Chapter2

MeasurementofPhysicalquantitiesinPhysics
Introduction
Youhavestudiedinthelastchapter,thefundamentalsofscientificstudyin
relevancetothesubjectPhysics,thescienceofphysicalphenomenonofnature.You
cannowproceedtoframethehypothesis/theory/lawtoexplainanyphysical
phenomenonofnature.Butaswehavealreadydiscussedthatthereisnomeaning
ofwordsuntilunlessourtheoryorlawisbasedoncertainphysicalparametersof
studyormaybecalledasphysicalquantities,thosecouldbeexpressedand
measuredquantitatively.Thesequantitiesarethebasisofexperimentalvalidationof
thetheorypropounded.Nowweshalltrytounderstandtheconceptofphysical
quantitiesregardingtheirdefinitionandtheiruseininterpretingthelawsofPhysics.
Atthesametimeregardingmeasurementofthesequantities,weshallglanceover
thedifferentstandardsofmeasurementsprevailingworldwidetoquantitatively
measurephysicalquantitiesandhowthesestandardsmakecomputationsinvolving
physicalquantitiesmakesosimple.
UnitOne
Nowinthisunitofabouthalfanhouryouwillbeabletolearn
a) Conceptoffundamentalandderivedquantity.
b) Systemofmeasurementsinpractice.
c) SystemofmeasurementsinS.I.system.
d) Systemofunitsandconversionofunitsfromonesystemtoanother.
Conceptoffundamentalandderivedquantity
Aswehavediscussedthattounderstandtheseenphenomenonofnature
theories/hypothesis/lawsareframed.Butthereisnosenseandmeaningofwords
untilunlessthelawsorpostulatesarebasedonmeasurablequantities.Thelawsof
physicsareexpressedandexperimentallyvalidatedintermsofthesephysical
quantities.Thelawsexpressedintermsofthesephysicalquantitiesareinvariant
withspaceandtime.
ForthepurposeofPhysicsitisveryessentialthatquantitiesshouldbedefined
clearlyandpreciselyandshouldhavetheconceptualmeaningforthepostulated
law.Amongtheseareforce,time,velocity,density,temperature,charge,magnetic
susceptibilityandnumerousothers.
NowasperthepracticeallthephysicalquantitiesinvolvedinthePhysicstoday
maybegroupedintwosets.Onesetcontainsthephysicalquantitiesasa
fundamentaloneandothersetcontainsquantitiesderivedfromthesefundamental
one.Foranexamplelengthandtimemaybetakenasafundamentalquantitiesand
thequantityvelocitydefinedastheratiooflengthupontimemaybetermedasa
derivedquantity.Howeverwhichquantitywillbetakenasafundamentaland
whichoneasderiveddependsonsystemtosystem.ForexampleS.I.systemofunits
takeslength,massandtimeasafundamentalquantityandthequantityforce
definedastheproductofmassandacceleration(length/time
2
)asaderived
quantity.WhiletheF.P.S.systemofunitsandmeasurementtakesforce,lengthand
timeasafundamentalquantityandmassasaderivedquantity.
Nowtheintentionofcreatingphysicalquantitiesisthatphysicallawsareexpressed
intermsofthesequantitiesandwhicharethemselvesevaluatedintermsof
numericalvalues.Thesevaluesshouldbesuchthatcanbecharacterizedasintrinsic
totheexperimentconductedandmaybecomparedtothesamequantityarrivedin
anothersetofexperiment.
Nowthecomparisonofphysicalquantitiescanbedoneonlywheneachphysical
quantityeitherfundamentalorderivedoneisbasedonsomestandardof
measurement.Thestandardofmeasurementisasetofstandardwhereeach
fundamentalquantityisassignedaspecificunitvalue.Theunitvaluetothat
quantityissuchthatitisinvariantwithspaceandtimeandiseasilyaccessible.For
exampleintheS.I.systemofmeasurementthephysicalquantitymasshasbeen
givenaunitvalueasonekilogramanddefinedasmassoftheinternationalstandard
bodypreservedatSeveres,France.Howeveritcertainlyinvolvestheprocedureto
accounttheunitvalueofthefundamentalquantity,wheredifferentobjectshaving
differentvaluesinthesamesetofconditionscanbecompared.Forexamplebythe
proceduretoobtainmassofastandardbody,thespringbalanceintermsofstretch
ofspringmaybeused.Thestretchofspringisdirectlyproportionaltothemassof
thebody.Bycomparingthedifferentstretchesofspring,themassesofdifferent
bodies,maybecompared.
Soinfinalwordstheoperationaldefinitionoffundamentalquantityinvolvestwo
steps,firstchoiceofastandardandsecondtheestablishmentofproceduresfor
measuringthequantityintermsofstandardsothatanumberandunitare
determinedasameasureofquantity.Butveryimportantaspectofchoiceof
standardisthatitshouldbeaccessibleandinvariant.Forexamplewehaveselected
ourstandardforlengthtomeasurethedistancebetweentwopointsasonemeter,
thenbyacomparisonofthislengthwithasecondobjectthreetimesinlengthas
standard,wesaythatsecondbarhasalengthofthreemeters.
Howevermostquantitiescannotbemeasureddirectlyincomparisontostandard
andindirectapproachusingsomeinvolvedprocedureisrequiredandalsocertain
assumptionsaremadetoascertainthematter.Forexamplemeasuringthetimeof
sendingandreceivingtheelectromagneticpulsewithknownspeed,thedistancecan
bemeasuredasproductofspeedandonehalfoftimeinterval.Herewehavesethalf
timeofsendingandreceivingthesignalsasourstandardofmeasurementand
differentdistancesmaybecomparedwithdifferenttimesofobservations.However
thespeedofpulseistobedeterminedthroughtheotheracclaimedprocedure.
Similarly,weuseanindirectmethodtomeasureverysmalldistancesbetween
atomsandmoleculesbyparticlescatteringmethod.
Systemofmeasurementsinpractice
Nowsofarwehavestudiedthatquantitiesinphysicsareeitherfundamentaloneor
derivedonedependinguponthesystemofmeasurementweareusingandshall
studythedifferentsystemsofmeasurementprevailingandusedallovertheworld.
Thefundamentalquantitiesaredefinedintermsofastandardofmeasurement
devisedinthatparticularsystemofmeasurementandproceduretomeasurethe
quantitysothatcomparisonofdifferentobjectsmaybedoneintermsofthat
quantity.Thederivedquantitiesarederivedfromthesefundamentaloneandforthe
completedescriptionswillhavedimensionsshowingthefundamentalquantities
involvedandunitsofthesedimensionsinvolveddependinguponthesystemof
measurementused.
Nowweshalldiscussthedifferentsystemofmeasurementsprevailingalloverthe
worldandtheirmeritsanddemerits.
ImperialSystemofunitsmeasurement
BeforeS.I.systemofunitsadoptedaroundtheworld,theBritishsystemsof
EnglishunitsandlaterImperialsystemofunitswereusedinBritain,the
CommonwealthandtheUnitedStates.ThesystemcametobeknownasU.S.
CustomaryunitsintheUnitedStatesandisstillinusethereandinafew
Caribbeancountries.Thesevarioussystemsofmeasurementhaveattimesbeen
calledfootpoundsecondsystemsaftertheImperialunitsfordistance,weightand
time.ManyImperialunitsremaininuseinBritaindespitethefactthatithas
officiallyswitchedtotheSIsystem.Roadsignsarestillinmiles,yards,milesper
hour,andsoon.Peopletendtomeasuretheirownheightinfeetandinchesand
beerissoldinpints,togivejustafewexamples.Imperialunitsareusedinmany
otherplaces,forexample,inmanyCommonwealthcountries,whichare
consideredmetricated,landareaismeasuredinacresandfloorspaceinsquare
feet,particularlyforcommercialtransactions(ratherthangovernmentstatistics).
Similarly,theimperialgallonisusedinmanycountriesthatareconsidered
metricatedatgas/petrolstations,anexamplebeingtheUnitedArabEmirates.
MetricSystemofMeasurement
Themetricsystemisadecimalisedsystemofmeasurementbasedonthemetreand
theKilogram.Itexistsinseveralvariations,withdifferentchoicesofbaseunits,
thoughthesedonotaffectitsdaytodayuse.Sincethe1960stheInternational
SystemofUnits(SI),explainedfurtherbelow,istheinternationallyrecognized
standardmetricsystem.Metricunitsofmass,length,andelectricityarewidely
usedaroundtheworldforbotheverydayandscientificpurposes.Themain
advantageofthemetricsystemisthatithasasinglebaseunitforeachphysical
quantity.Allotherunitsarepowersoftenormultiplesoftenofthisbaseunit.Unit
conversionsarealwayssimplebecausetheywillbeintheratiooften,one
hundred,onethousand,etc.Alllengthsanddistances,forexample,aremeasured
inmeters,orthousandthsofametre(millimeters),orthousandsofmeters
(kilometres),andsoon.Thereisnoprofusionofdifferentunitswithdifferent
conversionfactorsasintheImperialsystem(e.g.inches,feet,yards,fathoms,rods).
Multiplesandsubmultiplesarerelatedtothefundamentalunitbyfactorsof
powersoften,sothatonecanconvertbysimplymovingthedecimalplace:1.234
metresis1234millimetresor0.001234kilometres.Theuseoffractions,suchas2/5
ofameter,isnotprohibited,butuncommon.
S.Isystemofmeasurement
TheInternationalSystemofUnits(abbreviatedSIfromtheFrenchlanguagename
SystmeInternationald'Units)isthemodern,revisedformofthemetricsystem.It
istheworld'smostwidelyusedsystemofunits,bothineverydaycommerceandin
science.TheSIwasdevelopedin1960fromthemetrekilogramsecond(MKS)
system,ratherthanthecentimetregramsecond(CGS)system,which,inturn,had
manyvariants.AtitsdevelopmenttheSIintroducedseveralnewlynamed
fundamentalunitsthatwerepreviouslynotapartofthemetricsystem.
TheS.I.systemofunitshasthefollowingsetofstandardsformeasurement:
StandardofLength
Thefirststandardoflengthmeasurementconceivedwasabarofplatinumiridium
alloykeptatInternationalBureauofweightsandmeasuresnearParis.The
distancebetweentwolinesengravedongoldplugsneartheendsofthebar(when
thebarwasat0.00degreecentigradeandsupportedinacertainmechanical
system)wasdefinedasonemeter.Butthemaindisadvantageofthemeterbaris
thatitisnotaccuratelyproducibleateverywhere.In1961anatomicstandardof
lengthwasacceptedbyInternationalagreement.Thewavelengthoforange
radiationemittedbyatomsofKrypton(Kr
36
)inelectricaldischargewaschosen.
Onemeterisnowdefinedtobe1,650,763.73wavelengthsofthislight.Thechoiceof
atomicstandardhasofferedagreatadvantagethatthereisenoughprecisionin
lengthmeasurementsandallatomsgeneratelightofsamewavelength,at
everywherethereforeaccessibleandinvariantwithrespecttospaceandtime.
StandardofTime
Forthedevelopmentofthetimestandardtherearetwodifferentaspectsforthe
purpose.Oneisforcivilandanotherforscientificworkaccordingtothedesired
accuracyinthework.Wedefinethetimetoknowthedurationbetweenthestart
andendofeventsandclassifytheminsuchasequencewhereprecedenceofstartor
endofoneeventcanbecomparedwithotherbycountingnumberofrepetitionsas
thedivisionoftimephase.Anoscillatingpendulum,quartzcrystal,oscillating
springordigitalcountercanbeusedforthepurpose.Ofthemanyrepetitive
phenomenonoccurringinthenature,therotationofearthonitsownaxis,whichin
timespanislengthofday,hasbeenusedastimestandardandstillthebasisof
determiningciviltimestandard.Onemeansolarsecondbeingdefinedas1/86,400
ofameansolardayandtimeexpressedintermsofEarthsrotationaboutitsown
axisiscalleduniversaltime(UT)
In1956,TheInternationalCongressofWeightandmeasuresredefinedthesecond
forthescientificpurposesrequiringhighprecision,intermsoftheearthorbital
motionaboutthesunandfoundittobethefraction1/31,556,925.9747ofthetropical
year1900andtimedefinedintermsoftheearthorbitalmotioniscalledephemeris
time(ET).
ButthemaindisadvantageoftheabovetimestandardsisthatbothUTandETmust
bedeterminedbyastronomicalobservationsextendingoverseveralweeks(forUT)
orseveralyears(forET)andasecondaryterrestrialclock,calibratedbythe
astronomicalobservationsisneededforthepurpose.Quartzcrystalclocks,basedon
theelectricallysustainednaturalperiodicvibrationofaquartzcrystalserveasa
timestandardandhavemeasuredtimewithamaximumerrorof0.02secinayear.
Oneofthemostcommonusesofatimestandardisthedeterminationoffrequencies
andforthepurposetheatomicclocksusingtheperiodicatomicvibrationsasa
standardhavebeendevelopedwhichgivesaccuratetimeestimatestoaaccuracyof
fractionofmicrosecondsandareinvariantwithspaceandtime.
AspertheS.I.systemofunitsthesecond(s)isthedurationof9,192,631,770periods
oftheradiationcorrespondingtothetransitionbetweenthehyperfinelevelsofthe
groundstateoftheCs
133
atoms.
StandardofMass
Thekilogram(kg)isthemassoftheinternationalstandardbodypreservedat
Severes,France.
StandardofamountofSubstance(Mole)
Theamountofsubstancethatcontainsasmanyelementaryentities(Avogadro
number6.02x10
23
)likeatomsifsubstanceismonoatomicormoleculesiscalleda
mole.Forexample0.012kgofcarbon12,calledasonemolesubstancecontains
10 0 . 6
23
x
Nosofatomsofcarbon12.
StandardofCurrent
Theampere(A)isthecurrentintwoverylongparallelwires1mapartthatgives
risetoamagneticforceof
10 0 . 2
7
x N/m.
StandardofTemperature
TheKelvin(K)is
16 . 273
1
ofthethermodynamictemperatureofthetriplepointof
water.
StandardofLuminousIntensity
Thecandela(cd)istheluminousintensityintheperpendiculardirectionofasurface
ofaarea
000 , 600
1
sqmeterofablackbodyatatemperatureoffreezingplatinumat
pressureof1atm.
Unitsandtheirconversion
Wehavestudiedearlierthatallderivedquantitiesaredependentuponthe
fundamentalquantitiesandfundamentalquantitiesoncertainstandards.The
choiceofstandardunitsforthesefundamentalquantitiesdeterminesthesystemof
unitsforallphysicalquantitiesusedallovertheworld.ForexampletheM.K.S.
systemofunitsclassifyingfundamentalquantitiesmass,lengthandtimeas
Kilogram,meter,second.Thereforeoncethechoiceofthesystemofunitshasbeen
madethederivedordependentquantitiesfollowthesamesystemofunitsandwill
havebothnumberandunitinitsnotification.
Whensuchquantitiesareadded,subtracted,multiplied,ordividedinanalgebraic
equationtheunitcanbetreatedasanalgebraicquantity.Forexamplewewishto
findoutthedistancetraveledbyapersontravelingataspeedof5kmperhourin
fivehoursthan
Distancetraveled=SpeedxTime=
h x
h
Km
5 0 . 5
=25km
Ex1.5litreofbenzeneweighmoreinsummerorwinter?
(A)Summer(B)Winter(C)Equalinboth(D)Noneofthese
Sol:Sincevolumeincreasesanddensitydecreasesafterriseintemperaturesofora
given volume of benzene say 5 litre it will weigh more in the winter for higher
density.
Ex 2. The SI unit of length is the meter. Suppose we adopt a new unit of length
which equal to x meters the area 1m
2
expressed in terms of the new unit has a
magnitude
(A) x (B) x
2
(C)1/x (D)1/x
2

Sol: Area = 1m x 1m = (1 unit/x)(1 unit/x) = 1/x
2
unit
2
So magnitude=1/x
2
Ex 3. If the unit of length is micrometer and the unit of time is microsecond, the unit of
velocity will be
(A) 100 m/s (B) 10 m/s (C) micrometer/s (D) 1 m/s
Sol: Velocity=L/T = 1 m/s
Ex 4. If the units of length and force are increased four times, then the units of energy will
(A) Increase 8 times (B) increase 16 times (C) decrease 16 times (D) increase 4 times
Sol: E
0
= F
0
d
0
En = 16 f
0
d
0
En = 16 E
0
Hence each unit of new energy dimension is 16 times each unit of energy in old dimension
Ex 5. In a particular system, the unit of length, mass and time are chosen to be 10 cm.,10 gm,
and 0.1 s respectively. The unit of force in this system will be equivalent to
(A) 1/10 N (B) 1 N (C) 10 N (D) 100 N
Sol: unit of mass = 10 gm
Length = 10 cm.
Time = 0.10 s
Unit force in the new system with dimensions M L T
2
have 10 (gm)(10 cm) (0.1 s)
-2
And so equals to 1/10 N
OR
Since 1N = 1kg m.s
2
= 10
3
gm.(10
2
cm)( s
-2
)
Hence each unit of force = 1N/10
Ex 6. What will be the unit of time in that system in which the unit of length is metre unit
of mass kg and unit of force kg.wt.?
(A) 19.8 sec (B) (9.8)
2
sec (C)9.8 sec (D) 9.8 sec
Sol: Force F = MLT
-2
kg (9.80 m/s
2
) = kgmT
-2
T = 1/9.8 s
OR
F= M L T
2
T= ML/F = kg . m/ kg wt
So T= kg . m / kgwt = 1/ 9.8 sec
Ex7. If the velocity of light c, acceleration due to gravity g , and the atmospheric pressure p
are taken as the fundamental units , then the unit of mass will be
(A) 1 kg (B) 81 kg (C) 9x10
18
kg (D) 81x10
34
kg
Sol: M= c
x
g
y
p
z
= M
z
L
x+y-z
T
x 2y 2z
; so z=1, x=4, y=-3
M=pc
4
/g
3
=81x10
34
Kg
Ex8 Is the time variation of position as shown in the fig is observed in nature? Explain.
P o s i t i o n o f P a r t i c l e ( x )
T
i
m
e

i
n

S
e
c
.

(
t
)
Sol: The answer is clearly NO because at any instant of time the particle cant have two
positions and time doesnt decreases.
Ex9. The normal duration of physics practical period in Indian colleges is 100 minutes.
Express this period in micro century. 1 micro century =10-6 x 100 year.
Sol: T= 100 minutes =100/60x24x365x10
4
= 1.9 Microcenturies;
Ex 10. The SI and C.G.S. units of energy are joule and erg respectively. How many erg are
equal to one joule.
Sol: In M.K.S. system of units Energy =Kg m
2
/s
2
= 1 joule= 10
7
grams cm
2
/s
2
= 1 Erg in
C.G.S. system
Ex 11. Youngs modulus of steel is 19x10
10
N/m
2
. Express it in dyne/cm2. Here dyne is the
C.G.S. unit of force.
Sol: 19 x10
11
Dyne /cm
2
;
Ex 12. The density of a substance is 8 g/cm
3
. Now we have a new system where unit of
length is 5 cm and unit of mass 20 g. Find the density in the new system.
Sol: Density of substance = 8 g/cm
3
; Unit of length = 5 cm ; Unit of mass = 20 g.
Since dimension of density = ML
-3
T
0

2
/
1
= (M
2
/M
1
) (L
2
/L
1
)
-3
= 20 (5)
-3
= 4/25; Density of substance in new system = 50 units
Exercise 1
Q1. If the units of force, energy and velocity in new system be 10 N, 5 J and 0.5 m s
-1
respectively, find the units of mass, length and time in the new system.
Which gives M=E/v
2
=5J/(0.5)
2
= 20 Kg; L=E/F=0.5 m; T=E/FV=1 sec
Q2. The radius of proton is about 10
-9
microns and the radius of the universe is about 10
28
cm.
Name a physical object whose size is approximately half way between these two on a
logarithmic scale.
Q3 Assuming that the length of the day uniformly increases by 0.001s in a century. Calculate
the cumulative effect on the measure of time over twenty centuries. Such a slowing down of
the earths rotation is indicated by observations of the occurrences of solar eclipses during
this period.
Q4. The unit of length convenient on the nuclear scale is fermi ; 1 f=10
-15
m. Nuclear sizes
obey roughly the following empirical relation; r=r
0
A
10
where r is the radius of the nucleus.
A its mass number and r
0
is a constant equal to 1.2 f. Find out whether mass density is nearly
constant for different nuclei.
Solutions Exercise 1
Ans1. Let M = F
x
E
y
v
z
and so x=0, y=1 and z=-2
Ans2: On logarithmic scale the exponent value= -15+(15+26)/2= -15 + 41/2=5.5
Hence the size of object=10
5.5
1x10
6
( Radius of moon)
Ans3: Increase in length of day in 20 centuries = 20 x 0.001s
Average increase in length of day = 0.001x 20/2 = 0.01s
Cumulative error in time measurement = cumulative error in day length increase in 20
centuries = 20 x100 x 365 x 0.01/3600 h= 2.03 h
Ans4:Mass density of nucleus=A(m
p
)/(4/3 r
3
) 10
17
Kg/m
3
Introduction
So far we have defined the physical quantities in terms of their interdependence and evolved
procedures to measure the physical quantities. Now we shall try to understand the way the
physical quantities appear in the laws of physics and the rules of mathematical manipulations
followed.
Each physical quantity may be attributed a set of dimensions according to the base units
involved in the quantity and laws of physics involve mathematical manipulations of these
physical quantities. As each statement should follow certain rules involving the physical
quantities regarding their mathematical manipulations, is governed by the dimensional
analysis.
Beside that physical quantity regarding their representation numerically should follow certain
rules so that degree of accuracy of the measurement could be ascertained at a glance of the
presentation of measurement. It is governed by the rules of significant digits of measurement
of physical quantities. These two are the scope of study now.
So at the end of this unit of around one hour you will be able to learn
Dimensions of physical quantities and dimensional analysis.
Concept of significant digits for the presentation of measurement of quantities in Physics.
Dimensions of Physical Quantities
As we have stated earlier that physical quantities can be added, subtracted, multiplied or
divided in the same manner as any other algebraic quantity. The addition or subtraction of
quantities is meaningful only if the quantities have followed same standard of units and so
are dimensionally homogeneous. The dimensional consistency is must for equation to be
correct. The correctness of equation can be checked by comparing the physical dimensions of
each term in the equation under discussion. A list of various physical quantities with their
usual convention and dimensions are
:
S.No Quantity Symbol Physical
formula
S.I unit Dimension
formula
1 Acceleration a a=v/t
m/s
2
M
0
LT
-2
2 Angular
acceleration
= /t
Rad/sec
2
M
0
L
0
T
-2
3 Angular
Displacement
=arc/radius Radian
M
0
L
0
T
0
4 Angular
Momentum
L L=m v r
Kg m
2
/s M L
2
T
-1
5 Angular
Velocity
=/t Rad/sec
M
0
L
0
T
-1
6 Area A l x b
(Metre)
2
M
0
L
2
T
0
7 Capacitance C Q = CV Farad
M
-1
L
-2
T
4
A
2
8 Charge q q=I t Coulomb
M
0
L
0
T A
9 Current I ---- Ampereor A
M
0
L
0
T
0
A
10 Density d d =M/V
Kg/m
3
M L
-3
T
0
11 Dielectric
constant

r

r
=/
0
___
M
0
L
0
T
0
12 Displacement S ___ Metre or m
M
0
LT
0
13 Electric
dipole
moment
P P=q 2l Coulomb
metre
M
0
L T A
14 Energy KE/U
KE=1/2mv
2
Joule
M L
2
T
-2
15 Force F F=ma Newton or N
M L T
-2
16 Force
Constant
K K=F/x N/m
M L
0
T
-2
17 Frequency f f=1/T Hertz
M
0
L
0
T
-1
18 Gravitational
Constant
G
G=F r
2
/m
1
m
2
N m
2
/kg
2
M
-1
L
3
T
-2
19 Heat Q Q=mst Joule/calorie
M L
2
T
-2
20 Impulse - F x t N.sec
M L T
-1
21 Intensity of
electrical field
E E = F/q N/coul
M L T
-3
A
-1
21 Intensity of
electrical field
E E = F/q N/coul
M L T
-3
A
-1
22 Latent Heat L Q = mL Joule/kg
M
0
L
2
T
-2
23 Magnetic
dipole
moment
M M=NIA
Amp.m
2
M
0
L
2
A T
0
24 Magnetic flux
E=d/dt Weber
M L
2
T
- 2
A
-1
25 Magnetic
intensity
H B =H A/m
M L
-1
T
0
A
26 Moment of
Inertia
I
I=mr
2
Kg m
2
ML
2
T
0
27 Momentum P P = mv Kg m/s
M L T
-1
28 Mutual
inductance
L E=L.di/dt Henery
M L
2
T
-2
A
-2
29 Power P P=W/t Watt
M L
2
T
-3
30 Pressure P P =F/A Pascal
M L
-1
T
-2
31 Resistance R V=IR Ohm
M L
2
T
-3
A
-2
32 Specific heat S Q=m s t Joule/kg.kelvi
n
M
0
L
2
T
-2

-1
33 Strain ___ l/l; A/A;
v/v
___
M
0
L
0
T
0
34 Stress ___ F/A
N/m
2
M
0
L
0
T
-2
35 Surface
Tension
T F / l N/m
M L
0
T
-2
36 Temperature ___ Kelvin
M
0
L
0
T
0

1
37 Torque

F.d N.m.
M L
2
T
-2
38 Universal gas
constant
R PV = nRT Joule/mol.k
M L
2
T
-2

-1
39 Velocity v v = s/t m/s
M
0
LT
-1
40 Volume V V=l x b x h
(Metre)
3
M
0
L
3
T
0
41 Work W F.d N.m
M L
2
T
-2
42 Young
Modulus
Y Y =
(F/A)/ l/l
N/m
2
M L
-1
T
-2
Application of dimensional analysis
1. To find the unit of a physical Quantity.
2. To convert units of a physical Quantity from one system to another.
3. To check the dimensional correctness of a given relation. It is to be further noted that
every dimensionally correct relation does not mean to have physically correct
relationship. If we have some idea or can make an educated guess as to how one
physical quantity relates to another we can use dimensions to derive the form of the
equation.
As an example, consider the equation for the period of pendulum bob. We might suppose that
the period depends on the mass of the bob, the length of the pendulum and the
acceleration due to gravity
We can express this as T=m
x
l
y
g
z
. Where x, y and z are as yet undetermined indices.
To find the values of x, y and z we convert the formula into its dimensions. On the left-hand
side the dimension of the period is [T], the dimension of mass is [M], the dimension of the
length of the pendulum is [L] and the dimension of g is [LT
-2
].
[T]=[M]
x
[L]
y
[LT
-2
]
z
.
Equating left-hand indices with matching dimensions on the right-hand side.
[M]: x=0
[L]: y+z=0
[T]: 2z=-1
Fromthiswecandeducethatz=1/2,whiley=1/2andx=1/2
Substitutingthesevaluesintotheoriginalequationweobtain.T=k(l/g)
1/2
.Wherek
isaconstantofproportionality.Comparethiswiththeequationfortheperiodofa
pendulum
g
l
T 2

The form of the equation is correct, but it cannot determine the constant of proportionality.
Limitationsofapplicationofdimensionalanalysis
1.Ifthedimensionsaregiven,physicalquantitymaynotbeuniqueasmany
physicalquantitieshavesamedimensions.
2.Sincenumericalconstantshavenodimensions,cantbededucedbydimensional
analysis.Forexample1, etc.
3.Thedimensionalanalysiscantbeusedtoderiverelationshipotherthanthe
productofpowerfunctions.Howeverthedimensionalcorrectnessoftherelation
maybechecked.Fore.g. S=u t+1/2 a t
2
, y= a sin t
4. The method of dimension cant be applied to derive relationship when a physical quantity
depends on more than three quantities. For e.g. T=2 I/(m g l)
Ex1. If velocity, force and time are taken to be fundamental quantities find dimensional
formula for quantity mass
(A) V
-1
FT
-1
(B) V
-1
FT (C) VF
-1
T
-1
(D) V
-1
F
-1
T
Sol: M=K (V)
x
(F)
y
(T)
z
; x= -1, y =1, z =1; M = K V
-1
F T
Ex2. You may not know integration. But using dimensional analysis can check or prove
results .in the integral
dx/(2ax-x
2
)
1/2
= a
n
sin
-1
[x/a-1]
The value of n should be
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 1/2
Sol: The dimension of a is that of x and for dimensional consistency of the equation n should
be equal to zero.
Ex3. In the cauchys formula for the refractive index n = A+B/
2
the dimensions of A and
B are
(A) Both are dimensionless (B) A is dimension less , B has dimension M
0
L
-2
T
0
(C) A is dimension less, B has dimensions M
0
L
2
T
0
(D) Both A and B have dimensions
M
0
L
2
T
0
Sol: Since refractive index is dimensionless hence A should be dimensionless and B should
have dimensions of Length
2
that is M
0
L
2
T
0
Ex4. A highly rigid cubical block A of small mass M and side L is fixed rigidly on the
another cubical block B of same dimensions and of low modulus of rigidity such that
lower face of A completely covers the upper face of B. The lower face of B is rigidly held
on a horizontal surface. A small force F is applies perpendicular to one of the side face of
A. After the force is withdrawn, block A executes small oscillation, the time period of
which is given by
(A) 2 (m L) (B) 2 (M /L) (C) 2 (ML/ ) (D) 2 (M/L )
Sol: Check the dimensions of the left and right side quantities.
Ex5. The frequency of oscillation of an object of mass m suspended by means of spring of
force constant k is given by f = c m x ky, where c is a dimensionless constant the value of
x and y are
(A) x = , y = (B) x = - , y = (C) x = , y = - (D) x = - , y = -
Sol: Putting the dimensions on the two sides and equating the powers of the base quantities
we get x= -1/2, y =1/2
Multiple Choice Type of Questions
Ex1. Suppose a quantity x can be dimensionally represented in terms of M, L and T i.e.[X] =
M
a
L
b
T
c
the quantity mass
(A) Can always be dimensionally represented in terms of L, T and x.
(B) May be represented in terms of L,T and x if a = 0
(C) May be represented in terms of L, T and x if a = 0
(D) May be represented in terms of L, T and x if a 0
Sol: Any quantity may be represented in terms of other quantities as base quantities such that
the quantities are dependent upon each other with a certain relationship. Here I the case the
quantity M may be represented in terms of L, T, x if a 0 so that M remains related with the
rest of quantities.
Ex2. Choose the correct statement (s)
(A) A dimensionally correct equation may be correct
(B) A dimensionally correct equation may be incorrect
(C) A dimensionally incorrect equation must be correct
(D) A dimensionally incorrect equation must be incorrect
Sol: A dimensionally correct equation may be correct or incorrect. But a dimensionally
incorrect equation can never be correct.
Ex3. Choose the correct statement (s)
(A) All quantities may be represented dimensionally in terms of the base quantities.
(B) All base quantities cannot be represented dimensionally in terms of the rest of base
quantities.
(C) The dimension of a base quantity in other base quantity is always zero.
(D) The dimension of a derived quantity is never zero in any base quantity.
Sol: ( A ), (B),( C )
Descriptive Type of Questions:
Ex.1 (a) Can a physical quantity have no unit and dimensions? If yes give an example.
(b) Can a physical quantity have units without dimensions? If yes give an example.
Ans41: (a) Strain has neither unit nor dimensions but it is a defined physical quantity.
(b) Angle measured in radians is physical quantity, which has unit of radian but no
dimension. The angle measurement in a plane that is radian and angle of a solid that is
steradian are supplementary units to supplement the physical quantities like angular
displacement and angular velocity. No dimension has been assigned to these quantities.
Ex2. Find the dimensional formulae of e
0
& m
0
(Where e
0
is the absolute permittivity and m
0
is the permeability of vacuum or free space respectively ).
Sol: The dimensions of
0
= M
-1
L
-3
T
4
A
2
; The dimensions of
0
= MLT
-2
A
-2
Ex3. Assuming that the largest mass that can be moved by a flowing river depends on
velocity of flow density of river water and on gravity, find out how the mass varies with
velocity of flow.
Sol: M=K(v)
x
(d)
y
(g)
z
; x=6, y=1, z=-3 and so M= K v
6
d g
3
Ex4. The gas constant R depends upon pressure of the gas P, volume of the gas V,
temperature of the gas T and number of moles n. Derive an expression for gas constant, R
Sol: Let P= K V
x
n
y
R
z
T
m
, on solving for dimensions of base quantities M,L,T and n we
get x=-1, y=1, z=1, T=1 and so PV=n RT
Exercise 2
Matching Type of Questions:
Q1. In the following table, there are two lists A and B, but the list B is not in order of list A.
write down the list B in order of list A in each table.
(a) Moment of inertia (i) Newton /Meter
2
(b) Surface tension (ii) kg/ (metre-s)
(c) Angular acceleration (iii) kg meter
2
(d) Coefficient of viscosity (iv) Newton/meter
(e) Coefficient of elasticity (v) radian/s
2
(f) Momentum (vi) MLT
-1
(g) Gravitational Constant (vii) ML
2
T
-1

(h) Plank Constant (viii) M
-1
L
3
T
-2
Q2. Column I gives three physical quantities. Select the appropriate units for these from
choices given in column II. Some of the physical quantities may have more than one choice :
I II
Capacitance Ohm second
Inductance Coul
2
joul
-1
Magnetic inductance Coulomb (Volt)
1

Newton(ampere-m)
-1
Volt-sec (Ampere)
-1
Q3. Match the physical quantities given in column I with dimensions expressed in column if
in tabular form
(a) Angular momentum (a) ML
2
T
-2
(b) Latent heat (b) ML
2
Q
-2
(c) Torque (c) ML
2
T
-1
(d) Capacitance (d) ML
3
T
-1
Q
-2
(e) Inductance (e) M
-1
L
-2
T
2
Q
2
(f) Resistivity (f) L
2
T
-2

