Civil Seminar Info

Computer Simulation for Civil-Structural Engineering Applications using ANSYS Peter R. Barrett, P.E. Hsin-Hua Tsuei, Ph.D.
November 10, 2004
ANSYS / CivilFEM / CFX Agenda Who we are? What software we Represent? Nonlinear Structural Analysis CivilFEM Pre- / Post-processing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc.
Who is Computer Aided Engineering Associates
Engineering Consulting Firm ANSYS Channel Partner (ASD since 1983) Value Added Reseller Engineering Seminars Custom Software Development
Conveyor Belt at Olympic Canoe Kayak Slalom Center
CAEA - ANSYS Services
Customer Training
Software Sales
Technical Support
Who we are? CAEA is a 25 year old consulting company that provides solutions to complex Structural, Thermal and Fluid analysis problems. CAEA is a value-added re-seller for ANSYS, ANSYS/LSDYNA, ANSYS/CFX and associated software now including CivilFEM CAEA is a world leader in Finite Element Training providing exclusive ANSYS training for:
General Electric Aircraft Engines, Power Generation, R&D United Technologies (Pratt & Whitney, Sikoirsky, Otis Elevator, Hamilton Sundstrand, and Carrier) IBM Research Center
Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc. 5
CAEAI Technical Staff

Nicholas M. Veikos, Ph.D., President Peter R. Barrett, M.S.C.E., P.E., Vice President Michael Bak, Ph.D., Project Mgr. Kenneth R. Brown, Ph.D., Sr. Project Engr. Patrick Cunningham, M.S.M.E., Project Mgr. Dan Fridline, Ph.D., Project Mgr. Steven Hale, M.S.M.E., Project Mgr. Stan Kelley, M.S.M.E., P.E.,Applications Engr. James Kosloski, M.S.M.E., Project Mgr. Lawrence L. Durocher, Ph.D., Director Hsin-Hua Tsuei, Ph.D., CFD Manager
Engineering Consulting Firm Sample Projects Large concrete dams require detailed analyses to evaluate their strength and stability. CAEA has evaluated the safety of large concrete dams subjected to flood and earthquake loading conditions. 3d crackedbase analyses are performed in an automated sequence, which updates the uplift loading as a function of crack growth. CAEA has worked with clients that have required analyses to be performed to meet either FERC or the Corps of Engineers licensing criteria.
Engineering Consulting Firm Sample Projects Nuclear Transportation Cask Analysis Drop Events Thermal-Stress Analysis The analyses were reviewed by the NRC and approved without any follow-up required.
Engineering Consulting Firm Sample Projects Subcontractor for NISTs World Trade Center 1,2 & 7 collapse evaluations Under solicitation number SB1341-03-R-0044, a purchase order has been awarded to Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. (SGH) of Waltham, Massachusetts, to determine the response of structural components and systems to the fire environment in the World Trade Center towers and to identify probable structural collapse mechanisms. SGH is partnering with Computer Aided Engineering Associates (CAEA), an engineering consulting company specializing in advanced engineering analysis services. CAEA specializes in thermal-stress analysis and has extensive experience in applied mechanics, dynamics, contact mechanics and finite element code development.
Under solicitation number SB1341-03-R-0028, a purchase order has been awarded to Gilsanz Murray Steficek LLP (GMS) of New York City and its team composed of Dr. John Fisher of Lehigh University, Pennsylvania, and Computer Aided Engineering Associates Inc., of Woodbury, Connecticut.
See wtc.nist.gov for details

ANSYS Channel Partner (used to be ASD)
ANSYS Reseller since 1983 Technical Support
Hotline Phone / Email Support

Software & Engineering
Customized Training
Group & Individual Training Analysis Templates Macros Custom GUIs Solution Sequences User Elements
Software Development

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What software we Represent? ANSYS

Multi-physics Structural Heat Transfer
Civil/FEM ANSYS LS-DYNA
Explicit Dynamics Pre- / Post-Processing
ICEM-CFD
CFX SAP-ANSYS Translator
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Structural Analysis Capabilities Linear Stress Analysis Contact Plasticity Large Deflection P-Delta Effects Full Element Library

Beams Shells Plates Solids Pipes Springs Etc.
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ANSYS/Structural features cont. Dynamic Analysis:
Modal Analysis
Axial symmetry, Cyclical symmetry and prestressed structures
Seismic Analysis:
Spectral (simple and multiple) PSD (Handom vibrations) Accelorograms (Linear and non linear transient analysis)
Harmonic Analysis:
Foundations Harmonic loads (Wind, wave,etc)
Linear and non linear transient analysis :

