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THE VERB
Affirmative Interrogative Negative

S + V/V...s. (pers. a III sg.) Do/Does + S + V ? S + dont/doesnt + V. We write a composition every Do you write compositions every We dont write comp. every day. week. week ? He usually doesnt write bad comp. He usually writes good Does he usually write good composition. compositions ? It is used to express Translation actiuni obisnuite, repetate. Se foloseste cu: prezent every day/week/year,etc. once/twice a week/a month,etc usually,always,never,often,seldom,etc. PRESENT SIMPLE S + am/is/are + V...ing. Am/Is/Are + S + V...ing ? S + aint/isnt/arent + V...ing. We are studying English now. Is he studying English now ? I am not studying Biology now. It is used to express Translation actiuni in desfasurare in momentul vorbirii. Se foloseste cu: now,at the moment,at prezent present,etc. PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE S + have/has + Verb 3rd. Have/Has + S + Verb 3rd ? S + havent/hasnt + Verb 3rd. He has drunk his tea. Has he already seen the He hasnt been here since They have just said Good-bye. photographs ? November. Have you seen him lately ? We havent talked to her this week. It is used to express Translation A. actiune terminata al carei moment nu este precizat exact o perfectul o actiune trecuta incheiata recent.Se foloseste cu:just,lately,recently already,yet compus adverbe de frecventa o actiune terminata intr-o perioada de timp care nu s-a incheiat. Se foloseste cu: today,this week/year,etc. B.o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua in prezent. Se foloseste cu: since,for prezent PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS S + have/has + been + V...ing. Have/Has + S + been + V...ing ? S + havent/hasnt + been + V...ing. We have been looking a photos Have you been living here since They havent been reading all this for 2 hrs. 1978 ? time. It is used to express Translation o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua in prezent. prezent PAST SIMPLE S + V...ed/Verb 2nd Did + S + V ? S + didnt + V Yesterday,he reached school at Did he reach school at 7.30 am He didnt reach school at 7 7.30 am. yesterday ? yesterday. He went to school when he was Did he go to school when he was He didnt go to school when he was younger. younger ? y... It is used to express Translation A.o actiune savirsita si incheiata intr-un moment trecut. Se foloseste cu: perfectul compus yesterday,last{week month,etc.} ..... ago in 1980,on Monday,etc. B.actiune obisnuita, repetata in trecut. Se foloseste cu: imperfect often,frequently,usually,etc. PAST CONTINUOUS S + was/were + V...ing Was/Were + S + V...ing ? S + wasnt/werent + V...ing He was teaching at 9 am yesterday. Was he teaching at 9 am yesterday ? He wasnt teaching at 7 yesterday. We were waiting for him when he Were you waiting for him when he We werent reading, when he arrived arrived arrived. It is used to express Translation

o actiune in desfasurare intr-un moment trecut. (specificarea momentului trecut e imperfect obligatorie) Momentul trecut se exprima prin: adverb (locutiune): by 6 oclock,Saturday,etc. subordonata temporara: at this time, yesterday PAST PERFECT SIMPLE S + had + Verb 3rd Had + S + Verb 3rd ? S + hadnt + Verb 3rd We had already left when you arrived. Had he left before they arrived ? He hadnt left by 6 p.m. yesterda It is used to express Transl o actiune din trecut anterioara unui moment in trecut sau a unei alte actiuni din trecut. mai mult ca pe Momentul trecut se specifica prin: adverbe (locutiuni): by 6 oclock,Saturday,etc. subordonate temporale: at this time, yesterday

