M rng WLAN bng k thut mng hnh li khng dy

S pht trin nhanh ca cng ngh mng khng dy trong nhng nm gn y cho php ngi s dng ch ng trong vic la chn gii php thch hp khi trin khai mng. Mi cng ngh mng khng dy c thit k hot ng mt phm vi nht nh v c phn loi theo kh nng ph sng ca tng cng ngh. Trong thc t thng c phn chia thnh cc loi mng: Mng c nhn WPAN, mng ni b WLAN, mng th WMAN, mng din rng WWAN. Tnh cht ca mi loi mng c cu thnh thng qua mt tp cc tham s v bng thng, phm vi mng, nng lng tiu th, v tr ca ngi s dng... T VN S pht trin nhanh ca cng ngh mng khng dy trong nhng nm gn y cho php ngi s dng ch ng trong vic la chn gii php thch hp khi trin khai mng. Mi cng ngh mng khng dy c thit k hot ng mt phm vi nht nh v c phn loi theo kh nng ph sng ca tng cng ngh. Trong thc t thng c phn chia thnh cc loi mng: Mng c nhn WPAN, mng ni b WLAN, mng th WMAN, mng din rng WWAN. Tnh cht ca mi loi mng c cu thnh thng qua mt tp cc tham s v bng thng, phm vi mng, nng lng tiu th, v tr ca ngi s dng... Mi tng quan v phm vi ph sng v tc truyn d liu ca tng loi mng c minh ha trong Hnh 1 [3].

Hnh 1. Cc cng ngh mng khng dy v phm vi ng dng u im v tc truyn cao v phm vi ph sng rng, WiMAX l la chn s mt cho cc ng dng mng khng dy c s lng ngi s dng ln, cung cp ng thi nhiu dch v khc nhau (thoi, video, Internet) trn cng mt ng truyn khng dy [9]. Tuy nhin, vi cc ng dng mng c phm vi va v nh, cng ngh WiMAX khng phi l mt gii php ph hp do gi thnh thit b u cui cao, chi ph thit lp mng ln. Trong cc ng dng mng khng dy phm vi va v nh, cng ngh WLAN (IEEE 802.11) vn l mt gii php hon ton ph hp v c im k thut cng nh chi ph s dng. Tuy nhin, do hn ch v tm ph sng, cng ngh WLAN truyn thng khng th p ng c cc ng dng cn m rng mng. V vy, trn c s cc yu t cng ngh c sn ca cng ngh khng dy chun, yu cu t ra l phi xy dng c gii php kt ni to ra mng c phm vi ph sng cao hn nhng vn m bo c tnh cht ca mng. K thut mng hnh li khng dy WMN (Wireless Mesh Network) c th c coi l mt gii php tt cho vn t ra, nhm m rng phm vi ph sng cho cc mng WLAN chun. Da trn cc thit b c sn ca WLAN cng vi mt s ci tin v c phn cng, phn mm; xy dng giao thc truyn thng mi, k thut mng hnh li khng dy c th ci thin ng k tm ph sng ca mng ban u.

So snh WLAN v WiMAX

WiMAX (802.16a) WLAN (802.11b) Mng khng dy ni b 2.4GHz ISM 25MHz (802.11a/g) Mng khng dy ni b 2.4GHz ISM (g) 20MHz

ng dng c bn

Mng khng dy bng thng rng 2GHz n 11GHz C th iu chnh c trong khong 1.25MHz-20MHz Song cng

Di tn Bng thng knh

Ch truyn d liu Cng ngh v tuyn hiu qu ca bng thng Mt m

Bn cng

Bn cng

OFDM

DSSS

OFDM

5 bps/Hz

0.44 bps/Hz

2.7 bps/Hz

3DES (Bt buc) AES (Ty chn)

RC4 (AES vi 802.11i) ang c pht trin

RC4 (AES vi 802.11i) ang c pht trin

Kh nng di ng (Mobility) Kt ni mng li (Mesh Network) u im

Mobile WiMAX (802.16e)