Explosions Impacts Traffic Etc.
ANSYS/Structural Features
Special/Advanced and non linear finite elements:

Non linear reinforced concrete element Cables, membranes, springs and contact elements Plastic beam elements and 3D non symmetric beam elements Piping elements Prestressed element (anchorages,etc)
Beams and shells elements with soil foundation stiffness Elements Birth and Death capability with a simultaneous change in the material properties. Simulation of construction process (tunnels, dams, bridges, installations, etc)
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ANSYS/Thermal Features Thermal
Steady-state
Conduction Convection Radiation
Phase change Transient

Conduction Convection Radiation
Thermal Study of a Concrete Dam Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc. 15
ANSYS The Program ANSYS can be run in either interactive or batch modes.
/solu ksel,s,loc,x,0 DK,all, ,0,,1,UX,ROTY,ROTZ allsel ! DK,2001,all,0,,0, acel,,386.4 !bfunif,temp,1000 bfe,all,temp,1,1200, sfa,all,2,pres,2 tref,70 nlgeom,on nsubst,10,100,10 outres,all,all solve /POST1 plns,s,eqv
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ANSYS GUI Layout

Utility Menu Icon Toolbar Menu Input Line
Output Window Abbreviation Toolbar Menu
Model Control Toolbar
Main Menu
Graphics Area
User Prompt Info Current Settings
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ANSYS Commands ANSYS is a command driven program

All GUI menu picks generate and submit a command or series of commands to the program. All commands are stored in the log file.
Commands can also be manually typed in the input box.
Or read in from a script/macro file

ANSYS Main Menu Expandable tree structure format. Contains the main functions required for an analysis organized in a top down fashion. Preprocessing Solution Postprocessing Work down through the menus in the general order that steps should be performed in an analysis.
Scripting in ANSYS ANSYS has a powerful built-in scripting language called APDL

APDL stands for ANSYS Parametric Design Language, It is a scripting language that you can use to automate common tasks or even build your model in terms of parameters (variables). APDL also encompasses a wide range of other features such as:
Repeating a command Macros If-then-else branching Do-loops Scalar, vector and matrix operations.
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Parametric Modeling with Input Files Parametric models are setup as input files or macros
They allow for rapid design modifications

Changes in dimensions, material properties, mesh density, etc.
Recommended procedure:
Create a first pass at a model using parameters for design variables Copy the jobname.log file to another file name to be used as your parametric input file. Modify the design parameters in the input file Read the input file into ANSYS to solve the new analysis with the design changes Example: Parametric Plate Model
length = 20 width = 5 thick = 0.25 /prep7 rect,0,length,0,width r,1,thick Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc. 21
Workbench Environment
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Example of LS-DYNA Blast Analyses Example Analysis Material Properties Loading Input Reference
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Example Analysis FEA Model Mode Includes:

TNT loading Nonlinear Concrete Material Law Failure @ tensile Stress of 450 psi Contact After Failure
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Example Analysis Loading Area of Blast Impact (Elements with 2) Center of charge is 30ft above
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Example Analysis Results Compressive Stress @ time = .03 sec
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Example Analysis Results Tensile Stress @ time = .4 sec
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Example Analysis Results Vertical Displacement @ time = 1 sec
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RE: Concrete Damage under BLAST Loading
The damage formulation in Mat 16 Pseudo-TENSOR can be used to model concrete damage under blast loading: >If you want, i.e. reduced or zero strength in damaged elements, add erosion to remove the zero-strength elements that are highly deformed and controlling the time step. >In LS-DYNA, version 971, will add two erosion criteria that should help, i.e. a maximum pressure and minimum principal strain,
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RE: Concrete Damage Material Input

$ LSDYNA Model for Concrete $ *MAT_PSEUDO_TENSOR .. *EOS_TABULATED_COMPACTION .. *MAT_ADD_EROSION
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ANSYS/LS-DYNA Applications Modeling structural elements

reinforced concrete beams reinforced concrete shear walls steel beams cables masonry
Nonlinear Material Models for Steel, Concrete, Soil and Soil-structure Interaction TNT input for blast Simulation Representation of Energy Dissipation and Isolation devices
Modelling techniques such as Damping
Detailed pre- and post-processing