Q4. The position of a particle at any time is given by S(t) = V
0
/a (1-e
-at
), where a>0 and V
0
are constants. What are the dimensions of a and V
0
?
Q5. The equation of a wave traveling along the x axis by y = A e[x/a-t/T] 2, write the
dimensions of A , a and T.
Q6. Suppose an attractive nuclear force acts between two protons which may be written as F
= Ce-kt/r2
Write down the dimensional formula and appropriate SI units of C and K.
Q7. Find the dimensional formula of L/R, where R is the resistance and L is the coefficient of
self-inductance.
Q8. Find out the dimensions of electrical conductivity.
Q9. The equation of state of a real gas is given by [p+a/v
2
](v-b) = RT, where p, v and T are
pressure , volume and temperature respectively and R is the universal gas constant. Find out
the dimensions of the constant a in the above equation.
Q10. The heat produced in a wire carrying an electric current depends on the current, the
resistance and the time; assuming that the dependence is of the product of powers type, guess
an equation between these quantities using dimensional analysis. The dimensional formula
of resistance is ML
2
T
-3
A
-2
and heat is a form of energy.
Q11. The frequency of vibration of a stream depends on the length L between the nodes, the
tension F in the string and its mass per unit length M. Guess the expression for its frequency
from dimensional Analysis.
Q12. The kinetic energy E of a rotating body depends on its moment of inertia I and its
angular speed w. Assuming the relation to be E =K Ia wb where K is a dimensionless
constant, find a and b. Moment of Inertia of the sphere about its diameter is 2/5Mr
2
.
Q13 (a) In the formula X=3YZ
2
, X and Z have dimensions of capacitance and magnetic
induction respectively. What are the dimensions of Y in MKSQ system?
(b) Calculate the dimension(s) of VCR/L, where V=supply voltage, C=capacitance,
R=resistance and L=inductance.
Q14. If velocity of light c, the gravitational constant G and plank constant h be chosen as the
fundamental units, then find the dimensions of mass, length and time in the new system.
ConceptofSignificantdigits
Aswehaveseeneverymeasurementpertainstothestandardwearegoingtouse
anditsnumericalvalueisreadfromthecalibratedscalebasedonthatstandardof
measurement.Thevalueofmeasurementcontainstwoparts
(i)Onepartwithalldigitsreaddirectlyfromthescalebythesmallestsubdivisionof
thescalecalledascertaindigitsofmeasurement
(ii) and the second part contains doubtful digits at end corresponding to the eye
judgment within the least subdivision of the scale. For example the length
measuredbythemeterscalehavingleastcountof1cmas50.35cmcontainsdigits5,
0 as certain 3 is doubtful and 5 is insignificant. The digits 5, 0, 3 are termed as
significant digits and 5 as insignificantdigit.Theremaybesomeconfusionwhile
dealingwiththemeasurementscontainingzeroattheirendbutruleisthesame.
As a general practice we report only the significant digits and magnitude of any
physical quantity is represented by proper power of 10. For example if only 5 is
significantin500cmthenwereportitas5x10
2
cm,with5asasignificantdigit.If5
andfirstzerothatistwodigitsaresignificantthenwewrite5.0x10
2
cm.andifall
thedigitsaresignificantwereportitas5.00x10
2
cm.
Iftheintegerpartofthedigitiszerothenallthecontinuouszerosafterthedecimal
are treated as insignificant digits asthe number 0.00003havingfirst digitas zero
thenallthecontinuousdigitsarealsoinsignificant.Forthisreasonitisimportantto
keepthetrailingzerostoindicatetheactualnumberofsignificantfigures.
However if first digit is nonzero as in 1.0005 then all zeros will be counted for
significantdigitscontainingfivesignificantdigitsas1,0,0,0and5respectively.
Fornumberswithoutdecimalpoints,trailingzerosmayormaynotbesignificant.
Thus,400indicateonlyonesignificantfigure.Toindicatethatthetrailingzerosare
significantadecimalpointmustbeadded.Forexample,400hasthreesignificant
figures,andhasonesignificantfigure.
Exactnumbershaveaninfinitenumberofsignificantdigits.Forexample,ifthereare
twoorangesonatable,thenthenumberoforangesis2.000....Definednumbersare
alsolikethis.Forexample,thenumberofcentimetersperinch(2.54)hasaninfinite
numberofsignificantdigits,asdoesthespeedoflight(299792458m/s).
Significant digits in arithmetical calculation
As per internationally accepted practice for finding out the significant digits in the
arithmetical calculation say division or multiplication of two physical quantities following
rule has been formulated for determination of significant:
1. In multiplication or division of two or more quantities the number of significant digits in
the answer is equal to the number of significant digits in the quantity, which has least number
of significant digits. Thus 60.0/2.0 will have only two significant digits. The insignificant
digits are dropped from the result if appear after the decimal point, and replaced to zero if
appear to the left of the decimal point. The least significant digit is rounded according to the
following rules:
(A) If the digit next to one rounded is more than 5, then the digit to be rounded is increased
by 1
(B) If next digit is less than 5 then rounding digit is left unchanged.
(C) If the digit next to be rounded is equal to 5 then rounding digit is increased by one if it is
odd otherwise left unchanged.
For example,
(2.80) (4.5039) = 12.61092
should be rounded off to 12.6 (three significant figures like 2.80).
2. For addition or subtraction of quantities all the numbers are written with the decimal point
in one line up to the number, which has the first doubtful digit counted from left. All digits
are written to that digit after rounding off at that level and addition/subtraction is performed.
For example,
89.332 + 1.1 = 90.432
should be rounded to get 90.4 (the tenths place is the last significant place in 1.1).
Ex1. Evaluate 25.2x1374/33.3 All the digits in this expression are significant.
Sol: Expression has value =1039.7838
Since the expression has number with lowest number of significant digits as 3 with number
25.2 or 33.3 hence the expression will also have three significant digits and number will be
written as per rule 1.04x10
3
Ex2. Evaluate 24.36+0.0623+256.2
Sol: As per rule write the numbers with decimal point in a line and check where the first
doubtful digit occurs between these numbers, which in our case occurs at 256.2. Now change
the other numbers with proper rounding and than add as 24.4 + 0.1 + 256.2 = 280.7
Ex3. Given P=0.0030 m; Q=2.40 m and R=3000 m. Find out the number of significant
figures in P, Q, R respectively.
Sol: No of significant figures in P=2(3,0) since the first digit is zero so all zeros after that are
insignificant;
No of significant figures in Q=3(2,4,0);
No of significant figures in R=4(3,0,0,0)
Ex4. The volume of one sphere is 1.76 c.c. Find out the volume of 25 such spheres
(according to idea of significant figures).
Sol: The volume of 25 spheres=25 x1.76 = 44. Since the number 1.76 has three significant
digits and so result should also be written to the three significant digits as 44.0 c.c,
Exercise 3
Q1. The length breadth and thickness of a block are measured as 12.5 cm, 5.6 cm, and 0.32
cm respectively. Which measurement is least accurate?
Q2. The radius of the circle is stated as 2.12 cm. Find out its area written as in appropriate
number of significant digits.
Q3. Round off the following numbers to three significant digits (a) 15462 (b) 14.745 (c)
14.750 (d) 14.650x10
12
.
Hints and Solutions Exercise 2
Ans4: The power of e should be dimensionless so the dimension of a = M
0
L
0
T
-1
; The
dimension of V
0
=M
0
LT
-1
;
Ans5: The dimension of a and T should be of such that x/a and t/T are dimensionless and
dimensions of A should be of y.
So the dimension of T= M
0
L
0
T; A= M
0
L

T
0
;

a=M
0
L T
0
;
Ans6: The dimension of C = M

L
1
T
-2
;

The dimension of K=M
0
L
2
T
-1
Ans7: The dimension of L=V/(dI/dt)=W/I
2
=ML
2
T
-2
A
-2
;

The dimension of R=W/I
2
t
=M L
2
T
-3
A
-2
Ans8: Electrical conductivity=1/R= M
-1
L
-2
T
3
A
2
Ans9: a=pv
2
=ML
5
T
-2;
Ans10: H= I
x
R
y
t
z
which on solving for dimensions of two side for base quantities M, L, T
and I we get H=I
2
R t
Ans11: Let = K

L
x
F
y
m
z
Put the dimensions of the quantities on two sides and solve for powers x,y, and z we get
= K/L (F/m)
Ans12: E.= K I
x

y
Put the dimensions of E, I and

and we get E=K I

2
Ans13: Y=X/3Z
2
; Y= M
-3
L
-6
T
8
A
6
= M
-3
L
-6
T
2
Q
6
Ans14: M=C h/G ; L=h
1/2
G
1/2
/C
3/2
, T= h
1/2
G
1/2
/C
5/2
Exercise 3
Ans1: The breadth of the block is only up to two significant digits hence supposed to be least
accurate.
Ans2: Area of circle= R
2
= 14.112416 cm
2
=14.1 cm
2
(three significant figures)
Ans3: (a) 1.55x 10
4 ; The last number has been rounded to five since digit next to 4 is six greater
than 5
(b) 1.47 x 10
1
The last number has been rounded to 7 only since digit next to it is less than 5
(c) 1.48 x 10
1
The last number has been rounded to 8 since digit next to it is 5, and itself odd
number.
(d) 1.46 x 10
13
The last number has been rounded to 6 only since digit next to it is equal to 5 and
itself even number.
Introduction
Now let us continue our discussion about measurement about physical quantities. We know,
that all sort of measurements are arrived at by taking measurements in some set of
experiments of the physical quantities. The authenticity of the results of experiments is
totally dependent upon the precision of the measurements taken, which itself dependent upon
the certain factors like how the instrument is calibrated with respect to reference one, least
sub division of instrument, skill of the person making measurements, secondary effect of
environment or errors in the instrument etc. Although we try to make accurate measurements
but it is also true that it is very difficult to arrive at the fictitious true value of measurement.
One measurement of the same quantity taken many times will differ from each other. So it is
a very difficult task to arrive the true value of the measurement. Now in this unit we shall try
to understand the different causes of errors in measurement and will classify the errors
according to their origination. Next we shall determine the standard procedures to arrive at
the true value and mode of representing them for all purposes.
Now in this next unit of around one hour you will be able to learn
Types of errors in measurements and level of uncertainty.
Presentation of magnitude of quantities in Physics.
Errors and Uncertainty
Errors are always the part of measurements and nothing can be done about. If a measurement
is repeated, the values obtained will differ and none of the results can be preferred over the
others. Although it is not possible to do anything about such error, it can be characterized.
For instance, the repeated measurements may cluster tightly together or they may spread
widely. This pattern can be analyzed systematically.
When we measure something the measurement is meaningless without knowing the
uncertainty in the measurement. This leads us to the idea of errors in measurement. Other
factors such as the conditions under which the measurements are taken may also affect the
uncertainty of the measurements. Thus when we report a measurement we must include the
maximum and minimum errors in the measurement.
For example, measuring the height of a person, the measure may be accurate to a scale of 1
mm. But depending on how the person being measured holds himself during the
measurement we might be accurate in measuring to the nearest cm.
Generally, errors can be divided into two broad and rough but useful classes: systematic and
random.
Systematic errors
Systematic errors are errors, which tend to shift all measurements in a systematic way so
their mean value is displaced. This may be due to such things as incorrect calibration of
equipment, consistently improper use of equipment or failure to properly account for some
effect. In a sense, a systematic error is rather like a blunder and large systematic errors can
and must be eliminated in a good experiment. But small systematic errors will always be
present. For instance, no instrument can ever be calibrated perfectly.
Other sources of systematic errors are external effects which can change the results of the
experiment, but for which the corrections are not well known. In science, the reasons why
several independent confirmations of experimental results are often required (especially
using different techniques) is because different apparatus at different places may be affected
by different systematic effects. Aside from making mistakes (such as thinking one is using
the x10 scale, and actually using the x100 scale), the reason why experiments sometimes
yield results, which may be far outside the quoted errors, is because of systematic effects,
which were not accounted for.
Random errors
Random errors are errors, which fluctuate from one measurement to the next. They yield
results distributed about some mean value. They can occur for a variety of reasons.
They may occur due to lack of sensitivity. For a sufficiently a small change an instrument
may not be able to respond to it or to indicate it or the observer may not be able to discern
it.
They may occur due to noise. There may be extraneous disturbances that cannot be taken
into account.
They may be due to imprecise definition. For example taking measurements with a
magnetic compass, the effect of improper leveling of instrument during observations.
They may also occur due to statistical processes such as the roll of dice.
Random errors displace measurements in an arbitrary direction whereas systematic errors
displace measurements in a single direction. Some systematic error can be substantially
eliminated (or properly taken into account). Random errors are unavoidable and must be
lived with.
So the systematic errors are to be removed from the measurements by rectification of the
cause or my taking measurements by several instruments otherwise the results will remain
shifted from the true value. However the random errors are very uncertain and it is very
difficult to account for them in our measurements. Random errors will always remain in our
measurements how precisely we have taken our measurements. By taking repetitive number
of measurements and taking average of large number of measurements, the average value
will be close to the true value. But still there is some uncertainty associated with the true
value.
The uncertainty associated with the mean value is determined by the standard deviation of
the measurements as detailed below:
Let x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
N

be the results of an experiment repeated N times then standard
deviation is defined as

N i
i i
N
x
x
1
2
1
)
~
(
Where

xi
N
x
1
~
is the average of all values of x. It is supposed to be the best value of
x derived from the experiments and the true value is likely to occur within a range
)
~
( t x
.
However the interval of
) 96 . 1 (
~
t x
is quite often taken as the interval in which the true
value lies with 95% probability. And if the interval is chosen to be
) 3 (
~
t x
than the
probability of occurrence of true value in that interval is 99 %.
Probabilities of occurrence the true value in any range say k x t
~
is given by

+

+

dx x f
dx x f
x
x
) (
) (
~
~

But it is fully acceptable only if the numbers of experiments are large. In general the value of
N should be greater than 8 for a good approximation.
Fractional and percentage errors
If x is the error in the measurement in the value x then fractional and Percentage errors are
defined as :
Fractional error= x/x
Percentage error= x/x100 %
Propagation of errors (addition and subtraction)
Let error in quantity x is t x and error in quantity y is t y then the error in x + y or x -
y is t ( x+ y) that is the errors add.
Prefixes and Magnitudes
Tomakesenseofthevastrangeoverwhichphysicalquantitiesaremeasured,
prefixesareusedasashortcuttowritingthemagnitudeusingscientificnotation.
OtherprefixeswhicharecommonlyusedbutarenotstrictlypartoftheSIsystem.
Q1.When a current of 2.5t 0.5 ampere flows through a wire, it develops a potential
difference of 20t 1 volt. Find the resistance of the wire-
(A) 6.0 t 3 (B) 7.0 t 2(C) 8.0 t 2 (D) 9.0 t 3
Ans1: R=V/I=8
Also R/R= V/V- I/I
For max R/R all terms to be positive and therefore
R/R= V/V + I/I=0.25; R=2 Ohm
and so R= V/I t R = 8.0 t 2
Q2. In an experiment the value of two resistance were measured to be as given below R
1
=
5.0 t 0.2 ohm and R
2
= 10.0 0.1 ohms. Find there combined resistance in (i) series (ii)
parallel.
Ans2: When resistance are in series R=(R
1
+ R
2
)
R= R
1
+ R
2
= t 0.3 and R=15 t 0.3 Ohm
and when in parallel R=(R
1
R
2
)/(R
1
+ R
2
)
R/R= R
1
/R
1
+ R
2
/R
2
- R
2
/(R
1
+R
2
)- R
2
/(R
1
+R
1
)
For max R all terms must be positive and R/R =7%; and R=3.3 t 7%
Q3. In an experiment to determine acceleration due to gravity by simple pendulum, a student
commits 1% positive error in the measurement of length and 3% negative error in the
measurement of time period. Find the percentage error in the value of measurement of g.
Ans3: We have T=2 L/g; or T
2
= K L / g
2 ln T= ln K +ln L- ln g; (2/T) dT=1/L dL-1/g dg; So actual percentage error in measurement
of g value (dg/g) =7%
Q4. A naval destroyer is testing five clocks. Exactly at noon as determined by the wwv signal
on the successive days of a week the clocks read as follows
Clock Sun Mon Tue Wed Thru Fri Sat
A 12:36:40 12:36:56 12:37:12 12:37:27 12:37:44 12:37:59 12:38:14
B 11:59:59 12:00:02 11:59:57 12:00:07 12:00:02 11:59:56 12:00:03
C 15:50:45 15:51:43 15:52:41 15:53:39 15:54:37 15:55:35 15:56:33
D 12:03:59 12:02:52 12:01:45 12:00:38 11:59:31 11:58:24 11:57:17
E 12:03:59 12:02:49 12:01:54 12:01:52 12:01:32 12:01:22 12:01:12
Justify your choice.
Ans4: The standard deviations of the five clocks are increasing in order of C, D, A, B, E.
Hence the clocks with minimum standard deviation is the most consistent one. So the clocks
placed in the same order may be kept in terms of consistency as good timekeepers.
Q5.Awirehasamass0.30.003g,radius0.50.005mmandlength60.06cm.Find
outthemaximumpercentageerrorinthemeasurementofitsdensity.
Ans5: d=M/ r
2
L; For Max, d/d all terms should be positive so Maximum error
= M/M +2/r r + L/L =0.04=4%
VernierCalliper
Themeterscaleenablesustomeasurethelengthtothenearestmillimeteronly.Engineers
andscientistsneedtomeasuremuchsmallerdistancesaccurately.Forthisaspecialtypeof
scalecalledVernierscaleisused.
VernierCalliper
TheVernierscaleconsistsofamain
scalegraduatedincentimetersand
millimeters.OntheVernierscale0.9
cmisdividedintotenequalparts.
Theleastcountorthesmallest
readingwhichyoucangetwiththe
instrumentcanbecalculatedas
under:
Leastcount=onemainscale(MS)divisiononevernierscale(VS)division.
=1mm0.09mm
=0.1mm
=0.01cm
Theleastcountofthevernier
=0.01cm
TheVerniercalliperconsistsofamainscalefittedwithajawatoneend.Anotherjaw,
containingthevernierscale,movesoverthemainscale.Whenthetwojawsareincontact,
thezeroofthemainscaleandthezeroofthevernierscaleshouldcoincide.Ifboththezeros
donotcoincide,therewillbeapositiveornegativezeroerror.Aftercalculatingtheleast
countplacetheobjectbetweenthetwojaws.Recordthepositionofzeroofthevernierscale
onthemainscale(3.2cminfigurebelow).
PrincipleofVernier
Youwillnoticethatoneofthevernierscaledivisionscoincideswithoneofthemainscale
divisions.(Intheillustration,3
rd
divisionontheverniercoincideswithaMSdivision).
Readingoftheinstrument=MSdiv+(coincidingVSdivxL.C.)
=3.2+(3x0.01)
=3.2+0.03
=3.23cm
Tomeasuretheinnerandouterdiameterofahollowcylinderorring,innerandouter
callipersareused.Takemeasurementsbythetwomethodsasshowninfigurebelow.
MicrometerScrewGauge
Micrometerscrewgaugeisanotherinstrumentusedformeasuringaccuratelythediameter
ofathinwireorthethicknessofasheetofmetal.
ItconsistsofaUshapedframefittedwithascrewedspindlewhichisattachedtoathimble.
Screwgauge
Thescrewhasaknownpitchsuchas0.5mm.Pitchofthescrewisthedistancemovedby
thespindleperrevolution.Henceinthiscase,foronerevolutionofthescrewthespindle
movesforwardorbackward0.5mm.Thismovementofthespindleisshownonan
engravedlinearmillimeterscaleonthesleeve.Onthethimblethereisacircularscalewhich
isdividedinto50or100equalparts.
Whentheanvilandspindleendarebroughtincontact,theedgeofthecircularscaleshould
beatthezeroofthesleeve(linearscale)andthezeroofthecircularscaleshouldbeopposite
tothedatumlineofthesleeve.Ifthezeroisnotcoincidingwiththedatumline,therewillbe
apositiveornegativezeroerrorasshowninfigurebelow.
Zeroerrorincaseofscrewgauge
Whiletakingareading,thethimbleisturneduntilthewireisheldfirmlybetweentheanvil
andthespindle.
Theleastcountofthemicrometerscrewcanbecalculatedusingtheformulagivenbelow:
Leastcount
=0.01mm
DeterminationofDiameterofaWire
Thewirewhosethicknessistobedeterminedisplacedbetweentheanvilandspindleend,
thethimbleisrotatedtillthewireisfirmlyheldbetweentheanvilandthespindle.The
rachetisprovidedtoavoidexcessivepressureonthewire.Itpreventsthespindlefrom
furthermovement.Thethicknessofthewirecouldbedeterminedfromthereadingas
showninfigurebelow.


Reading = Linear scale reading + (Coinciding circular scale x Least count)
= 2.5 mm + (46 x 0.01)
= (2.5 + 0.46) mm = 2.96 mm

Relationship in the Metric system of length
1 kilometer (km) = 10
3
m
1 centimeter (cm) = 10
-2
m
1 millimeter (mm) = 10
-3
m
Q1. The pitch of a screw gauge is 1mm and there are 100 divisions on the circular scale.
While measuring diameter of a wire the linear scale reads 1mm and 47
th
division on the
circular scale coincides with the reference line. The length of wire is 5.6 cm. Find the curved
surface area (in cm
2
) of the wire in appropriate number of significant digits.
Q2. In a Searles experiment the diameter of the wire as measured by a screw gauge of least
count 0.001 cm is 0.050 cm. The length measured by a scale of least count 0.1 cm is 110.0
cm. When a weight of 50 N is suspended from the wire the extension is measured to be 0.125
cm by a micrometer of least count 0.001 cm. Find the maximum error in the measurement of
Youngs modulus of the material of the wire from these data.
Solution:
Ans 1: Dia of wire=1+47/100=1.47 mm=0.147 cm; Length of wire =5.6 cm
Hence curved surface area = D L=2.6 cm
2
.
Ans 2: Y=F.L/A. F.L/ r
2
; On differentiating two sides and dividing with Y on two
sides of the equation we get, dY/Y=dL/L-2/rdr-d /
For maximum error all terms should be positive
dY/Y=dL/L+2/rdr+d / =0.0489; dY=1.09x10
10


MotioninOneDimension
Introduction
Wehavestudiedtillnowthatthelawsofphysicsareexpressedintermsofphysical
quantities.Thesequantitiesareeitherfundamentalorderivedonefromthese
fundamentalquantitiessothatlawofnaturecouldbebestexpressedintermsof
involvedquantities.Thesequantitiesaremeaninglessuntilunlesswehaveset
certainstandardsforquantifyingthephysicalquantity.Thesetofstandardsandthe
unitsinvolvedintotalitydenotesthetruevalueofthephysicalquantityandthen
onlycanparticipateinmathematicalmanipulationsoflawsofphysics.Besidethat
thesephysicalquantitiesdonttakepartinmathematicaloperationslikeordinary
numericvaluesbutareassignedcertainpredefinedpropertiesaccordingtheroleto
playtobestdescribethefundamentallawofnatureandaresocalledasscalar,
vectorortensorquantity.
Nowweshallstartourexpeditiontounderstandtheveryfundamentalaspectof
physicalobservationofnatureinvolvingthemotionofparticlesorrigidbodies.
Theseallaspectsofmotionarecoveredinthestudyofclassicalmechanics;the
oldestbranchofPhysics,whichisfurther,subdividednamelyStaticsandDynamics.
(A) The statics is the branch of Physics that deals with the study of physical objects or
system of objects that are at rest.
(B) The Dynamics is the branch of Physics that deals with the study of physical objects or
system of objects that are in motion. When we are not concerned with the cause of motion
and limit our study to the involved parameters of particulate motion only then the dynamics
of particles may be termed as Kinematics.
As we have come across with two terms rest and motion and for the purpose of Physics it is
not so easy to call the term rest and motion as we usually do with. The terms rest and motion
denotes the state of motion of the object under consideration with respect to frame of
reference of observer. We have stated earlier in our previous discussions that measurement
of physical quantities depends upon the frame of reference of observer. For an example an
object at rest with respect to the observer attached to a moving train, is in motion with respect
to an observer attached to the Earth. Hence the complete description of a physical quantity
desires a proper set of standard units and complete information of frame of reference for
observance.
The mechanics of motion of objects we are dealing here is a part of Classical mechanics, also
known as Newtonian mechanics (1860), doctrine of Sir Alexander Newton. As physics is not
a static tool for explaining all the phenomenon of nature but itself a developing one to face
the challenges posed by the incident results. The Newtonian mechanics was developed for
understanding the observations regarding motions of objects in the nature and are perceived
through the naked eyes. It proves all experimental results when the speeds of objects are slow
enough in comparison to the speed of light. However it is helpless in describing the
collisions, decay and interactions of elementary particles of atom like proton, electron and
neutron moving at high speed of the order of speed of light, regarding deviation from the
results for the relative velocity of particles observed from the different frame of reference and
prediction of position and velocity at a time for the high speed moving particles which is an
essential requirement for describing any physical quantity. For explaining the above
phenomenon the new theories like Einstein theory of relativity (1905) and Quantum
mechanics (1925) been developed which satisfies all experimental results involving particles
of small mass and high speed (v c). These theories are considered as a more general theory
and Newtonian mechanics is considered as a special case of application for particles moving
with velocity very very less comparable to the light.
We now return to the classical mechanics to study the slow motions, which can be perceived
through our common sense without any intuitive effort. But before taking a leap for
understanding laws of physics involved in motion of objects, we shall introduce the physical
quantities involved in various types of motion and start our expedition with the simplest kind
of motion that is motion in a single direction also called as one-dimensional motion.
At the end of this chapter of around one hour, you will be able to learn
Concept of point object
Motion in One Dimension
Distance
Displacement
Average Speed
Average Velocity
Instantaneous Velocity
Average acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration
Motion with constant acceleration
Motion with variable acceleration
Time dependent acceleration
Position dependent acceleration
Velocity dependent acceleration
Relative motion in one dimension
Concept of point object
When we think of a motion there may be different possibilities of motion either in the choice
of path or the choice of the body itself. But to limit our discussion to the beginners we have
simplified our choices. We start our discussion with motion of objects that have assumed
physically zero dimensions, called particles or point objects. One tends to think of a particle
as a tiny object, e.g., a piece of shot, but actually no size limit is implied by the word
particle. If we are not interested in the rotational motion of an object, any object can be
considered as a particle. For example, sometimes we consider the motion of earth around the
sun. In this case we consider the motion of the center of the Earth in the circular path and
ignore the rotational motion of the earth on its own axis then for our treatment the Earth may
be considered as a particle. In some astronomical problems the solar system or even a whole
galaxy is treated as a particle. In other words when the size of the object is very small in
comparison to the distance it moves then the object may be treated as point object. There is a
specific nature of point object is that all the points on the object undergo same displacement,
hence the displacement of any of the points may be treated in the experiment. Hence in all
the concept of point object has its significance with reference to the type of motion of the
object is under consideration and displacement that undergo in comparison to its own
dimensions.
Motion in One Dimension
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
D i s t a n c e ( m i l e s )
T i m e 0 . 0 H r s .
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
D i s t a n c e ( m i l e s )
T i m e 0 . 1 0 H r s .
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
D i s t a n c e ( m i l e s )
T i m e 0 . 2 0 H r s .
To describe the motion of the particle, we are now in a stage to develop the concepts of displacement,
velocity and acceleration. In the general motion of a particle in three dimensions, these
quantities are vectors, which have direction as well as magnitude. However at this stage we
have confined our discussion to the movement of a particle in a straight linear path, with only
two possible directions, distinguished by designating one positive and the other negative. A
simple example of one-dimensional motion is a vehicle moving along a straight, aligned road.
We can choose any convenient point on the vehicle for the location of the point mass for the
discussion of motion. We shall
now define various physical
quantities associated with
rectilinear motion of a point
object and then try to
understand the need of their
development.
Distance
The distance is defined as the length
of actual path the particle traverses in
its motion. In our case when particle is
restricted its motion in a one
dimension then the distance is defined
as the length of actual path the particle
has traversed irrespective of its
direction of motion. For example the
vehicle traveling in one dimension in
the fig say East-West direction,
moving 6 miles East ward and 4 miles back west ward will be defined to have moved a distance 10
miles. Hence it is a scalar quantity and always positive and increasing with time. Its unit are (m)
in MKS and (cm) in CGS system.
Displacement
The displacement of the particle or point object in general is defined as the actual
displacement the particle has undergone with respect to its original position in the time
interval under consideration. In other words it is the change in position vector of the object in
a scheduled time. The displacement of particle is not concerned with the path it has elapsed
and journey details. It is a unique value defined with a vector having direction as the
movement from its initial to final position and magnitude equal to the straight distance
between initial and ending positions. In our previous example for a motion in one dimension
the displacement will be 2 miles east ward since the vehicle has traversed a total distance of
10 miles but has been displaced with net amount of 2 miles from its initial position say at
origin. Hence it is a vector quantity and units are same as of distance.
Average Speed
The average speed of a particle is defined as the ratio of the total distance moved to the time
taken up to that instant of motion. So it is simply the time rate at which the distance moved
by the particle. So
Average speed = total distance / total time
For example, if the vehicle in the previous example moves a total distance 10 miles in what
ever direction in 0.2 h, than its average speed is
hour miles
hours
miles
t
d
v / 50
2 . 0
10
~

which suggest us that the driver might have moved with this speed uniformly elapsing total
distance of 10 miles in the given time interval of 0.2 hours. It is therefore a scalar quantity
having SI units of meters per second, and written as m/s.
Test your understanding
Ex1. A car covers a distance of 2 km in 2.5 minute. If it covers half of the distance with
speed 40 km/hr, the rest distance it will cover with speed-
(A) 56 km/hr (B) 60 km/hr (C) 50 km/hr (D) 48 km/hr
Sol : Time taken to cover the first half distance t
1
=Distance traveled/Speed
=(1/40)60 = 1.5min;
Time taken to cover remaining half distance t
2
=T-t
1
= 1 min
Speed of the car in the next half journey=
Distance traveled/Time taken =1km/min=60km/hr (B)
Ex2. Mark the wrong statement-
(A) The time displacement graph of a particle cannot be parallel to the time axis.
(B) The time displacement graph of a particle cannot be perpendicular to the time axis.
(C) The time velocity graph of a particle cannot be perpendicular to the time axis
(D) The area of the time velocity graph gives the displacement
Sol : The time displacement graph of a particle can be parallel to the time axis for a particle
at rest. (A)
Ex3.The position vector of a particle is determined by the expression r = 3 t
2
i
^
+ 4 t
2
j
^
+
7 k
^
. The distance traveled in the first 10s is-
(A) 100 m (B) 150 m (C) 500 m (D) 300 m
Sol: r = 3t
2
i^ +4t
2
j^ +7k^; v = dr/dt =dx/dt i^+dy/dt j^+dz/dt k^= 6ti^+8tj^ ;

S =
0

10
v dt =
0

10
10 t dt= 500 m
Ex4.What is the displacement of the point of the wheel initially in contact with the ground
when the wheel roles forward half a revolution? Take the radius of the wheel R and x-axis in
forward direction.
(A) R/
2
+4 (B) R
2
+16 (C) 2 R (D) R
Sol: Displacement in x direction ( x )= R; Displacement in y direction (y) = 2R; Resultant
displacement = x
2
+y
2
= R
2
+4
Average Velocity
The concept of velocity is similar to that of speed but differs in respect of that here net
displacement is accounted in place of total distance moved by the particle. So average
velocity is defined as the ratio of the net vector displacement of the particle up to that instant
and the total time of motion up to that instant. Since the displacement is a vector quantity so
the average velocity is also a vector because it includes the direction of motion. We have
defined earlier the term displacement as a vector showing change in position of a particle
with magnitude of direct distance measured between initial and final position and directed to
the line joining the two points. Hence the average velocity is also a vector quantity, as a rate
of change of displacement or in other words displacement per unit time, having the same
direction as displacement. Now in the case of previous example the vehicle has elapsed a
net displacement of 2 miles in 0.2 hours in the direction toward east so the average velocity
in the given time frame may be given as
( ) Eastward hour miles
hours
miles
t
x
v / 10
2 . 0
2

Now consider the motion of the vehicle as discussed in the previous example with direction
of motion as along x axis denoting the east ward direction and its position on the x axis at
any instant (t) may be shown as in fig . The value of x depends on the unit chosen as the
measure of distance and sign depends on its position relative to the origin O; if it is to the
right, it is positive; to the left, negative.
Suppose that our vehicle under
consideration is at position x
1
at time t
1
and at point x
2
at time t
2
. The change in
the position of the vehicle x
2
- x
1
is called
the displacement in time t
2
- t
1
. It is
customary and easy to use the Greek letter
(capital delta) to indicate the change in a
quantity. Thus the change in x as x
The average velocity of the vehicle is defined to be the ratio of the displacement x and the
interval t =t
2
t
1
:
It is to be noted that average velocity like displacement vector can be positive or negative
according as displacement in the direction of positive/negative x-axis of the chosen
coordinate system.
Observation of fig depicts the displacement of particle as difference of ordinate on vertical
axis in the said time interval. The line joining two points P
1
, P
2
is the hypotenuse of the
triangle with sides x and t. The ratio is called the slope of the hypotenuse. In geometric
terms it indicates the steepness of the line and as per definition it is a measure of average
1
t t t
2 1
t
2
t
x
1
x
2
x
m
P
2
x x x
2
( ) x t
1 1
P
2
P
t
1

x
t
s l o p e
v

( ) x t
2 2
0
velocity of the particle. The steeper the slope indicates that particle has traversed greater
displacement in a given time interval and has got higher average velocity. Since in our case
the vehicle has moved along the +ve x-axis therefore there is no doubt about the direction of
velocity that is also along +ve x-axis.
Test your understanding
Ex5. A body covers a distance AB of 2 km with speed of 2.5 km/h, while going from A to B
and comes back from B to A with speed 0.5 km/hr, his average speed will be-
(A) 1.5 km/hr (B) 0.83 km/hr (C) 1.2 km/hr (D) 1.8 km/hr
Sol : V
av
=4/(2/2.5+2/0.5)=0.83 km/h
Ex6. A particle moves with constant speed v along a regular hexagon ABCDEF in same
order (i.e. A to B, B to C to D, D to E to F, F to A) then magnitude of average velocity for its
motion from A to C is-
(A) v (B) v/2 (C) 3v/2 (D) None of these
Sol : AC = 3a; t = 2a/v; Av. Velocity = 3v/2
Ex7. A car travels for time t with a uniform velocity of 108 km/h on a straight road and then
immediately reverses gear and travels for time t on the same road with a uniform velocity of
72 km/h. then the average velocity of the car in this time interval 2t is-
(A) 90 km/h (B) 86 km/h (C) 36 km/h (D) 18 km/h.
Sol : Average velocity V
av
=Total displacement /Total time of motion=(108+72)t/2t=90 Km/h
Ex8. A person walks along an east-west street,
and a graph of his displacement from home is
shown in figure. His average velocity for the
whole time interval is-
(A) 0 m/s (B) 23 m/s (C) 8.4 m/s (D) None of
the above
Sol : (A) Since net displacement in whole time interval
is zero.
o
t ( s )
2 5
1 0 1 5 5
- 3 0
Q . N o . 6 4
S
4 0
Ex9. A point traveling along a straight line traverses one-third the distance with a velocity
v
0
. The remaining part of the distance was covered with velocity v
1
for half the time and
with velocity v
2
for the other half of the time. The mean velocity of the point averaged over
the whole time of motion will be-
(A) v
0
(v
1
+v
2
)/3(v
1
+v
2
+v
0
) (B) 3v
0
(v
1
+v
2
)/(v
1
+v
2
+v
0
) (C) v
0
(v
1
+v
2
)/(v
1
+v
2
+4v
0
) (D)
3v
0
(v
1
+v
2
)/(v
1
+v
2
+4v
0
)
Sol : Time of motion of one third distance (T
1
) =d/3 v
0
,
Time of journey of rest 2/3 distance (T
2
) = 4d/3(v
1
+v
2
);
V
av
=d/(T
1
+T
2
)= 3v
0
(v
1
+v
2
)/(v
1
+v
2
+v
0
)
Ex10. A table clock has its minute hand 4.0 cm long. The average velocity of the tip of the
minute hand between 6.00 AM to 6.30 AM and 6.30 PM will respectively be- (in cm/s)
(A) 4.4 x 10
-3
, 1.8 x 10
-4
(B) 1.8 x 10
-4
, 4.4 x 10
-3
(C) 8 x 10
-3
, 4.4 x 10
-3
(D) 4.4 x 10
-3
,
8 x 10
-4
Sol : Average velocity=displacement/time;
Av. Velocity (6 AM to 6:30 AM)=8/30x60= 4.4 x 10
-3
Av. Velocity (6 AM to 6:30 PM)=8/12.5x3600=1.8x10
-4
Instantaneous Velocity
At a first glance, it seems impossible to define
the velocity of a particle at a single instant,
i.e. , at a specific time t
1
, the particle is at a
single specific position say x
1
then the
question arises that if we were talking about
velocity of a particle at a single point then as
per definition, what about the displacement at
that instant? It seems to be a paradox, which
can be resolved when we realize motion as a whole at different instants and limit our
t
1
t
2
t
3
P
1
P
2
t
1
t
2
t
4
T
a
n
g
e
n
t
a
t
p
o
i
n
t
P
1
t ( s )
0
discussion of motion to a infinitesimal time interval ( t) tending to zero then in the limiting
condition displacement is termed as instantaneous velocity of the particle at that particular
instant. The basic requirement for finding out instantaneous velocity of the particle is that
one should have a complete mathematical algorithm available for position of particle at any
instant and time.
Figure shows x (t) curve indicating various sequence of time intervals t
1
, t
2
, t
3
, each
one smaller than the previous one. For each time interval t, the average velocity is the
slope of the dashed line appropriate for that interval. This figure shows that as the time
intervals becomes smaller, the dashed lines get steeper but never incline more then the line
tangent to the curve at point t
1
. We define the slope of this tangent line to be the
instantaneous velocity at the time t
1
. The instantaneous velocity is then defined as the limit
of the ratio x/ t as t approaches zero. In the limiting notation this is defined as
derivative of x (t) with respect to t at time t
1
and is written as dx/dt and its value could be
found by differential calculus.
= Slope of line tangent to x (t) at time t=t
1

