rate on unpaid balances.Federal law protects consumers when they use credit cards. Errors on Your Bill. There are specific rules that the card issuer must follow for promptly correcting billing errors. The issuer must furnish you a statement describing the rules when you open a credit card account and at least once a year after that.

2. ELECTRONIC CASH
'Electronic Cash' is the debit card system of the German Central Credit Committee, the association which represents the top German financial interest groups. Usually paired with a checking account, cards with an Electronic Cash logo are only handed out by proper credit institutions. An electronic card payment is generally made by the card owner entering their PIN (Personal Identification Number) at a so-called EFT-POS-terminal (Electronic-Funds-TransferTerminal). The name EC originally comes from the unified European checking system Eurocheque. Comparable debit card systems are Maestro and Visa Electron. Banks and credit institutions who issue these cards often pair EC debit cards with Maestro functionality. These combined cards, recognizable by an additional Maestro logo, are referred to as EC/Maestro cards.Contents All card terminals working with the electronic cash system have to be certified by the ZKA (the German Central Credit Committee) in order to take part in cashless payment transactions. Terminals working exclusively with EDD do not require a ZKA

certificate. Operating a card terminal requires a provider contract with the network operator. The data collected by the terminal is processed by the provider. For the time the terminal is in use the user (for example, the retailer) can contact the service provider. He can call a hotline and is guaranteed on-site technical support by a technician. He has a contact person who helps with questions about the account, transaction control, managing the contract, etc.

3. ATM SECURITY SYSTEM

The drastic growth in the popularity of the Internet and in the use of communication between computers makes the subject of computer security very relevant. The reasons behind hacking keep changing. If once hackers had broken into computers in order to satisfy their curiosity and pump up their ego, nowadays more and more hackings are intended to steal information or damage systems for purposes of profit or revenge. Many times our basic lack of knowledge of the dangers that lie in the network, such as weak passwords or trusting any e-mail that reaches our mailbox, is what makes it easier For hackers. Nowadays, the web is crawling with viruses, worms, Trojan horses and the like (all the above mentioned concepts are explained below in our site) so that if your computer is not well secured and you are falling behind on your updates, catching one of them is almost certain. To enter a computer system, you probably should know the login command. Nearly all computers ask from the user to supply correct password within limited number of tries.

4. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
In telecommunications, wireless communication may be used to transfer information over short distances (a few meters as in television remote control) or long distances (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications). The term is often shortened to "wireless". It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers and or garage doors, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, satellite television and cordless telephones Wireless operations permits

services, such as long range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, computer networks, network terminals, etc.) which use some form of energy (e.g. radio frequency (RF), infrared light, laser light, visible light, acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information without the use of wires.[1] Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances. .

5. SATELLITE TV
Early satellite TV viewers were explorers of sorts. They used their expensive S-Band, then CBand dishes to discover unique programming that wasnt necessarily intended for mass audiences. The dish and receiving equipment gave viewers the tools to pick up foreign stations, live feeds between different broadcast stations and a lot of other stuff transmitted using satellites. Some satellite owners still seek out this sort of programming on their own, but today, most satellite TV customers in developed television markets get their programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider, such as DISH TV or the recently launched Doordarshan DTH platform. The provider selects programs and broadcasts them to subscribers as a set package. Basically, the providers goal is to bring dozens or even hundreds of channels to the customers television in a form that approximates the competition from Cable TV. Unlike earlier programming, the providers broadcast is completely digital, which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.

SECTION 9:-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Electronics devices and circuit by Sanjeev Gupta ,third edition, dhanpat rai publications

Electronics devices and circuits by Robert.L.Boylested, ninth edition,pearson publications.

www.howstuffwork.com www.datasheetcatalogue.com www.google.com www.wikepedia.com www.robust.com

www.8051.com