LS-Dyna Application Examples
Application of 3D Finite Element Modeling in Pavement Analysis and Design
Samir N. Shoukry Gergis W. William West Virginia University
Application of DYNA3D to Non-Linear Soil Structure Interaction (SSI)Analysis of Retaining Wall Structures
Stefan Stojko NNC Limited
Non-Linear Analysis of a Reinforced Concrete Structure under Seismic Loading
Dr. Neil Kirk Mr. Andrew Rushton Mr. Jeremy Sargent WS Atkins Science & Technology Jeremy M. TandyBrian D. Walker Ove Arup & Partners
Seismic and Soil Mechanics Applications Using LS-DYNA
Simulation of the Refloat Operation for a Large Marine Structure Using Offshore-DYNA
M.D. KempP.P. JacobR.D. JonesB.N. MakerD.J. Wynne Reverse Engineering
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CivilFEM for ANSYS

OEM Agreement ANSYS, Inc. - INGECIBER S.A.
Ingeciber is the world-wide responsible of the distribution and development of the solution ANSYS + CivilFEM Combined products (ANSYS/Structural + CivilFEM) specifically for the the Civil Engineering sector. Independent commercialization. ANSYS + CivilFEM becoming the world-wide leading solution for the Civil Engineering sector with medium and high end needs.
Objective:
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CivilFEM for ANSYS
CivilFEM is the best customization for the construction and Civil Engineering fields of the powerful Finite element software ANSYS. The combination of both programs fully integrated into one product enables the user to simulate and analyze projects of high complexity and technologically more advance. ANSYS+CivilFEM allows to solve with only one software a wide range of reinforced concrete structures, steel structures, prestressed concrete, geotechnical applications, bridges, dams, foundations, etc.
CivilFEM
for for
ANSYS ANSYS
INGECIBER, s.a.
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CivilFEM INTRO
CivilFEM using ANSYS pre, post and solving capabilities, adds more than 250 new features and specific utilities for the Civil engineering field. CivilFEM can be purchased as add-on to any ANSYS product or as a Bundle product as ANSYS/Structural Opt.I, II or III.
A PREPROCESSOR N S SOLUTION Y S POSTPROCESSOR PREPROCESSOR
ADITIONAL OR COMPLEMENTARY ANALYSIS
POSTPROCESSOR
CivilFEM INTRO + Specific Modules
ANSYS
CivilFEM
for for
CivilFEM (Features added to Ansys by CivilFEM)
ANSYS + CivilFEM BUNDLE(Bundle product)

ANSYS ANSYS
INGECIBER, s.a.
CivilFEM Product Line

ANSYS+CivilFEM (Unlimited)
Ansys/Multiphisics+CivilFEM INTRO Unlimited Ansys/Mechanical+CivilFEM INTRO Unlimited Ansys/Structural +CivilFEM INTRO Unlimited Ansys/Professional +CivilFEM INTRO Unlimited
Bundle Products
Ansys/Structural OPT I+CivilFEM Intro OPT I (32,000 nodes/elements) Ansys/Structural OPT II+CivilFEM Intro OPT II (8,000 nodes/elements) Ansys/Structural OPT III+CivilFEM Intro OPT III (2,000 nodes/elements)
Specialized Modules
Geotech Bridges and Civil Non Linearities Advanced Prestressed Concrete Custom
CivilFEM
for for
ANSYS ANSYS
INGECIBER, s.a.
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SAP2000 to ANSYS Translator

The model translator is written in a combination of Tcl/Tk and ANSYS APDL commands. This allows the program to work seamlessly within the ANSYS Graphical User Interface.
The translator utilizes a wizard style format requiring minimal user interaction. Translation status indicators allow user to track progress. Summary report with translation tables will be added for final product.
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Model Translation
ANSYS keypoints, lines and areas represent all elements in the SAP model The SAP joint coordinate file is changed to a sequential Keypoint listing. Each Keypoint has a corresponding alphanumeric array character that can be used to cross-reference to the SAP model. This allows for a one-to-one correspondence with the SAP model.
Each beam element in SAP is defined as a Line in ANSYS. Meshing is initially performed with a large element size such that each line will be meshed with a single element. This will allow for a one-to-one correspondence with the SAP model. Mesh refinement is possible by refining the lines Each shell element in SAP is defined as an Area in ANSYS. Meshing will initially be performed with a large element size such that each area will be meshed with a single element. Mesh refinement is possible on individual areas.
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Translator Features Frame Sections Properties SAP FRAME SECTION PROPERTIES tables are parsed and used to create beam section definitions in ANSYS.
Both section properties and real constants are created to allow switching between BEAM44, BEAM24 and BEAM188/189 elements. Section properties are defined using the parameters found in the SAP file (no fillets, tapers, etc. considered). Real constant properties are defined using the AISC values of Area, I22, I33, etc. found in SAP file.
z y SAP ANSYS
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Translator Features: Frame Example
Sample SAP model consisting of a 2x2x2 frame structure. Two frame sections defined: C10x20 W18x35 Local joint axes and local frame axes defined. Dead (gravity) load applied.
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Translator Features Frame Example Translation of Frame Sections and Frame Local Axes
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Translator Features: Frame Example Results
Reaction Forces:
Vertical Reaction Force (kip) SAP ANSYS 1.767 1.7664 3.130 3.1277 1.914 1.9130 2.802 2.8007 4.485 4.4892 3.051 3.0502 1.953 1.9502 3.120 3.1219 1.919 1.9158
Joint/Node 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25
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What are Nonlinear Structural Analyses ?
Material Nonlinearities (Plasticity, Creep) P-Delta & large deflection effects Pre- / Post-tensioned Concrete Post-buckling Response Collapse Sequences
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Equations for Solution