So instantaneous velocity of the particle at any instant say t
dt
dx
t
x
v
Lim t

0
Test your understanding
Ex11. At an instant, the coordinates of a particle are x=at
2
, y=b t
2
and z=0,then its velocity at
the instant t will be.
(A) ta
2
+b
2
(B) 2ta
2
+b
2
(C) a
2
+b
2
(D) 2t
2
a
2
+b
2
Sol : velocity component in x direction v
x
=dx/dt=2at
Velocity component in y direction v
y
=dy/dt=2bt
Resultant Velocity (v) = v
x
2
+v
y
2
=2ta
2
+b
2

Ex12.The displacement of a body is given by x=(a
2
-t
2
)+ t cos t
2
, where t is time and a is
constant. Its velocity is.
(A) a-t
2
-t sint
2
(B) 2 t/a
2
-t
2
+cost
2
-t sin t
2
(C) -t/a
2
-t
2
+cost
2
-2t
2
sint
2
(D) a/(a
2
-
t
2
)+cost
2
-t sint
2
Sol : Velocity component in x direction v=dx/dt=-t/a
2
-t
2
+cost
2
-2t
2
sint
2

Ex 13. If the velocitytime diagram for the rectilinear motion of a particle
is as shown in figure (representing half wave of a sine curve). Find the
distance traveled by the particle in a time T/2 seconds.
(A) T v
max
/ (B) V
max
T/3 (C) V
max
T (D) V
max
T/2
Sol : S=2
0

/ 2
V
m
sin 2 t/T dt=V
m
T/
Average acceleration
Average acceleration is defined as a quantity measuring the rate of change of instantaneous
velocity in a certain time interval. The change in velocity vector may be either in magnitude
or direction or both and change in either way will be termed as the average acceleration.
Since instantaneous velocity is a vector quantity and we are interested in change in vector
quantity so the acceleration can only be a vector quantity and will follow the laws of vector
algebra.
Since for a particle moving in one dimension will have velocity vector having orientation
either on +ve or -ve x-axis therefore change in velocity vector will also be associated in the
two possible directions. If the change in velocity vector is directed along the direction of
velocity vector at the instant of starting point of motion under consideration than the resultant
velocity vector gets added up and so the acceleration vector is termed as positive acceleration
and if converse is true than the acceleration is designated as negative acceleration.
So in final words average acceleration is the ratio of change in instantaneous velocity vector
( v) in a given time interval ( t).
t
v
a
av

The dimensions of acceleration in S.I unit system are meter per Second Square.
v
o
t
v
m
T / 2
Test your understanding
Ex14. A particle is moving eastward with a velocity of 5 ms
-1
in 10 s the velocity change to
5 ms
-1
northward. The average acceleration in this time is-
(A) Zero (B) 1/2ms
-2
towards northwest (C) 1/2ms
-2
towards northeast (D) 1/2ms
-2
towards northwest
Sol : Average acceleration= v/ t=50/10=1/2ms
-2
towards northwest
Ex15.A rifle bullet loses 1/20 of its velocity in passing through a wooden plank. The least
number of planks required stopping the bullet is-
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 20
Sol : Let x
0
be the thickness of one plank and a be the retarding acceleration produced due to
friction of the plank than
x
0
=u
2
-v
2
/2a; x
0
=u
2
-(19u/20)
2
/2a;
Number of planks=Total path length/thickness of one plank= u
2
/2ax
0
=400/(39) 11
Instantaneous acceleration
If the instantaneous velocity of the particle is varying continuously with position and time
then instantaneous acceleration at that particular instant is defined as the change in velocity
vector for a time interval t infinitesimally small tending to zero. It is to be noted that
change in velocity vector is also a vector term and the law of vectors has to be followed. We
shall see later on that such type of situation may be handled easily when vector is considered
to be resolved into its components in the respective directions and the changes are also
considered in the respective components directions individually.
For the case of motion in one dimension the particle moves in a straight line with two
possible directions of motion say either in +ve or -ve x-axis. Now if the particle moves such
that velocity at every instant of motion is defined and there is no abrupt change in velocity
vector than the instantaneous acceleration vector is just the rate of change in magnitude of
velocity vector and direction will be in the direction of velocity vector if velocity time curve
is increasing and opposite to the velocity vector if it is a decreasing curve.
So if we plot graph between instantaneous velocity of the particle moving in one dimension
and time then as per the definition the instantaneous acceleration is defined as slope of
tangent line at that instant.

t
v
t a
t Lim

0
) (
= Slope of v (t) curve
The instantaneous acceleration is therefore derivative of velocity with respect of time and is
written as dv/dt. Since velocity is also derivative of x with respect to t therefore acceleration
is also referred as second derivative of x with respect to t. We shall study in the later stage
how acceleration vector is useful in defining Newtons second law of motion.
Test your understanding
Ex16. Relationship between the distance traveled by a body and the time is described by the
equation S=A + Bt + Ct
2
+ Dt
3
, where C=0.14 m/sec
2
, D= 0.01 m/sec
3
. In what time after
motion begins, will acceleration be 1 m/sec
2
and what is the average acceleration during this
time?
(A) 12 seconds, 0.64 m/sec
2
(B) 6 seconds, 0.5 m/sec
2
(C) 3 seconds, 0.4 m/sec
2
(D) 8
seconds, 0.6 m/sec
2
.
Sol : v=B+2C t+3 D t
2
; a=2C+6 D t=1 at t=12 s
a
av
={v(12)-v(0) }/ t=0.64 m/s
2
Motion with constant acceleration along the axis of initial velocity vector
Now let us consider the motion of a particle moving with constant acceleration vector
directed along the axis of the initial velocity vector. Since the acceleration vector is directed
along the axis of initial velocity vector than it will lead to the change in magnitude of
velocity vector. If the acceleration is positive or directed along the direction of velocity
vector at any instant increases the magnitude, otherwise decreases the magnitude. Also if the
direction of initial velocity vector is different from the acceleration vector than particle
moves in the plane containing both the vectors in a parabolic trajectory, which we shall
discuss in the next chapter. The motion of a particle with constant acceleration is quite
common in nature. If air resistance is neglected than all the particles irrespective of their
masses fall with constant acceleration in the influence of gravity that is attraction of the
Earth. This acceleration due to gravity is designated by g and has approximate value of 9.81
m/s
2
or 32.2 ft/s
2
For a particle moving with a constant acceleration in one dimension the velocity changes
linearly with time. The positive acceleration means it adds the velocity vector and negative
acceleration subtracts the velocity vector or in other words, for the case of one dimensional
motion, the acceleration vector will be in the direction of velocity vector if it is positive other
wise against the velocity vector.
The both cases have been illustrated in
Fig and effect on motion are
summarized here below:
If velocity of the particle is v
0
at time t=0 then its value at time t as per definition is given
by
( ) ( ) t a t v
v
+
0
If the particle starts at x
0
at time t=0 and its position is x at time t then as per definition of
displacement x is given by
( ) t x
vav

Also

( )
2 2
0
0
at
t
x
v
v v
v
t
av
+
+

( )
2
2
0
t
v
a t x +
( ) ( )
2
2
0 0
t
v x
a
t t x + +
a a
a
t
t t
- a
t
t t
( a ) ( b )
0
0
We are sometimes interested in finding the final velocity of particle at a particular instant
when its initial velocity, constant rate of acceleration and distance traveled or displacement is
known to us. Since for constant acceleration
2
0 v v
v
t
av
+

and
t t x
v v
v
t
av
2
) (
0
+

Now after eliminating t from the above equation yields
x a
t
v v
+ 2
0
2 2
If we are interested in finding out the displacement of particle in the n
th
second of its motion
then
( )
2
1 2
0 1

+

n a
v S S S n n nth
These equations are known as Newtons equations of motion at constant acceleration.
Graphical presentation of one-dimensional motion at constant
acceleration
(1) The graph between positions of particle at
different instances vs. time is parabolic curve given
by equation as shown in fig for +ve and -ve
acceleration respectively.
(2) The graph between velocities
of particle with respect to time of
x
t
P o s i t i v e C o n s t a n t
a c c e t e r a t i o n
x
t
N e g a t i v e C o n s t a n t
a c c e t e r a t i o n
O
O
v
t
O
v
I n i t i a l v e l o c i t y = ( - ) I ' v e I n i t i a l v e l o c i t y = 0
O
v
t
v
O
v
I n i t i a l v e l o c i t y = ( + ) I ' v e
( a ) ( b ) ( c )
t
motion at constant +ve acceleration given by equation as shown in figure (a), (b), (c) for
different initial velocities.
(3) The graph between velocities
of particle with respect to time of
motion at constant -ve
acceleration given by equation as
shown in fig (a), (b), (c) for
different initial velocities.
The important and well-observed example of motion in one dimension at constant
acceleration is the motion of a body under the influence of gravity. At normal heights above
the earth surface the force/ acceleration remains constant and its magnitude denoted by g may
be taken as 9.80 m/sec
2
. It is directed radially towards the earth center and for our purpose it
may be assumed acting vertically downward that is towards the Earth surface and all the
motions in the azimuth may be considered as linear motions without influenced by the air
drag and all viscous resistance.
Let us consider motion of a body falling freely under the influence of gravity. If we choose
point of projection as origin and taking downward direction as positive, we have
u=0 and a=g as body starts from rest
that is falling freely under the influence
of gravity only, hence as per Newtons
equation of motion at any instant ;
These equations will yield to all
unknowns at any instant of motion. It is to be noted that all the equations are vector equations
and gives vector quantities on substitution of known parameters.
g a +
v
t
O
v
I n i t i a l v e l o c i t y = ( + ) ' v e I n i t i a l v e l o c i t y = 0
O
v
t
v
O
v
I n i t i a l v e l o c i t y = ( - ) ' v e
( a ) ( c )
t
s
( a )
t
v
( b )
t a n g

t
a
( c )
g
t t
g g ut S
2 2
2
1
2
1
+
( ) gt gt u t v +
These equation are presented graphically as in figure 9 (a), (b), (c)
Similarly if we consider motion of a body projected vertically upward under the influence of
gravity and choosing point of projection as origin and vertical up direction as positive. We
have
g a
t
g ut S
2
2
1

( ) gt u t v
These equation are presented graphically as in figure (a), (b), (c)
Test your
understanding
Ex17. An iron ball and a wooden ball of same radius are released from a height h in vacuum.
The time taken by both of them to reach the ground is
(A) Roughly equal (B) exactly equal (C) Unequal (D) equal only at equator
Sol : (B) Since both have same initial velocity and fall with the same acceleration due to
gravity (g) in the absence of air resistance.
Ex18. A body moving with uniform acceleration describes 4m in 3
rd
second and 12 m in the
5
th
second, then distance described in next three second-
(A) 100 m (B) 80 m (C) 60 m (D) 20 m
Sol : Distance traveled in
nth
second S
n
=u+a/2(2n-1);
a ( m / s )
2
o
t
2 u / g
+ v e
- v e
( c ) ( a ) ( b )
2 u / g
t
0
u / g
+
v ( t )
0
u / g 2 u / g
+ v e
- v e
s = u / 2 g
2
a=4 m/s
2
and u=-6 m/s
V
5
=-6+4x5=14 and V
8
=-6+4x8=26
S=(V
5
+ V
8
)t/2=60 m
Ex19. A particle P is at the origin and starts with velocity 2i-4j (m/s) and constant
acceleration (3i+5j) m/s
2
after it has traveled for 2 seconds. Its distance from the origin is-
(A) 10 m (B) 10.2 m (C) 9.8 m (D) 11.7 m
Sol : x = u
x
t+1/2 a
x
t
2
=10m; y= u
y
t+1/2 a
y
t
2
= 2; R = x
2
+ y
2
=10.2
Ex20. A body moves from rest with constant acceleration then the variation of its K.E. with
the distance (S) traveled is represented by:
(A) Straight line (B) Parabola (C) Hyperbola (D) None of these
Sol : K.E. = 1/2mv
2
= 1/2m(u
2
+2as) = m a s which is a equation of straight line.
Ex21. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate for sometime after which it
decelerates at constant rate to come to rest. If the total time elapsed is t sec, the maximum
velocity of car will be-
(A) /t ( +B) (B) ( +B) t/ b (C) /( +B) t (D) t/( + )
Sol : v
m
= t
1
; v
m
= t
2
; t = t
1
+ t
2
= v
m
/ + v
m
/; v
m=
t/( +B)
Ex22. A stone is dropped into a well and the sound of impact of stone on the water is heard
after 2.056 sec of the release of stone from the top. If acceleration due to gravity is 980-
cm/sec
2
and velocity of sound in air is 350 m/s, calculate the depth of the well
(A) 1.96 m (B) 19.6 m (C) 6.91 m (D) 69.1 m
Sol : Let d be the depth of well and t be the time taken to reach the stone on the water
surface then d = 1/2gt
2
;
t = 2d/g;
Also time taken by the sound of splash to reach the projector= d/vs
Total time taken since the release of stone to sound of splash to reach the projector=
d/vs+2d/g = 2.05;
d = 19.81m
Ex23. A particle travels for 40 seconds under the influence of a constant force. If the distance
traveled by the particle is s
1
in the first twenty seconds and s
2
in the next twenty seconds.
Then
(A) s
2
=s
1
(B) s
2
=2s
1
(C) s
2
=3s
1
(D) s
2
=4s
1
Sol : Let T be the total time of motion then distance moved in half of time period as say 20s
is s
1
= a (T/2)
2
=1/8a T
2
;
Total distance moved in time T is given as s
2
= aT
2
Distance moved in second time interval of 20s (s
2
) =1/2 aT
2
-1/8 aT
2
=3/8aT
2
And so s
2
/s
1
= 3
Ex24. A bullet fired into a fixed block of wood loses half its velocity after penetrating 60 cm.
Before coming to rest it penetrates a further distance of (Assume constant frictional
resistance)
(A) 60 cm (B) 30 cm (C) 20 cm (D) 10 cm
Sol : Let s be the distance moved by the bullet in first part of motion when loses half of its
speed as
u
2
/4 = u
2
2as
1
;
a = 3u
2
/8s
1
;
Let s
2
be the total distance moved up to the instant it comes to rest is given as
s
2
= u
2
/2a = 4/3s
1
;
Distance moved in the second time interval ( s
2
)= s
2
-s
1
= s
1
/3 = 20 cm
Ex25. A particle is projected vertically upwards and it reaches the maximum height H in time
T seconds. The height of the particle at any time t will be
(A) g(t-T)
2
(B) H-1/2g(t-T)
2
(C)1/2g(t-T)
2
(D) H-g(t-T)
Sol : h= H-1/2g(t-T)
2
Ex26. At time t=0, an object is released from rest at the top of a tall building. At the time t
0
a second object is dropped from the same point, ignoring air resistance the time at which the
objects have a vertical separation of l is-
(A) t=l/gt
0
+t
0
/2 (B) t= l/gt
0
-t
0
/2 (C) t=l/gt
0
(D) none of the above
Sol : Total displacement up to time t, S = l = g t
0

2
+ g t
0

(t- t
0
)
2l/gt
0
= 2t-t
0
;
t = l/gt
0
+t
0
/2
Ex27. A steel ball is dropped from the roof of a building. A man standing in front of a 1 m
high window in the building notices that the ball takes 0.1s to fall from the top to bottom of
the window. The ball continues to fall and strikes the ground. On striking the ground, the ball
gets rebounded with the same speed with which it hits the ground. If the ball appears at the
bottom of the window 2 s after passing the bottom of the window on the way down, then the
height of the building is
(A) 12.40 m (B) 21.0 m (C) 24.0 m (D) 42.0 m
Sol : Let u and v be the velocities of the ball at the instant it appears at the top and bottom of window during the
downward journey.
So {(u+v)/2}(0.1)=1;
Or u+v=20
Also v=u+g(0.1)
Or v=u+1; u=19/2 m/s
Height above window (h
1
)= u
2
/20=(9.50)2/20 =4.50 m;
Height below window h
3
= v+1/2g= 15.5 m;
Total height of the building H = 4.50+1+15.50= 21.0 m
Ex28. The vertical height of P above the ground is twice that of Q. A particle is
projected downward with the speed of 9.8 m/s from P and simultaneously another
particle is projected upward with the same speed of 9.8 m/s from Q both particles reach
the ground simultaneously. The time taken to reach the ground is-
(A) 3 sec (B) 4 sec (C) 5 sec (D) 6 sec.
Sol : PG = 9.8t{1+0.5t}; QG = 9.8t{0.5t-1}; PG/QG = 2; t = 6 sec
Ex29. A particle is projected vertically upwards from a point x on the ground. It takes a time
t
1
to reach a point A at a height h above the ground. It continues to move and takes a time t
2
to reach the ground. The velocity of the particle at half the maximum height is
(A) 22/g (t
1
+ t
2
) (B) g/22 (t
1
+ t
2
) (C) 22g/(t
1
+ t
2
) (D) (t
1
+ t
2
)/ 22g
Sol : Tm= (t
2
-t
1
)/2+t
1
; Tm = (t
1
+t
2
)/2; u = g(t
1
+t
2
)/2; H = u
2
/2g = g
2
(1+t
2
)2/8g; V
m
= g(t
1
+t
2
)/22
Ex30. A juggler keeps on moving four balls in the air throwing the balls after regular
intervals. When one ball leaves his hand (speed=20 m/s) the position of the other balls
(height in meter) will be (take g=10 m/s
2
)-
(A) 10, 20, 10 (B) 15, 20, 15 (C) 5, 10, 20 (D) 5, 10, 20
Sol : The ball should be placed taking equal time interval of replacement and for that should be taking
time interval 2/2=1 sec and respective positions of 15, 20,15m from the hand.
Ex31. A man standing on the edge of a cliff throws a stone straight up with initial speed u
and then throw another stone straight down with the same initial speed and from the same
position. Find the ratio of the speed the stones would have attained when they hit the ground
at the base of the cliff
(A) 2:1 (B) 1:2 (C) 1:1 (D) 1:2
Sol : ( C ) The stones have the same velocity at the point of throw in the downward direction.
Motion with variable acceleration
So far we have discussed the motion of a particle moving in one dimension under constant
acceleration. Now we shall extend the motion of a particle with variable acceleration in one
dimension. Since motion is in one dimension then variation in acceleration is limited to
change in magnitude only. We shall discuss the variation in three categories as:
Time dependent acceleration
Under this category of one-dimensional motion the acceleration of particle is a function of
time or in other words it may be written as a=f (t). Then velocity may be obtained as integral
of f(t) with respect to dt and displacement may be obtained as further integral with respect to
dt.
( ) t f
dt
dv
a
( ) ( ) t F dt t f
dt
ds
v

( )

dt t F s
Position dependent acceleration
Under this category of one-dimensional motion the acceleration of particle is dependent upon
the displacement of particle from origin. Then Integrating both sides of equation results
velocity as a function of displacement of particle and may be further integrated to find
displacement as a function of time.
( ) x f
dx
dv
v
dt
dv
a
Velocity dependent acceleration
Under this category of one-dimensional motion the acceleration of the particle is dependent
upon the instantaneous velocity of particle. Then Integrating both sides of equation results
velocity as a function of time, which may be further, integrated with respect to time to find
displacement as a function of time.
( ) v f
dt
dv
a
Test your understanding
Ex32. The acceleration (a) of moving particle varies with displacement (x) according to the
following relation a=x
2
+3x, then correct relation between velocity and displacement is-
(A) v=x
3
+3x
2
+c (B) v=2/3 x
3
+3x
2
+c ( C ) v=[2/3x
3
+3x
2
+c] (D) v=2x+3 where c is a
constant
Sol : a = x
2
+3x; a= vdv/dx = x
2
+3x; v = 2/3x
3
+3x
2
+c
1
Ex33. A particle moving along straight line has a velocity v ms
-1
, when it cleared a distance
of x metres. These two are connected by the relation v= 49+x. When its velocity is 1ms
-1
,
its acceleration (in ms
-2
) is-
(A) 2 (B) 7 (C) 1 (D) 0.5
Sol : a= v dv/dx=0.5 m/s
2
Relative motion in one dimension
As we have stated earlier that
measurement of certain physical
quantities like displacement, velocity
and acceleration depends upon the
reference frame of observation. The
reference frame of observation may
be defined as a frame from which
observations are made. It may be either a frame fixed to the earth or a moving one. Now let
us investigate how the measurements may differ when physical parameters like displacement,
velocity and acceleration of the same moving object are measured from different reference
frames.
Now let us consider the simple one-dimensional motion of an object P. Initially at time t=0,
the object P, earth frame and moving frame are all positioned at origin of the coordinate
system as shown in figure.
Now after a lapse of time t the object P has made a displacement a with respect to the
frame attached to the earth and the moving frame has also elapsed a displacement b with
respect to the earth frame. It is most worthy to note here that the displacement of the object P
as measured by the moving frame will not be the same as measured by the earth frame,
because of the displacement of the moving frame in the same interval and would be
measured as a-b.
It is now clear that the displacement and hence velocity measurements are dependent upon
the frame of reference from where the physical quantities are observed. How ever the
acceleration of the object as measured by the moving frame differs from the earth frame only
when the moving frame is also accelerating. In other words the acceleration of an object is
same as observed by the earth frame and a frame moving with constant velocity. For
example if an object is accelerating with an acceleration a
1
with respect to the earth frame
b a - b
O
x
P o s i t i o n a t t = t + t
y
a
P o s i t i o n a t t = 0
O
and at the same time the moving fame is also accelerating with an acceleration a
2
with
respect to the earth frame than the acceleration of the object with respect to the moving frame
will be given by a
1
-a
2
.
The reference frames at rest or moving with constant velocity are termed as inertial reference
frame and accelerating frames are known as non inertial frames. We shall discuss in detail
the inertial and non inertial frames during the study of applications of Newtons laws of
motion, which are applicable in inertial reference frames where true value of acceleration is
measured and inertial state of particle under observation is defined. However it is clear from
the so far discussion that measured value of any physical quantity involving displacement
depends upon the frame of reference of observation and for correct interpretation of physical
quantity appropriate reference frame should be ascertained.
Test your understanding
Ex34. A boat P is moving at 40 km/hr and another boat Q is moving at 20 km/hr. Which one
of the following is not a possible value for their relative velocity
(A) 10 km/hr. (B) 20 km/hr. (C) 30 km/hr. (D) 40 km/hr.
Sol : (A) The relative velocity may have values v1-v2 to v1+v2.
Ex35. Two trains along the same straight rails moving with constant velocities 60 km/hr and
30 km/hr towards each other. If at time t=0, the distance between them is 90 km, the time
when they collide is-
(A) 1 hr (B) 2 hr (C) 3 hr (D) 4 hr
Sol : (A) Time of collision (t)= Initial Displacement/(Relative velocity of approach)= 1 hr
Ex36. A boat moves relative to water with a velocity which is 1/n times the river flow
velocity. At what angle to the stream direction must the boat to move for minimizing
drifting?
(A) /2 (B) sin
-1
(1/n) (C) /2 + sin
-1
(1/n) (D) /2- sin
-1
(1/n)
Sol : Horizontal drift (D)= {v-v/n sin} t={v-v/n sin} L/( v/n cos
sin = 1/n; = sin
-1
(1/n);
= /2+sin
-1
(1/n)
Ex37. A thief walking slowly along a road sees a policeman at a perpendicular distance L
from him and starts running at a constant speed u along the road. The policeman also starts
running simultaneously with speed v always aiming at him. Find how soon the policeman
will catch the thief-
(A) t= v L/v
2
-u
2
(B) t= vL/v
2
-u
2
(C) t= uL/(v
2
-u
2
) (D) t= v
2
/L
2
(v
2
-u
2
)
Sol :
0

(u cos -v)dt=l; u
0

cos dt- vT=l

0

v cos dt=uT
0

cos dt=uT/v ; T=lv/(v
2
-u
2
)
Ex38. Two points move in the same straight line starting at the same moment from the same
point. The first moves with constant velocity u and the second with constant acceleration f.
During the time that elapses before second catches the first, the greatest distance between the
particles is
(A) u/f (B) u
2
/2f (C) f/2u
2
(D) f/u
2
Sol : At max separation ft=u or t=u/f ; Xm = u
2
/f-1/2fu
2
/t
2
= u
2
/2f
Ex39.A truck starts from rest with an acceleration of 1.5 m/s
2
while a car 150 m behind starts
from rest with an acceleration of 2 m/s
2
. How long will it take before both the truck and car
side by side?
(A) 5.24 sec (B) 24.5 sec (C) 2.45 sec. (D) 52.4 sec.
Sol : (B) 150= (2-1.5) t
2
; t=24.5 sec
Ex40. Three points are located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle whose side equals a.
They all start moving simultaneously with velocity v constant in magnitude. With the first
point heading continuously for the second, the second for the third and the third for the first.
How soon will the points converge?
(A) 3v/a (B) 2a/3v (C) a/3v (D) a/v
Sol : t = a/(v+vcos60)= 2a/3v
Ex41. A motor cycle and a car start from rest at the same place at the same time and travel in
the same direction .The cycle accelerates uniformly at 1m/s
2
up to a speed of 36 km/h and
the car at 0.5 m/s
2
up to a speed of 54 km/h then the distance at which the car overtakes the
cycle
(A)100 m (B) 200 m (C) 300 m (D) 400 m
Sol : Vcy = 10 m/s; Vca = 15 m/s; Time of acceleration t
1
=10 sec and t
2
=30 sec; Scy = 50 m
t
2
40t+200=0; t=6 sec >30 sec; 50+10(t-10)=225+15(t-30); t=35 sec and Scy=Sca=300 m
Ex42. A passenger is standing d m away from a bus. The bus begins to move with constant
acceleration a. To catch the bus, the passenger runs at a constant speed v towards the bus.
The minimum speed of the passenger so that he may catch the bus will be-
(A) 2ad (B) ad (C) 2ad (D) ad
Sol : d = v.t 1/2at
2
; at
2
- 2vt+2d = 0; t = (2vt 4v
2
8ad)/2a; t = v/at 1/av
2
-2ad
for a real t; v
2
2ad>0; v
min
2
= 2ad; v
min
= 2ad
Ex43. A ship sails in still water at the rate of 5 m/s. it is sailing northwards in a river flowing
eastwards with a velocity of 3 m/s. A monkey is climbing a vertical pole on the ship at the
rate of 2 m/s. A person is walking along the bank of the river at the rate of 1 m/s. To him the
monkey will appear climbing at the rate of-
(A) 10 m/s (B) 11 m/s (C) 33 m/s (D) 45 m/s
Sol : Velocity of monkey relative to man V
rel
= 29+4 = 33 and V
rel
= 41+4 = 45
Ex44. A string passes over a fixed pulley. Two boys P and Q of the same mass hang at the
same height at each end. Both start to climb upward at the same time to reach the pulley. The
velocity of P relative to the string is v and that of Q is 3v, then the time taken by P to reach
the pulley is equal to
(A) 1/3
rd
of the time taken by Q (B) 3 times the time taken by Q (C) the time taken by Q
(D) twice the time taken by Q
Sol : (C) Velocity of Q relative to pulley = 3v-v= 2v; Velocity of P relative to pulley =
v+v= 2v
Single Choice Type Objective Questions
Q1. At a certain moment of time the angle between velocity vector v and the acceleration a of
a particle, is greater than 90
0
. What can be inferred about its motion at the moment?
(A) It is curvilinear and decelerated (B) it is rectilinear and accelerated.
(C) It is curvilinear and accelerated (D) it is rectilinear and decelerated
Q2. The motion of a particle of mass 1kg is confined to a plane and is determined by x=3t
2
,
y=2t
3
where x and y are its coordinates at time t, then magnitude and direction of the force on
the particle at t=1/2 second is-
(A) 2 N at 30
0
with the x-axis (B) 62N at 45
0
with the x-axis (C) 6 N at 30
0
with the x-axis
(D) 2N at 45
0
with the x-axis
Q3. For a particle moving along a straight line, the displacement x depends on time t as
x= t
3
+ t
2
+ t+ . The ratio of its initial acceleration to its initial velocity depends-
(A) Only on and (B) only on and (C) only on and (D) only on
Q4. Which
one of the
following
curves does
not represent motion in one dimension?
Q5. The length of seconds hand in a watch is 1cm. The change in velocity of its tip in 15
second is
(A) Zero (B) (302) cm/sec (C) /30 cm/sec. (D) ( 2)/30 cm/sec.
Q6. The modulus of the acceleration vector is constant. The trajectory of the particle is a/an-
(A) Parabola (B) ellipse (C) hyperbola (D) circle
v
t
v
t
x
t
v
t
Q7. A body A is thrown vertically upward with the initial velocity v
1
. Another body B is
dropped from a height h. Find how the distance x between the bodies depends on the time t,
if the bodies begin to move simultaneously.
(A) x=h-v
1
t (B) x=(h-v
1
)t (C) x= h v
1
/t (D) x= h/t-v
1
Q8. Which one of the following equations represents the motion of a body with finite
constant acceleration in these equations y denotes the displacement of the body at time t and
a, b and c are the constant of the motion
(A) y= a/t + bt (B) y=at (C) y=at + bt
2
(D) y=at + bt
2
+ ct
3
Q9. The motion of particle is defined by x=a cos t and y=a sin t. The acceleration of
particle is
(A) a (B) a
2
(C) a
2
(D) a
2

2
Q10.The displacement- time relationship for a particle is given by x=a
0
+ a
1
t + a
2
t
2
. The
acceleration of the particle is-
(A) a
0
(B) a
1
(C) a
2
(D) 2a
2
Q11. The acceleration vector of a particle is a constant. The trajectory of the particle is a/an-
(A) parabola (B) ellipse (C) hyperbola (D) circle
Q12. Which
of the
following
distance- time
graphs represents one-dimensional uniform motion?
Q13. A horse rider is moving towards a big mirror with velocity v. The velocity of his image
with respect to him is
(A) 0 (B) 4v (C) 2v (D) v
x
t
x
t
x
t
x
t
( A ) ( B ) ( C ) ( D )
Q14. Figure shows the displacement- time graphs for two boys going home
from the school. Which of the following statements is correct about their
relative velocity-
(A) first increases and then decreases
(B) first decreases and then increases (C) is zero (D) is non zero but constant
Q15.A particle is
confined to move along
the x-axis between
reflecting walls at x=0
and x=a between these
two limits, moves freely
at constant velocity v. If
the walls are perfectly
reflecting than its
displacement time
graph is-
Q16. The acceleration time graph of a particle
moving along a straight line is as shown in figure. At
what time the particle acquires its initial velocity?
(A) 12 s (B) 5 s (C) 8 s (D)16 s
x
t
A
B
t i m e
0
a
a / v
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
2 a / v 3 a / v
t i m e
a / v 2 a / v 3 a / v
0
a
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
a
t i m e
0
a
a / v
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
2 a / v 3 a / v
t i m e
0
a
a / v
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
2 a / v 3 a / v
( A ) ( B )
( C ) ( D )
a ( m / s )
2
1 0
4 t ( s ) o
Q . 2 8
Q17. The displacement of a particle as a function of time is
shown in fig. The fig indicates that-
(A) The particle starts with a certain velocity, but the motion
is retarded and finally the particle stops
(B) The velocity of particle is constant throughout
(C) The acceleration of the particle is constant throughout
(D) The particle starts with a constant velocity, the motion is accelerated and finally the
particle moves with another constant velocity.
Q18. A ship sailing south-east sees another ship which is steaming at the same rate as itself
and which always appears to be in a direction due east and to be always coming nearer. Find
the direction of motion of second vessel.
(A) sails south-west (B) sails south-east (C) sails 30
0
south of west (D) sails 30
0
south of
east
Q19. An particle travels along the inside of straight hollow tube, 2.0 meter long, of a
particle accelerator under uniform acceleration. How long is the particle in the tube, if it
enters at a speed of 1000 m/s and leaves at 9000 m/s.
(A) 4 x 10
-4
sec (B) 2 x 10
-7
sec (C) 4 x 10
-3
sec (D) 2 x 10
-6
sec
Q20. The adjoining cure represents the
velocitytime graph of a particle, its
acceleration value along OA,AB and BC in
metre/sec
2
are respectively-
(A)1, 0, -0.5 (B)1, 0, 0.5 (C)1, 1, 0.5 (D)1, 0.5,
0
s ( m )
4 t ( s ) o
2 0
Q . 2 9
0 1 0 2 0 3 0
V e l o c i t y ( m / s )
A B
1 0
5
t i m e ( s e c )
Q21. The v-t graph of a linear motion is shown in adjoining figure.
The distance from origin after 8 seconds is
(A) 18 meters (B) 16 meters (C) 8 meters (D) 6 meters
Q22. The displacement-time graph of a moving particle is
shown in the fig, the instantaneous velocity is negative at the
point
(A) D (B) F (C) C (D) E
Q23. The graph between the displacement x and time t for a particle moving
in a straight line is shown is figure. During the interval OA, AB, BC and
CD the acceleration of the particle is-
(A) +, 0, + , + (B) - , 0 , + , 0 (C) + , 0 , - , + (D) - , 0 , - , 0
Q24. A particle starts out at t=0 from the point x
0
=10 m with an initial velocity v
0
=15 m/s
and a constant acceleration a = -5m/s
2
. Then its velocity time graph is-
1 3 0
4
- 2
4 8
t ( s )
v ( m / s )
5 7
y
D
C
x
T i m e
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
x
A
D
C
B
t
o
0
0
2 4 6 ( s )
1 0
2 0
v
( m / s )
t
0
0
2 4 6 ( s )
1 0
2 0
v
( m / s )
t
0
0
2 4 6 ( s )
1 0
2 0
v
( m / s )
t
0
0
2 4 6 ( s )
1 0
2 0
v
( m / s )
t
( A ) ( B ) ( C ) ( D )
Q25. A particle starts out at t=0 from the point x
0
=10 m with an initial velocity v
0
= 15 m/s
and a constant acceleration a= - 5m/s
2
. Then its displacementtime graph is
Q26. The displacement time graph for a one
dimensional motion of a particle is shown in figure.
Then the instantaneous velocity at t=20 sec is
(A) 0.1 m/s (B) -0.1 m/s (C) -0.05 m/s (D) 1.0 m/s
Q27. The acceleration versus time graph of a particle is as shown
figure.The respective v-t graph of the particle is-
v
t
O
v
O
t
v
t
O
v
t
O
( A ) ( B ) ( C ) ( D )
Q28. The displacement- time graph of a moving
particle with constant acceleration is shown in the
figure. The velocity-time graph is given by-
x ( m )
4 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
0
0 2
6
4 t ( s )
x ( m )
4 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
0
0 2 6 4 t ( s )
x ( m )
4 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
0
0 2
6 4 t ( s )
x ( m )
4 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
0
0 2 6 4 t ( s )
( C ) ( D )
( A ) ( B )
2 0 3 0 4 0
t ( s )
o
6 0
1
S