Tu thuc vo hng sn xut

Tu thuc vo hng sn xut

Tc truyn cao, phm vi ph sng rng

Tc truyn cao, gi thnh r

Tc truyn cao, gi thnh r

K THUT MNG HNH LI KHNG DY WMN Khi nim mng hnh li (Mesh Network) ni chung c s dng trong mt s lnh vc ca ngnh cng ngh thng tin. K thut mng hnh li l cch thc truyn ti d liu, m thanh v cu lnh gia cc nt x l, cho php truyn thng lin tc v t xc nh li cu hnh xung quanh ng i b che chn bng cch nhy t nt ny sang nt khc cho n khi thit lp c kt ni. Mng li c kh nng t hn gn v to ra mng c tin cy cao; c th hot ng khi c mt nt b li hoc cht lng kt ni mng km. Trong lnh vc mng khng dy, mng li c p dng ni rng phm vi ph sng ca mng khng dy truyn thng. Cc nt trong mng truyn thng trc tip vi cc nt khc v tham gia trong mng li. Nu mt nt c th kt ni vi mt nt ln cn khc th s c kt ni vi ton mng [8]. Cc cu hnh mng Cng ngh mng WLAN c p dng trin khai mng khng dy din rng thng qua mt s ci tin v phn cng v phn mm trn cc chun 802.11a, 802.11b c di tn khc nhau (Bng 1). Chun 802.11b thng c dng khi ci t giao thc truyn thng gia cc nt do c t ca chun ny cho php phm vi truyn ln hn khi hot ng di tn 2.4GHz. Trong k thut mng hnh li, c cc khi nim: - Nt (Node): Gm c router v/hoc cc client (my tnh, PDA,... ). - Nt ng ln (Uplink node): Nt kt ni ti mng Internet thng qua ng truyn hu tuyn cung cp kt ni Internet cho ton mng. - Nt ng xung (Downlink node): Nt kt ni ti mng v c kh nng phc v c kt ni hu tuyn v v tuyn cho mng. - Nt lp (Repeater node): Nt kt ni vo mng v khng dng phc v cc client ch ng vai tr l nt trung gian lp tn hiu.

Cc cu hnh mng c bn [4],[6] im im (Point-to-Point): L kiu kt ni n gin nht, hai nt truyn thng qua hai anten thu pht cng sut cao hng trc tip vi nhau.

Hnh 2. Mng im-im im a im (Point-to-Multipoints): Kt ni c chia s gia nt ng ln dng anten a hng vi cc nt ng xung (hoc nt lp) vi anten thu cng sut cao. Cu hnh mng ny d trin khai hn cu hnh im im v khi thm mt thu bao mi ch cn lp t thm thit b ti khu vc thu bao ch khng phi lp ti nt ng ln. Tuy vy, cc trm thu phi nm trong phm vi ph sng v c ng nhn thng vi trm pht sng gc. Cc vt cn nh cy ci, nh ca, i ni,

... s gp phn lm cu hnh mng li im im hot ng khng hiu qu.

Hnh 3. Mng im a im

 a im a im: Mi nt c vai tr khng ch l im truy nhp cho cc trm m cn lm nhim v chuyn tip d liu.

Hnh 4. Mng a im- a im Cu hnh ny c tin cy mng cao nht do cc nt c s lin thng vi nhau, mt nt ch cn c kt ni vi mt nt bt k m khng cn phi c kt ni trc tip vi nt ng ln nh trong cu hnh im a im, l c th kt ni vi ton mng. Tuy nhin, i li giao thc tm ng ca mng s c phc tp cao hn.

Giao thc truyn thng Giao thc truyn thng gia cc nt l yu t k thut ct li ca mng. Mng c kh nng t phc hi tt cng nh tm c ng i ti u hay khng l nh vo giao thc truyn d liu gia cc nt x l trong mng. C mt s k thut ang c xut lm giao thc truyn thng cho mng li nh: AODV (Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector), PWRP (Predictive Wireless Routing Protocol), OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol), TORA (Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm),... Tuy nhin, s cha c giao thc no c chn chnh thc cho n khi chun cho mng hnh li khng dy 802.11s ra i [1],[6]. Cc giao thc u c thit k da trn nguyn tc chung ging nhau, ch khc nhau v cch th hin ci t v x l thng tin. Trong phn ny gii thiu Giao thc nh tuyn ng DSR (Dynamic Source Routing Protocol). y l giao thc c nhiu u im v tnh n gin, hiu qu cao, c kh nng t t chc, t nh cu hnh tt. Cc c im ca DSR Giao thc c cu thnh t hai c ch: Pht hin ng truyn v Duy tr ng truyn. Cc c ch ny cho php cc nt trong mng truyn thng trc tip hoc gin tip vi tt c cc nt cn li trong mng li. - Pht hin ng i RD (Route Discovery): L c ch tm ng khi nt gc S mun gi gi d liu ti nt ch D nhng cha bit ng i. - Duy tr ng i RM (Route Maintenance): L c ch trong nt S c kh nng tm ng mi khi ng truyn ang s dng b gin on do cu hnh mng thay i hoc kt ni gia cc nt trong ng truyn khng hot ng. Khi pht hin ra ng truyn c b t, S c th tm mt ng truyn ti D khc m n bit hoc thc hin c ch RD tm ra ng mi.