The general equation of motion is given by:
& & [M]{u&} +[C]{u} +[K]{u} = {F(t)}

Different analysis types solve different forms of this equation. Linear static analysis: Derivatives with respect to time are zero, [K] is constant
[K]{u} = {F}
Nonlinear static analysis: [K] is a function of load Modal analysis: F(t) is set to zero, and [C] is usually ignored.
& [M]{u&}+[K]{u} = 0

Harmonic analysis: F(t) and u(t) are both assumed to be harmonic in nature, i.e, sin(t), where is the amplitude and is the frequency in radians/sec. Transient dynamic analysis: The above form is maintained.
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Nonlinear Analysis Methods

To solve a nonlinear analysis ANSYS uses the NewtonRaphson algorithm: Applies the load gradually, in increments. Also performs equilibrium iterations at each load increment to drive the incremental solution to equilibrium.
Solves the equation:

is the tangent stiffness matrix is the displacement increment is the external load vector is the internal force vector 2
4 equilibrium iterations
Iterations continue until

(difference between external and internal loads) is within a tolerance.
Some nonlinear analyses have trouble converging. Advanced analysis techniques are available in such cases (covered in the Structural Nonlinearities training course).
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Nonlinear Analysis Example
Example Floor Buckling Simulation:
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Linear vs. Nonlinear Analysis

The Bad News Are more complicated to set up, run and post-process. An iterative solution is required. No guarantee that a converged solution will be obtained. The problem could take orders of magnitude longer to run compared to a static analysis. The Good News Allow for a more general response and much more accurate results. Current Software is much better at automating the process Computers are CHEAP and fast enough to solve very complex analyses today that were not possible even 2 or 3 years ago.
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Example Nonlinear Behavior
Geometric Nonlinearities:

Large deflections Large rotation Stress stiffening

Cables Membranes
Membrane when taut pick up bending stiffness
Spinning structures
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Example Nonlinear Behavior Example of nonlinear geometry a thin rectangular plate with a pressure loading.

One-quarter of plate is modeled using symmetry. Plate is 20 x 20 x 0.1 thick.
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Comparison of linear and nonlinear analysis results:
Linear
Nonlinear
Force-deflection results plotted for linear and nonlinear analyses:

Plate Under Uniform Pressure
9000
8000
Large Deflection
7000
Linear analysis
6000
Total Force
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Vertical Displacement
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Simple Column Buckling under Temperature
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Material Nonlinearity Robust implicit material integration algorithm Consistent tangent stiffness matrix Plane stress algorithm for plane stress and shell elements The temperature dependent data table is applicable to all material models
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Material Modeling Examples of linear and nonlinear stress-strain curves:

Stress
Elastic modulus (EX)
Stress
Strain
Strain
Example of nonlinear creep behavior:
Primary Secondary Tertiary Rupture
& cr = f1() f2() f3(t) f4(T)

t
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Material Nonlinearity Plasticity
Rate-dependent/Creep Rate-independent
Material
Isotropic hardening Bilinear kinematic hardening
Material
Anands model Creep Rate-dependent plasticity
ANSYS
ANSYS
Multilinear kinematic hardening Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening Combination of isotropic and kinematic hardening
Combination of creep and isotropic hardening plasticity
Combination of creep and bilinear kinematic hardening plasticity
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Nonlinear Material Behavior Material Nonlinearities

Plasticity Hyperelasticity Viscoelasticity Creep
t
1.8 1.6
Yield Point y
1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4
Unloading
0.2 0 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Elastic
Plastic
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Material Nonlinear Behavior
An example of material nonlinear plasticity of clip.
Loaded
Springback
Material Nonlinear Behavior
FEA predicts permanent set in plastic part.