(
m
)
2
Q . 4 0
t
O
a
2
o
s
x ( m )
( t / s )
1
1 0
0
- 1 0
( a )
2 t ( s )
1 0
0
- 1 0
( b )
2
t ( s )
v ( m / s )
v ( m / s )
1 0
0
- 1 0
( c )
2
t ( s )
v ( m / s )
1 0
0
( d )
2 t ( s )
v ( m / s )
1
1
1
1
Q29. Two balls are dropped from the top of a high tower with a time interval t
0
second,
where t
0
is smaller than the time taken by the ball to reach the floor, which is perfectly in
elastic. The distances between the two balls, plotted against the time lapse t from the instant
of dropping the second ball is represented by
Q30. The graph below describes the motion of a ball
rebounding from a horizontal surface being released from a
point above the surface. The quantity represented on the y-axis
is the balls
(A) Displacement (B) velocity (C) acceleration (D)
momentum.
Q31. The acceleration of a particle as a function of time is a= 1.5 t-0.15 t
2
. The particle starts
motion from rest at a time t = 0 sec. Then the maximum velocity in the forward direction is.
(A) 10 m/s (B) 25 m/s (C) 50 m/s (D) none of the above
s
t ( s ) o
( a )
s
t ( s ) o
( b )
s
t ( s ) o
( c )
s
t ( s ) o
( d )
t ( s )
y
o
Q . 4 4
Q32. A balloon going upward with a velocity of 12 m/sec is at a height of 65 m from the
Earth at any instant. Exactly at this instant a packet drops from it. How much time will the
packet take in reaching the Earth? (g=10 m/sec
2
)
(A) 7.5 sec (B) 10 sec (C) 5 sec (D) None
Q33. A body of mass 3 kg falls from the multistoried building 100 m high and buries itself 2
meters deep in the sand. The time of penetration will be.
(A) 9 sec (B) 0.9 sec (C) 0.09 sec (D)10 sec.
Q34. A car moving with constant acceleration covers the distance between two points 60 m
apart in 6 sec. Its speed as it passes the second point is 15 m/sec. At what prior distance from
the first point was the car at rest?
(A) 7.5 m (B) 15 m (C) 20 m (D) 25 m
Q35. A body starts from rest with constant acceleration a. Its velocity after n second is v.
The displacement of body in last two seconds is-
(A) 2v(n-1)/n (B) v(n-1)/n (C) v(n+1)/n (D) 2v(n+1)/n
Q36. A rocket is fired vertically from the ground. It moves upward with a constant
acceleration 10m/s
2
for 30 seconds after which the fuel is consumed. After what time from
the instant of firing the rocket will attain the maximum height? Take g=10 m/s
2
(A) 30 s (B) 45 s (C) 60 s (D) 75 s
Q37. A ball is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 30 m/s. If the acceleration due to
gravity is 10 m/s
2
, what will be the distance traveled by it in the last second of motion?
(A) 5 m (B) 10 m (C) 25 m (D) 30 m.
Q38. A stone is released from an elevator going up with an acceleration a. The acceleration
of the stone after the release is-
(A) a upward (B) (g-a) upward (C) (g-a) downward (D) g downward
Q39. The water falls at regular intervals from a tap 5 m above the ground. The third drop is
leaving at instant when first one touches the ground. How far above the ground is the second
drop at that instant?
(A) 1.25 m (B) 2.50 m (C) 3.75 m (D) 4.00 m
Q40. An object is thrown
upward with a velocity u,
then its displacement time
graph is-
Q41. A car moves with uniform acceleration along straight line PQR. Its speeds at P and R
are 5 m/s and 25 m/s respectively. If PQ: QR=1:2, the ratio of the times taken by car to travel
distance PQ and QR is-
(A) 1:2 (B) 2:1 (C) 1:1 (D) 1:5
Q42. The greatest acceleration or deceleration that a train may have is a. The minimum time
in which the train can get from one station to the next at a distance s is-
(A) s/a (B) 2s/a (C) 1/2s/a (D) 2s/a
Q43. A particle moves with a constant acceleration such that in the successive time intervals
t
1
, t
2
, t
3
its average velocities are v
1
, v
2
and v
3
. The ratio of v
1
-v
2
and v
2
-v
3
is
(A) t
1
- t
2
: t
2
+ t
3
(B) t
1
+ t
2
: t
2
+ t
3
(C) t
1
- t
2
: t
2
- t
1
(D) t
1
- t
2
: t
2
- t
3
Q44. A body is thrown up in a lift with a velocity u relative to the lift and the time of flight is
found to be t. The acceleration with which the lift is moving up will be
(A) u-gt/t (B) u+gt/t (C) 2u-gt/t (D) 2u+gt/t
Q45. A ball is dropped from a height of 20 m and rebounds with a velocity, which is 3/4
th
of
the velocity with which it hits the ground. What is the time interval between the first and
second bounces (g=10 m/s
2
)
(A) 3 sec (B) 4 sec (C) 5 sec (D) 6 sec.
s
o
u / g
u / g
2
( C )
s
o
u / g
t
u / g
2
( B )
s
o
u / g
t t
u / g
2
( D )
s
o
u / g
t
u / g
2
( A )
E x 6 3
Q46. A pebble is thrown vertically upwards from bridge with an initial velocity of 4.9 m/s. It
strikes the water after 2s. If acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s
2
. The height of the bridge
will be-
(A) 4.9 m. (B) 19.6 m (C) 9.8 m (D) 24.5 m
Q47. A man in a balloon rising vertically with an acceleration of 4.9 m/sec
2
, releases a ball 2
seconds after the balloon is let go from the ground. The greatest height above the ground
reached by the ball is-
(A) 14.7 m (B) 19.6 m (C) 9.8 m (D) 24.5 m
Q48. A person standing on the floor of an elevator drops a coin. The coin reaches the floor of
the elevator in a time t
1
, if the elevator is stationary and in time t
2
if it is moving with
constant velocity. Then
(A) t
1
=t
2
(B) t
1
<t
2
(C) t
1
>t
2
(D) t
1
<t
2
or t
1
>t
2
depending whether lift is going up or down
Q49. A river has width 0.5 km and flows from west to East with a speed 30 km/hr. If a
boatman starts sailing his boat at a speed 40 km/hr. normal to bank, the boat shall cross the
river in time-
(A) 0.6 minute (B) 0.75 minute (C) 0.45 minute (D) 3 minute
Q50. Two trains take 3 seconds to pass one another when going in opposite direction but
only 2.5 second if the speed of one is increased by 50%. The time one train would take to
pass the other when going in the same direction at their original speed is
(A) 10 sec (B) 12 sec (C) 15 sec (D) 18 sec
Q51. A steamer takes 12 days to reach from port A to B. Everyday only one steamer sets out
from both the ports. How many steamers does each boat meet in the open sea
(A) 12 (B) 13 (C) 23 (D) 24
Q52. A body of mass 0.5 kg is found to be moving 30 m away from the starting point during
the fourth second and 70 m towards the starting point during the ninth second of its motion.
Identify the correct statements appropriate to the motion from the following.
(A) The initial kinetic energy is 2500 J
(B) It is uniformly accelerated motion
(C) It is uniform acceleration to begin with and then uniform retardation
(D) It will be at the starting point after 10 seconds.
Q53. A freely falling object crosses T.V tower of height 102.9 m in three seconds. Find the
height above the top of the tower from which it would have started falling.
(A) 122.5 m (B) 102.9 m (C) 19.6 m (D) 82.3 m
Q54. A boatman could row his boat with a speed 10 m/sec. He wants to take his boat from P
to a point Q just opposite on the other bank of the river flowing at a speed 4 m/sec. He should
row his boat
(A) at right angle to the steam
(B) at an angle of sin
-1
(2/5) with PQ up the stream
(C) at an angle of sin
-1
(2/5) with PQ down the stream
(D) at an angle cos
-1
(2/5) with PQ down the stream
Q55. A river is flowing from west to east at a speed of 5 meters/minute. A man on the south
bank of the river capable of swimming at 10 meters/minute in still water wants to swim
across the river in shortest time. He should swim in a direction-
(A) Due North (B) 30
0
east of North (C) 30
0
west of North (D) 60
0
east of North
Q56. Rahul hits a ball along the ground with a speed u in a direction, which makes an angle
30
0
with the line joining him and the fielder Rhodes. Rhodes runs to intercept the ball with a
speed 2u/3. At what angle should he run to intercept the ball-
(A) sin
-1
3/2 (B) sin
-1
2/3 (C) sin
-1

(D) sin
-1

4/5
Q57. A bus moves over a straight level road with an acceleration a. A boy in the bus drops a
ball outside. The acceleration of the ball with respect to the bus and the Earth respectively-
(A) a and g (B) a+g and g-a (C) a
2
+g
2
and g (D) a
2
+g
2
and a
Q58. During a rainstorm, raindrops are observed to be striking the ground at an angle of
with the vertical. A wind is blowing horizontal at the speed of 5.0 m/s, the speed of
raindrops is
(A) 5 sin (B) 5/sin (C) 5 cos (D) 5/cos
Q59. Two spheres of equal masses but radii R and 2R are allowed to fall in a liquid. The ratio
of there terminal velocities is.
(A) 1:4 (B) 1:2 (C) 1:1 (D) 2:1
Q60.A particles of mass m moves on the x-axis as follows: it starts from rest at t=0 from the
point x=0 and comes to rest at t=1 at the point x=1. No other information is available about
its motion at intermediate times (0<t<1). If denotes the instantaneous acceleration of the
particle, than
(A) cannot remains positive for all in the interval 0 t 1
(B) cannot exceed 2 at any point or points in its path
(C) must be 4 at some point or in its path
(D) must change sign during the motion, but no other assertion can be made with the
information given.
Q61. Two particles A and B are dropped from heights of 5 m and 20 m respectively. Then
the ratio of time taken by A to that by B, to reach the ground is-
(A) 1:4 (B) 2:1 (C) 1:1 (D) 1:2
Q62. A ball weighing 0.01 kg hits a hard surface vertically with a speed of 5 m/s and
rebounds with the same speed. The ball remains in contact with the surface for 0.01s. The
average force exerted by the surface on the ball in newtons is-
(A) 10.0 (B) 1.0 (C) 5.0 (D) 0.1
Q63. A body is projected vertically upwards with velocity of 60 ms
-1
. Two seconds later
another body is similarly projected with velocity of 30 ms
-1
. Which of the following is (are)
true?
(A) The bodies meet when both are moving upwards
(B) The bodies meet when the former is coming downward and the later is moving upwards.
(C) The bodies meet at a height of 45 m
(D) The bodies do not meet
Q64. The displacement of a moving particle in a straight line is proportional to the square of
the time than for this particle-
(A) The velocity is constant (B) The velocity is variable (C) The acceleration is constant.
(D) The acceleration is variable.
Q65. Suppose you are in a closed box, which is falling freely under gravity. If you release a
ball from your hand then to you the ball would appear to be-
(A) Falling downwards (B) going upwards (C) stationary (D) oscillating.
Q66. Two particles are projected vertically upwards with the same velocity on two different
planets with acceleration due to gravities g
1
and g
2
respectively. If they fall back to their
initial points of projection after lapse of times t
1
and t
2
respectively. Then-
(A) t
1
t
2
= g
1
g
2
(B) t
1
g
1
= t
2
g
2
(C) t
1
g
2
= t
2
g
1
(D) t
1
2
+ t
2
2
= g
1
2
+ g
2
2
Q67. The speed of a swimmer in still water is 5 m/min. He crosses a river of width 24 m
flowing with a speed 4 m/min. To reach the opposite point on the other bank, the time taken
by him is-
(A) 8 min (B) 9 min (C) 19 min (D) 20 min
Q68. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the ground. It crosses a point at the height of
25 m twice at an interval of 4 sec. The ball was thrown with the velocity of-
(A) 20 m/sec (B) 25 m/sec (C) 30 m/sec (D) 35 m/sec
Q69. A 40 m wide canal is flowing with velocity 50 m/min. A man reaches the opposite bank
swimming 50 m. His minimum speed should be-
(A) 40 m/min (B) 50 m/min (C) 60 m/min (D) 70 m/min
Q70. A bee flies in a line from a point A to another point B in 4 seconds with a velocity of
( t-2( m/s. The distance A and B in metre is-
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
Q71. A 30 m wide canal is flowing at the rate of 20 m/min. A man can swim at the rate of 25
m/min in still water. The time taken by him to cross the canal perpendicular to the flow is-
(A) 1.0 min (B) 1.5 min (C) 2.0 min (D) 2.5 min
Q72. A man crosses a 320 m wide river perpendicular to the current in 4 minutes. If in still
water he can swim with a speed 5/3 times that of the current, then the speed of the current, in
m/min,is-
(A) 30 (B) 40 (C) 50 (D) 60
Q73. A particle is
thrown vertically
upwards. The graph
between its speed v and
time t is given by (neglecting the air resistance) the following figure-
Q74. Two particles one with constant velocity 50 m/s and the other with uniform acceleration
10 m/s
2
start moving simultaneously from the same place in the same direction. They will be
at a distance of 125 m from each other after-
(A) 5 sec (B) 5(1+2) sec (C) 10 sec (D) 10(2+1) sec
Q75. A ball is dropped
vertically from a height d
above the ground. It hits
the ground and bounces up
vertically to a height d/2. Neglecting subsequent motion and air resistance, its velocity v
varies with the height h above the ground as-
Q76. A particle suffers three displacements by 4 m in the northward, 2 m in the southeast and
2 m in the southwest directions. What is the displacement of the particle and what is the
distance covered by it?
(A) 4-22 m, 8 m (B) 4+22 m, 6 m (C) 16 m, 8 m (D) None of these
Q77. A body covered a distance of L m along a curved path of a quarter circle. The ratio of
distance to displacement is-
v
t
v
t
v
t
v
t
( A ) ( B ) ( C ) ( D )
v
h o
( a )
v v v
h
h
h o
o
o
( b ) ( d ) ( c )
(A) /22 (B) 22/ (C) /2 (D) 2/
Q78. Which of the following
graph (s) is/are not possible
Q79. A drunkard walking in a narrow lane takes 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward,
followed again by 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward, and so on. Each step is 1 m long
and required 1 seco
nd to cover. How long the drunkard takes to fall in a pit 13 m away from the start?
(A) 9 s (B) 21 s (C) 32 s (D) 37 s
Q80. Mark the wrong statement
(A) Nothing is in the state of absolute rest or state of absolute motion
(B) Magnitude of displacement is always equal to the distance traveled
(C) Magnitude of displacement can never be greater than the distance traveled
(D) Magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to the instantaneous speed.
Q81. The following graph can be seen in nature-
(A) Yes (B) No (C) Sometime (D) At a particular instant
Q82. Can a body have uniform speed but non-uniform velocity?
(A) Yes (B) No (C) Depends on direction (D) Unpredictable
Q 83. The position vector r of a particle varies with time t as r = at
2
i^+ bt j^ , then the
magnitude of the instantaneous velocity of the particle at time t will be-
(A) 2at+b (B) 4a
2
t
2
+b
2
(C) 2a+b (D) 4a
2
+b
2
Q84. From the adjoining displacement time graph for two
particles A & B the ratio of velocities V
A
:V
B
will be-
S ( m )
0
S ( m )
t ( s )
( C )
t ( s )
( D )
0
t ( s )
0
( A )
S ( m )
t ( s )
0
( B )
S ( m )
t ( s )
- v e
+ v e
O
s p e e d ( m / s )
3 0
o
6 0
o
o t ( s )
s ( m )
B
A
(A) 1:2 (B) 1:3 (C) 3:1 (D) 1:3
Q85. From the adjoining graph, the distance traversed
by particle in 4 sec is
(A) 60 m (B) 25 m (C) 55 m (D) 30 m
Q86. A car travels first half distance between two places with a speed of 40 km/h and the rest
half distance with a speed of 60 km/h. The average speed of the car will be :-
(A) 100 km/hr (B) 50 km/hr (C) 48 km/hr (D) 200 km/hr
Q87. A body moves along the sides AB, BC, and CD of a square of side 10 meter with
velocity of constant magnitude 3 meter/sec. Its Average velocity will be-
(A) 3 m/sec (B) 0.87 m/sec (C) 1.33 m/sec (D) None
Q88. The displacement of a particle moving in one-dimensional direction under a force at
time t is given by t= x+3, where x is in m and t in sec. The displacements of the particle,
when its velocity is zero, will be-
(A) 0 m (B) 3 m (C) -3 m (D) 2 m
Q89. A body moves in a straight line along, x-axis. Its distance x (in meter) from the origin
is given by x=8t-3t
2
. The average speed in the interval t=0 to t=1 second is-
(A) 5 ms
-1
(B) -4 ms
-1
(C) 6 ms
-1
(D) zero
Q90. If the displacement of a particle varies with time according to the relation x=k/b[1-
exp(-bt)],then the velocity (v) of the particle is.
(A) v=k exp(-bt) (B) v=k/b exp(-bt) (C) v=k
2
/b exp(-bt) (D) v= k/b
2
exp(-bt)
o t ( s ) 4 3 2 1
2 0
1 0
v ( m / s )
Q . N o . 5 2
Q91. The displacement x of a particle along a straight line at time t is given by x=a
0
- a
1
t +
a
2
t
2
. The acceleration of the particle is-
(A) a
0
(B) a
1
(C) 2a
2
(D) a
2
Q92. A truck traveling due to North at 20 m/s turns East and travels at the same speed. The
change in its velocity is-
(A) 202 m/s North-East (B) 202 m/s South-East (C) 402 m/s North-East (D) 20 2 m/s
North-west
Q93. Which of the following statement is not correct?
(A) A body may have zero instantaneous velocity but finite acceleration
(B) A body may have zero instantaneous acceleration but finite velocity
(C) Magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to instantaneous speed
(D) Magnitude of average velocity is equal to average speed.
Q94. The positiontime (x-t) graphs for two students A and B
returning from their school O to their homes P and Q
respectively are shown in figure. Choose the correct statements
from below.
(A) B lives closer to the school than A
(B) A/B starts from the school earlier than B/A
(C) B walks faster than A
(D) A and B reach home at the different time.
Q95. Figure shows the displacement time graph of a particle
moving on the x-axis-
(A) The particle is continuously going in positive x direction
(B) The particle is at rest
(C) The velocity increases up to a time t
0
, and then becomes
constant
o
t ( s )
x ( m )
B
A
P
Q
o t o t
x
(D) The particle moves at a constant velocity up to a time t
0
and then stops.
Q96. A car is moving with a velocity of 20 m/sec.The driver sees a stationary truck at a
distance of 100 m ahead. After some reaction time t applies the brakes, produces a
retardation of 4 m/s
2
. The maximum reaction times to avoid collision will be-
(A) 5 sec (B) 2.5 sec (C) 4 sec (D) 10 sec
Q97. Which one of the following represents uniformly acceleration motion? a and b are
constant and x is the distance described.
(A) x=(t-a)/b (B) x=(t-a)/b (C) t=(x-a/b) (D) x=t+a
Q98. A particle starts from rest and moving along a straight line travels 19 m in the tenth
second. The acceleration of the particle is given by-
(A) 1.9 m/s
2
(B) 2 m/s
2
(C) 3.8 m/s
2
(D) 1 m/s
2
Q99. A ball dropped from the top of a building takes 0.5 sec to clear the window of 4.9 m
height. What is the height of building above the window?
(A) 2.75 m (B) 5.0 m (C) 5.5 m (D) 4.9 m
Q100. If a body travels half its total path in the last second of its fall from rest. The time and
height of its fall, will respectively be- (g= 9.8 m/s
2
)
(A) 0.59 s, 57 m (B) 3.41 s, 57 m (C) 5.9 s, 5.7 m (D) 5.9 s, 34.1 m
Q101. A stone is dropped from the top of the tower and travels 24.5 m in the last second of
its journey. The height of the lower is
(A) 44.1 m (B) 49 m (C) 78.4 m (D) 72 m
Q102. From the foot of a tower 90 m high, a stone is thrown up so as to reach the top of
tower. Two second later another stone is dropped from the top of the tower. The two stones
will meet at height
(A) 83.6 m (B) 38.6 m (C) 63.8 m (D) 68.3 m
Q103. Two bodies are thrown vertically upward, with the same initial velocity of 98
metre/sec but 4 sec apart. How long after the first one is thrown will they meet?
(A) 10 sec (B)11 sec (C)12 sec (D) 13 sec
Exercise 2
Multiple Choice Type Questions
Q1. Mark the correct statements-
(A) The magnitude of the velocity of a particle is equal to speed
(B) The magnitude of average of velocity in an interval is equal to its average speed in that
interval
(C) It is possible to have a situation in which speed of a particle is zero but the average speed
is not zero
(D) It is possible to have a situation in which the speed of the particle is never zero but the
but the average speed in an interval is zero
Q2. A particle starts moving in a straight line with a constant acceleration a. At a time t
1
seconds after the beginning of motion, the acceleration changes sign, remaining the same in
magnitude. Determine the time from the beginning of motion, till it returns to the starting
point.
(A) t
1
(2+2) s (B) t
1
(1+2) s (C) t
1
2 s (D) 22 t
1
s
Q3. A person walks up a stationary escalator in 90 seconds. If the escalator moves with
person, first standing on it, take 1 minute to reach the top from ground. How much time
would it take him to walk up the moving escalator?
(A) 24 s (B) 48 s (C) 36 s (D) 40 s
Q4. The displacement of a particle moving along the x-axis is given by x=1+5(t-2)+2(t-2)
2
where x is in meter and t is in second.
(A) The particle starts its motion from the origin
(B) The velocity of the particle is 5 ms
-1
at t= 2 sec.
(C) The acceleration of the particle is 4 ms
-2
(D) The particle starts its motion at t=2 s
Q5. The velocity time plot for a particle
moving on a straight line is shown in the
figure-
(A) The particle has a constant acceleration
(B) The particle has never turned around.
(C) The particle has zero displacement
(D) The average speed in the interval 0 to 10 s is the same as the average speed in the interval
10 s to 20 s.
Q6. The velocity of a particle is zero at t=0, then
(A) The acceleration at t=0 must be zero.
(B) The acceleration at t=0 may be zero
(C) If the acceleration is zero from t=0 to t=10 s, the speed is also zero in this interval.
(D) If the speed is zero from t=0 to t=10 s, the acceleration is also zero in this interval.
Q7. A lift performs the first part of its ascent with uniform acceleration a and remainder with
uniform retardation 2a. If t is the time of ascent, the depth of the shaft is-
(A) at
2
/4 (B) at
2
/3 (C) at
2
/2 (D) at
2
/8
Q8. A particle moves along the x-axis as x= u (t-2)+a (t-2)
2
-
(A) The initial velocity of the particle is u
(B) The acceleration of the particle is a
(C) The acceleration of the particle is 2a
(D) At t=2s particle is at the origin.
Q9. Body A begins to move with initial velocity 2 m/sec and continues to move at a constant
acceleration a. In t = 10 seconds after the body A begins to moves a body B departs from
the same point with a initial velocity 12 m/sec and moves with the same acceleration a. What
is the maximum acceleration a, at which the body B can overtake A?
(A) 1 m/sec
2
(B) 2 m/sec
2
(C) 1/2 m/sec
2
(D) 3 m/sec
2
V ( m / s )
1 0
1 0 t ( s ) o
Q . 5
2 0
Q10. N particles moving in a straight line have initial velocities of 1, 2, 3,....N m/s and
acceleration of 1, 2, 3,...N m/s
2
respectively. If the initial spacing between any two
consecutive particles is same then, select the correct alternatives(s).
(A) The distance between any two particles remains constant
(B) The distance between any two consecutive particles is same for all particles and increases
with time.
(C) The distance between any two consecutive particles is different and increases with time.
(D) The distance between any two consecutive particles increases periodically with time.
Q11.A man throws a stone vertically up with a speed of 20 ms
-1
from top of a high-rise
building. Two second later, an identical stone is thrown vertically downward with the same
speed 20 ms
-1
then
(A) The relative velocity between the two stones remains constant till one hits the ground
(B) Both will have the same kinetic energy, when they hit the ground
(C) The relative acceleration between the two is equal to zero initially
(D) The time interval between their hitting the ground is 2 seconds.
Q12. Mark the correct statements for a particle going on a straight line
(A) If the velocity and acceleration have opposite sign, the particle is slowing down.
(B) If the position and velocity have opposite sign, the particle is moving towards the origin
(C) If the velocity is zero at an instant, the acceleration should also be zero at that instant.
(D) If the velocity is zero for a time interval, the acceleration is zero at any instant within the
time interval.
Q13. A particle move with an initial velocity v
0
and retardation v, where v is its velocity at
any time then-
(A) The particle will cover a total distance v
0
/
(B) The particle will come to rest after time 1/
(C) The particle will continue to move for a very long time
(D) The velocity of the particle will become v
0
/2 after time 1/
Q14. The instantaneous velocity of a particle is related to its displacement x according to the
relation v=a x + b, where a>0 and b a/7. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true if
x=0 at t=0
(A) The displacement of the particle at the time t is x=b/a (e
at
-1)
(B) The particle will experience a retardation if b<0
(C) The particle will be at origin at time t=0
(D) The acceleration of the particle is constant.
Q15. A particle initially at rest moves from a fixed point in a straight line so that at the end of
t seconds its acceleration is sin t + 1/(t+1)
2
. The distance from the fixed point at the end of
seconds will be.
(A) 2 -log ( +1) (B) 2 -log (C) 2 +log ( +1)
Q16. The speed v of a particle moving along a straight line, when it is at a distance, x from a
fixed point on the line is given by v
2
=108-9x
2
, all quantities are in c.g.s.units.
(A) The motion is uniformly acceleration along a straight line.
(B) The magnitude of the acceleration at a distance 3cm from the fixed point is 27ms
-2
(C) The motion is S.H.M. about a given fixed point.
(D) The maximum displacement from the fixed point is 4cm
Q17. An observer moves with a constant speed along the line joining two stationary objects.
He will observe that the two objects-
(A) Have the same speed (B) have the same velocity (B) Move in the same direction (D)
moves in opposite directions.
Q 18. Out of the following graphs which is/are not possible-
v
o
x
( A )
v
o
t
( B )
v
o t
( C )
v
o
t
( D )
Q . N O . 4 7 E x 2
Q19. The coordinates of a particle moving in a plane are given by x(t) = a cos (pt) and y(t)= b
sin(pt), where a, b (<a) and p are positive constants of appropriate dimension. Then-
(A) The path of the particle is an ellipse
(B) The velocity and acceleration of the particle are normal to each other at t= /(2p)
(C) The acceleration of the particle is always towards a a focus.
(D) The distance traveled by the particle in time interval t=0 to t= /(2p), is a
2
+b
2
Q20. If the velocity of a body is constant-
(A)( Velocity ( = speed (B)( Average velocity( = speed (C) Velocity = average velocity
(D) speed= average speed
Q21. If a particle travels a linear distance at speed v
1
and come back along the same track at
speed v
2
-
(A) Its average speed is arithmetic mean (v
1
+v
2
)/2
(B) Its average speed is geometric mean v
1
v
2
(C) Its average speed is harmonic mean 2v
1
v
2
/(v
1
+v
2
)
(D) Its average velocity is zero
Descriptive Question Type
Q1. The acceleration of a particle depends on the velocity as a =kv.at t=0, x=0 and v=1m/s,
find the position of the particle as a function of time.
Q2. A student argues that the mean velocity during an interval of time can also be expressed
as
(v)= (v
f
+ v
i
)/2 and this should always be the equal to (r
f
- r
i
)/(t
2
-t
1
) . Is he right?
Q3.What is meant by d( v( /dt and dv/dt( ? Can these be equal?
(i) d( v( /dt= 0 while ( dv/dt( 0
(ii) d( v( dt 0 while ( dv/dt( =0
Q4. Is it possible to be accelerating if you are traveling at constant speed? Is it possible to
round curve with zero acceleration? With constant
acceleration? With variable acceleration?
Q5. x/t graphs for two cars A and B are B are as shown:
(i) Which car is moving faster?
(ii) When will they meet?
Q6. How long does it take for a train to increase its velocity in a uniformly accelerated
motion from 12 km/h to 60 km/h over a distance of 600 m? What is its acceleration?
Q7. A car is moving along a straight line with retardation 2 m/s
2
. After time t=3 s, its
velocity reduces to 5 m/s. Find the distance traveled in time t=3s.
Q8. Two trains, each having a speed of 30 miles/hr, are headed at each other on the same
straight track. A bird that can fly 60 miles/hr flies off one train when they are 60 miles apart
and heads directly for the other train. On reaching the other train it flies directly back to the
first train, and so forth (a) how many trips can the bird make from one train to the other
before they crash? (b) What is the total distance the bird travels?
Q9. A particle starts moving along a straight line with acceleration a=kt. (i) Find its velocity
after time t=n sec.
(ii) Find the distance traveled in t=n sec.
Q10. The acceleration of a particle is given as a = 9x. At t=0, x=1 m and v=3 m/s. Find the
velocity of the particle at t=2 sec.
Q11.The acceleration of a cart started at t=0,
varies with time as shown in fig. Find the distance
traveled in 30 second and draw the positiontime
graph.
o t
o
t ( s )
x ( m ) Q . N o . 7 5
1 . 0
6 0
o
6 0
o
B
A
0
0 . 5
- 0 . 5 A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n

f
t
/
s
2
1 0
2 0 3 0
T i m e i n S e c o n d
Q12. An arrow while being shot from a bow was accelerated over a distance of 2.0 ft. If its
speed at the moment it left the bow was 200 ft/s, than what was the average acceleration
imparted by the bow? Justify any assumptions you need to make.
Q13. A man can swim at a speed of 3 km/h in still water. He wants to cross a 500 m wide
river flowing at 2 km/h. He keeps himself always at an angle of 120
0
with the river flow
while swimming.
(a) Find the time he takes to cross the river.
(b) At what point on the opposite bank will he arrive?
Q14. Usually average speed means the ratio of the total distance covered to the time
elapsed. However some time the phrase average speed can mean the magnitude of the
average velocity. Are the two same?
Q15. Consider a particle initially moving with a velocity of 5 m/s starts deceleration at a
constant rate of 2 m/s
2
. Determine (i) The time at which the particle becomes stationery. (ii)
The distance traveled in the 2
nd
second.
(iii) The distance traveled in the third second.
Q16. A ball is thrown up. If the air resistance is taken into account and is supposed to be
constant. Will the time of ascent be longer or shorter than the time descent?
Q17. State whether this assertion is right or wrong. Two balls of different masses are thrown
vertically upwards with the same speed. They reach through the point of projection in their
downward motion with the same speed.
Q18. Two balls are dropped from the same point after an interval of 1s. If acceleration due to
gravity is 10 m/s
2
, what will be the separation 3 seconds after the release of first ball?
Q19. Let the distance traveled by an object, as a function of time is given by s=2+3t
2
where s
is in metre and t is sec. Then calculate (i) instantaneous speed at t
1
=1 sec and at t
2
=5 sec. (ii)
average speed between the time interval t
1
=1 sec to t
2
=5 sec.
Q20. A rod of length l leans by its upper end against a smooth vertical wall, while its other
end leans against the floor. The end leans against the wall moves uniformly downward. Will
the other end move uniformly too?
Q21. Whether a driver was exceeding a 30 mile/h speed limit before he made an emergency
stop. The length of skid marks on the road was 19.2 ft. Policeman made the reasonable
assumption that the maximum deceleration of the car would not exceed the acceleration of a
freely falling body and arrested the driver for speeding. Was he speeding? Explain.
Q22. A stone is dropped from a balloon going up with a uniform velocity of 5.0 m/s. If the
balloon was 50 m high when the stone was dropped, find its height when the stone hits the
ground. Take g=10 m/s
2
.
Q23. A particle moves in the x-y plane with a constant acceleration 1.5 m/s
2
in the direction
making an angle of 37
0
with the x-axis. At t=0 the particle is at the origin and its velocity is
8.0 m/s along the x-axis. Find the velocity and the position of the particle at t=4.0 s.
Q24. (A) A train moving at an essentially constant speed of 60 mile/h moves eastward for 40
min, then in a direction 45
0
east of North for 20 min, and finally westward for 50 min. What
is the average velocity of the train during this run?
(B) A point traversed half a circle of radius R=160 cm during time interval =10.0 s.
Calculate the following quantities averaged over that time:
(a) The mean speed (v)
(b) The modulus of the mean velocity vector ( <v>(
Q25. A train traveling at 72 km/h is checked by track repairs. It retards uniformly for 200 m
covering the next 400 m at constant speed and accelerates uniformly to 72 km/h in a further
600 m. If the time at constant lower speed is equal to the sum of the times taken in retarding
and accelerating. Find the total time taken.
Q26. A boy standing on a long railroad car throws a ball straight upwards. The car is moving
on the horizontal road with an acceleration of 1m/s
2
and the projection velocity in the
vertical direction is 9.8 m/s. How far behind the boy will the ball fall on the car?
Q27. At a distance L=400 m from the traffic light, brakes are applied to a locomotive
moving at a velocity v = 54 km/h. Determine the position of the locomotive relative to the
traffic light 1 minute after the application of brakes if its acceleration a= - 0.3 m/s
2
Q28. An ant runs from an anthill in a straight line so that its velocity is inversely
proportional to the distance from the center of the anthill. When the ant is at point A at a
distance L
1
=1m from the center of the ant-hill, its velocity v
1
=2 cm/s, what time will it take
ant to run from point A to point B, which is at a distance L
2
=2 m from the center of the ant
hill?
Q29. A point moving in a straight line with uniform acceleration describes distances a, b
meters in successive intervals of t
1
, t
2
seconds respectively. What is the acceleration if a=b?
Q30. Two trains A and B are moving along parallel rails. A particle is thrown from train A
vertically upwards. What will be the shape of the path as seen by (a) an observer standing on
the ground, (b) an observer in train B moving with same speed as train A in the same
direction, (C) an observer in train B moving with twice the speed that of A in the same
direction?
Q31. Two particles A and B move in a uniform gravitational field where the acceleration due
to gravity is g. Initially the particles located at a point O move with velocities v
1
and v
2
horizontally in opposite directions. At what time from the start of motion the velocities will
be perpendicular to each other and what will be the distance between them at this instant?
Q32. The current velocity of a river grows in proportion to its distance from the bank and
attains the maximum value v
0
at the middle of the stream. Near the bank its velocity is zero.
A boat is moving along this river in such a manner that it is always perpendicular to the
current. Its speed in still water is u. The width of river is c. By how much distance it will be
drifted by the current?
Q33. A truck has to carry a load in the shortest time from one station to another station
situated at a distance L from the first. It can start up or slowdown at the same acceleration or
deceleration a. What maximum velocity must the truck attain to satisfy this condition?
Q34. The speed of a train increases at a constant rate from zero to V, then remains
constant for an interval and finally decreases to zero at a constant rate . If l is the total
distance described compute the total time taken.
Q35. A motorcar can acquire in one minute by uniform acceleration a speed 90 m/sec. When
it is halting at a place in a straight narrow road it sees another car approaching it from behind
with uniform speed 60 m/sec. Find out whether it will be possible to avoid collision if the
first car starts in full force before the second car has approached it within 1200 meters.
Q36. Two points A and B move with speeds v and 2v in two concentric circles, with center at
O and radii 2r and r respectively in the same sense and if OAB= , find the value of
when the relative motion is along AB.
Q37. A person traveling with velocity u towards northeast finds that the wind appears to
come from north. But on doubling his speed it seems to come from a direction inclined at an
angle cot
1
2 on the east of north. Find the true velocity and the direction of the wind.
Q38. The slider block B starts from rest and moves to the
right with a constant acceleration. After 4s the relative
velocity of A with respect to B is 0.06 m/s. Determine (a) the acceleration of A and B (b) the
velocity of B after 3s.
Q39. A motorist is traveling at 365/6 m/s. when he observes that a traffic light 800 m ahead
of him turns red. The traffic light is timed to stay red for 15 second. If the motorist wishes to
pass the light without stopping just as it turns green again, determine (a) the required
uniform deceleration of the car, (b) the speed of the car as it passes the light.
Q40. A train A and an automobile B travel at the constant
speeds 120 km/hr and 96 km/hr respectively as shown. Three
seconds after the train A passes under the highway bridge the
automobile crosses the bridge. Determine the velocity of train
relative to the automobile and the change in position of the
train relative to the automobile during four-second interval.
A B
A
6 0
0
1 2 0 k m / h r
9
0

