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Membrane protein
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle. More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
Function
Biological membranes consist of a phospholipid bilayer and a variety of proteins that accomplish vital biological functions. Structural proteins are attached to microfilaments in the cytoskeleton which ensures stability of the cell. Cell adhesion molecules allow cells to identify each other and interact. Such proteins are involved in immune response, for example. Membrane enzymes produce a variety of substances essential for cell function. Membrane receptor proteins serve as connection between the cell's internal and external environments. Transport proteins play an important role in the maintenance of concentrations of ions. These transport proteins come in two forms: carrier proteins and channel proteins.
Crystal structure of Potassium channel KvAP. Calculated hydrocarbon boundaries of the lipid bilayer are indicated by red and blue dots.
Main categories
Membrane proteins can be divided into several categories:[1] Integral membrane proteins which are permanently bound to the lipid bilayer Peripheral membrane proteins that are temporarily associated with lipid bilayer or with integral membrane proteins Lipid-anchored proteins bound to lipid bilayer bound through lipidated amino acid residues In addition, pore-forming toxins and many antibacterial peptides are water-soluble molecules, but undergo a conformational transition upon association with lipid bilayer and become reversibly or irreversibly membrane-associated. A slightly different classification is to divide all membrane proteins to integral and amphitropic.[2] The amphitropic are proteins that can exist in two alternative states: a water-soluble and a lipid bilayer-bound. The amphitropic protein category includes water-soluble channel-forming polypeptide toxins, which associate irreversibly with membranes, but excludes peripheral proteins that interact with other membrane proteins rather than with lipid bilayer.
Membrane protein
Polypeptide toxins
Polypeptide toxins, such as colicins or hemolysins, and certain proteins involved in apoptosis, are sometimes considered a separate category. These proteins are water-soluble but can aggregate and associate irreversibly with the lipid bilayer and form alpha-helical or beta-barrel transmembrane channels.
Intracellular localization
Proteins are specifically targeted to many different types of biological membranes [3]
Membrane protein
References
[1] Gerald Karp (2009). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=arRGYE0GxRQC& pg=PA128). John Wiley and Sons. pp.128. ISBN9780470483374. . Retrieved 13 November 2010. [2] Johnson JE, Cornell RB (1999). "Amphitropic proteins: regulation by reversible membrane interactions (review)". Mol. Membr. Biol. 16 (3): 217235. doi:10.1080/096876899294544. PMID10503244. [3] Classification of membrane proteins with known 3D structure to different membrane types (http:/ / opm. phar. umich. edu/ atlas. php) [4] Daley, Daniel. 2008,"The Assembly of Membrane Proteins into Complexes", Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 18:420-424. [5] Cross, Timothy, Mukesh Sharma, Myunggi Yi, Huan-Xiang Zhou (2010). "Influence of Solubilizing Environments on Membrane Protein Structures"
External links
TCDB (http://www.tcdb.org/) - Transporter Classification database Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database (http://opm.phar.umich.edu/) 3D structures of integral and peripheral membrane proteins arranged in the lipid bilayer The Protein Data Bank of Transmembrane Proteins (http://pdbtm.enzim.hu/) 3D models of all transmembrane proteins currently in PDB. Approximate positions of membrane boundary planes were calculated for each PDB entry. List of transmembrane proteins of known 3D structure (http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/ Membrane_Proteins_xtal.html) TransportDB (http://www.membranetransport.org/) Genomics-oriented database of transporters from TIGR Membrane PDB (http://www.mpdb.tcd.ie/) Database of 3D structures of integral membrane proteins and hydrophobic peptides with an emphasis on crystallization conditions Membrane targeting domains (MeTaDoR) (http://proteomics.bioengr.uic.edu/metador/MeTaDoR.html) Antimicrobial Peptide Database (http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/main.php) MeSH Membrane+proteins (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Membrane+ proteins) The Human Membrane Proteome (http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/7/50) - A comprehensive article covering the transmembrane protein component of the human proteome
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/