SOLUTION FOR SECTION 1.3 1. The appropriate pairs of column for this table P T F 3.a) p T T F F b) p T T F F Q.

5 p T T T T F F F F q T T F F T T F F r T F T F T F T F q V r T T T F T T T F p (q V r) T T T F F F F F pq T T F F F F F F pr T F T F F F F F (p q) V (p r) T T T F F F F F q T F T F p T F F F q q p T F F F q T F T F p V T T T F q q V T T T F p PT T F PvF T F P F F F PvT T T PvP T F PP T F

7. a) Jan is not rich, or Jan is not happy. b) Carlos will not bicycle tomorrow, and Carlos will not run tomorrow. c) Mei does not walk to class, and Mei does not take the bus to class. d) Ibrahim is not smart, or Ibrahim is not hard working.

Q9. a) p T T F F b) p T T F F c) p T T F F d) p T T F F e) p T T F F q T F T F pq T F T T (p q) F T F F (p q) p T T T T q T F T F pq T F F F pq T F T T (p q) (p q) T T T T q T F T F p F F T T pq T F T T p (p q) T T T T q T F T F p V T T T F q p (p V q) T T T T q T F T F p T F F F q (q p) p T T T T

f) p T T F F q T F T F pq T F T T (p q) F T F F q F T F T (p q) q T T T T

11. a) If the hypothesis p q is true, then by the definition of conjunction, conclusion p must also be true. b) If the hypothesis p is true, by the definition of disjunction, the conclusion p V q is also true. c) If the hypothesis p is true, that is, if p is false, then the conclusion p q is true. d) If the hypothesis p q is true, then both p and q are true, so the conclusion p q is also true. e) If the hypothesis ( p q) is true, then p q is false, so the conclusion p is true and q is false. f) If the hypothesis ( p q) is true, then p q is false, so p is true and q is false. Hence, the conclusion q is true. 13. The 4th column of the table is same as the 1st column which confirms part (a) has been proved and the 6th column is same as the 1st column proves part (b). p T T F F q T F T F pq T F F F p V (p q) T T F F pVq T T T F p (p V q) T T F F

15. It is tautology or repetition. 17. Each of them is true precisely when p and q have opposite values. 19. The proposition p q is true when p and q have the same truth values, which means that p and q have different truth values. Similarly, p q is true for same scenario. Therefore, these two expressions are logically equivalent.

21. The proposition (p q) is true when p q is false means that p and q have different truth values as precisely when p q is true so the two expressions are logically equivalent.

SOLUTION FOR SECTION 1.4 1. a) T b) T c) F 3. a) T b) F c) F d) F 5. a) There is a student who spends more than 5 hours every weekday in class. b) Every student spends more than 5 hours every weekday in class. c) There is a student who does not spend more than 5 hours every weekday in class. d) No student spends more than 5 hours every weekday in class. 7. a) Every comedian is funny. b) Every person is a funny comedian. c) There exists a person such that if she or he is a comedian, then she or he is funny. d) Some comedians are funny. 9. a) .x( P(x) Q(x)) b) x( P(x) Q(x)) c) x( P(x) V Q(x)) d) x ( P (x) V Q(x)) 11. a) T b) T c) F d) F e) T

f) F 13. a) T b) T c) T d) T 15. a) T b) F c) T d) F 17. a) P(0) V P( 1) V P( 2) V P( 3) V P( 4) b) P( 0) P( 1) P( 2) P( 3) P( 4) c) P( 0) V P( 1) V P( 2) V P( 3) V P( 4) d) P( 0) P( 1) P( 2) P( 3) P( 4) e) (P (0) V. P (1) V P (2) V P (3) V P (4)) f) (P (0) P (1) P (2) P (3) P (4)) 19. a) P(1) V P( 2) V P( 3) V P( 4) V P( 5) b) P(1) P( 2) P( 3) P (4) P( 5) c) (P (1) V P (2) V P (3) V P (4) V P (5)) d) (P (1) P (2) P (3) P (4) P (5)) e) ( P (1) P( 2) P( 4) P( 5)) V ( P( 1) V P( 2) V P( 3) V P( 4) V P( 5)) 21. There can be many possibilities and options. a) All students in your discrete mathematics class; all students in the world b) All United States senators; all college football players c) George W. Bush and Jeb Bush; all politicians in the United States d) Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; all politicians in the United States

23. Let C( x) be the propositional function x is in your class. a) xH( x) and x( C( x) H( x)), where H( x) is x can speak Hindi b) xF( x) and x( C( x) F( x)), where F( x) is x is friendly c) x B( x) and x( C( x) B( x)), where B( x) is x was born in California d) xM( x) and x( C( x) M( x)), where M( x) is x has been in a movie e) x L( x) and x( C( x) L( x)), where L( x) is x has taken a course in logic programming 25. Let P( x) be x is perfect and F( x) be x is your friend and domain be all people. a) x P( x) b) x P( x) c) x( F( x) P( x)) d) x( F( x) P( x)) e) x( F( x) P( x)) or (x F( x)) (x P( x)) f) ( x F( x)) V (x P( x))