k
m
/
h
r
B
Q41. From point A located on a highway as shown in fig, one
has to get by a car as soon as possible to point B located in the
field at a distance l from the highway. It is known that the car moves in the field n times
slower than on the highway. At what distance from point D one must turn of the highway?
Q42. A point travels along the x-axis with a velocity
whose projection v(x) is presented as a function of
time by the plot in fig. Assuming the co-ordinate of
the point x=0 at the moment t=0, draw the
approximate time dependence plot for the acceleration
wx, the x co-ordinate, and the distance covered s.
Q43. Find out the direction of of shortest route for a boat rowing in the river when the
velocity of boat is greater or lower than of the river. Where v is velocity of boat and u is the
velocity of the river.
Q44. A bullet traveling horizontally pierces in succession three screens placed at equal
distance a apart. If the time from the first screen to the second be t
1
and from the second to
the third t
2
,
(a) Find the retardation assuming it to be uniform and (b) also calculate the velocity at the
middle screen. Only the screens cause the retardation and medium between the screens offers
no resistance.
Q45. Car A is traveling along a straight highway.
While B is moving along a circular exit ramp of
C A
L
B
D
Q . N o E x . 3 ( 2 2 )
Q . N o E x . 3 ( 2 3 )
o
V ( x )
1 3 4 6 7 t ( s )
- 2
1
V k m h r
A
7 5 /
V k m h r
B
4 0 /
3 0
0
1 5 0 m
A
B
150 m radius. The speed of A is increased at the rate of 1.5m/s
2
and the speed of B is being
decreased at the rate of 0.9 m/s
2
for the position shown. Determine (a) the velocity of A
relative to B. (b) the acceleration of A relative to B.
Q46. Three blocks are connected by pulleys as shown in figure. Find
the velocity of each block given that relative velocity of block A with
respect to C is 0.3 m/s upwards and that the relative velocity of block
B with respect to block A is 0.2 m/s downwards.
Q47. A dog sees a flowerpot sail up and then back down past a window 5.0 ft. high. If the
total time the pot is in sight is 1.0 s, find the height above the window that the pot rises.
Q48. A particle is traveling with a uniform acceleration. If a, b and c were the distances
covered by it during x
th
, y
th
and z
th
second of its motion respectively, then find out the
value of a(y-z)+b(z-x)+c(x-y)
Q49. Find out whether for the particle moving with uniform acceleration the distances
described in consecutive equal interval of time are in A.P.
Q50. Three points are located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle whose side equals a.
They all start moving simultaneously with velocity constant in modulus, with the first
point heading continually for the second, the second for the third, and the third for the first so
on. How soon the particles collide each other?
Q51. Point A moves uniformly with velocity so that the vector is continually aimed
at point B which in its turn moves rectilinearly and uniformly with velocity u< . At the
initial moment vu and the points are separated by a distance l. How soon will the points
converge?
A
B
C
Q52. A train of length l = 350 m starts moving rectilinearly with constant acceleration w =
3.0x10
-2
m/s
2
; t = 30 sec after the start the locomotive headlight is switched on (event 1),
and T=60 sec after the event the tail signal is switched on (event 2). Find the distance
between these events in the reference frame fixed to the train and to the earth. How and at
what constant velocity V, relative to the earth the frame K should move for the two events to
occur at the same point.
Q53. A particle moving with uniform retardation is found to cover three successive equal
distances. The average velocities during the first and third parts of the journey are 20 m/s and
12 m/s respectively. Determine its average velocity in the middle part of the journey.
Q54. A train passes a station A at 40 km/h and maintains this speed for 7 km and is then
uniformly retarded; stopping at B which is 8.5 km from A. A second train starts from A at the
instant the first train passes and being accelerated for the part of journey and uniformly
retarded for the rest, stops at B the same time as the first train. What is the greatest speed of
the second train?
Q55. A bus is beginning to move with an acceleration of 0.5 m/s
2
. A man standing 20 meters
behind the bus runs at a constant speed of 4.5 m/s.
(a) Find the time in which man will overtake the bus running at a constant speed of 4.5 m/s.
(b) Find out whether he will be able to catch the bus if he is 20.25 meters behind,.
Q56. Two trains A and B leave the same station on parallel lines. A starts with uniform
acceleration of 1/6 m/s
2
and attain a speed of 24 km per hour when steam is reduced to keep
the speed constant. B leaves 40 seconds after with uniform acceleration of 1/3 m/s
2
to attain
a maximum speed of 48 km/hr. When will B overtake A?
Q57. A particle moving in a straight, line with uniform retardation leaves point O at a time
t=0 and comes to an instantaneous rest at D. On its way to the point D the particle passes
point A, B and C at time t=T, 2T and 4T respectively after leaving O. Given that AB = BC
=L, find (i) the length CD and (ii) the length OA.
Q58. A particle is moving in a straight line and is observed to be at a distance a from a
marked point initially to be at a distance b after an interval of n seconds, to be at a distance
c after 2n seconds and to be at a distance d after 3n seconds. If the acceleration is uniform,
then find the acceleration of the particle.
Q59. State whether the following assertion is right or wong. If a body moving with uniform
acceleration in a straight line describes successive equal distances in time intervals t
1
, t
2
, t
3
;
then 1/t
1
-1/t
2
+1/t
3
= 3/(t
1
+t
2
+t
3
)
Q60.A railway train goes from one station to another moving during the first part of the
journey with uniform acceleration f, when the steam is shut off and breaks are applied it
moves with uniform retardation g. If a be the distance between the stations, then find out
the time that the train takes in moving one station to another.
Q61. A particle starts from rest with acceleration f, at the end of time t; it becomes 2f, at the
end of 2t; it becomes 3f at the end of time 3t and so on. Find the velocity and distance
described at the end of time nt.
Q62. Two cars start off to race with velocities u and v and travel in a straight line with
uniform acceleration p and q respectively. If the race ends in a dead heat, find out the length
of the course.
Q63. For 1/m of the distance between two stations, a train is uniformly accelerated and for
1/n of the distance it is uniformly retarded. It start from rest at one station and comes to rest
at other station. Find out the ratio of its greatest velocity to its average velocity.
Q64. A driver has a definite reaction time and is capable of stopping his car over a
distance of 30 m on seeing a red traffic signal ,when the speed of the car is 72 km/h and
over a distance of 10m , when the speed is 36 km/h. Find the distance over which he can
stop the car if it were running at a speed of 54 km/h. Assume that his reaction time and
its deceleration of the car remains same in all three cases .
Q65. A ,B, C and D are points in a vertical line such that AB=BC=CD. If a body falls from
rest at A, find out the ratio of times taken for distances AB, BC and CD.
Q66. From an elevated point A, a stone is projected vertically upwards. When the stone
reaches a distance h below A, its velocity is double of what is at a height h above A. Find out
the greatest height attained by the stone above A.
Q67. A particle is dropped from the top of a tower h meter high and at the same moment
another particle is projected upward from the bottom. They meet when the upper one has
descended a distance h/n. Find out the ratio of the velocities of the two when they meet and
the initial velocity of the particle projected.
Q68. Two steel balls fall freely on an elastic slab. The first ball is dropped from a height
h
1
=44 cm and the second from the height h
2
=11cm, s after the first ball. After the
passage of the time t, the velocities of the balls coincide in magnitude and direction.
Determine the time and the time interval during which the velocities of the two balls will
be equal, assuming that the balls do not collide.
Q69. A radius vector of a particle varies with time t as r = a t(1- t), where a is a constant
vector and is a positive factor. Find:
(a) The velocity v and the acceleration w of the particle as functions of time.
(b) The time interval t taken by the particle to return to the initial points, and the distance s
covered during that time.
Q70. A lift performs the first part of its ascent with uniform acceleration f and the remainder
with uniform retardation 2f. If t is the time of ascent, find the depth of the shaft.
Q71. A particle moves in a straight line with the
velocity shown in the figure. Knowing that x=-
16 m at t=0, draw the accelerationtime and
displacement-time curves for 0<t<30 s and
determine the maximum value of the position
coordinate of the particle.
Q72. How long will a plane take to fly around a square with side a, when the wind is blowing
at a speed u parallel to the diagonal of the square? The velocity of plane in still air is v>u.
t ( s )
3 0
2 4 1 8 1 0
2
- 6
m / s
V
Q73. A man rows directly across a flowing river in time t
1
and rows an equal distance down
the stream in time t
2
. If u be the speed of man in still water and v that of the stream then find
out t
1
/t
2
.
Q74. Two particles. 1 and 2, move with constant velocities v
1
and v
2
along two mutually
perpendicular straight lines towards the intersection point O. At the moment t=0, the particle
were located at the distance l
1
and l
2
from the point O. How soon will the distance between
the particles become the smallest? What is it equal to?
Q75. A solid ball of density half that of water falls freely under gravity from a height of 19.6
m and then enters water. Up to what depth will the ball go? How much time will it take to
come again to the water surface? Neglect air resistance and viscosity effects in water. (g=9.8
m/s
2
)
Q76. A ball of density d is dropped onto a horizontal solid surface. It bounces elastically
from the surface and returns to its original position in time t
1
. Next, the ball is released and it
falls through the same height before striking the surface of a liquid of density d
L,
. (a) If
d<d
L,
obtain an expression (in terms of d. t
1
and d
L
) for the time t
2
the ball takes to come
back to the position from which it was released (b) Is the motion of the ball simple
harmonic? (c) If d=d
L
how does the speed of the ball depend on its depth inside the liquid ?
Neglect all frictional and other dissipative forces. Assume the depth of the liquid to be large.
(g=10 m/s
2
)
Q77. A motorboat going downstream overcame a raft at a point A; t = 60 min later it turned
back and after some time passed the raft at a distance l =6.0 km from the point A. Find the
flow velocity assuming the duty of the engine to be constant.
Q78. Two particles, 1 and 2, moves with constant velocities v
1
and v
2
. At the initial moment
their radius vectors are equal to r
1
and r
2 ,
how must these four vectors be interrelated for the
particles to collide?
Q79. Two particles move in a uniform gravitational field with an acceleration g. At the initial
moment the particles were located at one point and moved with velocities
1
= 3.0 m/s and

2
= 4.0 m/s horizontally in opposite directions. Find the distance between the particle at
the moment when their velocity vectors become mutually perpendicular.
Q80. A helicopter takes off along the vertical with an acceleration a=3 m/s
2
and zero initial
velocity at a certain time t
1
, the pilot switches off the engine. At the point of take-off, the
sound dies away at a time t
2
=30s.
Determine the velocity v of the helicopter at the moment when its engine is switched off.
Assuming that the velocity c of sound is 320 m/s. (Time is measured from the instant of take
off).
Q81. A motorboat travels the distance between two spots on a river in 8 hours and 12 hours
down stream and upstream respectively. Calculate the time required by the boat to cover this
distance in still water.
Q82. A person sitting on the top of a tall building is dropping balls at regular intervals of one
second. Find the positions of the 3
rd
, 4
th
and 5
th
ball when the 6
th
ball is being dropped.
Q83. A point mass starts moving in a straight line with a constant acceleration a. At a time t
1
after the bigining of motion, the acceleration change sign, remaining the same in magnitude.
Determine the time t from the beginning of motion in which the point mass returns to the
initial position.
Q84. A pilot is taking his plane towards north with a velocity of 100 km/h. At that place the
wind is blowing with a speed of 60 km/h from east to west. Calculate the resultant velocity of
the plane. How far the plane will be after 20 min. from the starting point?
Q85. The velocity of a particle moving in the positive direction of the x axis varies as
v= x , where is a positive constant. Assuming that at the moment t=0, the particle was
located at the point x=0, find mean velocity of the particle averaged over the time that the
particle takes to cover the first s meter of the path.
Q86. An elevator car whose floor to ceiling distance is equal to 2.7 m starts ascending with
constant acceleration 1.2 m/s
2
; 2.0 s after the start a bolt begins falling from the ceiling of the
car. Find:
(a) The bolts free fall time;
(b) The displacement and the distance covered by the bolt during the free fall in the reference
frame fixed to the elevator shaft.
Q87. A truck starts from rest with an acceleration of 1.5 metre/sec
2
while a car 150 metre
behind starts from rest with an acceleration of 2 metre/sec
2
. How long will it take before
both the truck and car side by side, and how much distance is traveled by each?
Q88. A point traversed half the distance with a velocity v
0
. The remaining part of the
distance was covered with velocity v
1
for half the time, and with velocity v
2
for the other
half of the time. Find out mean velocity of the point averaged over the whole time of motion.
Q89. The graph of x versus t as shown in
the fig for a particle in straight-line
motion. State for each interval whether
the velocity v(

x) is +, -, or 0, and
whether the acceleration a(x) is +, -, or 0.
The intervals are OA, AB, BC, and CD. From the curve is there any interval over which the
acceleration is obviously not constant?
Q90. A ball is dropped from a height of 19.6 m above the ground. It rebounds from the
ground and raises itself up to the same height. Take the starting point as the origin and
vertically downward as the positive x-axis. Draw approximate plots of x versus t, v versus t
and a versus t. Neglect the small interval during which the ball was in contact with the
ground.
Q91. A tennis ball is dropped onto the floor from height of 4.0 ft. It rebounds to a height of
3.0 ft. If the ball was in contact with the floor for 0.010 s, what was its average acceleration
during contact?
A
B
C
D
t
x
O
t
x
O t
( a ) ( b )
A B
C
D
Q92. Distance between two points A and B is 33 m. A particle P starts from B with a
velocity of 1 m/s along AB with an acceleration of 2 m/s
2
. Simultaneously another particle Q
starts from A with a velocity of 9 m/s in the direction AB and has an acceleration 1 m/s
2
in
the direction AB. Find whether Q will be able to catch P.
Q93. Two cars A and B having velocities of 72 km/h and 18 km/h running in the same
direction. The car B being ahead of the A. The distance between the cars is 150 m. If the car
now starts retarding at a uniform rate of 1 m/s
2
while the car B moves along at a uniform
velocity. Will the car A over take the car B?
Q94. A point moving with constant acceleration from A to B in the straight line AB has
velocities u and v at A and B respectively. Find its velocity at C, the mid-point of AB and the
ratio of v and u when time from A to C is twice of C to B.
Q95 A car starts moving rectilinearly a=5.0 m/s
2
(the initial velocity is equal to zero), then
uniformly, and finally decelerating at the same rate a, comes to a stop. The total time of
motion equals T=25 s. The average velocity during that time is equal to v = 72 km per hour.
How long does the car move uniformly?
Q96.From the velocitytime graph of a particle given
in figure, describe the motion of the particle
qualitatively in the interval 0 to 4 s. Find
(a) The distance traveled during first two seconds, 2 s
to 4 s, and 0 to 4 s,
(b) displacement during 0 to 4s,
(c) acceleration at t=1/2 s and at t=2 s.
Q97. A particle beginning from rest, travels a distance s with uniform acceleration and
immediately after travels a distance of 3 s with uniform speed followed by a distance 5 s with
Q . N o E x . 5 ( 1 3 )
o
1 0
V ( m / s )
Q . N o E x . ( 1 3 )
1
2 3 4 5 6
F
t ( s )
- 1 0
E A
C
B D
uniform decleration and comes to rest. Find the ratio of average speed to the maximum speed
of the particle.
Q98. When a particle is projected up ward with speed u from the top of a tower, it reaches
the ground in time t
1
. When it is projected downward with the same speed, it reaches the
ground in time t
2
.
How long does it take to reach the ground if it is just dropped.
Q99. From the foot of a lower 90 m high a stone is thrown up so as to reach the top of the
tower. Two second later another stone is dropped from the top of the tower. When and where
two stones meet.
Q100. A rocket is fired vertically up from the ground with a resultant vertical acceleration of
10 m/s
2
. The fuel is finished in 1 minute and it continues to move up.
(a) The maximum height reached
(b) After how much time from the instant of finishing fuel, the maximum height be reached
(take g=10 m/s
2
)
Q101. A car, starting from rest, starts moving with an acceleration a= t. At the same instant
a truck passes that point with a velocity 4 m/s. in the same direction. After how much
distance, the car overtakes the truck?
Q102. An engine driver of a passenger train traveling at 40 m/s sees a goods train, whose
last compartment is 250 m ahead on the same track. The goods train is traveling in the same
direction as the passenger train, with a contant speed of 20 m/s. The passenger train driver
has reaction time of 0.5 sec. He applies the brakes which causes the train to declerate at the
rate of 1 m/sec
2
, while the goods train continues with its constant speed. Can the driver avoid
a crash?
Q103. Two boats A and B move away from a buoy anchored at the middle of a river along
mutually perpendicular straight line. The boat A moves along the stream and the boat B
across the river and after moving off an equal distance of 500 meter from the buoy both the
boats returned to their original position. Find out the ratio of the time taken by boat A to boat
B if the velocity of each boat with respect to water is 20 m/s and the stream velocity is 10
m/s.
Q104. A motorboat , with its engine on a running and blown over by a horizontal wind is
observed to travel at 20 km/hr in a direction 53
0
east of North. The velocity of the boat with
its engine in still water and blown over by the horizontal winds is 4 km/hr East ward and the
running river, in the absence of wind is 8 km/hr due south. Find out the velocity of the boat
in magnitude and direction over still water in the absence of wind.
Q105 A ship moves along the equator to the east with velocity 30 km/hr. Wind blows from
south-eastern direction at an angle 60
0
to the equator with velocity 15 km/hour. Find out the
wind velocity relative to the ship and angle between the equator and the wind direction as
observed by a person in the ship.
Q106. The position of a particle moving along the x-axis depend on the time according to the
equation x=at
2
-bt
3
. where x is in feet and t in second. For the following, let the numerical
values of a and b be 3.0 and 1.0, respectively. (a) At what time does the particle reach its
maximum positive x position? (b) What total length of path does the particle cover in the first
4.0s? (c) What is its displacement during the first 4.0s? (d) What is the particles acceleration
at the end of each of the first four second?
Q107. Two trains of Length 180 m are moving on parallel tracks. If they move in the same
direction then they cross each other in 15 s, and if they move in opposite direction then they
cross in 7 s, then calculate their velocities.
Q108. A person walks up a stalled escalator in 90 s. When standing on the same escalator,
now moving, he is carried up in 60 s. How much time would it take him to walk up the
moving escalator?
Q109. Two bodies move in a straight line towards each other at initial velocities v
1
and v
2
and with constant accelerations a
1
and a
2
directed against the corresponding velocities at the
initial instant. What must be the maximum initial separation l
max
between the bodies for
which they meet during the motion?
Hints and Solutions
Single Choice Type Objective Question
Ans1: Since the acceleration vector has two components, one in opposite direction to the
velocity vector and one perpendicular to the velocity vector. The vector perpendicular to
velocity vector causes only change in direction while the vector component in the direction
opposite to the velocity vector causes the deceleration motion.
Ans2: Force component in x-direction F
x
=Ma
x
=Md
2
x/dt
2
=6 N,
Force component in y-direction F
y
=Ma
x
=Md
2
y/dt
2
=12t ,
Hence F=F
x
2
+ F
y
2
= 62N
tan = F
y
/F
x
=1 so acts in a direction 45
0
with the x-axis
Ans3: Acceleration a=d
2
x/dt
2
=6 t+2 which is at t=0 as a=2
Velocity v=dx/dt=3 t
2
+2 t + which is at t=0 as v=
So a/v=2 /
Ans4: The motion in fig (B) has two values of velocity at a particular instant, which is not
possible in motion in one dimension.
Ans5: The angular velocity of second hand of watch= 2 /60
Velocity of tip= r
Magnitude of change in velocity vector = 2v = 2(2 /60) cm/s = 2/30
Ans6: The particle moving in a circle has acceleration vector constant in magnitude with the
direction radially inwards. The motion in a parabolic path has both magnitude and direction
of acceleration vector constant.
Ans7: x=(h-1/2 g t
2
)-(v t 1/2 g t
2
)=h-vt
Ans8: For a constant acceleration the second derivative of displacement with time should be
a constant.
Ans9: a= d
2
x/dt
2
i

+ d
2
y/dt
2
j

( d
2
x/dt
2
)
2
+ (d
2
y/dt
2
)
2
Ans10: a= d
2
x/dt
2
= 2a
2
Ans11: In a parabolic motion the acceleration vector is constant in magnitude and direction
and directed along one of the axes and defined by equations x=k
1
t and y=k
2
t
2
Ans12:In a one-dimensional uniform motion the speed is constant in magnitude. The fig (D)
has speed =dx/dt is constant.
Ans13: The mirror image of the object forms at a far distance away from the mirror which is
equal to the distance of the object from the mirror.
Ans14: The velocities of the two objects are constant so the relative velocity of the one object
with respect to the other is also constant.
Ans15: Since the particle moves with a constant velocity than displacement time graph will
be as per fig (A) showing the displacement varying linearly with time to a maximum value of
a at a time a/v then it decreases linearly to value zero at time 2a/v and so on.
Ans16: After t = 8s, +ve area = -ve area so total change in velocity is zero therefore particle will attain
initial velocity at t=0.
Ans17: The rate of change of displacement with time that is velocity is decreasing means
there is retardation of motion and finally the velocity is zero.
Ans18: (A) sails 45
0
south-west;
Ans19:Sm = (u+v)t; t= 4x10
-4
sec
Ans20:(A)
Ans21: d=Area under curve=6 m; (D)
Ans22:(D)
Ans23:(B)
Ans24:(B)
Ans25:(D)
Ans26:(A)
Ans27:(A)
Ans28:(A)
Ans29: (D) In the first part the distance decreases linearly and in the second part when first
particle is at rest the distance decreases parabolically finally to zero when second collides.
Ans30 (A)
Ans31: dv/dt=1.5t-0.15t
2
dv/dt=0 at t=10 sec
v=1.5t
2
/2-0.15t
3
/3; v
max
=25 m/s
Ans32: -65=12 t-5 t
2
; t=5 sec
Ans33: u
2
= 2x9.8x100= 1410 m/s; a = 490 m/s
2
; t = 0.09 s
Ans34: (v+15/2)6=60 v=5 m/s ; a=5/3 m/s
2
; t=3s ; S=7.5 m
Ans35: v=an; Sn = n(0+v)/2=an
2
/2; S
n-2
= a(n-2)
2
/2; S
l2
= 2v/n(n-1)
Ans36: v=300 m/s ,t=30 sec and T=60 sec
Ans37: t=3 sec and S
3
=30-1/2x10x5=5 m
Ans38: (D)
Ans39: (C)
Ans40:(A)
Ans41: (5+v)t
1
/2=PQ; (25+v)t
2
/2=QR; 15(t
1
+t
2
)=3PQ; t
1
/t
2
=1:1
Ans42: The train will take minimum time when it travels distance of S/2 at maximum
velocity at acceleration
S/2 = 1/2at
2
; t = S/a; T
min
= 2S/a
Ans43: v
1
=v
0
+at
1
/2; v
2
=v
0
+a(t
1
+t
2
/2); v
3
=v
0
+a(t
1
+t
2
+t
3
/2); v
2
-v
1
/v
3
-v
2
=( t
1
+t
2
)/(t
2
+t
3
)
Ans44: (U+u)t 1/2gt
2
= u.t+1/2at
2
; a = (2U/t g)
Ans45: V = 20m/s; Vr = 3/4x20 = 15m/s; 0 = 15-10t; t = 1.5s; Time interval = 2t = 3s
Ans46: S = -4.9x2+1/2x9.8x = 9.8m; v = -4.9+9.8x2 = 14.7 m/s
Ans47: S=1/2(4.9)2
2
+(0+9.8)/2=9.8 m
Ans48: t
1
=t
2
=2s/g
Ans49:(B)
Ans50: (v
1
+v
2
)3 = L; (v
1
+1.5v
2
)2.5 = L; v
1
= 3/2 v
2;
(v
1
-v
2
)t = 3(v
1
+v
2
); t = 15 sec
Ans51: (C)
Ans52: Distance travelled in the nth second of motion Sn=u +a/2(2n-1); 30=u+7a/2;
-70=u+17 a/2 ;
u=100 m/s and a= -20 m/s
2
; and at t=10 sec S
10
=0
Ans53: (C)
Ans54:(B)
Ans55: (A)
Ans56: sin30/(2u/3t) = sin /ut; sin =; = sin
-1
(3/4)
Ans57: (C)
Ans58: sin = 5/v; v = 5/sin
Ans59: v = kr
2
; v
1
:v
2
= 1:4
Ans60:(D)
Ans61: t
1
/t
2
= s
1
/s
2
= 1/2
Ans62: F = p/ t = 0.01x2x5/0.01= 10 N;
Ans63: (D)
Ans64: (C) x = kt
2
; v = dx/dt = 2kt; a=dv/dt = 2k
Ans65: (C)
Ans66:(B) t
1
= v/g
1,
; t
2
= 2v/g
2
; g
1
t
1
= g
2
t
2

Ans67: t = 24/(5x0.6) = 8min
Ans68: v
0
= 20 m/s at H=25; u
2
=900; u = 30 m/s
Ans69: (D);
Ans70: (B) S = 4 m
Ans71: t = 30/v; v = vcos; t = 2min
Ans72: (D) 60 m/min
Ans73: speed v/s time graph (C)
Ans74: vt 1/2(at
2
)

= 125; t=5 s
Ans75: (A)
Ans76: Displacement component in x dir = 2sin 45 2cos 45
0
=0; Displacement component
in y dir = 4 2cos 45
0
2sin 45= 4-2/2; Net displacement=4-2/2; Total distance
covered=8 m
Ans77: R = 2L/ ; Displacement = 2R = 22L/ ; Ratio = L/Displacement = /22
Ans78: (A) Distance always increases with time (C) Time doesnt decrease
Ans79: Time = 4 x 8 + 5=37 sec
Ans80: (A) True: Nothing is in absolute rest because there is no object in the universe, which
is at rest and nothing is in absolute motion since there is no frame which is at absolute rest
and w.r.t that the body can have absolute motion
(B) False (C) True (C) True
Ans 81: No, since the speed of the object cant be negative.
Ans82: (A) in a circular motion with constant speed.
Ans83: v=v
x
2
+ v
y
2
=4a
2
t
2
+b
2
(B)
Ans84: V
A
:V
B
=tan 30/tan 60=1:3
Ans85: S=Area under curve=55 m
Ans86: V
av
=2s/(s/40+s/60)=48 Km/hr
Ans87: Average velocity=Displacement/time=10/(30/3)=1m/s
Ans88: x = (t-3)
2
; dx/dt = 2(t-3) = 0; When t=3, x = 0
Ans89: Average speed= Distance traveled/time
Since dx/dt=8-6t and in the interval t=0 to t=1, dx/dt>0
Distance traveled=5 m and Average speed=5 m/s
Ans90: v=dx/dt=k.exp(-bt)
Ans91: Instantaneous acceleration =dv/dt=d
2
x/dt
2
=2 a
2
Ans92: v=202 m/s South East.
Ans93: (D)
Ans94: (a) A lives closer to the school than B since position of B on the curve is far than of
A .
(b) A starts earlier than B as evident from there initial positions x=0.
(c) B walks faster than A since slope of curve (dx/dt) is greater for B.
(d) A and B reach home at the same time.
Ans95: (D)
Ans96: 100=20 t+20
2
/8; t=2.5 sec
Ans97: (C)
Ans98: s
n
= u+(1/2)(a) (2n-1); a = 2
Ans99: (v
1
+v
2
)t/2=4.50; v
1
+v
2
=19.6 m/s; v
2
2
-v
1
2
=98; v
1
=7.3 m/s; s
0
=v
1
2
/2g=2.75 m
Ans100: s
n
=a/2(2n-1); H/g =2n1; H=1/2gn
2
; n=(2 t 2)=3.41s; H=57 m
Ans101: s
n
=a/2(2n-1); 24.5=9.8/2(2n-1); n=3; s=1/2 gn= 44.1m
Ans102: ut-1/2gt
2
+1/2g(t-2)
2
=90; 2gH t-1/2gt
2
+1/2g(t-2)
2
=90; t=3.12s; s=83.69m
Ans103: 98t-1/2gt
2
=98(t-4)-1/2g(t-4)
2
; t = 12s
Multiple Choice Type Objective Questions
Ans1: (A)
Ans2: T= t
1
(2+2)
Ans3: T=L/(L/60+L/90)=36 sec
Ans4: Comments: ( A) at t = 0, x = -1 m (D) The particle starts its motion at t=0 s; (B), (C)
Ans5: (A), (D)
Ans6:( B), (C), (D) Comments: (A) The acceleration at t=0 may or may not be zero.
Ans7: t
1
=2t/3; d =a (t
1
2
/2)t
1
+(at
1
2
/2)t
1
/2=at
2
/3
Ans8: (C), (D)
Ans9: a
m
=(12-2)/10=1 m/s
2
Ans10: (B)
Ans11: (A),(B),(C), (D) v = -u+gt
1
, v = u+gt
2
, t = 2u/g-t
l
= 2s
Ans12: (A), (B), (D)
Ans13:(A), (C) a = - v; v = v
0
e
-

t

; S

= v
0
/
Ans14: ax+b = be
at
; x = b/a{e
at
-1}; accel=dv/dt = b {e
at
}(A),(B)
Ans15: v= -cos t-(t+1)
-1
+C
1
, S=-sint-ln(t+1)+C
1
t+C
2
; C
1
=2 and C
2
=0 and so S( )=2 -log
( +1)
Ans16: v
2
= 108 9x
2
; a=dv/dt = -9x; At maximum distance v = 0; x = 12; (B),(C)
Ans17: (A),(B),(C)
Ans 18: (A), (C)
Ans19: x
2
/a
2
+y
2
/b
2
= 1; x= a cos pt; dx/dt = - ap sinpt, d
2
x/dt
2
= -ap
2
cospt; y=b sin pt, dy/dt =
bp cos pt,
d
2
y/dt
2
= bp
2
sin pt; At t = /2p , v = -api^ , a= -b p
2
j^
Ans20: (A), (B), (C), (D)
Ans21: average speed=Distance moved/Elapsed time or average speed=2l/(l/v
1
+ l/v
2
)=2v
1
v
2
/
(v
1
+v
2
)
Descriptive Type Questions
Ans1: since a = kv; v = e
kt
; x=1/k (e
kt
-1)
Ans2: No, As per the definition of average velocity <v> is given by the latter equation (r
f
- r
i
)/
(t
2
-t
1
)
Ans3: d( v( /dt means rate of change of magnitude of velocity vector irrespective of change
of direction while dv/dt( means magnitude of rate of change of velocity vector or
acceleration vector and therefore are different quantities.
(i) When a particle describe circular motion d( v( /dt= 0, since magnitude of velocity vector
is constant while( dv/dt( 0 that is acceleration is non zero because of change in direction.
(ii) This case is not possible since change in magnitude of velocity vector imparts nonzero
acceleration, which suggests ( dv/dt( 0.
Ans4: Yes, movement in a circular path at constant speed still generates acceleration because
of change in
direction. It is possible to round a curve with constant and variable acceleration.
Ans5: V
B
=tan 60
0
=3; V
A
=tan30=1/3; Hence car B moves faster than A and will meet
when (3-1/3)t=1.0; t= 3/2s
Ans6: Since S={(u+v)/2}tt=2S/(u+v)=60s and acceleration=(v-u)/t=2/9 m/s
2
Ans7: v=5 m/s , a= -2 m/s
2
, t=3s; u=v+at=11 m/s
2
; S=={(u+v)/2}t =24 m
Ans8: (a) t
1
= l/u+v; t
2
= l-2v
l
/u+v/(u+v) = lu/(u+v)
2
; t
1
+t
2
+t
3
+t