Cc c ch RD v RM hot ng hon ton da theo yu cu ca cc nt. Khng ging vi cc giao thc khc, DSR khng i hi phi truyn nh k cc gi d liu tm ng qung b, cc tn hiu kt ni hoc cc gi d liu pht hin nt ln cn. Vi l do ny, DSR lm gim nghn mch mng do truyn nh k cc gi d liu v 0 khi tt c cc nt c v tr tng i n nh so vi cc nt khc v tt c cc ng i cn thit cho vic truyn thng c pht hin. C ch pht hin ng RD Khi mt nt S cn gi mt gi tin ti nt ch D, S ghi th t cc bc i trong c ng i ti D vo phn thng tin header ca gi tin. Thng thng, S s ly thng tin v ng i thch hp ti D bng cch tm trong b nh cc ng i c lu li t nhng ln i trc (Route Cache) ca nt. Nu khng tm thy, S khi to c ch RD tm ng i. Trong trng hp ny, S c gi l gc (initiator) v D l ch (target) ca c ch RD. C ch duy tr ng (Route Maintenance) Khi gi hoc chuyn tip mt gi tin bng ng truyn xc nh c, mi nt c trch nhim kim chng vic nhn d liu ca nt tip theo trong ng i. Gi d liu s c tip tc truyn (vi mt s ln c xc nh trc) cho ti khi c xc nhn nhn c d liu. Cc tham s nh hng n hiu sut mng Mt trong nhng vn c quan tm hng u khi thit k, trin khai v a mng vo hot ng l kho st c cc tham s nh hng n hiu sut ca mng. K thut v tuyn Tham s nh hng ln n hiu sut mng l cng ngh v tuyn. S pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh bn dn, cng ngh tn s v tuyn

v l thuyt truyn thng l cc yu t gp phn thc y cng ngh mng khng dy pht trin. C nhiu phng php c xut tng dung lng v kh nng mm do ca cc h thng v tuyn bao gm nh: anten c hng, h thng MIMO. Tuy nhin, c th nng cao hn na hiu sut ca h thng khng dy cn phi c s ci tin trong cc giao thc lp cao hn, c bit l lp iu khin truy nhp (MAC) v giao thc nh tuyn. Kh nng m rng Kch thc mng ln c th lm cho giao thc nh tuyn hot ng khng hiu qu, khng tm c ng i tin cy v lm gim hiu sut mng. Mng li c kin trc ad-hoc nn kh ci t cc c ch a truy nhp tp trung nh: a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA v a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA do phc tp v cc yu cu v ng b thi gian (vi TDMA) v qun l m (vi CDMA). V vy, c ch truy nhp thng c dng l a truy nhp phn tn CSMA/CA. Tuy nhin, CSMA/CA c hiu qu s dng li tn s khng gian rt thp, gim kh nng m rng ca mng nn k thut ny cng khng phi l ti u. V vy, vic to ra k thut lai ghp gia CSMA/CA vi TDMA hoc CDMA c th l mt hng tip cn mi nng cao tnh nng ca mng.

Bng thng v cht lng dch v Khc vi cc loi mng ad-hoc khc, hu ht cc ng dng mng li khng dy l cc dch v bng rng vi nhiu yu cu v cht lng dch v (QoS). Do vy cn c nhiu vn khc cn quan tm khi thit k giao thc truyn thng: tr truyn, t l mt mt d liu, bng thng ti tng nt,... Bo mt mng

Qua thc t s dng, cng ngh WLAN bc l nhiu yu im trong bo mt nn bi ton bo mt cho mng li khng dy vn cha thc s c li gii tha ng. C rt nhiu cc k thut bo mt c xut cho WLAN, tuy nhin cha c c ch hon chnh no c xut cho mng li. Do kin trc ca phn tn ca h thng nn cha c c ch phn phi kha cng khai trong WMN. Hu ht cc gii php bo mt cho mng ad hoc khng tin cy ci t do c ch bo mt ca mng khc vi cc mng ad hoc. V vy, bo mt mng vn cn l vn b ng, cc c ch bo mt nh: cc thut ton mt m, phn phi kha bo mt, bo mt tng MAC, pht hin xm nhp v quan st mng cn c tip tc pht trin. Tnh d s dng Giao thc cn c thit k sao cho t c tnh t tr nhiu nht c th tng cng kh nng qun l nng lng, t t chc, kim sot thay i cu hnh ng, khc phc cc s c kt ni, xc thc ngi s dng nhanh. Ngoi ra, cc cng c qun l mng nh: theo di hiu sut mng, nh cu hnh cc tham s ca WMN cng cn c pht trin tng ng. Cc cng c ny cng vi c ch t tr ca giao thc s gp phn thc y s pht trin ca WMN.

