Statistics Formulae

Compiled by: Dr.M.Syed Meera Lebbai, Associate Professor Post Graduate & Research Department of Commerce, Hajee Karutha Rowther Howdia College, Uthamapalayam 625 533

Measures of Central Tendency(Averages) Average Mean Individual Observation Discrete Series Continuous Series or A +

Median

Size of

th

item

Size of

th

item

L+

Mode

The value occurs maximum number of times

Mode is identified by grouping and analysis table Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean -----

L+

Weighted Arithmetic Mean Geometric Mean Weighted Geometric Mean Harmonic Mean Weighted Harmonic Mean Antilog

-----

Antilog -----

Antilog -----

Antilog

-----

-----

Combined Arithmetic Mean

_ ---------

N = Number of items

N= Sum of frequencies

Measures of Dispersion(Variation) Dispersion (Variation) Range Individual Observation LS Continuous Series The largest(L) is the upper limit of the highest class and smallest(S) is the lower limit of the lowest class Discrete Series

Co efficient of range

Quartile Deviation Coefficient of Q.D.

Q1 and Q3 Values in Quartile Deviation

Q1 = Size of Q3 = Size of 3

th

item
th

Q1 = L+ Q3 = L+

item

Mean Deviation (M.D.) Coefficient of M.D.

Standard Deviation

When deviations are taken from actual mean

When deviations taken from assumed mean Standard Deviation

Combined Standard Deviation ( Coefficient of Variation(C.V.) X 100 N = Number of items Skewness, Moments and Kurtosis Skewness Absolute skewness- Karlpearson Mean Mode X 100 X 100

N= Sum of frequencies

Karlpearson coefficient of skewness

SKp

or

Absolute skewness Bowleys

Q3 + Q1 - 2 Median

Bowleys coefficient of skewness

SKB =

Kellys coefficient of skewness

SKk =

Moments Moments about mean :

Moments about mean in a frequency distribution

Moments about arbitrary origin

: Moments about arbitrary origin in a frequency distribution

Moments about mean

-3

Kurtosis or
1

or

Co-efficient of Correlation I Simple Correlation

a) When deviations are taken from actual Mean

b) When deviations are taken from assumed mean

or

AX= Assumed mean of x series; AY = Assumed mean of Y series

C) When X and Y values denote the original values (Direct Method or Product moment correlation)

d)By standard Deviation Method

or

d) Co efficient of correlation for Grouped Series

Where N = sum of frequencies

II. Rank Correlation coefficient

or

Rank correlation when equal or tied ranks occur

III. Concurrent Deviation Method

rc rc = Co-efficient of correlation by concurrent deviation method c = Number of positive signs n= Number of observations excluding the first observation

Probable Error P.E. = 0.6745 0.6745 = is the constant number r= Pearsonian co-efficient of correlation N= Number of pairs of observation Regression Analysis Regression Equation of Y on X Regression Equation of X on Y (to find out the value of Y for a given value of X) (to find out the value of X for a given value of Y) Method I X= a + by Y = a + bx The values of a and b are determined by solving The values of a and b are determined by solving the following two normal equations the following two normal equations X = Na + bY XY = aY + b Method II X Mean of X values = r series) (Y mean of y Y Mean of Y values = r series) (X mean of X Y = Na + bX XY = aX + b

The value of r

= bxy

The value of r

= byx

The values of bxy and byx can be calculated in the following ways bxy a) When deviations are taken from actual mean bxy = b) When deviations are taken from assumed mean bxy = c) When X and Y denote original values of X and Y byx = bxy = byx

bxy =

byx= r (correlation)

r=

r=