S + had + been + V...ing Had + S + been + V...ing ? S + hadnt + been + V...ing She had been practicing for an hour Had she been practicing for an She hadnt been practicing for an when her sister came from work. hour ? hour. It is used to express Translation o actiune inceputa inaintea unui moment sau actiuni din trecut, continuind pina in imperfect acel moment sau pina la acea actiune. Se foloseste cu: since, for PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Situation: Yesterday afternoon at 4 Mary started practicing the piano. At 5 oclock when her sister arrive from work she was still practicing. FUTURE SIMPLE S + shall/will + V Shall/Will + S + V ? S + shant/wont + V We shall go to the seaside next Shall I find them home if I go now ? We shant be there when he summer. Will he arrive next week ? arrives. Our friends wil come with us if they She wont come back tomorrow. can. It is used to express Translation o actiune care are loc intr-un moment viitor. Momentul viitor se exprima prin: viitorul adverbe: tomorrow,next week/month/year,etc. subordonate temporale simplu o actiune viitoare a carei act. e conditionata de alta actiune. Conditia se exprima prin subordonata conditionala(if) FUTURE CONTINUOUS S + shall/will + be + V...ing Shall/Will + S + be + V...ing ? S + shant/wont + be + V...ing They will be visiting the Village Will they be waiting for me when I They wont be standing outside... Museum. arrive? It is used to express Translation actiune in desfasurare intr-un moment viitor. Se foloseste cu: viitor adverbe(locutiuni): this time,tomorow,at 5pm,on Monday Situation:The 9th form pupils are standing outside the V. M.Peter who is always late hasnt arrived yet.The form teacher is buying the tickets. In a few moments (aff).(neg) any longer when Peter arrives.On his way to the museum Peter is wondering (int) DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Tense ! Imperative Affirmative: Tell me the He asked me to tell him the poem. poem ! He asked me not to play. Negative: Dont play now ! I dont know what to say. He said he didnt know what to say. I have learnt it. He said he had learnt it after a verb in Past Imperative

Present Tense Present Perfect

Past Tense Past Perfect

Past Tense Future Tense

I learnt the poem yesterday. He said he had learnt the poem the day before. I shall learn the poem He said he would learn the poem the tomorrow. next day.

Past Perfect Future in the Past Should / Would +Verb

In Indirect Speech you must remember that after a verb in the Past Tense ! direct speech indirect direct speech indirect speech direct speech indirect speech speech now then yesterday the day before today / tonight that day / night this that two day ago two days before tomorrow the next d these those last week the week before next week the next w Direct Speech Questions Indirect Speech Questions BE, HAVE, CAN, MAY, WILL (Yes / No Questions) Is he ill ? I asked if/weather he was ill. Has he any books to read ? I asked if/weather he had any books. Can you go out ? I asked if/weather he could go out. May I see you him ? I asked if/weather I might see him. Will he get better soon ? I asked if/weather he would get better soon. DO, DOES, DID..., (WH...Questions) When do you want to see him ? I asked when he wanted to see him. How does he know about it ? I asked how he knew about it. When did he phoned you yesterday ? I asked when he had phoned you the day before. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 1 Tense sequence Example State of facts Translation CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 2 Tense sequence PRESENT TENSE FUTURE TENSE if X happens Y will follow IF CLAUSE (sub. conditionata) MAIN CLAUSE (prop. principala) If the teacher agrees, we shall go to the T. Museum next Sunday. Perhaps he will agree. Then we shall go to the Technical M.next Sunday Daca profesorul va fi de acord, vom merge la M. T. duminica viitoare. PAST TENSE PRESENT CONDITIONAL (Would + if X happened Verb) Y would follow IF CLAUSE (subordonata MAIN CLAUSE (propozitia prin.) cond.) If the weather were, fine, they would go for a swim. The weather is not fine. They would not go for a swim. Daca vremea ar fi buna, s-ar duce sa inoate. If you did not get up late, you would not reach school late. You get up late. You reach school late. Daca nu te-ai scula tirziu, nu ai ajunge tirziu la scoala. PAST PERFECT TENSE PAST CONDITIONAL (Would + Tense if X happened Have+3rd Verb) Y would have followed sequence IF CLAUSE (sub. conditionata) MAIN CLAUSE (prop. principala) Example 1 If the weather had been, fine, they would have gone for a swim.

Example 1 State of facts BEWERE Translation Example 2 State of facts Translation CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 3

State of facts Translation Example 2 State of facts Translation

The weather was not fine. They did not go for a swim.

Daca vremea ar fi fost buna, ne-am fi dus sa inotam. If you had not got up late, you would not have reached school l You got up late. You reached school late. Daca nu te-ai fi sculat tirziu, nu ai fi ajuns la scoala tirziu.

Future Simple is not used in adverbial clauses of time and conditions after this words: if when till before after unless Present Perfect is used instead.

until as soon as

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