V Quc B Cn Phm Th Hng

Copyright Vo Quoc Ba Can 1

THE SUMS OF SQUARE TECHNIQUE
I. Theorem.
Consider the following inequality
4 2 2 3 3 2
( ) 0
cyc cyc cyc cyc cyc
m a n a b p a b g ab m n p g a bc + + + + + +

With , , a b c be real numbers.
Then this inequality holds when
2 2
0
3 ( )
m
m m n p pg g
>

'
+ + +

.
Proof.
We rewrite the inequality as
4 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
3 2
( )
0
cyc cyc cyc cyc cyc cyc
cyc cyc
m a a b m n a b a bc p a b a bc
g ab a bc
_ _ _
+ + +

, , ,
_
+

,


Note that
4 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 3 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 3 2 2 2
2 2
1
( )
2
( )
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( 2 )
3 3
( )
( )
cyc cyc cyc
cyc cyc cyc cyc cyc
cyc cyc cyc
cyc cyc cyc cyc cyc
cy
a a b a b
a b a bc b c a bc bc a b
bc a b ab bc ca a b a b ab ac bc
ab a bc ca ab c ca a b
ca a b


+ + + +






2 2 2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )( 2 )
3 3
c cyc cyc
ab bc ca a b a b ab bc ca + + +

Then the inequality is equivalent to
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1
( ) ( )[( ) (2 ) ( 2 ) ]
2 3
( ) 0
cyc cyc
cyc cyc
m
a b a b p g ab p g bc p g ca
m n a b a bc
+ + + +
_
+ +

,


Moreover
2 2 2 2
2 2
1
[( ) (2 ) ( 2 ) ]
6( )
cyc cyc cyc
a b a bc p g ab p g bc p g ca
p pg g
+ + +
+ +

The inequality becomes
N
G
U
Y
E
N

X
U
A
N

T
R
U
O
N
G

@
V Quc B Cn Phm Th Hng
Copyright Vo Quoc Ba Can 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2
1
( ) ( )[( ) (2 ) ( 2 ) ]
2 3
[( ) (2 ) ( 2 ) ] 0
6( )
1
[3 ( ) ( ) (2 ) ( 2 ) ]
18
cyc cyc
cyc
cyc
m
a b a b p g ab p g bc p g ca
m n
p g ab p g bc p g ca
p pg g
m a b p g ab p g bc p g ca
m
+ + + +
+
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + +

2 2
2
2 2
3 ( )
[( ) (2 ) ( 2 ) ] 0
18 ( )
cyc
m m n p pg g
p g ab p g bc p g ca
m p pg g
+
+ + + +
+ +

From now, we can easily check that if
2 2
0
3 ( )
m
m m n p pg g
>

'
+ + +

then the inequality is true.

Our theorem is proved. J
II. Application.
Example 1. (Vasile Cirtoaje) Prove that
2 2 2 2 3 3 3
( ) 3( ). a b c a b b c c a + + + +
Solution.
The inequality is equivalent to
4 2 2 3
2 0
cyc cyc cyc
a a b a b +

From this, we get 1, 2, 3, 0 m n p g , we have
2 2 2 2
1 0
3 ( ) 3 1 (1 2) ( 3) ( 3) 0 0 0
m
m m n p pg g
>

'
+ +

Then using our theorem, the inequality is proved. J

Example 2. (V Quc B Cn) Prove that
, ,
4 4 4 3 3 3
3 1 ( ) 3( ). a b c abc a b c a b b c c a + + + + + + +
Solution.
We have 1, 0, 3, 0 m n p g and
, , , ,
2
2 2 2
1 0
3 ( ) 3 1 (1 0) 3 3 0 0 0
m
m m n p pg g
>

'
+ +

Then the inequality is proved. J

Example 3. (Phm Vn Thun) Prove that
4 4 4 3 3 3
7( ) 10( ) 0. a b c a b b c c a + + + + +
Solution.
We will prove the stronger result, that is
4
4 3
17
7 10
27
cyc cyc cyc
a a b a
_
+

