May 03

TERM PAPER

2010
Geometricall y, the definite integral gives the area under the curve of the integrand. Explain the correspondin g interpretatio n for a line integral

NAME AJAY SONI

TERM PAPER
NAME- AJAY SONI CLASS CSE (B-TECH) SECTION- C1901 ROLL NO- B59 SUBJECT- MATHMATICS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
I thank my respected MATHEMATICS teacher Mr. Bhanu parsad from the depth of my heart for the guidance and the help which he has provided me in order to complete my term paper successfully by providing me with adequate information which was very helpful to me in achieving my goal. I am also very thankful to all those persons who have helped me in any slightest manner in completing my term paper successfully. At the very last I would like to thank God for being with me in the preparation of my mathematics term paper which is hence solely my work apart from the ones mentioned above. Submitted By: Ajay Soni

Contents:
1. Introduction 2. What is the mean by definite integral 3. Area under Simple Curves:

4. The area of the region bounded by a curve and a line 5. References

Introduction:
In geometry, we have learnt formulae to calculate areas of various geometrical figures including triangles, rectangles, trapezias and circles. Such formulae are fundamental in the applications of mathematics to many real life problems. The formulae of elementary geometry allow us to calculate areas of many simple figures. However, they are inadequate for calculating the areas enclosed by curves. For that we shall need some concepts of Integral Calculus. In the previous chapter, we have studied to find the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), the ordinates x = a, x = b and x-axis, while calculating definite integral as the limit of a sum. Here, in this chapter, we shall study a specific application of integrals to find the area under simple curves, area between lines and arcs of circles, parabolas and ellipses (standard forms only). We shall also deal with finding the area bounded by the above said curves.

What is the mean by definite integral?

The principles of integration were formulated independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz in the late 17th century. Through the fundamental theorem of calculus, which they independently developed, integration is connected with differentiation: if is a continuous real-valued function defined on a closed interval [a, b], then, once an anti derivative F of is known, the definite integral of over that interval is given by

Integrals and derivatives became the basic tools of calculus, with numerous applications in science and engineering. A rigorous mathematical definition of the integral was given by Bernhard Riemann. It is based on a limiting procedure which approximates the area of a curvilinear region by breaking the region into thin vertical slabs. Beginning in the nineteenth century, more sophisticated notions of integrals began to appear, where the type of the function as well as the domain over which the integration is performed has been generalized. A line integral is defined for functions of two or three variables, and the interval of integration [a, b] is replaced by a certain curve connecting two points on the plane or in the space. In a surface integral, the curve is replaced by a piece of a surface in the three-dimensional space. Integrals of differential forms play a fundamental role in modern differential geometry.

Definition of the Line Integral:

By this time you should be used to the construction of an integral. We break a geometrical figure into tiny pieces, multiply the size of the piece by the function value on that piece and add up all the products. For one variable integration the geometrical figure is a line segment, for double integration the figure is a region, and for triple integration the figure is a solid. The geometrical figure of the day will be a curve. If we have a function defined on a curve we can break up the curve into tiny line segments, multiply the length of the line segments by the function value on the segment and add up all the products. As always, we will take a limit as the length of the line segments approaches zero. This new quantity is called the line integral and can be defined in two, three, or higher dimensions. Suppose that a wire has as density f(x,y,z) at the point (x,y,z) on the wire. Then the line integral will equal the total mass of the wire. Below is the definition in symbols.

Area under Simple Curves:

We have studied definite integral as the limit of a sum and how to evaluate definite integral using Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Now, we consider the easy and intuitive way of finding the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b. From Fig 8.1, we can think of area

Under the curve as composed of large number of very thin vertical strips. Consider an arbitrary strip of height y and width dx, then dA (area of the elementary strip) = ydx, where, y = f (x). This area is called the elementary area which is located at an arbitrary position within the region which is specified by some value of x between a and b. We can think of the total area A of the region between x-axis, ordinates x = a, x = b and the curve y = f (x) as the result of adding up the elementary areas of thin strips across the region PQRSP. Symbolically, we express

The area A of the region bounded by the curve x = g (y), y-axis and the lines y = c, y = d is given by

Remark: If the position of the curve under consideration is below the x-axis, then since f (x) < 0 from x = a to x = b, as shown in Fig the area bounded by the curve, x-axis and the ordinates x = a, x = b come out to be negative. But, it is only the numerical value of the area which is taken into consideration. Thus, if the area is negative, we take its absolute value, i.e.

Another example:

Generally, it may happen that some portion of the curve is above x-axis and some is below the x-axis as shown in the Fig 8.4. Here, A1 < 0 and A2 > 0. Therefore, the area A bounded by the curve y = f (x), x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b is given by A = | A1| + A2. Example 1: Find the area enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = a2. Solution- From Fig the whole area enclosed by the given circle= 4 (area of the region AOBA bounded by the curve, x-axis and the ordinates x = 0 and x = a) [as the circle is symmetrical about both x-axis and y-axis]

Since x2 + y2 = a2 gives

As the region AOBA lies in the first quadrant, y is taken as positive. Integrating, we get the whole area enclosed by the given circle

Alternatively, considering horizontal strips as shown in Fig the whole area of the region enclosed by circle

Example 2 Find the area enclosed by the slandered ellipse? Solution: From the area of the region ABABA bounded by the ellipse=4 (area of the region AOBA the first quadrant bounded by the curve, x - axis and the ordinates X=0 X=a) (as the ellipse is symmetrical about both x-axis and y-axis)

Now find the value of y by the given ellipse

But selected part lies in positive area so that take only positive value of the y so now

Alternatively, considering horizontal strips as shown in the Fig the area of the ellipse

The area of the region bounded by a curve and a line:

In this subsection, we will find the area of the region bounded by a line and a circle, a line and a parabola, a line and an ellipse. Equations of above mentioned curves will be in their standard forms only as the cases in other forms go beyond the scope of this text book. Example 3 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x2 and the line y = 4. Solution Since the given curve represented by the equation y = x 2 is a parabola symmetrical about y-axis only, therefore, from the required area of the region AOBA is given by

Bibliography:

1) http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=78072 2) Book-

1. B.S GREWAL

2. NCRT 3) http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcIII/LineIntegralsIntro.aspx 4) http://wapedia.mobi/en/Line_integral

5) http://www.google.co.in/search?

hl=en&source=hp&q=use+line+integral+in+area&meta&aq=o&aqi=&aql=&oq=& gs_rfai= 6) http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Geometrically_the_definite_integral_gives_the_area_un der_the_curve_of_the_integrand_Explain_the_corresponding_interpretation_for_a _line_integral 7) http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/line-integral-area