Force vs. displacement
0.12
Force vs. Displacement
0.1
0.08
Force
0.06
0.04
0.02
Plastic Strain
0 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 Displacement 0.02 0.025 0.03
Force - Deflection
Material Nonlinearity
Other Material Models

Uniaxial Tension & Compression Data
4.00E+08 3.00E+08 2.00E+08 1.00E+08 0.00E+00 -1.00E+08 -2.00E+08 -3.00E+08 -4.00E+08 -5.00E+08 Uniaxial Tension Uniaxial Compression
Material model Cast Iron Plasticity Drucker-Prager Concrete
ANSYS
Stress (Pa)
-6.00E+08 -0.0250 -0.0200 -0.0150 -0.0100 -0.0050 0.0000 0.0050 0.0100
Strain
Opposite Biaxial Loading

60000
40000
20000
-20000
-40000
Cast Iron Model compared with Experimental Results

-0.0060 -0.0040 -0.0020 0.0000
Load (N)
-60000 0.0020 0.0040 0.0060 0.0080
Strain Experimental - Strain X Experimental - Strain Y ANSYS Output - Strain X ANSYS Output - Strain Y
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Strain Measures
Engineering vs. True Stress-Strain If presented with engineering stress-strain data, one can convert these values to true stress-strain with the following approximations:
Up
until twice the strain at which yielding occurs:

= eng = eng
Up
until the point at which necking occurs:

= eng (1 + eng ) = ln (1 + eng )
Note
that, only for stress conversion, the following is assumed:

Material is incompressible (acceptable approximation for large strains) Stress distribution across cross-section of specimen is assumed to be uniform. Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc.
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Mises Yield Criterion

A common yield criterion is the von Mises yield criterion (also known as the octahedral shear stress or distortion energy criterion). The von Mises equivalent stress is defined as:
o =
1 2 2 2 ( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 + 6 xy + yz + xz 2
)]
In tensor form, this can be expressed as
o =
3 s:s 2
where s is the deviatoric stress, defined as the stress tensor plus the hydrostatic stress s = + pI
p=
1 ( x + y + z ) 3
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Ratcheting & Shakedown

Ratchetting TB,CHAB,1 TBDATA,1,980,224000,400
0.07 0.06 0.05
2000
Ratchetting
Stress (MPa)
1500
Plastic strain
1000
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00
500
-500
-1000
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
10
-1500 0.00
Time
0.008 2000
Plastic strain
Shakedown
0.006
t
Loading Controlled Stress Unsymmetry
1500
Plastic strain
1000
Stress (MPa)
500
0.004
0.002
-500
-1000
0.000 0 2 4 6 8 10
-1500 0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
Time
Plastic strain
Shakedown TB,CHAB,1,,2 TBDATA,1,980,224000,4 00,20000
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ANSYS Procedure for Concrete

Up to six sets of temperature-dependent constants may be specified. A value of -1 for constants 3 or 4 removes cracking or crushing behavior, respectively. Command input shown on left.
TB,CONC,1,1,9, TBTEMP,0 TBDATA,1,ShrCf-Op TBDATA,2,ShrCf-Cl TBDATA,3,UnTensSt TBDATA,4,UnCompSt TBDATA,5,BiCompSt TBDATA,6,HydroPrs TBDATA,7,BiCompSt TBDATA,8,UnTensSt TBDATA,9,TenCrFac
Constant Symbol Meaning 1 Shear transfer coefficients for an open t crack. (defaults to 1e-6) Shear transfer coefficients for a closed 2 c crack. (defaults to 1e-6) 3 ft Uniaxial tensile cracking stress. 4 fc Uniaxial crushing stress (positive). 5 6 fcb
a h
f1
f2
Tc
Biaxial crushing stress (positive). Ambient hydrostatic stress state for use with constants 7 and 8. (default is 0.0) Biaxial crushing stress (positive) under the ambient hydrostatic stress state (constant 6). Uniaxial crushing stress (positive) under the ambient hydrostatic stress state (constant 6). Stiffness multiplier for cracked tensile condition, used if KEYOPT(7) = 1 (defaults to 0.6).
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ANSYS Procedure for Concrete If rebars are present, their orientation can be displayed via the GUI:

Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Device Options > Vector mode [ON] Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Size and Shape > Display of element shapes based on real constant descriptions [ON] Utility Menu > Plot > Elements
Or via commands:

/DEV,VECTOR,1 /ESHAPE,1 EPLOT
The rebar orientation are shown in red.

