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Vamsi Kotta 5th Block

Miss Nyberg

BIOLOGY TEST REVIEW 9/12


1.) Be sure to know your safety rules and how to use them. To dilute an acid, you pour the acid into the water. Not the water into the acid. Always tie your hair back if it's long. Where safety goggles in the lab. Wear laboratory apron whenever working in the lab. Never perform investigations your teacher has not authorizes. Never eat, drink or bring food into the laboratory. Never reach across a flame. Never heat a closed container. Never touch anything that's been heated with holding the back of your hand near it. Never move glass between extreme temperatures. 2.) Know all of the definitions (key terms). Asexual reproduction - process by which a single parent reproduces by itself. Sexual reproduction - process by which two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism. Metabolism - set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes. Homeostasis - process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. Stimulus - a signal to which an organism responds; any kind of detectable signal that carries information. Response - single, specific reaction to a stimulus. Biosphere - the part of Earth that contains all living things. Population - group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. Community - assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area. Unicellular - A single celled organism. Multi cellular - An organism with multiple cells. Like us. Monomer - small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers. Polymer - large compound formed from combinations of many monomers. Carbohydrates - compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body. Monosaccharide - single sugar molecule Polysaccharide - large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides. Lipid - macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes. (1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids) Nucleic Acids - macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus. Nucleotide - monomer of nucleic acids made up of 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose. Protein - macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes. Amino Acid - compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end. Chemical reaction - process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. Reactant - element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction. Product - element or compound produced by a chemical reaction.

Vamsi Kotta 5th Block

Miss Nyberg

BIOLOGY TEST REVIEW 9/12


Activation Energy - energy needed to get a reaction started. Catalyst - substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction. Enzyme - protein that acts as a biological catalyst. Substrate - reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

3.) Know the characteristics of life and the importance of each to the organism and species. - Living things are made up of units called cells - Living things reproduce. - Living things are based on a universal genetic code. - Living things grow and develop. - Living things obtain and use materials and energy. - Living things respond to their environment. - Living thins maintain a stable internal environment. - Taken as a group, living things change over time. 4.) Know the levels of organization in living things and what is included in each level. Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Groups of Cells Cells Molecules The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems. Community and its nonliving surroundings Populations that live together in a defined area. Group of organism of one type that live in the same area. Individual living thing Tissues, organs, and organ systems Smallest functional unit of life Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds.

Vamsi Kotta 5th Block

Miss Nyberg

BIOLOGY TEST REVIEW 9/12


5.) What are the four kinds of organic molecules? Know the characteristics of each one.

Biomolecule

Elements/Chemical Formula Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen C6H12O6 = glucose

Function - Main source of energy

Monomer/Polymer Monomer = single sugar or monosaccharide Polymer = starch or polysaccharide Monomer = amino acids

Carbohydrates

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

Proteins

- control rate of chemical reactions (enzymes) - regulate cell processes (hormones) - Bones and muscles - transport things in and out of cells (protein channels) - help fight infection (antibodies)

Polymer = protein/polypeptide chain

Nucleic Acids

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus - stores and transmits genetic information

Monomer = nucleotide Polymer = nucleic acid (DNA), (RNA) None :)

Lipids

Carbon and Hydrogen (mainly) Also Oxygen

- stores energy and make up biological membranes and waterproof coverings

6.) Know what monomers, polymers and macromolecules are. Monomer - small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers. (Ex. monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides) Polymer - large compound formed from combinations of many monomers. ( Ex. Polysaccharide, polypeptide chain, nucleic acid.) Monosaccharide - single sugar molecule (glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose)

Vamsi Kotta 5th Block

Miss Nyberg

BIOLOGY TEST REVIEW 9/12


7.) You need to understand the role of catalysts and enzymes with regard to activation energy and being substrate specific. Enzymes are biological catalysts (substance that ups the rate of reaction) that cells use to speed up chemical reactions within the cell. They speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy (the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction). Enzymes are substrate specific. They are usually named from the reaction they catalyze , so they only catalyze one type of chemical reaction. Most enzymes work best at certain pH and temperature values. Enzymes play essential roles in regulating chemical pathways, making materials that cells need, releasing energy and transferring information. An enzyme is both chemically and physically substrate specific. It will ONLY fit certain reactants. The reactants are called substrates. The substrate will bind itself to the enzyme at a place called the active site. It fits into it perfectly, like a key in a lock. When they are together they form an enzymesubstrate complex. At the active site, the activation energy required for the reaction is lowered and the reaction takes place and the products are released. The enzyme is then free to repeat the process. 8.) Be able to explain how an enzyme's function is related to a lock and key or a jigsaw puzzle. An enzyme is substrate specific, so only one kind of substrate works for one kind of enzyme. So it works like a key and lock. 9.) You need to understand what conditions can exist that prevent proper functioning of an enzyme. If a enzyme and substrate bind, but the temperature is not in the optimum range for the enzyme to function, the reaction may be slowed down or may not be able to take place at all. In addition to pH and temperature, there are two other inhibitors that may affect the ability of the enzyme and substrate to bind. Inhibitors: Competitive inhibitor - It is the right size to fit the enzyme, but it cannot react chemically. So it just blocks another substrate from binding because it fills up the space, Non-Competitive Inhibitor - it changes the shape of the enzyme making the active site unreceptive to the substrate.

10.) Be able to answer questions regarding positive indicators of biomolecules and the effect of digestive enzymes on tested biomolecules. 1. Iodine goes black on starch. 2. Biuret goes purple on proteins. 2. Benedict solution turns kind of red when heated to test if there was sugars.

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