= l/u+v + lu/
(u+v)
2
+-; or = l/u+v [1+u/u+v)+ ] = (l/2u) =l/v=1 hour
(b) Distance traveled by the time =60 miles
Ans9: Since a=kt; v=kt
2
/2+c
1
; v=kt
2
/2; v
n
=kn
2
/2; x=kt
3
/6+c
2
; x=kt
3
/6
Ans10: a=9x; v dv/dx=9x; v dv=9x dx; v
2
/2=9/2x
2
+c
1
; at t=0,x=1,v=3m/s; or v
2
=9x
2
;
dx/dt=3x; x=e
3t
Ans11: (i) 0 t 10; x = at
2
; x
10
= 210 m; v
10
= 50 m/s; x
20
= x
10
+ v
10
t = 750 m
x
30
= x
20
+ v
10
t a t
2
= 1000 m
Ans12: v
2
= u
2
+ 2as; Assumption made is that initial velocity of the arrow is zero; a = 10
4
m/s
2
Ans13: V
x
= 2-3cos60= 0.5i^; V
y
= 3 sin60= 33/2j^;
Time to cross = Width of river (W)/Vertical component of velocity(V
y
)=1/33 hour;
Direction of resultant velocity with vertical tan = V
x
/V
y
=1/33;
Distance from opposite bank (x
0
)= V
x
t= 500/33m
Ans14: No, However if displacement and distance covered by any object under observation
are same in
magnitude that is to say motion in a straight line than the average velocity and average speed
will be the same.
Ans15: (i) Time of motion=5/2=2.5 s (ii) Distance traveled in the 2
nd
second=u+1/2(2n-1)a=2
m
S
2.5
=6.25 m , S
2
=6 m , S
3
=6 m
Distance traveled in the third second=(S
2.5
-S
2
)+(S
2.5
-S
3
)=0.5 m
Ans16: t
a
=2h/(g+r) and t
d
=2h/(g-r) hence time of ascent is lesser than the time of descent.
Ans17: True
Ans18: Distance moved by the first ball in 3 sec (s
1
)=1/2x10x3
2
=45m; Distance moved by the
second ball in 2 sec (s
2
)=1/2x10x2
2
=20 m;
Separation of two balls s=25 m
Ans19: Instantaneous speed v=(ds/dt)=6t; At t=1 sec, v=6 m/s; At t=5 sec, v=30 m/s
Average speed=Distance traveled/time=72/4=18 m/s
Ans20: l
2
=x
2
+y
2
or x dx/dt= -y dy/dt or dx/dt= K l
2
/x
2
-1.
Ans21: Length of skid marks = 19.2 ft; V
2
= u
2
-2as; 0 = u
2
2x32x19.2 or u = 35.05 ft/s =
23.96 mile/h < 30 mile/h
Ans22: 50 = - 5.0t + 1/2x10t
2
; t = -1t 41/2; h = 63.50 m
Ans23: At t = 4.0s; v
x
= u
0
+ a cos t=12.79 m/s; v
y
= 3.61 m/s; v = 13 .28 m/s; x
t
= u
x
t+1/2
a t
2
= 41 .58m;
y
t
= 7.22m; r = 42.20 m , = tan
-1
7.22/4.58 = 9.85
Ans24: Displacement of train in a whole time 110 min D= 40 i^ + 14.14 i^ + 14.14 j^-50 i^ =
4.14 i^+ 14.14 j^
D = 4.14
2
+ 14.14
2
= 14.73 mile; Average velocity = 0.13 mile/minute= 8.03 mile/h
At angle tan
-1
(4.14/14.14) = 16.31
0
East of north
(B) (a) mean speed = r/t = 50.24 cm/s (b) Average velocity = 2R/t
Hence the driver was not speeding.
Ans25: t
2
=(t
1
+ t
3
); (20+v) t
1
/2 = 200; v t
2
=400; (v+20) t
3
/2 = 600; Total time of motion=120
sec
Ans26: Time of motion = 2s; x = 1/2at
2
= 1/2x1x2
2
= 2.0 m
Ans27: Distance from traffic light; X = L [ut at
2
]= 40 m
Ans28: dx/dt=K/x ; K=0.04
x
2
=0.04 t+1.0;
so for x=2 m, t
2
=75 sec
Ans29: Let u be the initial velocity of the particle and A be the acceleration of motion
a=ut
1
+1/2At
1
2
; a+b=u(t
1
+t
2
)+1/2A(t
1
+t
2
)
2
;
(A) = 2(bt
1
-at
2
)/t
1
t
2
(t
1
+t
2
) if a=b then A=2b(t
1
-t
2
)/t
1
t
2
(t
1
+t
2
)
Ans30: (a) parabola (b) vertical straight line (c) parabola
Ans31: V
t1
=v
1
i^+gt j^ and V
t2
= -v
2
i^+gt j^
The velocities will be perpendicular to each other when V
t1.
V
t2
=0
Time (t)= v
1
v
2
/g, Distance= (v
1
+v
2
) .t=(v
1
+v
2
) v
1
v
2
/g
Ans32: Horizontal velocity component of flow at distance x from bank V
x
=2 v
0
x/c;
Drift=2
0

T/2
2 v
0
x/c dt
where T=time of reach up to the other bank= 2c/u and x=ut
=v
0
c/2u
Ans33: For the condition to satisfy the maximum velocity should be achieved at the middle
of its path and therefore V
m
2
=2a L/2=La; or V
m
= La
Ans34: V= t
1
= t
3
so t
1
=V/ and t
3
=V/ ; also (V/2)(V/ )+V t
2
+(V/2)(V/ )= l; t
2
=l/V-
V/2(1/ +1/ )
Total time of motion= V/2(1/ +1/ )+l/V
Ans35: Let the distance of approach be x then x+1/2 (3/2)t
2
=60 t; 3t
2
-240 t+4x=0 for t to be
real x=1200 m
Ans36: For relative velocity of two particles to lie along AB the relative velocity component
perpendicular to AB should be zero and so 2v sin{ /2-( + )}=v sin( /2- ) or 2 cos
( + )}=v cos
Also sin /r=sin( + )/2r or sin( + )=2 sin ; cot =2
Ans37: Let the person travel with velocity u at a direction East of North and wind is
blowing with velocity v at angle
East of south then as per condition u sin =v sin and cot =(2 u cos +v cos )/(2
u sin -v sin )=2
Then = /2 and u= v ; Drift=2 2 v
0
x/c dt=4 v
0
/u c xdx=v
0
c/2u
Ans38: Let V
A
, V
B
be the velocities of blocks A and B relative to the earth frame. Hence
2(V
A
-V
B
)=V
B
3 V
B
=2V
A
, after 3sec, V
B
=4a , V
A
=6a therefore acceleration of block
B(a)=0.03 m/s
2
and acceleration of block a=0.045 m/s
2
Ans39: For the condition to achieve the motorist will travel a distance of 800 m with the
decelearation a in the time interval of 15 sec and for that eq 800=(365/6)15-1/2 a(15
2
) yields
a=1 m/s
2
and speed of car as it passes the light=1021 m/s
Ans40: (a) Velocity of train relative to the automobile V
rel
=V
A
-V
B
Vrel|=V
A
2
+V
B
2
+2 V
A
V
B
cos = 120
2
+96
2
+2x120x96 cos 60
0
=187.5 km/h
(b) Change in position of the train relative to the automobile during four-second
interval=Vrel T=208 m
Ans41: Total time of motion (t ) = (AD x)/v + l
2
+x
2
/nv;
Where x is the distance of the point of diversion from D.
For t to be minimum dt/dx = - 1/v+ 1/2nvl
2
+x
2
. 2x = 0;
So x = ln /n
2
-1
Ans42: 0< t < 1; a
n
= 1m/s
2
; S
1
= a
n
t
2
= 0.5 m;
1<t<3; a
n
= 0;
Displacement in the time interval (s
2
) = vt = 2m;
Total distance traveled at the last moment x
3
= 0.5+2 = 2.5m;
3<t<6; a
n
= - 1 m/s
2
;
Displacement in the time interval (s
6
)

= 1x3 1/2x1x3
2
= - 1.50 m;
Total distance traveled at the last moment x
6
= 2.50+1.50 = 3.5 m;
6< t <7; a
n
= + 2.0 m/s
2
;
Displacement in the time interval=-2x1+1/2x2x1= -1 m
Total distance traveled at the last moment = 4.5 m
Ans43: Let be the direction of boat in the river frame and be the direction of boat in the
earth frame.
Horizontal component of boat velocity w,r,t earth frame Vx=u+v cos
and Vertical component of boat velocity w.r.t earth frame Vy= v sin
Total distance moved by the boat L= Vx
2
+Vy
2
. (T)
Where T=B/v sin, is the width of river.
tan =v sin /(u+v cos )
L={(u+v cos )
2
+v
2
sin
2
}(B/v sin )
For minimum L , dL/d =0 ; Cos =-u/v,-v/u
If (v>u) , cos u/v and so = /2
And if v<u then =tan
-1
(v/u
2
-v
2
)
Ans44: Let v be the velocity at impact to the first screen and v is the retardation produced by the
each screen
(v- v)t
1
=a ; (v-2 v)t
2
=a ; v=2a/t
1
-a/t
2
=a(2/t
1
-1/t
2
)
Velocity at middle screen just before impact=a/t
1
Ans45:(a) Velocity of A relative to B, V
AB
==V
A
-V
B
;
V
AB
= V
A
2
+ V
B
2
+2 V
A
V
B
cos(180-30) = 45 Km/hr
(b) Tangential acceleration of A relative to B,
a
AB
= a
A
2
+ a
B
2
+2 a
A
a
B
cos(30)=2.32 m/s
2
Ans46: Let V
A
, V
B
, V
C
are velocities of blocks relative to earth frame and V
BP
, V
CP
are
velocities of blocks B, C relative to the pulley over which they hang. Then V
B
=V
BP
-V
A
,
V
C
=V
CP
+V
A
, V
A
+V
C
=0.32V
A
+V
CP
=0.3 and V
BP
-2V
A
= -0.2 ; V
A
=0.125 m/s ; V
B
=0.075 m/s
and V
C
=0.175 m/s
Ans47: s = ut gt
2
; Height above window = v
2
/2g
Where v=u-gt so Height = 1/16 ft
Ans48:a = u+a/2(2x-1); b = u+a/2 (2y-1); c = u+a/2 (2z-1); a(y-z)+b(z-x)+c(x-y) =0
Ans49: Sn = u+a/2 (2n-1); Sn+1 = u+a/2 {2(n+1)-1}= u+a/2 (2n+1); Sn+2 = u +a/2 {2(n+2)-
1}= u+a/2 (2n+3);
Sn ,Sn+1, Sn+2 are in A.P. with difference of a
Ans50: a = ( v+v cos 60
0
)dt = 3vT/2 or T=2a/3v
Ans51:

0

T
(u cos -v)dt=l; ;

0

T

v cos dt =uT ; T =lv/u
2
-v
2

Ans52: Velocity of the train at moment when event 1 occur =wt
(1) The distance between two events in the reference frame attached to train would be equal
to L
(2) The distance between the two events in the reference frame attached to earth= L wt T
-1/2 wT
2
(3) Velocity of reference frame K so the two events occur at same point V.T +w t T+1/2 w
T
2
= L
and so V =4.03 m/s
Ans53: t= t
1
+ t
2
+ t
3
= s/20+s/12+s/v;
3s/t = (v
1
+v
4
)/2;
20 = (v
1
+v
2
)/2;
12 = (v
3
+v
4
)/2;
v = (v
2
+v
3
)/2;
Also (30+12-v)= (v
1
+v
4
)/2=3s/t=3{1/( 1/20+1/12+1/v)}
2v
2
-4v-480 = 0;
On solving for v we get
v = 1+241
Ans54: t
1
= 7/40h; t = h; (0+V
m
/2) t
B1
+ (V
m
+0/2)t
B2
= S; V
m
= 68.0 km/h
Ans55: Let x be the maximum distance for the just catching by the bus then
4.5 t=x+1/2(0.50) t
2
or t
2
-18 t+4x=0
and for real value of t, x 20.25 m
At the shortest distance of meet the velocities will be equal at time t=9s and time taken by
train A to reach its maximum velocity=(20/3)(6)=40 sec
Time taken by train B to reach its maximum velocity=(40/3)(3)=40 sec
Let t be the time after 80 sec of motion since start of train A then at the point of overtaking
1200/3+20/3 t= 800/3+20/3 t t=20 sec ;Hence total time of motion =100 sec
Shortest distance=25+1/2(0.5)(9
2
)-(4.5)(9)=4.75 m
Ans56: Maximum velocity of train A=24 Km/hr=20/3 m/s
Maximum velocity of train B=48 Km/hr=40/3 m/s
Ans57: Let u be the initial velocity of point at O and a the retardation; U
A
=U-aT; U
B
= U-
2aT; Uc= U-4aT
(U
A
+ U
B
)T/2=L and (U
B
+ U
C
)T=L; a = L/3T
2
; U = 3L/2T; OA = 4L/3 and CD=L/24
Ans58: (b-a) = un+1/2a
c
n
2
; (c-a) = 2un+ 2a
c
n
2
; d-a = 3[un+3/2a
c
n
2
]; d-a = 3 (c-b); a
c
= (a+c-
2b)/n
2
Ans59: v
1
+1/2at
1
= s/t
1
; v
1
+at
1
+1/2at
2
= s/t
2
; v
1
+at
1
+at
2
+at
3
/2 = s/t
3
; s/t
1
-s/t
2
+s/t
3
=
v
1
+1/2a(t
1
+t
2
+t
3
) =3s/t
1
+t
2
+t
3
; 1/t
1
+1t
2
+1/t
3
= 3/t
1
+t
2
+t
3

Ans60: s
1
= ft
1
2
; v = ft
1
; t
2
= f/g t
1
; s
2
= vt
2
1/2gt
2
2
; a = 1/2ft
1
2
+v(f/g)t
1
1/2f
2
/g.t
1
2
; t
1
=
2ag/f(f+g); t
2
= 2af/g(f+g); t = 2a(f+g)/fg
Ans61:(a) v
1t
=ft; v
2t
=3ft; v
3t
= 6ft; v
4
t = 10ft; v
nt
=n(n+1)ft/2
(b) s
1t
= 1/2ft
2
; s
2t
= ft
2
+ft.t +1/2x2fxt
2
= 5/2ft
2
; s
3t
= 7 ft
2
; s
4t
= 15 ft
2
; s
nt
= (0+1/2 ft
2
)+
{(0+ft)t+1/2 (2ft) t
2
}+ { (ft+2ft)t+1/2 (3ft) t
2
}+
={1+3+5+..(n-1)terms} ft
2
+ {1
2
+ 2
2
+ 3
2
+n terms}=

n(n+1)(2n+1)ft
2
/12
Ans62: s = ut+1/2pt
2
; s = vt+1/2qt
2
; t = 2(u-v)/(q-p); s = 2(u-v)(uq-pv)/(q-p)
2
Ans63: a
1
/a
2
= m/n; t
1
= 2s/vm; t
2
= 2s/nv; t= s/v [1+1/m+1/n]; <v> = s/t = v/{1+1/m+1/n};
v/<v> = (1+1/m+1/n):1
Ans64: Let tr be the reaction time and a be the rate of deceleration then 30 = 20tr +200/a; 10
= 10tr +50/a
a = 10 m/s
2
; tr = 0.58; s = 18.75 m
Ans65: AB = BC=CD; T
AB
= 2s/g; T
AC
= 4gs; T
BC
= (4-2) s/g; T
AD
= 6s/g; T
CD
=(6-
4) s/g
T
AB
: T
BC
: T
CD
:: 1: (2
1/2
-1) : (3
1/2
- 2 )
Ans66: Vau = u
2
-2gh; Vad = u
2
+2gh; Vad = 2Vau; u = 10/3 gh; h
m
= u
2
/2g = 5/3 h
Ans67: h/n = 1/2gt
2
; t = 2h/ng; h(1-1/n) = u2h/ng g. (2h/ng); u = ngh/2; v
2
=u
2

2gh(1-1/n) = 2gh/n (n-2)/2; v

1
= 2gh/n; v
2
/v
1
= (n-2)/2
Ans68: The balls coincide in magnitude and direction after a lapse of time when ball 2 is
given a delay time of =nt1, where (n=0,1,2,3) and there after time interval of t
1
/2 and will
move for an interval of t
1
/2.
Ans69: v = dr/dt= a(1 2 t ) and w = -2 a ; r =0 at t=0, t=1/ and since v <0 after
t=1/2
S=
0

1/2
v dt +
1/2

1
v dt =a/2
Ans70: Since ft=2f(t
2
) t
2
=t/2 sec; Vm=ft; Hence length of shaft=ft
2
/2+ft
2
/4=3/4ft
2
Ans71: (a) 0<t<10, acceleration a=0 and displacement s=vt; 10<t<18 , acceleration a=0.5
m/s
2
and
displacement s=20+2(t-10)+1/2(0.5)(t-10)
2
=2t+1/4(t-10)
2
(b) 18<t<24, acceleration a=-1 m/s
2
and displacement s=52+6(t-18)-1/2(1)(t-18)
2
=6t-56-
1/2(t-18)
2
and max displacement at t=24 sec when v=0 equals to 70m or x=54 m
Ans72: Let ABCD be a square of side a, the direction of wind is
along the diagonal AC and plane moves along the path ABCD then
for path AB, v
AB
=u cos 45
0
+v cos =(u+2v
2
-u
2
)/2
Time taken to fly along AB=2 a/(u+2v
2
-u
2
), similarly
Time taken to fly along BC=2 a/(u+2v
2
-u
2
)
Time taken to fly along CD=2 a/(2v
2
-u
2
-u)
Time taken to fly along DA= 2 a/(2v
2
-u
2
-u)
Total time of fly=22a2v
2
-u
2
/(v
2
-u
2
)
u
v
A B
C D

Ans73: Resultant velocity of the man in flowing water when it rows in a direction
perpendicular to flow = u
2
v
2
Time taken to row a distance L (t
1
) =L/( u
2
-v
2
) v
and t
2
= L/(u+v) then t
1
/t
2
=[(u+v)/(u-v)]
1/2

u2-v2 u
Ans74: At any instant t, S=(l
1
-v
1
t)
2
+(l
2
-v
2
t)
2
;
For S to be minimum dS/dt=0
At t=(v
1
l
1
+ v
2
l
2
)/(v
1
2
+v
2
2
) and
L
min
==(v
2
l
1
v
1
l
2
)/(v
1
2
+v
2
2
)
Ans75: Velocity at the point of contact on water u= 2gh = 19.6 m/s; upward acceleration =
( /
b
-1) g = g.
Time the ball take to stop in water T
1
= u/g
Time taken by ball to rise back to surface=2 T
1
= 4 s
Ans76: Velocity of ball at the point of contact = gt
1
/2;
Upward acceleration =(d
L
/d-1)g
Total time of motion for ball to reach at the point of release =
t
1
+ 2 x g t
1
/2(d
L
/d-1)=t
1
[d
L
/(d
L
-d)]
Ans77: let Ve be the velocity of the motorboat (m/s) relative to the flow and V
f
be the flow
velocity (m/s)
T
t
= L/V
f
= T + (V
e
+V
f
)T -L/(V
e
V
f
); V
f
= L/2T
OR (V
e
+V
f
)T=V
f
(T+t)+(V
e
-V
f
)t
Which implies that T=t
L=V
f
(T+t)=2V
f
T
V
f
=L/2T
Ans78: For collision to take place the unit vectors in the direction of vector joining initial
points and relative velocity vector should be equal
or (v
1
-v
2
)/ v
1
-v
2
= r
2
-r
1
/ r
2
-r
1

Ans79: Velocity vector of particle1 at any instant =v

1
i^-gt j^
velocity vector of particle 2 at any instant =v
2
i^-gtj^
When these two vectors are perpendicular there dot product should zero .
(v
1
i^-gtj^).(-v
2
i^-gtj^)=0
t=v
1
v
2
/g
Since particles travel same vertical distance in the same time and therefore relative
displacement is only horizontal one and distance between particles at the instant=(v
1
+v
2
)t
=(v
1
+v
2
) v
1
.v
2
/g
Ans80: Velocity of heleicpter at the instant engine is switched off v = at
1
;
Displacement of the helicopter at that instant s = 1/2at
1
2
;
Time of last sound signal reaches to the point of take off = t2= t
1
+s/c;
OR t
1
+ 1/2at
1
2
/c = t
2
;
3t
1
2
+640t
1
192000 = 0;
t
1
= 26.67 s ; v =80 m/s
Ans81: Let v and vr be the velocities of the boat and river respectively than
L/(v+vr)=8;
L/(v-vr)=12;
Time required to travel boat in still water= L/v=9.6 Hours
Ans82: Position of third ball at the end of t=6 sec x
3
= 1/2x10x3
2
= 45m;
Position of fourth ball at the end of t=6 sec x
4
= 1/2x10x2
2
= 20m;
Position of fifth ball at the end of t=6 sec x
5
= 1/2x10x1
2
= 5 m
Ans83: Velocity of the particle at the instant its acceleration changes sign v
1
= a t
1
;
Displacement at that instant S
1
= 1/2at
1
2
;
Now displacement at time t when the particle returns to its initial position from the instant
when acceleration changes sign or at time t=t
1
= -1/2at
1
2
= at
1
(t-t
1
) 1/2a(t-t
1
)
2
;
t = t
1
(2t 2); since t = (2-2) t
1
< t
1
, not possible then t = (2+2)t
1
Ans84: resultant velocity of the plane V
R
= 100
2
+60
2
= 116.61km/h;
Inclination of plane from north = tan
-1
(3/5) west of north;
Displacement at time t=20 sec, r(t) = V
R
t = 38.87 km
Ans85: dx/dt= x; 2x = t; V
av
=s/t
s
= s/2
Ans86: Velocity of elevator car at the instant bolt falls or after 2 sec of start V
0
= 2.4 m/s
upward
Acceleration of bolt with respect to elevator floor = 9.8 + 1.20 = 11.0m/s
2
downward
Time taken to travel a distance 2.7 m ;
2.7= x11xt
2
;
t = 0.70 s
(b) In the reference frame attached to the shaft the displacement of the bolt during free fall =
- 2.4 x 0.7+ x10 x 0.7
2
= 0.77 m
(c) Distance covered during upward motion t
o
=0.24s; s
1
= 2.4 x 0.24-1/2 x 10 x 0.24
2
=0.288 m
Distance arrival during downward and motion in next 0.46 s= 0x0.46+1/2 x 10 x 0.46
2
=1.058 m
Total distance covered in 0.70 s = 1.34 m
Ans87: Relative Acceleration of car w.r.t. truck = 0.5 m/s
2

S = 0.1+1/2at
2
; t = 24.58 s; Sc = 1/2at
2
= 600 m; St = x 1.5 x 600 = 450 m
Ans88: Let x be the distance between the two points x and t
1
, t
2
be the time of motion in two
parts of journey each having measurement x/2
So t
1
=x/2v
0
x/2 = v
1
t
2
/2+v
2
t
2
/2; t
2
= x/(v
1
+v
2
) ; T=t
1
+t
2
= x/2v
0
+ x/(v
1
+v
2
)
V
av
=x/T= 2v
0
(v
1
+v
2
)/(2v
0
+ v
1
+v
2
)
Ans89: Fig(a) (vel) (acc) Fig(b) (vel)
(acc)
OA + ve zero OA + ve -
ve

AB + ve - ve AB + ve
zero

BC zero zero BC + ve +
ve

CD - ve - ve CD + ve
zero
See here velocity is positive when dx/dt>0 and negative when converse is true. Similarly
acceleration is positive when dx/dt function is increasing or d
2
x/dt
2
>0 and negative when
converse is true.
Ans90: x = 1/2gt
2
0 t t
0

h-x= (2gh)(t-t
0
)-1/2g(t-t
0
)
2
t
0
t 2 t
0

x=h-{(2gh)(t-t
0
)-1/2g(t-t
0
)
2
} where h is the height of fall.
Ans91: Velocity of impact= 2gs
1
= 16 ft/s
Velocity of rebound = 2gs
2
= 83 ft/s
Average acceleration=Rate of Change in velocity ( v) = (16+83)/0.01= 2985.64 ft/s
2
Ans92: S=33=(9-1)t + 1/2 (1-2) t
2
t
2
16t +66 = 0;
t = 16t -8/2;
since t has imaginary number hence Q cannot catch B
Ans93: S=150=(72-18)x1000/3600 t + (-1) t
2
t
2
30t+300= 0;
t = 30t -300/2;
Since solution is not a real number, hence A cannot catch B
Ans94: Case1: v
2
= u
2
+2al;
a = v
2
-u
2
/2l;
v
c
2
=u
2
- 2 a l/2
v
c
=v
2
+u
2
/2;
Velocity at center (v
c
) = u+at
1
;
t
1
= v
c
-u/a ;
t
2
= v-v
c
/a;
since t
1
= 2t
2
, v
c
-u = 2(v-v
c
);
Substitute the value of v
c
=v
2
+u
2
/2;
7 u
2
8 uv +v
2
=0
v=7u
Ans95: T = 2t
1
+ t
2
; where t
1
is the time of acceleration and deceleration and t
2
is the time of
uniform motion.
Distance traveled with acceleration s
1
= 1/2at
1
2
,
Distance traveled with uniform motion s
2
= V
m
t
2
= at
1
t
2
,
Distance traveled with deceleration s
3
= at
1
t
1
-1/2at
1
2
= 1/2at
1
2
;
at
1
2
+at
1
t
2
+1/2at
1
2
= <v> T;
t
2
= T-2t
1
= T1-4<v>/aT
Ans96: (a) Distance travelled in first 2s = Area of AOB = 1/2x2x10 = 10 m.
(b) Distance travelled in 2 t 4 = Area of BCD= 10 m.
(c) Displacement in 0 t 4 = 0
(d) acceleration at t=1/2s = slope of OA= 10 m/s
2
(e) Acceleration at t =20s = -10 m/s
2
Ans97: s = Vm t
1
;
Time of acceleration t
1
= 2s/Vm;
3s = Vm(t
2
)
Time of uniform motion t
2
= 3s/Vm;
Vm/2 (t
3
)= 5s;
Time of deceleration t
3
= 10s/Vm;
Vav (t
1
+ t
2
+ t
3
)=9s
<v>/Vm = 3/5
Ans98: If h is the height of tower then
-h = ut
1
-1/2gt
1
2
, where t
1
is the time of motion with velocity upward
h = ut
2
+1/2gt
2
2
where t
2
is the time of motion with velocity downward
t
1
-t
2
= 2u/g;
t
3
= 2h/g; where t
3
is the time of motion with zero initial velocity
2h = g t
1
t
2
;
t
3
= 2h/g = t
1
t
2

Ans99: ut 1/2gt
2
+1/2g(t-2)
2
= 90;
ut+5{-t
2
+(t-2)
2
}=90;
u
2
-2gx90=0
u = 302m/s;
t =4.98 s
Ans100: Velocity attained at the end of t=1 min,
v= 0 + a t=600m/s;
Distance moved in time t= 1 min, h
1
= 1/2x10x60
2
= 18 km
Let h
2
be the distance moved further with acceleration g downward
0 = (600)
2
-2x10xh
2
;
h
2
= 36x10
4
/20 = 18 km;
Total max height attained = h
1
+ h
2
= 36 km; 0 = 600-10 x t ; t = 60 s
Ans101: a = t;
dv/dt = t;
v = 2/3t
3/2
;
d= v dt = 4/15(t)
5/2
= 4t;
t=(15)
2/3
Distance d =4t = 4(15)
2/3

Ans102: Distance moved by the passenger train before stopping
S = (40-20)x0.5+(40-20)
2
/2=220 m <250 m
Ans103: Let the boat B moving in the direction perpendicular to current keeps its direction at
angle with the normal to the bank.
So sin = 1/2; = 30
0
;
Time taken by boat to come back to original position after traveling distance of 500m
T
B
= 2x500/20cos = 100/3;
Time taken by boat A moving first in current direction and then returning back in the
direction opposite to current T
A
= 500/30+500/10= 200/3
So T
A
/T
B
= 2/3
Ans104: Let Ve, Vwi and Vw be the velocities of ship, wind and stream water respectively as
observed on earth frame.
Now as per the observations Ve+Vwi = 4i^;
Ve+Vw = 18j^ ;
Ve+Vwi+Vw = 15.97i^+12.03j^;
Ve= - 12.0i^-20.0j^= 23.32 km/h
tan
-1
(5/3) South of West
Ans105: Vw,0 = -(Vw cos60+Vs) i^+Vw sin60 j^ = -37.5i^+13 j^= 39.69 km/h , 19.10
0

Ans106: x = at
2
-bt
3
;
dx/dt = 2at- 3bt
2
= 0; At t = 0, t = 2a/3b = 2s;
hence at t = 2s the particle reverses its direction of motion.
Distance traveled in t=2s, x
1
= 4 ft
Distance traveled in next 2s x
2
=
2

4
(2at 3bt
2
) dt = - 20;
Total distance traveled= 24 ft
Ans107: Case1: When the two trains move in opposite directions
2l/u
1
+u
2
= 15/2;
Case 2: When two trains move in the same directions
2l/v
1
-v
2
= 15;
Solving for v
1
and v
2
, we get v
1
= 36 m/s; v
2
= 12 m/s
Ans108: Velocity of the man on the escalator V
m
= x/90;
Velocity of the escalator V
e
= x/60;
( V
m
+V
e
)t = x;
(x/90+x/60) t = x;
t = 36 s
Ans109: Let L be the distance between the two particles when they can meet so
L = (v
1
+v
2
)t 1/2 (a
1
+a
2
)t
2
;
(a
1
+a
2
)t
2
2(v
1
+v
2
)t +2L = 0;
Now for t to be real b
2
- 4 a c 0 or L (v
1
+v
2
)
2
/ 2(a
1
+a
2
);
L
max
= (v
1
+v
2
)
2
/2 (a
1
+a
2
)
Chapter 5 Motion in a Plane
Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
In this chapter, we will now extend our thought of a motion to a more general case of motion
in two and three dimensions. So far, we have learnt the definition of displacement, velocity,
acceleration and relative motion with application for a most simplified case of motion in one
dimension. Now we are in the stage to extend it to the motion in the x-y plane and later to
the motion in three dimensions.
Location of particle during motion
Whenever we are concerned with a motion of a particle it may be one, two or three
dimensional, it is very first essential to locate the position of a particle at a particular instant
of observation. The location of a particle could be only established if we choose the correct
frame of reference and which is in itself a combination of coordinate axis system. However
in this chapter we are more concerned about motion in a plane therefore only two reference
axis are required to locate its instantaneous position. To locate the instantaneous position of
a particle, we might choose either the distances from Cartesians coordinate system that is
two perpendicular coordinate axes x & y axis or polar coordinate system that is distance
from a origin and angle made by the x axis. In terms of vector notation the position of
particle is defined by the position vector r whose head points to the origin O and tail points
to its position. Unlike the ordinary vector it is not a position independent vector. It is related
with the position of object whose location is under consideration and origin of reference
frame and establishes the relationship between the two. The change in position vector of the
object denotes the displacement of the object from its initial position.
If the particle is not confined to a plane but moves in three dimensions three numbers are
needed to specify its location. A simple approach is to describe its location with respect to
three perpendicular coordinate axes or an alternative approach is to use spherical
coordinates r, and . Spherical coordinates are useful when there is a spherical
symmetry that is radial distance from origin is constant and only and varies. The usual
relationship between Cartesian coordinates and spherical coordinate is shown here:
x
y
z
r
r z
r y
r x
y
x
z
y
x

,
_

,
_

+ +

tan
tan
cos
sin sin
cos sin
2
2
2
2
2
Displacement of particle during motion in a plane
Figure-4.1 shows a particle moving along a curved path in this plane. At any instant of
motion, say at time t
1
, it has occupied a position A as shown in the figure. As discussed
earlier its instantaneous position may be defined in terms of vector algebra by the position
vector r
1
. Now in a time interval
t
moving along the curved path, it occupy another
position B as defined by the position vector r
2.
Now the displacement of particle from one
position to another is defined by the vector r , which is defined as per vector notation as
r
2
-r
1
.
r r
r
1 2

Hence, it clearly indicates that displacement of particle is independent of the path the
particle traverses during its motion but depends only on initial and final positions during
motion and follows vector law in terms of its position vector. If the particle moves along
straight line path than displacement of particle equals the distance moved but if another path
is chosen than displacement will be always less than the distance moved during that time
interval.
Now the one question arises in ones mind why the concept of vector displacement has
been generated although there is no practicable relationship with the physical movement of
the particle during its motion. The matter will be clear in the next stage while defining
concept of instantaneous velocity / average velocity/ instantaneous acceleration that how
important are these tools to analyze and describe the different types of motions observed in
the nature.
Average velocity of particle during motion in a plane
Now again consider the motion of particle along curved path in a plane as shown in fig 1. On
the same lines of the definition of average velocity defined earlier during the study of motion
along a straight-line path, it is again described as the rate of change of displacement and
written as
t
r
vav

. It is a vector quantity directed along the direction of vector and

physically denotes the rate of change of straight movement of particle from its initial position
to the next position in the said time interval. In our case the particle has moved from position
A to position B, whatever may be path than its average velocity is defined by
t
r
vav

Where
r
is the vector displacement r
2
-r
1
in the time interval
t
. However, the concept
of average velocity during the physical movement of a particle in a plane in any arbitrary
path has little physical meaning when time interval of motion is considered large enough.
For a large time interval of motion, there is a distinct difference between the actual distance
traversed and the distance considered for our purpose that is displacement. Therefore, the
average velocity does not attribute to the state of motion either at the start, middle or at end.
It is only an average value for general interpretation of motion.
Instantaneous velocity during motion in a plane
Now consider the motion of particle along curved path in a plane as shown in fig 4.2. The fig
shows the instantaneous positions of particle initiating motion at time t
1
, at different time
intervals
t
1
,
t
2
,
t
3
,
t
4
as P
1
, P
2
, P
3
, P
4
. As the time interval of motion
under consideration is now decreased slowly than in a limiting condition the physical
displacement is just equal to the distance traversed and the direction of vector displacement
is the direction of physical motion along tangent to the instantaneous position of particle.
The instantaneous velocity of the particle is now defined as limiting rate of displacement
r when 0 t . In that case, the direction of velocity vector v is tangent to the path of
the particle.
The instantaneous velocity v(t) is defined as
dt
dr
t
r
t v
Lim t

0
) (
As per definition, the instantaneous velocity vector denotes the instantaneous rate of
displacement along any path of movement of particle and in terms of direction, it is directed
along the tangent to the path of motion that should be. Therefore it clearly depicts the
instantaneous state of motion say at time t=t
1
in terms of magnitude and direction.
The acceleration vector during motion in a plane
Now we shall define a term acceleration vector that is essentially the backbone of all
fundamental laws of Newtonian mechanics. The term has the same conceptual meaning as
has been defined earlier during the discussion of motion in one dimension. The acceleration
vector is a term defining change in velocity vector with respect to time. Since velocity vector
is defined as a vector quantity, therefore change in velocity vector is also predicted to be a
vector quantity. The acceleration vector is further divided into its two forms like as velocity
vector in terms of time interval of motion under consideration during study of motion in a
plane.
Average acceleration
Now again consider the motion of a particle in a plane as shown in fig 4.3. The particle has
got as per definition instantaneous velocity vector at points P
1
and P
2
as v
1
, v
2
at different
times of motion t
1,
t
2
respectively. Now if the time interval of motion is considered large
enough than the average acceleration vector is defined as the ratio of the change in
instantaneous velocity vector Dv and time interval Dt,
( )
t t
v
v v
a
av

1 2
Here
v
is a vector difference of vectors v
1
and

v
2
and therefore itself is a vector
quantity.
.
Instantaneous acceleration
Now as shown in fig 4.3, if the time interval of motion is considered infinitesimal or tending to
zero than rate of change of velocity vector with respect to time is defined as instantaneous
acceleration. It is expressed as
dt
dv
t
v
t a
Lim t

0
) (
Therefore, the instantaneous acceleration vector is the derivative of velocity vector with
respect to time. It is important to note here that if the particle during motion has velocity
changing in magnitude, direction or both the particle is said to be accelerating. We shall see
in the next chapter that a force is required to produce an acceleration of particle. Force is
required to be applied whether the acceleration is produced either due to change of
magnitude of velocity or change in direction of velocity vector or both. This is the reason why
the acceleration is defined in this way.
Motion with constant acceleration
Let us consider the motion of a particle in a plane with constant acceleration. In this case
when particle is moving with a constant acceleration therefore it implies that acceleration
vector is constant in magnitude and direction as well. Hence the components of vector a in
any particular reference frame will also remain constant. The situation is similar to the two
simultaneous constant acceleration motions occurring along two perpendicular directions.
Under the influence of that, the particle will traverse the curvilinear path however one of the
components may be zero.
An example of the above situation is the motion of a ball thrown into air, which follows a
curved path under the influence of gravity acceleration g acting downward. The horizontal
acceleration is zero.
Let us consider the general motion of a particle with constant acceleration:
a
x
= constant and a
y
=constant
Now under the following set of conditions, velocity vector at any instant
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) at t j i j i j t i t j i v
v a a v v a v a v v v y x y x y y x x y x
+ + + + + + + +
0 0 0 0 0

The above equation shows in a compact and more elaborate form that the velocity of
particle at any instant is the vector sum of initial velocity vector and at vector component
acquired in time t and also displacement vector r at any instant:
t v r
a t r
2
0 0
2
1
+ +
Projectile motion
An important case of curvilinear motion with constant acceleration is projectile motion. When
a body is thrown upward under the influence of gravity, then the body follows the path
known as projectile motion (fig 4.4). If the air resistance during follow up is neglected then
the body experiences the only acceleration due to gravity directed vertically downward.
As the acceleration vector is constant then instantaneous velocity vector, acceleration vector
and position vector lies in a plane. The motion is therefore a two-dimensional.
Let us choose the motion to be in the x, y plane and initial position of the particle be at origin
of the coordinate system. When the acceleration is constant then above equations can also
be applied considering motion along two axes separately. The x and y components of the
above equations are
t a v
y
a v v
t a v x
a v v
y y
y y y
x x
x x x
t y
t
t x
t
2
0
0
0
2
0 0
0
2
1
2
1
+ +
+
+ +
+
The velocity components along each axis will be governed by the respective acceleration
component. Let us now apply these results to the motion of a projectile. The motion of
projectile is made complicated by the prevailing air resistance when body is drifted through
the air, rotation of earth on its own axis and variation in the acceleration due to gravity. For
employing lesser complexity, we neglect these complications. As said earlier the projectile
motion has a constant acceleration directed vertically downward with magnitude g=9.81
m/s
2
=32.2 ft/s
2
. If we take y-axis vertical with positive direction upward and x-axis horizontal
with positive direction in the direction of horizontal component of the projectile velocity at the
point of start, then we have
a
y
= -g and a
x
=0
Since there is no acceleration along the x-axis therefore the horizontal component, of
velocity vector remains constant and on the other hand, the motion along y-axis can be
considered to be with constant acceleration identical to that studied earlier. If the origin of
motion is considered from the origin of coordinate axis then the instantaneous velocity
components and instantaneous displacements are governed by the following equations,
where v
0x
and v
0y
are the initial velocity components or velocity components at origin of
axis ( see fig 4.4)
t v
v
v v
v v
g t y
t x
gt
y
x
y y
x x
2
0
0
0
0
2
1

If the initial velocity vector makes an angle

0
with the x-axis, the initial velocity
components will be

0 0 0
0 0 0
sin
cos
v v
v v
y
x

The general equation for the path y(x) can be obtained from equation by eliminating the
variable t between these two equations and is given by :
( )
x
v
x
v
v
v g
x
x
g
x x y
x
y 2
2
2
2
2
0
0
cos
0
2
1
tan
0
2
1

,
_

,
_

Which is the equation of a parabola therefore the trajectory of the particle follows a parabolic
path.
Now we shall try to find out the range (maximum horizontal distance) and time to reach the
highest point of the trajectory for the above motion:
Range of projectile
When the body reaches at the highest point P of the trajectory as shown in fig 4.4 the
vertical component of the velocity vector becomes zero therefore time of flight up to the
moment
g
t
v y 0

and the range is the horizontal distance traveled in twice of this time and is given by
( )
g g
R
v v v
v
y x y
x
0 0 0
0
2 2

,
_

In terms of initial velocity

v
0
and angle

0
( )
g
t
v 0 0
sin

g g
R
v v 0
2
0 0
2
2 sin
0
cos sin
0
2

Since the maximum value of

0
2 sin

is 1 when
90
0
0
2

=90 or
45
0
0

, then
maximum range is admitted when the body is projected at angle of 45 from the horizontal
and maximum range is given by v
o
2
/g. It is to be noted also that for achieving maximum
range the two initial velocity components should be equal in magnitude.