Mt s ng dng tiu biu ca mng hnh li khng dy Vi u im v m rng phm vi ph sng trn nn cc thit b c sn ca cng ngh mng WLAN, k thut mng li khng dy c th c

ng dng trong cc ng cnh m khng th s dng mng c dy thay th hoc nu thay th c th phi tr chi ph rt ln. Sau y l mt s ng dng tiu biu: Giao thng cng cng ng dng mng li trong giao thng cng cng cho php ngi s dng truy cp Internet trong khi ang di chuyn. H thng thng tin ny l s kt hp ca hai yu t: Kt ni di ng tc cao ti mng Internet v mng li trong tng phng tin giao thng (Hnh 5). Tuy nhin, m hnh ny ch thc s c ng dng rng ri khi cng ngh Mobile WiMAX ra i. y cng l mt minh chng c th cho tnh tng h gia hai cng ngh khng dy WLAN v WiMAX.

Hnh 5. ng dng WMN trong tu in Doanh nghip L cc mng c va v nh trong phm vi mt vn phng ca cng mt n nguyn hoc mng phm vi rng lin kt cc vn phng khc nhau nm cc n nguyn khc nhau. Hin ti, cc mng IEEE 802.11 c s dng rt nhiu trong cc vn phng. Tuy nhin, y ch l cc mng c lp, cha c s kt ni vi nhau. Vic dng mng hu tuyn kt ni l gii php khng mang li hiu qu kinh t do chi ph thit lp ng truyn ln. Trong trng hp ny, mng hnh li khng dy l gii php ph hp v tit kim c chi ph.

iu khin t ng Thng thng tn hiu ca cc h thng iu khin ngun in v cc thit b in t (n chiu sng, thang my, iu ha nhit ,... ) trong cc khu nh ln c truyn qua mng hu tuyn. Tnh cht ca mng hn ch kh nng m rng ca h thng khi lp t thm cc thit b mi nhng a hnh phc tp. Vic trin khai mng hnh li thay th truyn tn hiu mang li hiu qu kinh t cao v kh nng linh ng trong s dng mng. Y t D liu trong h thng y t nh hnh nh v thng tin chn on cn c x l v truyn kp thi t phng ny sang phng khc. D liu ny thng cha hnh nh chn on phn gii cao nn vic truyn i hi bng thng ln. Khc vi mng hu tuyn thng thng ch c th h tr truy nhp mng t nhng v tr nht nh, mng li khng dy cung cp cho ngi s dng mt cch truy nhp mng c ng nhng vn m bo bng thng cn thit. Quan st an ninh Cc h thng quan st an ninh ni ng ngi i hi h tng mng c tc truyn cao truyn cc hnh nh ng lin tc. Cch tip cn theo mng li khng dy cung cp cho h thng kh nng linh hot trong iu khin v thu nhn tn hiu ngay c khi cc thit b thay i v tr -iu ny khng c c vi mng hu tuyn. Thm vo , cng vic lp t thit b mi v bo tr thit b c cng d dng hn.

KT LUN Thc t chng minh vi s ra i ca cng ngh WiMAX, cng ngh WLAN khng b thay th m song hnh vi WiMAX. Hai cng ngh ny b tr ln nhau: WiMAX cung cp kt ni khng dy din rng cho WLAN; WLAN phn phi kt ni ca WiMAX n ngi s dng cui thng qua h tng mng c sn. Mc d cn nhiu vn k thut cn c khc phc, k thut mng li khng dy l mt gii php tt cho cc ng dng mng c phm vi kt ni va v nh, c thit lp da trn h tng mng WLAN c sn. K thut ny gip tit kim c chi ph nhng vn m bo c cc yu cu ti thiu ca mng khng dy din rng. Mng hnh li khng dy c th c ng dng trin khai nhiu dch v thit thc phc v cuc sng. Tuy nhin, k thut ny c pht trin thnh chun chnh thc v hot ng thc s c hiu qu, cn phi tin hnh nhiu nghin cu hon thin cc yu t quan trng, c bit l giao thc truyn thng v bo mt mng.