,

N
G
U
Y
E
N

X
U
A
N

T
R
U
O
N
G

@
V Quc B Cn Phm Th Hng
Copyright Vo Quoc Ba Can 3
4 2 2 3 3 2
86 51 101 34 102 0
86
51
101
34
cyc cyc cyc cyc cyc
a a b a b ab a bc
m
n
p
g
+

'

Moreover
2 2 2 2
86 0
3 ( ) 3 86 (86 51) 101 101 ( 34) ( 34) 1107 0
m
m m n p pg g
>

'
+ >

Then the inequality is proved. J

Example 4. (Vnh Qu) Let , , 0, 1. a b c abc > Prove that
2 2 2
1 1 1
3.
1 1 1 a a b b c c
+ +
+ + +
Solution.
On Mathlinks inequality forum, I posted the following proof:
Lemma. If , , 0, 1, a b c abc > then
2 2 2
1 1 1
1.
1 1 1 a a b b c c
+ +
+ + + + + +
Proof. From the given condition , , 0, 1 a b c abc > , there exist , , 0 x y z > such that
2
2
2
.
yz
a
x
zx
b
y
xy
c
z

'

And
then, the inequality becomes
4
4 2 2 2
1
cyc
x
x x yz y z

+ +

By the Cauchy Schwarz Inequality, we get

2 2 2
2 2 2
4
4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2
1
( ) 2
cyc cyc cyc
cyc
cyc cyc cyc cyc cyc cyc
x x x
x
x x yz y z x x yz y z x y z x yz x y z
_ _ _

, , ,

+ + + + + + +

Our lemma is proved.
Now, using our lemma with note that
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
, , 0
,
1 1 1
1
a b c
a b c

>

'

we get
N
G
U
Y
E
N

X
U
A
N

T
R
U
O
N
G

@
V Quc B Cn Phm Th Hng
Copyright Vo Quoc Ba Can 4
4 2 2
4 2 4 2 4 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2( 1)
1 2 4
1 1 1
( 1) ( 1) 1 1
4 4
( 1)( 1) 1 1
cyc cyc cyc
cyc cyc cyc
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x x x
+ +

+ + + + + +
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + +


Using our lemma again, we can get the result. J
Now, I will present another proof of mine based on this theorem
Since , , 0, 1, a b c abc > there exists , , 0 x y z > such that , ,
y z x
a b c
x y z
then our inequality
becomes
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 ( 2 )
3 9 4 3 3
cyc cyc cyc cyc
x x x x y
x xy y x xy y x xy y x xy y
_


+ + + +
,

By the Cauchy Schwarz Inequality, we get
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
( 2 )
( 2 ) ( ) ( 2 )
cyc cyc cyc
x y
x y x xy y x y
x xy y
1 1 1
+
1 1 1
+
] ] ]

It suffices to show that
2
2 2 2 2
4 2 2 3 3 2
( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) ( )
10 39 25 16 8 0
cyc cyc
cyc cyc cyc cyc cyc
x y x y x xy y
x x y x y xy x yz
1
+
1
]
+


From this, we get 10, 39, 25, 16 m n p g and
2 2 2 2
10 0
3 ( ) 3 10 (10 39) ( 25) ( 25) ( 16) ( 16) 189 0
m
m m n p pg g
>

'
+ + >

Then using our theorem, the inequality is proved. J

III. Some problems for own study.
Problem 1. (Vasile Cirtoaje) Prove that
4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3
2( ). a b c a b b c c a a b b c c a + + + + + + +
Problem 2. (Phm Vn Thun, V Quc B Cn) Prove that
3 3 3 4
8
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .
27
a a b b b c c c a a b c + + + + + + +
Problem 3. (Phm Kim Hng) Prove that
4 4 4 2 3 3 3
1
( ) 2( ).
3
a b c ab bc ca a b b c c a + + + + + + +
V Quc B Cn
Student
Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
E-mail: can_hang2007@yahoo.com
N
G
U
Y
E
N

X
U
A
N

T
R
U
O
N
G

@
V Quc B Cn Phm Th Hng
Copyright Vo Quoc Ba Can 5
N
G
U
Y
E
N

X
U
A
N

T
R
U
O
N
G

@