But if a body is
projected from a certain height then in this condition the body remains in air for a longer
duration therefore for maximum range the horizontal component is slightly higher than the
vertical component that is angle of projection is smaller than 45. Studies have shown it to
be about 42. It is also evident from the above equation that for a given range there are two
possible angles of projection q
0
and 90-q
0
that provide same range.
So far, in our discussion, we have not considered the effect of air resistance and the earths
orbital motion. As we would expect the air resistance reduces the range for a given angle of
projection and reduces slightly the optimum angle of projection. Due to earths orbital motion
the projectile motion doesnt remain in the plane formed by the initial horizontal and vertical
components but gets slightly drifted to right in northern hemisphere and to left in the
southern hemisphere. It is due to the Coriolis effect, which arises due to the surface of earth,
is accelerating radially because of the earth rotation on its own axis.
Maximum height of projectile
At maximum height of projectile
0
vy
gH
v
2
0
0
0
2
2
sin


So
g
H
v
2
0
0
2
2
sin

Projectile thrown parallel to horizontal

Consider a projectile thrown from a point O at some height h from the ground with a velocity
v
x 0
. Now the equation of its motion in two directions may be depicted here as

,
_

v
x
t
v
x
g
y
g y
t x
x
0
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
0
This is the equation of trajectory.
Time of flight
g
h 2

Horizontal range=

,
_

g
h
v x
2
0
Now if particles are thrown at an angle with horizontal then all the particles will arrive at
ground with equal velocities whatever is the time of arrival. The particle thrown in the
downward direction will take least time while thrown upward will take maximum time.
4.6.1.4 Projectile thrown from an inclined plane
Consider a particle thrown from the base of an inclined plane with a velocity v at an angle
from the horizontal. The angle of inclination of plane from horizontal is

0
.
For the motion perpendicular to the plane
( )

0
0
2
0 0
cos
) sin( 2
cos
2
1
sin 0
g
v
T
g T v
T

For the motion along the plane
( )
( )

0
2
0
2
2
0 0
cos
cos sin 2
sin
2
1
cos
g
g T v R
v
T

Range is maximum when is
2 4
0

+
and projectile hits the plane at right angles.
Projectile thrown with variable acceleration
Now consider the motion of a particle in the xy plane with instantaneous velocity
j bx i a v

+ where a and b are constants and particle is situated at x=0, y=0 at t=0
So
2
2
t
ab
y
abt bx
dt
dy
and
at x

Eliminating t from these two equations

a
b
y
x
2
2

The radius of curvature of trajectory at any instant t is given by

'

,
_

'

,
_

+

a
bx
x
d
dx
dy
b
a
d
y
y
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
2
2
3


Exercise 1
Q1. If T were the total time of flight of a current of water and H be the maximum height
attained by it from the point of projection, then H/T will be-
(u=projection velocity, =projection angle)
(A) (1/2 )u sin (B) (1/4) u sin (C) u sin (D) 2u sin
Ans1: H
max
= u
2
sin
2
/2g; T = 2u sin /g; H/T = u sin /4
Q2. A hunter aims his gun and fires a bullet directly at a monkey on a tree. At the instant
bullet leaves the gun, monkey drops, and the bullet.
(A) hits the monkey (B) misses to hit the monkey (C) cannot be said (D) None of these
Ans2: (A)
Q3. A projectile can have the same range r for two angles of projections. If t
1
and t
2
be the
times of flight in two cases, then the product of times of flight will be-
(A) t
1
t
2
R (B) t
1
t
2
R
2
(C) t
1
t
2
1/R (D) t
1
t
2
1/R
2
Ans3: t
1
t
2
=4 u
2
sin cos /g
2
=2 u
2
sin2 /g
2
R
Q4. A body is thrown with a velocity of 9.8 m/s making an angle of 30
0
with the horizontal. It
will hit the ground after a time.
(A) 3 s (B) 2 s (C) 1.5 s (D) 1 s
Ans4: Time of flight = 2u sin /g = 1 s
Q5. A body A is dropped from a height h above the ground. At the same, time another body B at a
distance d from the projection of A from the ground is fired at an angle a to the horizontal. If the two
collide at the point of the maximum height of trajectory of B the angle of projection is given by :
(A) = tan
1
[d/h] (B) = sin
1
[h/d] (C) = tan
1
[h/d] (D) =cos
1
[h/d]
Ans5: u t=d; v t=h; tan = v/u=h/d
Q.6 The trajectory of the projectile is shown in fig. t and T refer to times to reach the points P
and B respectively. h and H refer to heights of points above horizontal plane. Then H/h will
be equal to
(A) (T/t)
2
(B) (T/t) (C) T/t/(2-(t/T)) (D) (T/t)
2
/{2(T/t)-1}
Ans6: (C) h= v t- g t
2
; H=v T-1/2 g T
2
where T= v/g; H/h=( T/t)/(2-(t/T))
Q7. An airplane is flying horizontally with a velocity of 720 km/h at an altitude of 490 m.
When it is just vertically above the target a bomb is dropped from it. How far horizontally it
missed the target?
(A) 1000 m (B) 2000 m (C) 100 m (D) 200 m
Ans7: gt
2
= 480 or t=10s ,X = ut = 2000 m
Q8. An airplane is moving with a horizontal velocity u at a height h above the ground, if a
packet is dropped from it, the speed of the packet when it reaches the ground will be-
(A) (u
2
+2gh) (B) 2gh (C) (u
2
-2gh) (D) 2gh
Ans8: V
v
= 2gh; V
h
= u; V = u
2
+ 2gh
Q9. From the top of a tower of height h a body of mass m is projected in the horizontal
direction with a velocity v, it falls on the ground at a distance x from the tower. If a body of
mass 2m is projected from the top of another tower of height 2h in the horizontal direction so
that it falls on the ground at a distance 2x from the tower, the horizontal velocity of the
second body is-
(A) 2v (B) 2v (C) v/2 (D) v/2
Ans9: v= 2hg + u
2
Q10. A stone is thrown from a bridge at an angle of 30
0
down with the horizontal with a
velocity of 25 m/s. If the stone strikes the water after 2.5 sec then calculate the height of the
bridge from the water surface-
(A) 61.9 m (B) 35 m (C) 70 m (D) None
Q11. A projectile is thrown with a velocity of 20 m/s. at an angle of 60
0
with the horizontal.
After how much time the velocity vector will make an angle of 45
0
with the horizontal (Take
g=10 m/s
2
)
(A) 3 sec (B) 1/3 sec (C) (3+1) sec (D) (3-1) sec.
Q12. An object of mass m is projected with velocity v at an angle 45
0
with the horizontal. The
angular momentum of the projectile at the maximum height h about point of projection will
be-
(A) Zero (B) mv
3
/42g (C) mv
3
/22g (D) None of these
Q13. An object is thrown at an angle a to the horizontal (0
0
< <90
0
) with a velocity u then
during ascent (ignoring air drag) the acceleration-
(A) With which the object moves is g at all points
(B) Tangential to the path decreases
(C) Normal to the path increases, becoming equal to g at the highest point
(D) All of the above
Q14. A bomber is moving with a velocity v (m/s) above H meter from the ground. The
bomber releases a bomb to hit a target T when the sighting angle is . Then the relation
between , H and v is-
(A) = tan
-1
v 2Hg (B) = tan
-1
v 2/gH (C) = tan
-1
v H/2g (D) None of the above
Q15. Three projectile A, B and C are thrown from the same point in the same plane. Their
trajectories are shown in the figure. Then which of the following statement is true-
(A) The time of flight is the same for all the three
(B) The launch speed is greatest for particle C
(C) The horizontal velocity component is greatest for particle C
(D) All of the above.
Q16. A ball rolls off top of a stairway with a horizontal velocity u m/s. If the steps are h m
high and b m wide, the ball will just hit the edge of n th step if n equals to-
(A) hu
2
/gb
2
(B) u
2
g/gb
2
(C) 2hu
2
/gb
2
(D) 2u
2
/hb
2

Q17. A boy throws a ball with a velocity v0 at an angle to the horizontal. At the same
instant he starts running with uniform velocity to catch the ball before it hits the ground. To
achieve this, he should run with a velocity of-
(A) v0

cos (B) v0

sin (C) v0 tan (D) v0
2
tan
Q18. A hosepipe lying on the ground shoots a stream of water upward at an angle of 60
0
to
the horizontal. The speed of the water is 20 m/sec as it leaves the hose. It will strike a wall
10 m away at a height of-
(A) 10.5 m (B) 12.32 m (C) 10 m (D) 20 m
Q19. A canon on a level plain is aimed at an angle above the horizontal and a shell is
fired with a muzzle velocity v0 towards a vertical cliff a distance R away. The height from the
bottom at which the shell strikes the sidewalls of the cliff is-
(A) R tan -1/2gR
2
/v0
2
cos
2
(B) R tan -1/2gR
2
/v0
2
(C) R sin -1/2gR
2
/v0
2
sin
2

(D) R tan +1/2gR
2
/v0
2
Q20. A ball is thrown at an angle of 45
0
with the horizontal with kinetic energy E. The kinetic
energy at the highest point during the flight is-
(A) Zero (B) E/2 (C) E (D) (B) E
Q21. A projectile of mass m is fired with velocity v from the point P at an angle 45
0
with the
horizon. The magnitude of change in momentum when it passes through the point Q on the
same horizontal line on which P lies is-
(A) mv/2 (B) 1/2mv (C) zero (D) 2mv
Q22.A gun has a maximum range of 5 km on a horizontal plane. If a shell is fired vertically
upwards. Then the maximum height attained is-
(A) 5/2 km (B) 52 km (C) 5/2 km (D) 50/49 km.
Q23. If a particle follows the trajectory y= x-1/2x
2
, then the time of flight is-
(A) 1/ g (B) 2/g (C) 3/g (D) 4/g
Q24. For angle of projection of a projectile at angles (45+ ) and (45- ), the horizontal
ranges described by the projectile are in the ratio of (if 45
0
)-
(A) 2:1 (B) 1:2 (C) 1:1 (D) 2:3
Q25. Two particles are projected simultaneously in the same plane from the same point on
Earths surface. The particles are given different initial velocities and projected in different
direction. The path of one projectile as seen from the other projectile, is a-
(A) Circle (B) parabola (C) Hyperbola (D) straight line.
Q26. An artillery piece, which consistently shoots its shell with the same muzzle speed, has
a maximum range of R. To hit a target, which is R/2 from the gun and on the same level, at
what elevation angle should the gun be pointed-
(A) 30
0
(B) 45
0
(C) 60
0
(D) 75
0
Q27. For a projectile its range is equal to maximum height attained then the value of angle
of projection is given by
(A) sin =1/2 (B) tan =4 (C) cos =3/4 (D) cos =
Q28. Two bullets are fired at angles and (90- ) to the horizontal with the same speed.
The ratio of their times of flight is-
(A) 1:1 (B) tan : 1 (C) 1 : tan (D) tan /2 : 1
Q29. A ball is projected at an angle of 60
0
from the horizontal with a velocity of 6 m/s. A
person observes the projectile from a vehicle moving horizontally with uniform velocity of 3
m/s, then the ball appears to move (neglect air resistance)-
(A) In a parabolic path (B) vertically upwards and then fall vertically downward (C) In a
hyperbolic path (D) none of these
Q30. A projectile has the maximum range of 500 m. If the projectile is now thrown up an
inclined plane of 30
0
with the same speed, the distance covered by it along the inclined
plane will be -
(A) 250 m (B) 500 m (C) 750 m (D) 1000 m
Q31. It was calculated that a shell when fired from a gun with a certain velocity and at angle
of elevation 5 /36 radian would strike a given target. In actual practice it was found that a
hill just prevented in the trajectory. At what angle of elevation the gun is fired to hit the
target-
(A) 5 /36 rad (B) 11 /36 rad (C) 7 /36 rad (D) 13 /36 rad
Q32. A large number of bullets are fired in all direction with the same speed v. What is the
maximum area on the ground on which these bullets will spread-
(A) v
2
/g (B) v
4
/g
2
(C)
2
v
4
/g
2
(D)
2
v
2
/g
2
Q33. A horizontally flying aeroplane releases a bomb. The trajectory of the bomb is a
(A) Straight line (B) parabola (C) Hyperbola (D) circle
Ans:33. (B) parabola
Q34. At the top of the trajectory of a projectile the direction of its velocity and acceleration
are-
(A) Parallel to each other (B) Inclined at an angle of 45
0
to the horizontal
(C) Perpendicular to each other (D) none of the above statement is correct.
Ans:34.(C) V cos 45
0
= 20; V = 202; V
v
=20 m/s
Q35. A hunter aims the gun and fires a bullet directly towards a monkey sitting at a distance
tree. To save itself monkey can-
(A) Either sit at the position or drop the downward (B) Either sit at the position or jump
upward (C) Either jump upward or drop downward (D) Nothing can be said
Ans35: (B)
Q36. A bullet is fired in a horizontal direction from a tower while a stone is simultaneously
dropped from the same point then-
(A) The bullet and the stone will reach the ground simultaneously (B) The stone will reach
earlier C) The bullet will reach earlier (D) Nothing can be predicted.
Ans36: (A)
Q37. A man in the parachute falls from an airplane moving with uniform horizontal velocity
(v). At the moment he just touches ground -
(A) He would be just below the airplane at that moment. (B) He would be left behind the
plane. (C) He would go ahead of the plane (D) Nothing could be said with certainly.
Ans37: (A)
Q38. Two bullets are fired simultaneously, horizontally and with different speeds from the
same place. Which bullet will hit the ground first-
(A) The faster one (B) The slower one (C) Both will reach simultaneously (D) Depends on
the masses.
Ans38: (C)
Q39. If it is possible to project a particle with a given velocity in two possible way so as two
make it pass through a point at a distance r from the point of projection. The product of the
time taken to reach these points in the two possible ways is then proportional to-
(A) r
3
(B) r
2
(C) r (D) 1/r.
An39: T = 2u sin /g; T
1
= 2u sin /g; T
2
= 2u cos /g; T
1
T
2
=2r/g; T
1
T
2
r
Q40 A body is thrown a velocity v0 at an angle to the horizon. Determine v0 and , if the
maximum height to which the body reaches is 3 metres and the radius of curvature of the
upper point of trajectory is 3 meters.
(A) v0= 6.4 m/sec, =45
0
(B) v0= 9.4 m/sec, = 54
0
44(C) v0=12 m/sec, =30
0

(D) v0= 15 m/sec, =15
0
Ans40: (v
0
cos )
2
/R=g & v
0
2
sin
2
/2 g=H
=54
0
44, v
0
=9.4 m/s
Q41. At any instant a projectile is moving with a velocity u in a direction making an angle
with horizon. After what time the direction of motion turns through an angle ?
(A) u cos /gsin( - ) (B) u sin /gcos( - ) (C) u/g sin( - ) (D) u/g cos ( - )
Ans41: u cos /cos( - ) sin( - )= usin - gt; t= u sin /g cos( - )
Q42. A particle is thrown over a triangle from one and of a horizontal base and grazing the
vertex fall on the other end of the base. If and be the base angles and the angle of
projection then correct relation between (q), (a) and (b) is-
(A) tan =tan +tan (B) tan =tan +tan (C) tan = tan -tan (D) tan =
tan +tan
Ans42: R=h (cot +cot )= u
2
sin 2 /g; u
2
sin

2 /g = h(cot +cot ); h=u
2
sin
2
/2g; tan =
tan +tan

Exercise 2
There are some statements at the end of each paragraph. Ascertain true and false
statements for each one and give reasons for the assertion:
Q1. In a projectile motion
(A) Change in linear momentum between the initial and final point is mg T, downwards.
(True/False)
(B) Angular momentum with the respect to the point of projection remains constant.
(True/False)
Q2. A cart moves with a constant speed along a horizontal circular path. From the cart a
particle is thrown up vertically with respect to the cart-
(A) The particle will land somewhere on the circular path. (True/False)
(B) The particle will follow a parabolic path. (True/False)
Q3. (A) Two particles thrown with same speed from the same point at the same instant but
at different angles, can not collide in mid air
(B) A body projected in a uniform gravitational field follows a parabolic path. (True/False)
(C) In projectile motion, velocity is never perpendicular to the acceleration. (True/False)
(D) A particle dropped from rest and blown over by a horizontal wind constant velocity traces
a parabolic path. (True/False)
Q4. A particle is projected from the end B of a horizontal track BC at a given angle a to the
horizontal after just grazing the vertices A, A, A,. of the triangles BAC, BAC,
BAC..on its way. It lands up at the point C on the other end of the horizontal line; the
sum of the tangents of the base angles of any of these triangles is a constant. (True/False).
Q5. A shell bursts on contact with the ground and the piece from it fly off in all directions with
all speeds up to 30 m/s. A man standing 30 m away is in danger for nearly 6 seconds.
(True/False)
Q6. Two projectiles are thrown with different velocities and at different angles so as to cover
the same maximum height. Then the sum of the times taken by each to reach the highest
point is equal to the total time taken by either of the projectiles. (True/false)
Q7. A batsman hits a pitched ball at a height 4.0 ft above ground so that its angle of
projection is 45
0
and its horizontal range is 350 ft. The ball fells down the left field line where
a 24 ft high fence is located 320 ft from home place. The ball clears the fence. (True/False)
Q8. The maximum horizontal range is four times the maximum height attained by the
projectile, when fired at an inclination so as to have maximum horizontal range.
(True/False).
Q9. A particle is projected vertically upwards in a vacuum with a speed u-
(A) When it rises to half its maximum height, its speed becomes u/2
(B) The time taken to rise to three fourths of its maximum height is half the time taken to
reach its maximum height.
Q10. A pilot is supposed to fly due east from A to B and then back again to A due west. The
velocity of the plane in air is v and the velocity of the air with respect to the ground is u. The
distance between A and B is l and the planes air speed v is constant.
(A) If u=0 (still air), the time for a round trip is then TE= t0/1+u
2
/(v)
2
(True/False)
(B) If the air velocity is due north (or south). The time for a round trip is then
tN = t0/1-u
2
/(v)
2
(True/False)
Q11. Two particles are projected from the same point on the ground, with same speed
simultaneously at angles and with the horizontal. They strike the ground at same point
after times t1 and t2 respectively then-
(A) + = 90
0
(True/False)
(B) t1/t2= tan (True/False)
Q12. In case of projectile motion if two projectiles A and B are projected with same speed at
angles 15
0
and 75
0
respectively to the horizontal then-
(A) HA>HB (True/False)
(B) TA>TB (True/False)
Q13. Three stones are projected simultaneously in the same vertical plane with velocities u,
v, w in directions making angles , and with the horizontal. The area of the triangle
formed by the stones at any instant is proportional to the square of the time elapsed from
the instant of projection. (True/False)
Q14. A particle is projected from a point on the inclined plane and at the r
th
impact strikes the
plane perpendicularly and at the n
th
impact it is at the point of projection. If e is the coefficient
of restitution then e
n
-2 e
r
+1=0 (True/False)
Q15. The motion of one projectile as seen from another projectile will always be a straight-
line motion. (True/False)
Q16. There are two values of time for which a projectile is at the same height and the sum of
these two times is equal to the time of flight. (True/False)
Exercise 3
Q1. If a baseball player can throw a ball at maximum distance d over a ground, then find out
the maximum vertical height to which he can throw the ball. (Balls have same initial speed in
each case)
Q2. The height y and the distance x along the horizontal plane of a projectile on a certain
planet (with no surrounding atmosphere) are given by y=(8t-5t
2
) meter and x=6t meter where
t is time in seconds. Find out the velocity of projection.
Q3. A particle is projected from O at an elevation and after t second it has an elevation
as seen from the point of projection. Find its initial velocity of projection.
Q4. Two stone are projected with the same speed but making different angles with the
horizontal the ranges are equal. If the angle of projection of one is /3 and its maximum
height is y1 then find out the maximum height of ascent of the other stone.
Q5. A ball is projected upwards from the top of a tower with a velocity 50 m/s, making an
angle 30
0
with the horizontal. The height of the tower is 70 m. Find out after how many
seconds from the instant of throwing the ball reach the ground.
Q6. Two tall buildings face each other and are at a distance of 180 m from each other. With
what velocity must a ball be thrown horizontally from a window 55 m above the ground in
one building, so that enters a window 10.9 m above the ground in the second building.
Q7. What is the average velocity of a projectile between the instants when it crosses half the
maximum height it is projected with a speed u at an angle with the horizontal?
Q8. A canon ball has a range R on a horizontal plane. If h and h are the greatest heights in
the two paths for which this is possible, then find out the expression between R, h and h.
Q9. The trajectory of a projectile in a vertical plane is y=ax-bx
2
, where, a and b are
constants, and x, and y are respectively the horizontal and vertical distance of the projectile
from the point of projection. Find out the maximum height attained and the angle of
projection from the horizontal.
Q10. An airplane is flying at a height of 1960 m in horizontal direction with a velocity of 360
km/hr, when it is vertically above the point A on the ground drops a bomb. The bomb strikes
a point B on the ground. Then find out the time taken by the bomb to reach the ground.
Q11. A particle moves in the plane x-y with a velocity j x i v
k k

2 1
+ , where i

and j

are the unit vectors along x and y axis, and k1 and k2 are constants. At the initial moment of
time the particle was located at the point x=y=0 then find out the equation of the particles
trajectory y(x).
Q12. Three particles A, B and C are thrown with speeds VA, VB, and VC, with A horizontally,
B at an angle of 30
0
with the horizontal and C, vertically in such a manner that they collide
simultaneously at H, the highest point of the parabolic path of B. If the acceleration due to
gravity is g, then find out the ratio of the speeds VA

: VB

: VC.
Q13. A body is thrown horizontally with velocity [2gh] from the top of a tower of height h. It
strikes the level ground through the foot of the tower at a distance x from the tower. Find out
the value of x.
Q14. A stunt performer is to run and dive off a tall platform and land in a net in the back of a
truck below. Originally the truck is directly under the platform. It starts forward with a
constant acceleration a at the same instant the performer leaves the platform. If the platform
is H above the net in the truck, then find out the horizontal velocity u that the performer must
have as he leaves the platform.
Q15. From points A and B at the respective heights of 2 m and 6 m, two bodies are thrown
simultaneously towards each other, one is thrown horizontally with a velocity of 8 m/s. and
the other, downward at an angle of 45
0
to the horizontal at an initial velocity such that the
bodies collide in flight. The horizontal distance between points A and B equals 8 m.
Calculate the initial velocity v0 of the body thrown at an angle 45
0
.
Q16. Two inclined planes OA and OB having inclinations (with horizontal) 30
0
and 60
0
respectively, intersect each other at O as shown in fig. A particle is projected from point P
with velocity u=103 m/s along a direction perpendicular to plane OA. If the particle strikes
plane OB perpendicularly at Q, calculate,
(A) Velocity with which particle strikes the plane OB
(B) Time of flight.
(C) Distance PQ
(D) Vertical height h of P from O
(E) Maximum height from O, attained by the particle and
Q17. A ball A is projected from origin with an initial velocity v
0
= 700 cm/sec, in a direction
37
0
above the horizontal. Another ball B 300 cm from origin on a line 37
0
above horizontal is
released from rest at the instant A starts. Then find out how far will B have fallen when A hits
it.
Q18. A golfer standing on level ground hits a ball with a velocity of u= 52 m/s. at an angle
above the horizontal. If tan = 5/12, then find out the time for which the ball is at least 15 m
above the ground (i.e. between A and B). (Take g = 10 m/s
2
)
Q19. A particle is projected with a speed V from a point O making an angle of 30
0
with the
vertical. At the same instant, a second particle is thrown vertically upwards from a point A
with velocity v. The two particles reach H, the highest point of the parabolic path of particle
simultaneously. Then find out the ratio V/v.
Q20. If R is the range of a projectile on a horizontal plane and h is its maximum height, then
find out the maximum horizontal range with the same velocity of projection.
Q21. A body projected from the top of a tower horizontally with an initial velocity 20 m/s hits
the ground at an angle of 45
0
. Then find out the vertical component of velocity at the time of
hitting.
Q22. A particle is projected from a point O with a velocity u in a direction making an angle a
upward with the horizontal. After some time at point P it is moving at right angle to its initial
direction of projection. Find out the time of flight from O to P.
Q23. An aircraft drives towards a stationary target, which is at sea level, and when it is at a
height of 1390 m above sea level it launches a missile towards the target. The initial velocity
of the missile is 410 m/s. in a direction making an angle below the horizontal where
tan = 9/40. Then find out the time of flight of the missile from the instant it was launched
until it reaches sea level.
Q24. A shell is fired from a gun from the bottom of a hill along its slope. The slope of the hill
is = 30
0
, and the angle of the barrel to the horizontal =60
0
. The initial velocity v of the
shell is 21 m/sec. Then find out the distance of point from the gun where shell will fall.
Q25. Two guns, situated on the top of a hill of height 10 m, fire on shot each with the same
speed 53 m/s at some interval of time. One gun fires horizontally and other fires upwards at
an angle of 60
0
with the horizontal. The shots collide in air at a point P. Find (A) the time
interval between the firings, and
(B) the co-ordinate of the point P.
Take origin of the coordinate system at the foot of the hill right below the muzzle and
trajectories in x-y plane.
Q26. A boy throws a ball horizontally with a speed of v0=12 m/s from a bridge. In an effort to
hit the top surface AB of a truck traveling directly underneath the boy on the bridge. If the
truck maintains a constant speed u=15 m/s, and the ball is projected at the instant B on the
top of the truck appears at point C, determine the positions when the ball strikes the top of
the truck.
Q27. (a) A particle is projected with a velocity of 29.4 m/s at an angle of 60
0
to the
horizontal. Find the range on a plane inclined at 30
0
to the horizontal when projected from a
point of the plane up the plane.
(b) Determine the velocity with which a stone must be projected horizontally from a point P,
so that it may hit the inclined plane perpendicularly. The inclination of the plane with the
horizontal is and P is h meter above the foot of the incline as shown in the figure.
Q28. A cricket ball thrown from a height of 1.8 m at an angle of 30
0
with the horizontal at a
speed of 18 m/s is caught by another fields man at a height of 0.6 m from the ground. How
far were the two men apart?
Q29. A projectile is projected from the base of a hill whose slope is that of right circular
cone, whose axis is vertical. The projectile grazes the vertex and strikes the hill again at a
point of the base. If be the semi-vertical angle of the cone, H its height, u the initial
velocity of projection and the angle of projection, then find out
(i) Relationship between and
(ii) Velocity of projection in terms of h and .
Q30. Two particles move in a uniform gravitational field with an acceleration g. At the initial
moment the particles were located at one point and moved with velocities 3 m/s and 4 m/s
horizontally in opposite direction. Find the distance between the particles at the moment
when the velocity vector become mutually perpendicular.
Q31. A person is standing on a truck moving with a constant velocity of 14.7 m/s on a
horizontal road. The man throws a ball in such a way that it returns to the truck after the
truck has moved the distance of 58.8 m.
Find the speed and the angle of projection
(a) as seen from the truck.
(b) as seen from the road.
Q32. A body falling freely from a given height H hits an inclined plane in its path at a height
h As a result of this impact the direction of the velocity of the body becomes horizontal. For
what value of (h/H) the body will take maximum time to reach the ground?
Q33. A spherical bowl with innumerable holes is placed in a lawn at a distance d from the wall of a
building. If R is the maximum range of the jet that is produced when the bowl is connected to the nose of
a fire engine, that the portion of the wall that is hit by the jet water is bounded by a parabola. Find the
height and breadth of the bounded parabola.
Q34. The slopes of the windscreen of two motorcar are
1
=30
0
and
2
=15
0
respectively.
At what ratio v1/v2 of the velocities of the cars will their drivers see the hailstones bounced by
the windscreen of their cars in the vertical direction? Assume that hailstones fall vertically.
Q35. Figure shows an 11.7 ft wide ditch with the approach road at an angle of 15
0
with the
horizontal, with what minimum speed should a motorbike be moving on the road so that it
safely crosses the ditch? Assume that the length of the bike is 5 ft; and it leaves the road
when the motorbike runs out of the approach road.
Q36.(a) If the maximum height of projectile above a horizontal through the point of projection
were h and a be the angle of projection, find the interval between the instants at which the
height of the projectile is h sin
2
a.
(b) Two particle are projected simultaneously from the same point at angles of projection and
respectively. If they simultaneously strike the top and the bottom of a vertical pole subtending an angle
at the point of projection, then find out the relationship between , and .
Q37. Consider a projectile at the top of its trajectory.
(a) What is its speed in terms of v0