ANSYS Procedure for Concrete After solution, cracks can be plotted:

Main
Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > -Concrete Plot- Crack/Crush PLCRACK
or via command:
Other items such as the status (unfailed, crush, open crack, closed crack), crack orientation angles, and rebar solution, can also be obtained. In the plot on right, note that crack orientation and plane are plotted per integration point.
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General Creep Equation Below is a summary of implicit creep laws available in ANSYS:
Primary Secondary Tertiary Rupture
& cr = f ( t + t , t + t , T t + t , L)
Type Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary Secondary Secondary Secondary Both Both Primary Implicit TBOPT value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 100
Creep Equation Description Strain Hardening Time Hardening Generalized Exponential Generalized Graham Generalized Blackburn Modified Time Hardening Modified Strain Hardening Generalized Garofalo (Hyperbolic sine) Exponential Form Norton Time Hardening Rational Polynomial Generalized Time Hardening User Creep
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Element Birth and Death Definition of Birth and Death: Element birth and death allows the user to (re)activate or deactivate specific elements during the course of an analysis.
Elements can be born in a later time during the load history. This means that the elements are initially deactivated but are later reactivated in the analysis. Elements can be killed during the load history. This means that the elements cease to provide any significant structural response.
These changes (activation status) occur at the beginning of a load step and are maintained throughout that load step.
Element birth and death is a changing status nonlinearity (similar to contact status). They provide a stepped, not ramped, change in the element status (a sudden change in status).
ANSYS Elements
ANSYS has a library of over 150 different elements to choose from. Each element may have several different configuration options (KEYOPTIONS) The 18X series elements are the newest elements in ANSYS and therefore employ the latest technology and have the most features.
2-D 3-D 2-D 3-D 2-D 3-D Structural Shell 2-D 3-D Elements MASS21 LINK1 LINK8 , LINK10, LINK11, LINK180 BEAM3, BEAM23, BEAM54 BEAM4, BEAM24, BEAM44, BEAM188, BEAM189 PLANE2, PLANE25, PLANE42, PLANE82, PLANE83, PLANE145, PLANE146, PLANE182, PLANE183 SOLID45, SOLID64, SOLID65, SOLID92, SOLID95, SOLID147, SOLID148, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187 SHELL51, SHELL61, SHELL208, SHELL209 SHELL28, SHELL41, SHELL43, SHELL63, SHELL93, SHELL143, SHELL150, SHELL181 PIPE16, PIPE17, PIPE18, PIPE20, PIPE59, PIPE60 INTER192, INTER193, INTER194, INTER195 MPC184 SOLID46, SHELL91, SHELL99, SOLID191 LINK160, BEAM161, PLANE162, SHELL163, SOLID164, COMBI165, MASS166, LINK167, SOLID168 HYPER56, HYPER58, HYPER74, HYPER84, HYPER86, HYPER158 VISCO88, VISCO89, VISCO106, VISCO107, VISCO108
Classification Thermal Point Thermal Line Thermal Solid Thermal Shell Thermal Electric Fluid Elements MASS71 LINK31, LINK32, LINK33, LINK34 2-D PLANE35, PLANE55, PLANE75, PLANE77, PLANE78 3-D SOLID70, SOLID87, SOLID90 SHELL57, SHELL131, SHELL132 PLANE67, LINK68, SOLID69, SHELL157 FLUID29, FLUID30, FLUID38, FLUID79, FLUID80, FLUID81, FLUID116, FLUID129, FLUID130, FLUID136, FLUID138, FLUID139, FLUID141, FLUID142 PLANE53, SOLID96, SOLID97, INTER115, SOLID117, HF118, HF119, HF120, PLANE121, SOLID122, SOLID123, SOLID127, SOLID128 SOURC36, CIRCU94, CIRCU124, CIRCU125 TRANS109, TRANS126 SOLID5, PLANE13, SOLID62, SOLID98, ROM144, PLANE223, SOLID226, SOLID227 CONTAC12, CONTAC26, CONTAC48, CONTAC49, CONTAC52, TARGE169, TARGE170, CONTA171, CONTA172, CONTA173, CONTA174, CONTA175, CONTA178 COMBIN7, COMBIN14, COMBIN37, COMBIN39, COMBIN40, PRETS179 MATRIX27, MATRIX50 INFIN9, INFIN47, INFIN110, INFIN111 SURF151, SURF152, SURF153, SURF154 MESH200
Classification Structural Point Structural Line Structural Beam Structural Solid
Magnetic Electric
Structural Pipe Structural Interface Structural Multipoint Constraint Elements Structural Layered Composite Explicit Dynamics Hyperelastic Solid Visco Solid
Electric Circuit Electromechanical Coupled-Field Contact
Combination Matrix Infinite Surface Meshing
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Truss Elements Truss elements have pin joint connections and only allow tension and compression loads, no bending.
Truss elements available in ANSYS are:

LINK1 2-D element LINK8, LINK180 3-D element LINK10 Tension only or compression only element. (Nonlinear) All Elements can have geometric and material nonlinearities
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Capabilities: Element Technologies Beam Elements
Analysis features and element technologies are extensive

