ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

PROJECT WORK 2

MUHAMMAD IZZAT BIN ABDULLAH

940514-10-5249

5 DELTA

SEKOLAH MENENGAH TENGKU PANGLIMA RAJA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and health to do this project work.

Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project. Internet, books, computer and all that. They also supported me and encourage me to complete this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it.

Then I would like to thank my teacher, Puan Najmu for guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us patiently until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with the project work.

Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me and sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we had this task done.

OBJECTIVE
The aims of carrying out this project work are to:

Apply mathematics to everyday situations and appreciate the importance and the beauty of mathematics in everyday lives.

Improve problem-solving skills, thinking skills, reasoning and mathematical communication.

Develop positive attitude and personalities and intrinsic mathematical values such as accuracy, confidence and systematic reasoning.

Stimulate learning environment that enhances effective learning, inquiry-based and teamwork.

Develop mathematical knowledge in a way which increases students interest and confidence.

Part One

INTRODUCTION

Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating.

Baking a cake offers a tasty way to practice math skills, such as fractions and ratios, in a real-world context. Many steps of baking a cake, such as counting ingredients and setting the oven timer, provide basic math practice for young children. Older children and teenagers can use more sophisticated math to solve baking dilemmas, such as how to make a cake recipe larger or smaller or how to determine what size slices you should cut. Practicing math while baking not only improves your math skills, it helps you become more a more flexible and resourceful baker.

MATHEMACTICS IN CAKE BAKING AND CAKE DECORATING

GEOMETRY
To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced

Calculus (differentiation)
To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate min. or max. amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate min. or max. size of cake produced.

Progressions
To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration.

Part Two

Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration.

Diagram 1

1) If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800 , and the height of the cake is to be 7.0cm, the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school is [Use = 3.142] Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake 3800 x 5 = (3.142)( ) x 7

(3.142) = ( )

863.872 = ( )

= 29.392 d = 58.784 cm

2) The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0 cm in length, 60.0 cmin width and 45.0 cm in height.

(a) The formula that formed for d in terms of h by using the formula for volume of cake, V = 19000 is:

19000 = (3.142)(d/2)h =

= d

d=

Height,h (cm) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

Diameter,d(cm) 155.53 109.98 89.80 77.77 68.56 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18

(b)(i) h < 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive. (ii) The most suitable dimensions for the cake is h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy handling.

(c)(i) An equation which is suitable and relevant for the graph is 19000 = (3.142)( )h

19000/(3.142)h =

= d

d=

d= log d = log d = log h + log 155.53

Log h Log d

0 2.19

1 1.69

2 1.19

3 0.69

4 0.19

(ii) Based on the graph: (a) d when h = 10.5cm h = 10.5cm, log h = 1.021, log d = 1.680, d = 47.86cm (b) h when d = 42cm d = 42cm, log d = 1.623, log h = 1.140, h = 13.80cm

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3) Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1cm (a) The amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake, using the dimensions that I have suggested in 2(b)(ii). h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm Amount of fresh cream = VOLUME of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = Vol. of cream at the top surface + Vol. of cream at the side surface

Vol. of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface x Height of cream = (3.142)( = 2375 cm ) x 1

Vol. of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3.142)(54.99/2)(8) x 1 = 1382.23 cm Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm

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(b) Three other shapes for cake with the same height which is depends on the 2(b)(ii) and volume 19000cm. 1 Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid)

height

width length

19000 = base area x height base area = length x width = 2375 By trial and improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47.5 (length = 50, width = 47.5, height = 8) Therefore, volume of cream = 2(Area of left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front/back side surface)(Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface = 2(8 x 50)(1) + 2(8 x 47.5)(1) + 2375

= 3935 cm

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2 Triangle-shaped base
width

slant height

19000 = base area x height base area = 2375 x length x width = 2375 length x width = 4750 By trial and improvement, 4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95, width = 50) Slant length of triangle = (95 + 25)= 98.23 Therefore, amount of cream = Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface = (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375

= 4346.68 cm

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3 Pentagon-shaped base

width

19000 = base area x height base area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon therefore: 2375 = 5(length x width) 475 = length x width By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19) Therefore, amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top surface = 5(8 x 19) + 2375

= 3135 cm

(c) Based on the above, the shape that require the least amount of fresh cream to be used is Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm of cream to be used.

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Part Three

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The dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. The minimum height, h and its corresponding minimum diameter, d is calculated by using the differentiation and function.

Method 1: Differentiation
Two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in 2(a)), and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in 3(a)). 19000 = (3.142)rh (1) V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)rh (2) From (1): h = (3)

Sub. (3) into (2): V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)r( )

V = (3.142)r + (

V = (3.142)r + 38000r-1 ( ) = 2(3.142)r ( )

0 = 2(3.142)r (

) -->> minimum value, therefore

=0

= 2(3.142)r

= r 6047.104 = r r = 18.22 Sub. r = 18.22 into (3): h= h = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44c

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Method 2: Quadratic Functions

Two same equations as in Method 1, but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic function. Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake: 19000 = (3.142)rh (1) f(r) = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)hr (2) From (2): f(r) = (3.142)(r + 2hr) -->> factorize (3.142) = (3.142)[ (r + ) ( ) ] --> completing square, with a = (3.142), b = 2h and c = 0

= (3.142)[ (r + h) h ] = (3.142)(r + h) (3.142)h (a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = f(r) = (3.142)h, corresponding value of x = r = --h) Sub. r = --h into (1): 19000 = (3.142)(--h)h h = 6047.104 h = 18.22 Sub. h = 18.22 into (1): 19000 = (3.142)r(18.22) r = 331.894 r = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily.

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Further Exploration

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Diagram 2

Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on.

(a) The volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes and by comparing all these values, the volumes of the cakes that form a number pattern is height, h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm radius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake 31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599 a = 31, r = V = (3.142)rh Radius of 1st cake = 31, volume of 1st cake = (3.142)(31)(6) = 18116.772 Radius of 2nd cake = 27.9, vol. of 2nd cake = 14674.585 Radius of 3rd cake = 25.11, vol. of 3rd cake = 11886.414 Radius of 4th cake = 22.599, vol. of 4th cake = 9627.995 18116.772, 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995, a = 18116.772, ratio, r = T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = = 0.81

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(b) The total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg, so the maximum number of cakes that the bakery needs to bake is

Sn = Sn = 57000, a = 18116.772 and r = 0.81 57000 = 1 0.81n = 0.59779 0.40221 = 0.81n og0.81 0.40221 = n n=

n = 4.322 therefore, n 4

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REFLECTION

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TEAM WORK IS IMPORTANT

BE HELPFUL

ALWAYS READY TO LEARN NEW THINGS

BE A HARDWORKING STUDENT

BE PATIENT

ALWAYS CONFIDENT

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CONCLUSION
Geometry is the study of angles and triangles, perimeter, area and volume. It differs from algebra in that one develops a logical structure where mathematical relationships are proved and applied.

An arithmetic progression (AP) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant.

A geometric progression (GP), also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed non-zero number called the common ratio.

Differentiation is essentially the process of finding an equation which will give you the gradient at any point along the curve.

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REFERENCE
www.Wikipedia.com www.one-school.net www.sosmath.com www.facebook.com Additional Mathematics textbook

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