and 0?
(b) What is its acceleration?
(c) How is the direction of its acceleration related to that of its velocity?
(d) Over a short distance a circular are is a good approximation to a parabola. What then is
the radius of the circular arc approximating the projectiles motion near the top of its path?
Q38. A ball A is projected from O with an initial velocity 8 m/s in a direction 37
0
above the
horizontal. A ball B, 4 m away from O on the line of initial velocity of A, is released from rest
at the instant A is projected.
Find (i) the time when B is hit by A
(ii) the height through which B falls, before it is hit by A
(iii) the direction and magnitude of velocity of A at the time of impact.
[Take g=10 m/s
2
, sin 37
0
= 0.6 & cos 37
0
= 0.8]
Q39. Two identical shells are fired from a point on the ground will same muzzle velocity at
angles of elevation =45
0
and =tan
-1
3 towards top of the cliff, 20 m away from point of
firing. If both the shells reach the top simultaneously, calculate
(a) Muzzle velocity (b) Height of the cliff and (c) Time interval between two firings.
Q40. A target is fixed on the top of a pole 13 m high. A person standing at a distance of 50
m from the pole is capable of projecting a stone with a velocity 10g m/s. If his aim is to
strike the target in the quickest time possible, at what angle of elevation should he throw the
stone?
Q41. A particle is moving along a vertical circle of radius R=20 m with a constant speed
v=31.4 ms
-1
as shown in figure. Straight line ABC is horizontal and passes through the
center of the circle. A shell is fired from point A at the instant when particle is at C. If
distance AB is 203 m and shell collides with the particle at B, calculate
(a) Smallest possible value of the angle of projection
(b) Corresponding velocity u of projection.
(Take =3.14 and g=10 ms
-2
)
Q42. A projectile aimed at a mark which is in a horizontal plane through the point of
projection fall a meter short of it when the elevation is and goes b meter too far when the
elevation is . If the velocity of projection be the same in all cases, then find out the proper
elevation for projection.
Q43. A stone is projected from a point on the ground in such a direction so as to hit a bird on
the top of the telegraph post of height h and then attain the maximum height 2h above the
ground. If, at the instant of projection, the bird were to fly away horizontally with uniform
speed, find the ratio between the horizontal velocities of the bird and stone, if the stone still
hits the bird while descending.
Q44. Two persons simultaneously aim their guns at a bird sitting on a tree. The first person
fires his shot with a speed of 100m/s at an angle of projection of 30
0
. The second person is
ahead of the first by a distance of 50 m and fire his shot with a speed of 80 m/s. How must
he aim his gun so that both the shots hit the bird simultaneously. Calculate
(A) the distance of the foot of the tree from two persons and the height of the tree.
(B) With what velocities and when do the two shots hit the bird.
Q45. A ball is thrown from ground level so as to just clear a wall 4 m high at a distance of 4
m and falls at a distance of 14 m from the wall. Find the magnitude and direction of the ball.
Q46. Two particles are projected from a point simultaneously with velocities whose
horizontal and vertical components are u1, v1 and u2, v2 respectively. Find out the interval
between their passings through the other common point of their path.
Q47. Two particles are simultaneously thrown from roofs of two high building, as shown in
fig. Their velocities of projection are 2 ms
-1
and 14 ms
-1
respectively. Horizontal and vertical
separations between points A and B are 22 m and 9 m respectively. Calculate the minimum
separation between the particles in the process of their motion.
Q48. A gun of muzzle speed v0 is situated at height h above a horizontal plane. Find out the
angle at which it must be fired so as to achieve the greatest range on the plane.
Q49. A projectile is fired from a point on a cliff to hit a mark 10 m horizontally from the point
and 10 m vertically below it. The velocity of projection is equal to that due to falling freely
under gravity through 5 m from rest. Find out the two possible directions with angles of
projections and time of flights respectively. (g=10 m/s
2
)
Q50. From points A and B, at the respective height of 2 m and 6 m, two bodies are thrown
simultaneously towards each other, one is thrown horizontally with a velocity of 8 m/s and
the other, downward at an angle of 45
0
to the horizontal at an initial velocity such that the
bodies collide in flight. The horizontal distance between points A and B equals 8 m.
Calculate
(A) the initial velocity v of the body thrown at an angle 45
0
.
(B) the coordinates (x, y) of the point of collision.
(C) the time of the flight of the bodies before colliding.
(D) the velocity of two bodies at the instant of collision.
Assume that the trajectory lies in a single plane.
Q51. Sand is discharged at A from a conveyor belt and falls onto the top of a stockpile at B,
knowing that the conveyor belt moves at the constant speed v0. Determine the smallest
value of v0 for which sand can be deposited on the stoke pile at B and the corresponding
value of a.
Q52. A particle is projected under gravity v in a direction making an angle with respect to
an inclined plane and having gradient , the point of projection being on the plane. If the
motion is in the vertical plane and the particle strikes the plane at an angle to the
horizontal. Find out
(a) Value of
(b) Velocity with which the particle strikes the plane
Q53. If the horizontal range of a projectile were a and the maximum height attained by it was
b, then find out the velocity of projection in terms of a and b.
Q54. Particle P and Q of mass 20 gm and 40 gm respectively are simultaneously projected
from points A and B on the ground. The initial velocities of P and Q make 45
0
and 135
0
angles respectively with the horizontal AB, as shown in the figure. Each particle has an
initial speed of 49 m/s. The separation AB is 245 m. Both particles travel in the same vertical
plane and undergo a collision. After collision P retraces its path. Determine (A) the position
of Q when it hits the ground.
(B) How much time after the collision does the particle Q takes to reach the ground.
Take (g = 9.8 m/s
2
)
Q55. A particle is projected from point O on the ground with velocity u= 55 ms
-1
at angle
= tan
-1
(0.5). It strikes at a point C on a fixed smooth plane AB having inclination of 37
0
with
horizontal. If the particle does not rebound, calculate
(a) Coordinates of point C in reference to coordinate system shown in figure.
(b) Maximum height from the ground to which the particle rises.
Take (g=10 m/s
2
)
Q56. The range of a rifle bullet is 1000 m, where is the angle of projection. If the bullet is
fired with the same angle from a car traveling at 36 km/h towards the target, then find out
the increase in the range of the projectile.
Q57. A cart is moving along + x direction with a velocity of 4 m/s. A person on the cart
throws a stone with a velocity of 6 m/s relative to himself. In the frame of reference of the
cart, the stone is thrown in y-z plane making an angle of 30
0
with vertical z-axis. At the
highest point of its trajectory, the stone hits an object of equal mass hung vertically from the
branch of tree by means of a strings of length L. A completely inelastic collision occurs, in
which the stone gets embedded in the object. Determine:
(A) The speed of the combined mass immediately after the collision with respect to an
observer on the ground.
(B) The length l of the string such that the tension in the string becomes zero when the
string becomes horizontal during the subsequent motion of the combined mass.
Q58. A cyclist moves along a straight line with a velocity of 9 km/h. In what direction should
he throw a stone with a velocity of 16 m/s and parallel to the ground so that the resultant
motion of the stone may be at right angles to the direction of motion of the cyclist.
Q59. A boat is moving directly away from a gun on the shore with speed v1. The gun fires a
shell with speed v2 at an angle of elevation and hits the boat. Find out the distance of the
boat from the gun at the moment it is fired.
Q60. A gun is fired from a moving platform and range of the shot are observed to be R1 and
R2 when the platform is moving forwards and backwards respectively with velocity v. Find
the elevation of the gun in terms of the given quantities.
Q61. Two towers AB and CD are situated a distance d apart as shown in figure. AB is 20 m
high and CD is 30 m high from the ground. An object of mass m is thrown from the top of AB
horizontally with the velocity of 10 ms
-1
towards CD. Simultaneously another object of mass
2m is thrown from the top of CD at an angle of 60
0
to the horizontal towards AB with same
magnitude of the first object. The two object move in the same vertical plane, collide in mid
air and stick to each other.
(a) Calculate the distance between the tower and
(b) Find the position where the objects hit the ground.
Q62. An object A is kept fixed at the point x=3 m and y= 1.25 m on a plank P raised above
the ground. At time t=0 the plank starts moving along the +x direction with an acceleration
1.5 m/s
2
. At the same instant a stone is projected from the origin with a velocity u as shown.
A stationary person on the ground observes the stone hitting the object during its downward
motion at an angle of 45
0
to the horizontal. All the motions are in x-y plane. Find u and the
time after which the stone hits the object.
Take g=10 m/s
2
.
Q63. A small ball thrown at an initial velocity v0 to an angle a to the horizontal strikes a
vertical wall moving towards it with a horizontal velocity v and is bounce to the point from
which it was thrown. Determine the time t from the beginning of motion to the moment of
impact, neglecting friction losses.
Q64. Rain appears to fall vertically downward to a man moving with a velocity of 10 m/s.
When he doubles his speed then the rain appears to strike him at an angle of 60
0
from
horizontal, then what is actual velocity of the rain?
Q65. At what angle to the horizon should a stone be thrown from the steep bank of a river
so that it may fall into the water as far as possible from the bank? The height of the bank is h
and the velocity of projection is v.
Q66. A particle is projected from the ground to graze the four upper vertices of a regular
hexagon whose side is 2a and which is placed vertically with one side on the ground. Find
(a) the time of flight,
(b) range on the ground.
Q67. A particle is projected with a velocity u and it strikes at right angles plane through
the point of projection inclined at an angle to the horizontal. Find the height of the point
strike above the horizontal plane through the point of projection and the time of flight up to
that instant.
Q68. A man is sitting on the shore of a river. He is in the line of a 1.0 m long boat and is 5.5
m away from the center of the boat. He wishes to throw an apple into the boat. If he can
throw the apple only with a speed of 10 m/s, find the minimum and maximum angles of
projection for successful shot. Assume that the point of projection and the edge of the boat
are in the same horizontal level.
Q69. The man stands 18 m from the wall and throws a ball at a speed of v0=15 m/s.
Determine the angle at which he should release the ball so that it strikes the wall at the
highest point possible. What is the height? The room has a ceiling height of 5 m.
Q70. A point moves in the plane xy according to the law
x = at,
y = at(1- t) , where a and are positive constants , and t is time.
Find
(a) The equation of the points trajectory y (x); plot this function;
(b) The velocity v and the acceleration w of the point as functions of time; the moment t0 at
which the velocity vectors forms an angle /4 with the acceleration vector.
Q71. Consider a balloon that rises from the surface of the earth. The ascension rate is
constant and is given by v0. Now the blowing action of wind causes the balloon to gather
horizontal velocity component vx= ay where y is height of ascent. Find out the horizontal drift
of the balloon as well as total, tangential and normal acceleration of the balloon.
Q72. A particle moves in the plane xy with constant acceleration w directed along the
negative y-axis. The equation of motion of the particle has the form y = ax bx
2
, where a
and b are positive constant. Find the velocity of the particle at the origin of coordinates.
Q73. A ball starts falling with zero initial velocity on a smooth in inclined plane forming an
angle with the horizontal. After having fallen the distance h, the ball rebounds elastically
off the inclined plane. At what distance from the impact point will the ball rebound for the
second time?
Q 74. A cannon and a target are 5.10 km apart and located at the same level. How soon will
the shell launched with the initial velocity 240 m/s reach the target in the absence of air
drag?
Q75. A particle A moves in one direction along a given trajectory with a tangential
acceleration wt = a t where a is a constant vector coinciding in direction with the x axis as
shown in fig, and t is a unit vector coinciding in direction with the velocity vector at a given
point. Find how the velocity of the particle depends on x provided that its velocity is
negligible at the point x = 0
Q76. A point moves in the plane so that its tangential acceleration wt = a, and its normal
acceleration wn=

bt
4
, where a and b are positive constant, and t is time.
At the moment t = 0, the point was at rest. Find how the curvature radius R of the points
trajectory and the total acceleration w depend on the distance covered s.
Q77.A particle moves along the plane trajectory y (x) with velocity v whose modulus is
constant. Find the acceleration of the particle at the point x= 0 and the curvature radius of
the trajectory at the point x = 0 and the curvature radius of the trajectory has the from
(a) of a parabola y = ax
2
;
(b) of an ellipse (x/a)
2
+ (y/b)
2
= 1; a and b are constants here.
Q78. Projectiles are hurled at a horizontal distance R from the edge of a cliff of height h in
such a way as to land a horizontal distance x from the bottom of the cliff. If you want x to be
as small as possible, how would you adjust 0 and v0, assuming that v0 can be varied from
zero to some maximum finite value and that 0 can be varied continuously? Only one
collision with the ground is allowed (see figure).
Q79. A projectile is fired with a speed of 40 m/s at an angle of 60
0
with the horizontal
towards the standing roof of a building. The roof is standing at an angle of 45
0
to the
horizontal as shown in figure.
(a) At what point the projectile hits the roof.
(b) What is the velocity of projectile when it hits the roof?
(c) What should be the angle of projection of the particle, so as to reach the roof in minimum
time and what is the value of this minimum time?
Q80. A canon fires from under a shelter inclined at an angle to the horizontal (fig). The
canon is at point A at a distance l from the base of the shelter (point B). The initial velocity of
the shell is v0, and its trajectory lies in the plane of the figure. Determine the maximum range
Lmax of the shell.
Exercise 1:
Ans10: H = (u sin ) t +1/2 g t
2
; H= 61.9 m
Ans11: V
v
= 103 & V
h
= 10; At time t, 10 = 10 3 10t; t = (3-1)s (D)
Ans12: Angular momentum = m (v cos 45
0
)= M v
3
/42g (B)
Ans13: (A)
Ans14: R = H tan ; H = gt
2
; t = 2H/g; R = u 2H/g = H tan or = tan
-1
2u
2
/gh
Ans 15: (D)
Ans16: R = nb; H = nh= gt
2
; ut = nb; t = nb/u; nh = gxn
2
b
2
/u
2
or n = 2u
2
h/gb
2
Ans17: v
0
cos
Ans18: Time of motion =10 / 20 cos60= 1s; Y = 12.32 m
Ans19: T = R/ V
0
cos ; Y = V
0
sin (r/ V
0
cos ) 1/2g (R
2
/ V
0

2
cos
2
)= R tan - gR
2
/
V
0

2
cos
2
(A)
Ans20: At the highest point v = u cos 45
0
= u/2; KE = 1/2mv
2
= 1/4mu
2
= 1/2E
Ans21: Change in momentum p = 2mv sin45
0
= 2 mv
Ans22: Rm = 5 = u
2
/g; u = 5x10
3
g; Hm = u
2
/2g = 2.5 km
Ans23: y = x-1/2x
2
; y = x tan - gx
2
/2u
2
cos
2
; tan =1 or =45
0
; g/u
2
cos
2
= 1; u = 2g; t
f
= 2u sin /g = 2/g (B)
Ans24: R = u
2
sin2 /g; R
1
/R
2
=1:1
Ans25: (D)
Ans26: R= u
2
/g; u = Rg; R/2 = (Rg)
2
sin
2
/g = Rsin
2
; sin = ; = 15
0
& 75
0
Ans27: Since R=H
max
; u
2
sin 2 /g=u
2
sin
2
/2g; tan = 4
Ans28:T
f
= 2u sin /g; T
f1
= 2u sin /g; T
f2
= 2u cos /g; T
f1
/T
f2
= tan
Ans29: (B)
Ans30: Rm = u
2
/g; u = 502 m/s; y = u sin t-1/2gt
2
= 50 t 5t
2
; x = 50t; tan30 = 50t-5t
2
/50t; t=
4.2s; y = 121.8; x = 210m; s = 242m
Ans31: = /2-5 /36=13 /36 rad
Ans32: Rm = v
2
/g ; A = v
4
/g
2
Exercise 2:
Ans1: p = 2mv sin; V sin = gT/2; p = mgT ; L = mv.r = mu.y mv.x; L continuously
changes
Ans2: False, True
Ans3: (A) True, (B) True, (C) False (D) True
Ans4: Let and be the base angles of the triangle and be the angle of projection of the
projectile.
y=x tan -g x
2
/2u
2
cos
2
; h= h cot tan g h
2
cot
2
/2 u
2
cos
2
; 1= cot tan g h cot
2
/2 u
2
cos
2

also h(cot + cot )=u2 sin 2 /g; tan =tan + tan
Ans5: R = u
2
sin /g; 30 = (30)
2
sin
2
/g; sin
2
= 1/3; = 9.73
0
, 80.26
0
; t
f
= 2u sin /g; t
f
=
5.91s say 6.0s
Ans6: u
1
2
sin
2

1
= u
2
2
sin
2

2
; u
1
sin
1
= u
2
sin
2
;

t
1h
+t
2h
= u
1
sin
1
/g + u
2
sin
2
/g=
2u
1
sin
1
/g = 2u
2
sin
2
/g
= time of flight or either one.
Ans7: Consider the vertical motion of projectile -4.0 = 4 sin45t-1/2gt
2
;u cos45t = 350; t = 4.70s; u =
105.31 ft/d; t
2
= 320/u cos45 = 4.29s; y
2
= 29; Ball clears the fence by 5
Ans8: Rmax = u
2
/g; Hmax = u
2
/4g; Hmax = Rmax/4
Ans9: H = u
2
/2g; mv
2
= mu
2
/2; v = u/2; v
2
= u
2
2g. (3/4 u
2
/2g)= u
2
; v = u/2; t = u/2g
=T/2
Ans10: (a) t
0
= 2l/v; T = l/v-u+l/v+u= 2lv/v
2
-u
2
= 2l/v{1-u
2
/v
2
}= t
0
/1-u
2
/v
2
(b) sin = u/v; t
1
= l/v cos =l/v1-u
2
/v
2
; t = 2t
1
=t
0
/1-u
2
/v
2
Ans11: T
1
= 2u sin /g , T
2
= 2u sin /g; T
1
/T
2
= sin /sin =tan =cot
(A) True (B) True
Ans12: (A) False, (B) False
Ans13: (ab)
h
= (u cos -vcos )t=k
1
t; (ab)
v
= (u sin -v sin )t=k
2
t; (bc)
h
=( w cos -
vcos )t=k
3
t
(bc)
v
=( w sin -v sin )t=k4 t; (ca)
h
==( w cos -u cos )t=k5 t; (ca)v==( w sin -u sin )t=k6 t
a=(ab)
h
2
+ (ab)
v
2
; b=(bc)
h
2
+ (ca)
v
2
; a=(ab)
h
2
+ (ca)
v
2
; s=(a+b+c)/2; Area =1/2s(s-a)(s-b)(s-
c)=K t
2
Ans14: Tr=2 v/g cos (1+e+e
2
+e
3
+.+e
(r-1)
)= 2 v (e
r
-1) /g cos
T
n
=2 v (e
n
-1) /g cos ; u= g sin Tr & 2u = g sin T
n
; e
n
-2 e
r
+1=0
Ans15: Let u
1
,
1
, be the velocity and angle of projection of first particle and u
2
,
2
be the values
for other one then position of particles at any instant t; x
1
= u
1
cos
1
t ; x
2
= u
2
cos
2
t ; y
1
= u
1
sin
1
t gt
2

y
2
= u
2
sin
2
t gt
2
; Relative position of particle 2 w.r.t one x = (u
2
cos
2
u
1
cos
1
)t;
y = (u
2
sin
2
-u
1
sin
1
)t ; y/ x = (u
2
sin
2
-u
1
sin
1
/u
2
cos
2
-u
1
cos
1
) = k
Ans16: h= u sin . t-1/2gt
2
;

gt
2
-2u sin t + 2h = 0 ; t=2u sin t 4u
2
sin
2
-5gh/2g; t=u sin /g
t u
2
sin
2
2gh/g; t
1
+t
2
= 2u sin /g = time of flight
Exercise 3:
Ans1: R = u
2
sin2 /g ; d = u
2
/g or u = gd; Hmax= u
2
/2g = d/2
Ans2: dy/dt = 8-10t ; At t = 0 ; V
y
= 8; V
x
= dx/dt = 6 so V=10 m/s
Ans3: tan = u sin -gt/ u cos ; u = gt cos /sin( - )
Ans4: y
1
= u
2
sin
2
/2g= 3u
2
/8g; u = 8yg/3; y
2
= u
2
sin
2
( /6)/2g = u
2
/8g= y
1
/3
Ans5: 70= - 25t+1/2x10t
2
=5t
2
-25t; t = 7, t= -2
Ans6: t = 180/u; H = gt
2
; (55-10.9) = 1/2x10x(180/u)
2
; u = 60.60 m/s
Ans7: Average velocity = distance between points / time= u cos
Ans8: R = u
2
sin2 /g; h= u
2
sin
2
/2g , h = u
2
cos
2
/2g; hh = u
4
/16 g
2
(4 sin
2
cos
2
) =
u
4
/16g
2
, sin
2
2
hh = 1/16 R
2
or R = 4hh
Ans9: y = ax bx
2
= x tan - gx
2
/2u
2
cos
2
; tan = a, g/2u
2
cos
2
= b; u
2
= g/2b (1+a
2
);
Hm= u
2
sin
2
/2g=a
2
/4b
Ans10: H = 1/2gt
2
; t = 2h/g = 20 s;
Ans11: v = k
1
i^+k
2
xj^; dx/dt = k
1
or x = k
1
t; dy/dt = k
2
x=k
1
k
2
t=>y = 1/2k
1
k
2
t
2
; y = k
2
/2k
1
x
2

Ans12: V
A
= V
B
cos ; V
A
= 3/2 V
B
; V
B
sin 30 = Vc; V
B
= 2Vc; V
A
: V
B
: VC = 3:2:1;
Ans13: Time of flight = 2h/g; X = 2ghx2h/g=2h
Ans14: t = 2H/g; X = aH/g = u2H/g; u =aH/2g
Ans15: (8+v
0
/2)t = 8 ; v
0
sin 45t = 4; v
0
/2t=4; t=1/2s; v
0
= 82 = 11.31 m/s
Ans16: t
f
= u/gcos30 = 2u/3g = 2s; Vv = gsin30t= 10m/s; Distance PO=1/2 g sin 30 t
f
2
=10 m
Hence h= PO sin 30=5m; Maximum height attended = h +(usin60)
2
/2g= 16.25 m;
Applying principal of energy conservation from P to Q
m u
2
=1/2 m Vv
2
+ mg h; h =10m; PQ = 17.32
2
+10
2
= 20 m
Ans17: B
A
= 300 sin37
0
-700
2
sin
2
37/2x980; B
A
= 90 cm
Ans18: Time of said motion =Time of flight-2(t
15
)=2 sec
Ans19: Vcos 30
0
=v; V/v=2/3
Ans20: R = u
2
sin2 /g = 2u
2
sin cos /g; H = u
2
sin
2
/2g; R
2
= 4u
4
/g
2
sin
2
(1-sin
2
)

=
48h/g (u
2
-2gh)
R
m
= u
2
/g= R
2
/8h+2h
Ans21: 20 m/s
Ans22: u=g sin .t; t = u/g sin = u/g cosec
Ans23:1390 = 90t + 5t
2
; t= 10.0 s
Ans24: T = 2v sin30/g sin60 = 2v/3g; S = v cos30 (2v/3g )-1/2g cos60 (4v
2
/3g
2
)=30 m
Ans25: 53t = 53cos60
0
(t+ t); t = t; -5t sin60(t+ t)+1/2g(t+ t)
2
= 1/2gt
2
; t = 1s; coordinate
of P, x = 53, y = 5m
Ans26: Time of flight=2h/g=1.27 s; Position of ball=(u -v
0
)T=3.81 m
Ans27: (a) 0 = 29.4 sin30t 1/2g sin60
0
t
2
; t = 5.88 s; R = 29.4 cos30t 1/2g cos60
0
t
2
= 58.8 m
(b)t = u/g cot ; h cos = u sin t +1/2 g cos .t
2
; u = 2gh/(2+cot
2
)
Ans28: In a vertical motion 1.20 = 18 sin30t 1/2gt
2
; 5t
2
9t 1.20 = 0; t = 1.92 s;
x = 18 cos30x 1.92 = 29.92 m
Ans29. (i) R/h= 4 cot ; R/2h= tan; tan = 2 cot
(ii) R = u
2
sin
2
/g = 2h tan; 2u
2
tan /(1+tan
2
) = 2gh tan; u
2
=gh/2 (4+tan
2
)
Ans30: v
1
= - 3 i^+gt j^; v
2
= 4i^ + gtj^; v
1
. v
2
= - 12 +g
2
t
2
= 0; t = 12/g; x = 2.42 m
Ans31: Time of flight (T)= 58.8/14.7= 4s; 2 u sin /g= 4 u sin =2g; u cos =0 = /2 and
u=19.6 m/s
and relative to earth v=14.7
2
+19.6
2
=24.5 m/s at angle of 53
0
from horizontal.
Ans32: Time of flight (T)= 2(H-h)/g + 2h/g; dT/dh= 2/g{1/2h-1/2H-h}=0; H=2h or h/H=1:2
Ans 33: Y = x tan - gx
2
/2u
2
cos
2
; Y = d tan - gd
2
/2u
2
sec
2
; dy/d = d sec
2
- gd
2
/2u
2
(2 sec
2
tan )
tan = u
2
/gd=R/d; Ym = (R
2
-d
2
/2R); B = 2R
2
-D
2
Ans34: Let v
0
be the velocity of fall of hailstones falling vertically with respect to the Earth
frame.Then 2v
1
cot2
1
=v
0
and 2v
2
cot2
2
=v
0
; v
1
/v
2
=tan 2
1
/tan 2
2
=3
Ans35: y = x tan - gx
2
/2u
2
cos
2
; (dy/dx) = tan - gx/u
2
cos
2
; At x =(11.7+5 cos 15
0
)=
16.52, dy/dx=- tan
2 tan = gx/u
2
cos
2
or u = (gx)/sin; u = 32.49 ft/s
Ans36: (a) h = u
2
sin
2
/2g; u = 2gh/sin
2
= 2gh/sin; V
f
2
= Vi
2
2gh sin
2
; V
f
= 2gh
cos .
(b) u
2
2
= gx/2 sin cos ; o = x tan - gx
2
/2u
2
2
cos
2
; x tan = x tan - gx
2
/2u
1
2
cos
2
;
gx/2u
1
2
cos
2
= tan - tan; u
2
2
sin cos /u
1
2
cos
2
= tan tan; since u
1
cos = u
2
cos; tan = tan -tan
Ans37: V = V
0
cos
0
; a = g; av; V
2
/R = g; R = V
2
/g = u
0
2
cos
2

0
/g
Ans38: t = 4/u, t =1/2s; BF = 1/2gt
2
= 1.25m; V
v
A
= u sin - gt =0.1m/s; V
H
A
= 6.3 m/s; V
A
=
6.38 m/s, tan =0.01
Ans39: H = 20 tan - gx10
2
/2u
2
cos
2
= 20 tan - gx10
2
/2u
2
cos
2
; u = 25(sec
2
-sec
2
)/
(tan -tan )
u = 20 m/s; H=10m & t=1.72 s
Ans40: y = x tan - gx
2
/2u
2
cos
2
; 12.5 tan
2
- 50tan +25.5 =0; tan = 3.4, 0.6; = 73.6
0
,
30.96
0
Angle of projection for quickest time of throw is with least sin that is= 30.96
0
Ans41: T
f
= 2u sin /g=2s; R=203 = u
2
sin2 /g ; tan =1/3 => =30
0
; u = 20 m/s
Ans42: g(R-a) = u
2
sin2 ; g(R+b) = u
2
sin2; R =u
2
sin2 /g= u
2
/g(asin2 +bsin2 )/(a+b);
= sin
-1
(a sin
2
+bsin
2
)/(a+b)
Ans43: h =(u sin .)t 1/2gt
2
; t= (2+2)h/g; t
2
= (2-2) h/g; u cos{ t
2
- t}= v t
2
;

u cos /v= t
2
/(t
2
- t)=(2/2+1)
Ans44: 100 cos30.t = 80 cos t + 50; 100 sin30.t gt
2
= 80 sin t 1/2 gt
2
; sin = 5/8; t = 2.07
s.
Distance of foot of tree from first person x
1
= 80 cos t + 50 = 179.27
Distance of foot of tree from second person x
2
= 80 cos t = 129.27 m
Height of tree = 100 sin30 t gt
2
= 82.50 m
Ans45: u cos t = 4; u sin t gt
2
= 4; u
2
sin2 /g = 18 ; u sin /g t = 9/4; 9/4 gt
2
gt
2
=
4; t = 0.47 s
u = 13.71 m/s; = 51.63
0
Ans46: u
1
t
1
= u
2
t
2
; v
1
t
1
gt
1
2
= v
2
t
2
gt
2
2
; v
1
/t
1
1/2g = u
2
(t
2
/t
1
)1/t
1
g(t
2
/t
1
)
2
;
Since t
2
/t1 = u
1
/u
2 so
t
1
= 2u
2
(u
2
v
1
-u
1
v
2
)/g(u
2
2
-u
1
2
); t
2
= 2u
1
(u
2
u
1
-u
1
v
2
)/g(u
2
2
-u
1
2
);
t = t
1
-t
2
= 2(u
2
v
1
-u
1
v
2
)/g(u
1
+u
2
)
Ans47. At any instant Horizontal Separation = 22-(16/2) t; Vertical Separation =(9-12/2t);
Z=(22-16/2t)
2
+(9-12/2t)
2
;

dz/dt =0; x = 6 m
Ans48: gt
2
-2v
0
sin t-2h = 0; t = 2v
0
sint 4v
0
2
sin
2
+2gh/2g; R =
v
0
2
sin cos /g+v
0
cos /gv
0
2
sin
2
+2gh
dR/d = 0; cos2 = gh/v
0
2
+gh; = cos
-1
{gh/v
0
2
+gh}
Ans49: u=2gh=10m/s; -10 = 10sin t-5 t
2
; t = 1/cos ; tan =(1t 2)/2;
1
= 67.5
0
,
2
=
-22.5
0
Ans50: 8t+vcos45t = 8; v sin45t = 4; vt = 42; t=1/2s; v = 11.31 m/s;
Ans51: V
0
cos t = 8; V
0
sin t= 5t
2
-6; V
0
2
t
2
= 25t
4
-60t
2
+100; Z = V
0
2
=25t
2
+100/t
2
-60; dz/dt =
50t+100(-2/t
3
) = 0; t = 1.41s; V
0
= 6.30m/s; cos = 0.89; = 26.94
0
Ans52: t = 2v sin /g cos; V
h
= v cos - gsin .(2vsin /gcos );
Vv = -vsin + g cos t; tan2 = Vv/Vh
(1+3tan
2
) tan = 2tan
Ans53: 2u
2
sin cos /g =a ; u
2
sin
2
/2g = b; tan = 4b/a; sin =4b/a
2
+16b
2
; u =
2g(b+a
2
/16b)
Ans54: At the point of collision U
AX
= u cos 45
0
= u/2; U
AY
= u/2 gt=0 ; U
BX
= -u/2; U
BY
=
u/2-gt=0
mu/2-2mu/2 = -mu/2+2mux; ux = 0; Hence body Q falls freely under gravity
Ans55: 10/3 sin 37=55 cos t+1/2 g cos 37
0
t
2
where =79.56
0
; t = 0.50s; MC=55 sin t-1/2
g sin 37
0
t
2
=4.75m
AC=4.75-10/3 cos 37
0
= 2.08 m; X=5.0m & Y=1.25 m; Vp=7.8 m/s; m V
p
2=m g h; hm =
h+Y=4.45 m
Ans56:10
3
=u
2
sin2 /10; u=10
4
/sin2; t = 2u sin /g; Rn = (10
4
/sin cos +10)
(200/sin2 )sin /10-10
3
= 1000/7 tan
Ans57: At highest point V
h
= Vn
2
+vz
2
= 5 m/s; Mv+0= 2m.v; V = 2.5 m/s; 2m(v)
2
= 2mgl;
l=0.32 m
Ans58: 16cos = 2.5; cos = 0.15; = 81
0
Ans59: X = (v
2
cos -v
1
)t
1
= 2v
2
sin /g(v
2
cos -v
1
)
Ans60: R
1
= (u+v)t
f
; R
2
= (u-v)t
f
;

R
1
/R
2
=(u+v)/(u-v); u=(R
1
+R
2
)v/ (R
1
-R
2
); tan = g(R
1
-
R
2
)
2
/4v
2
(R
1
+R
2
)
Ans61. 15t = d; (10sin60t+1/2gt
2
)-(1/2gt
2
)= 10 m; t = 2/3 ;d = 17.32 m; At the instant of collision
Vn
A
= 10 , Vv
A
= 1/2gt
2
= 20/3; Vn
B
= 5, Vv
B
= 10/3 (3+2); From principal of conservation of
momentum
m(10) 2m(5) = 3m(Vn); Vn = 0
Hence particle after collision falls vertically at distance=10t = 20/3m from AB
Ans62: u cos t = 3+0.75t
2
; u sin t = 1.25+5t
2
;

u cos = -usin +gt; t = 1s; u = 7.28 m/s
Ans63: X = v
0
cos t; Y = v
0
sin t-1/2gt
2
; Y = -(v
0
sin -gt)t
1
+1/2gt
1
2
; X = (v+v
0
cos )t
1
;
T=v
0
sin (v
0
cos +2 v)/g (v
0
cos +v)
Ans64: Vsin = 10; tan60
0
= Vcos /20-Vsin; V cos = 103; V = 20 m/s
Ans65: h=-R tan +1/2g/v
2
R
2
(1+tan
2
); Differentiating both sides with respect to , R=v
2
/g
tan ;
tan =v/v
2
+2 gh
Ans66: Let the origin be at the point of projection and b is the abscissa of the first vertex of the
Hexagon above plane 3 a= b tan - g b
2
/2 u
2
cos
2
; 23 a= (b+a) tan - g (b+a)
2
/2 u
2
cos
2
;
23 a= (b+3a) tan - g (b+3a)
2
/2 u
2
cos
2
; 3 a= (b+4a) tan - g (b+4a)
2
/2 u
2
cos
2

On solving (u cos )
2
=(3 a g/2) And b= (7-2)a; So Range R=4a +2b=27 a
Ans67: t= 2u
n
/g cos; u
p
=

2 u
n
tan so u
n
=u / 1+4 tan
2
; h=2 u
2
sin
2
/g(1+3 sin
2
);
Ans68. Possible range of shot=5.50 0.50 = 5 m; and 5.50+0.50 = 6 m; R = u
2
sin2 /g; = 15
0
,
75
0
(Sin2 )
m
= 3/5;
m
= 18.43
0
,71.57
0
;

Hence can have value between 15
0
and 18.43
0
or 71.57
0
and 75
0
Ans69: Let h
max
=v
0
sin
2
/2g 5sin 2/3
Also h=18 tan -36/5 (1+ tan
2
); For dh/d =0 tan =5/4>2/3 hence take =sin
-1
(2/3) ; h=3.14
Ans 70: Equation of the motion in the plane x= at; y = at(1- t); y = x (1- x/a); v = ai + (a-
2a t)j
w = (-2a )j
angle the velocity vector makes with the y axis tan = a/(2a t - a) = 1; t = 1/
Ans71: dy/dt = V
0
; dx/dt = ay ; tan =dy/dx= v
0
/ay; d
2
y/dt
2
= 0; d
2
x/dt
2
= av
0
;
total
= av
0
;

t
=
total
cos =
total

/1+ tan
2
;
t
= a
2
v
0
y/v
0
2
+a
2
.y
2

Ans72. w = constant = -k j where k is positive constant; dy/dx = a 2bx; and d
2
y / dx
2
= - 2b;
v
y
=dy/dt= v
x
(a-2b x); -w= dv
y
/dt=-2 bv
x
2
; v
x
= w/2b; v = w/2b {i + (a 2bx)j}
Ans73: Time to reach peak tp = v cos / g cos = v/g
Total time of motion up to second collision = 2v/g
Distance traveled along plane (AB) = 4v
2
/g sin =8 h sin
Ans74 : let the be the angle projection for minimum time of flight
so v
0
cos t
m
= L; t
m
= 2v
0
sin /g; v
0
cos (2v sin )/g = L
v
0
2
sin2 /g = L; sin
2
gl/v
0
2
= 0.86; = 30.14
0
or 59.85
0
; tm = 2 x 240 sin 30.14
0
/10 =
0.40 min and 0.69 min
Ans75: dv/dt = a = a.v/ v ; vdv/dx = a ; v = 2 a x
Ans76: Tangential acceleration w
t
= a; Normal acceleration w
n
= bt
4
;

s = at
2
/2; Hence w
n
=b(2s/a)
2
total acceleration = a
2
+b
2
(2s/a)
4
= a
2
+16b
2
s
4
/a
4
Ans77: (a) equation of motion y = ax
2
; Since v = constant implies tangential acceleration is zero
at every point and acceleration is directed normal to path; Also R= {1+(dy/dx)
2
}
3/2
/ d
2
y/dx
2
= a/2;
a
total
= 2 v
2
a
(b) ellipse (x/a)
2
+(y/b)
2
= 1; radius of curvature = a
2
v
2
/bv
2
= a
2
/b
a=an= -[ba v
2
/a
3
]= - bv
2
/a
Ans78: Time of fall of height h(t)= v
2
sin
2
+2 g h /g v sin /g
x=v cos{ v
2
sin
2
+2 g h /g v sin /g } =(R
2
+2h/g v
2
cos
2
) R/2
For x to be minimum v cos should be minimum or v sin should be maximum which is for v to be
v
max
and be the corresponding max value given by sin
1
(R g/v
max
2
)
Ans79: 8sin t-t
2
= 4-8cos t
{cos t+sin dt/d }-2tdt/d = -{-sin t +cos dt/d }; = /4
Ans80: tan =V
0
sin - g t/ V
0
cos; t= V
0
/g(1- tan ) since for L
max
, =45
0
and path is
tangent to shelter
Also { l +V
0
/2 t} tan = V
0
/2 -1/2 g t
2
; Sin2 = V
0
2
/ (V
0
2
+ 2gl) or sin
-1
{V
0
2
/
(V
0
2
+ 2gl) }
Then L
max
= V
0
2
/g ; If < sin
-1
{V
0
2
/ (V
0
2
+ 2gl) }, Lmax=V
0
2
/g{sin 2( + sin
-1
gl sin 2 /
V
0
}