Finite strain, large rotation, consistent stiffness terms, etc.
ANSYS
Supports multi-material beam analysis
Composite beams (e.g. reinforced concrete)
Handles both open and closed cell cross sections 3-D visualization of the cross section
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Capabilities: Element Technologies
Beam Sections
Section Analysis:
FEM based section analysis for inertias, shear center, shear stress due to torsion and transverse shears.
Built-up (multi material). Variety of tools for custom cross sections. Visualization. Tapered Cross Sections.
Visualization of a beam element (Helicopter rotor blade cross section)
ANSYS section treatment is very user friendly, general and accurate.

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ANSYS: Nonlinear, Capabilities: Element Technologies
Shell Element Composite Support
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ANSYS: Nonlinear, Capabilities: Special Treatments
Pretension Element
An automated way to specify bolt pretension Useful for any mechanical fasteners
Bolts Rivets
Replaces trial-and-error techniques Uses pretension element PRETS179

Similar topology to a contact element Automated generation capability
Stresses Due to Specified Pretension in Bolt

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General Contact
ANSYS contact element types and features. Note: 17X series elements are the newest, most feature rich contact elements
Node-to-Node CONTAC12 CONTAC52 Point-to-Point Point-to-Surface Surface-to-Surface 2-D 3-D Sliding Cylindrical Gap Pure Lagrange Multiplier Augmented Lagrange Multiplier Lagrange Multiplier on Normal and Penalty on Tangent Internal Multipoint Constraint (MPC) Contact Stiffness Auto-meshing Tools Lower-Order Higher- Order Rigid-Flexible Flexible- Flexible Thermal Contact Electric Contact Magnetic Contact Y Y CONTA178 Y Y Y small Y Y small Y Y small Y Y Y Y Y large Y Y Y large Y Y Y large Y Y Y Y large Y Y Y Y Y Y Y large Y Y Y Y Y large Y Y Y Node-to-Surface CONTAC26 CONTAC48 CONTAC49 CONTA175 Surface-to-Surface CONTA171,172 CONTA173,174 TARGET169 TARGET170
user- defined user- defined semi- automatic user- defined user- defined user- defined semi- automatic semi- automatic semi- automatic EINTF EINTF EINTF None GCGEN GCGEN ESURF ESURF ESURF Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y (2-D only) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
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Capabilities Overview: Assembly Contact
Beam-Solid Assembly
MPC is well suited for Beam-Solid assembly
Solid elements Pilot node Beam elements Contact elements
CERIG type MPC

Capabilities Overview: Assembly Contact
Beam-Shell Assembly
MPC is well suited for Beam-Shell assembly
Shell elements Pilot node Beam elements
Contact elements
RBE3 type MPC

Nonlinear Analysis Solution Sequences Static Analysis:

Incremental Analysis Sequences Automated Time-stepping Automated Convergence Solution tools Post-Buckling Analysis Methods (Riks Method) Nonlinear transient analysis :
Explosions Impacts Traffic Etc.
Dynamic Analysis:
Solution Tools Damping Response
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Define Loads
There are five categories of loads: Specified DOF values, such as displacements in a stress analysis or temperatures in a thermal analysis. Concentrated Loads Point loads, such as forces or heat flow rates. Surface Loads Loads distributed over a surface, such as pressures or convections. Body Loads Volumetric or field loads, such as temperatures (causing thermal expansion) or internal heat generation. Inertia Loads Loads due to structural mass or inertia, such as gravity and rotational velocity. DOF Constraints
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Tabular Loading in Commands

Examples: SF, all, HFLUX, %tabname% SF, all, PRES, %tabname% F, all, FZ, %tabname% SFA, all, 1, CONV, %tabname1%,%tabname2% Structural Analysis: Allowable Primary Variables Disp., Force, Pressure TIME, X, Y, Z Heat Transfer Analysis: Allowable Primary Variables Temp D TIME, X, Y, Z Heat Flow F TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP Film Coefficient SF TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP, VELOCITY Bulk Temperature SF TIME, X, Y, Z Heat Flux SF TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP Heat Generation BF TIME, X, Y, Z, TEMP
Solvers
Sparse solver: Default choice for most problems Superior to PCG for ill-conditioned matrices (number of iterations to convergence in file.PCS over 1,000) If unsymmetric matrices (contact with friction) are present. Uses parallel processing (for all major platforms in 6.0 and later) PCG solver: Works best with fine meshes, 3D models and solid elements SOLID185,186,187,95,92, and 45s Superior to sparse solver if convergence is fast (number of iterations to convergence in file.PCS in hundreds) Frontal solver: Only for small problems (< 50,000 DOF)
Original direct solver in ANSYS Still the default for substructure (superelement) generation, however, for 7.0 users now have the option to specify Sparse.
Buckling Analysis Analysis techniques for pre-buckling and collapse load analysis include:

Linear Eigenvalue Buckling Nonlinear Buckling Analysis
[[Ke] + [K(0)]]{u} = {0}

The above relation represents a classic eigenvalue problem. F
Linear Eigenvalue Buckling Nonlinear Buckling Idealized Load Path Imperfect Structures Load Path
Pre-buckling
u
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Background on Nonlinear Buckling

Summary of Three Nonlinear Buckling Techniques: Load control, displacement control, and arc-length method are summarized below. These are three techniques used in the solution of nonlinear static buckling problems. There is an additional method, which one can solve buckling problems via dynamics.
Loading Load Control Solution Method Pre-Buckling Post-Buckling Restriction Newton-Raphson Yes No Response must have a one-to-one Method relationship with respect to force. Displacement Newton-Raphson Yes Yes Response must have a one-to-one Control Method relationship with respect to displacement. Sometimes, imposed displacements are not possible (they may not characterize loading conditions well) Either Arc-Length Yes Yes The arc-length constraint must be Method satisfied. May not handle responses which are not smooth. For proportional loading only.
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For Dynamic ANSYS: Damping

In ANSYS damping is defined as
[C] = [M ] + ( + c )[K ] +
NMAT j=1
[K ] + C
j j k =1
NEL
+ [C ]
[C] [M] c [] j [Ck] [C]
structure damping matrix constant mass matrix multiplier (ALPHAD) structure mass matrix constant stiffness matrix multiplier (BETAD) variable stiffness matrix multiplier (DMPRAT) structure stiffness matrix constant stiffness matrix multiplier for material j (MP,DAMP) element damping matrix (element real constants) frequency-dependent damping matrix (DMPRAT and MP,DAMP)
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Modeling Piping Systems with Piping Commands Detailed On-line Help with step-by-step procedures: The procedure for building a piping model with ANSYS is automated. Piping Commands include: PUNIT, PDRAG, BRANCH, RUN, BEND, MITER, REDUCE, VALVE, BELLOW, FLANGE, PSPRNG, PGAP, /PSPEC, PINSUL, and PCORRO.
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Piping Analysis using ANSYS
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Analysis Results Use the ANSYS Postprocessors:
POST1, the General Postprocessor, to review a single set of results over the entire model. POST26, the Time-History Postprocessor, to review results at selected points in the model over time. Mainly used for transient and nonlinear analyses.
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Computer Simulation for Civil-Structural Engineering Applications using ANSYS Peter R. Barrett, P.E. Hsin-Hua Tsuei, Ph.D.

November 10, 2004

Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc.

Who is Computer Aided Engineering Associates

Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc.

CAEA - ANSYS Services

Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc.

CAEAI Technical Staff

Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc.

Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc.

Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc.

See wtc.nist.gov for details

ANSYS Channel Partner (used to be ASD)

ANSYS Reseller since 1983 Technical Support

Hotline Phone / Email Support

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What software we Represent? ANSYS

Multi-physics Structural Heat Transfer

Civil/FEM ANSYS LS-DYNA

Explicit Dynamics Pre- / Post-Processing

CFX SAP-ANSYS Translator

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Beams Shells Plates Solids Pipes Springs Etc.

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ANSYS/Structural features cont. Dynamic Analysis:

Linear and non linear transient analysis :

Special/Advanced and non linear finite elements:

Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc.

ANSYS/Thermal Features Thermal

Phase change Transient

Thermal Study of a Concrete Dam Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc. 15

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ANSYS GUI Layout

Output Window Abbreviation Toolbar Menu

Model Control Toolbar

User Prompt Info Current Settings

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ANSYS Commands ANSYS is a command driven program

Commands can also be manually typed in the input box.

Or read in from a script/macro file

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They allow for rapid design modifications

Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc.

Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc.

Example Analysis FEA Model Mode Includes:

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Example Analysis Results Compressive Stress @ time = .03 sec

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Example Analysis Results Tensile Stress @ time = .4 sec

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Example Analysis Results Vertical Displacement @ time = 1 sec

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RE: Concrete Damage under BLAST Loading

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RE: Concrete Damage Material Input

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Computer Aided Engineering Associates, Inc.

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ANSYS/LS-DYNA Applications Modeling structural elements

Modelling techniques such as Damping

Detailed pre- and post-processing

LS-Dyna Application Examples