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Comparison of Panel Method Pressure Distribution with Exact Conformal Transformation Results
-2.50 PANEL -2.00 -1.50 -1.00 Exact Conformal Mapping
Cp
-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 -0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
x/c
XFOILs inviscid calculations use a panel method The conformal mapping solution is from Antony Jameson
CL
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.06
1/n
x/c
CP
-1.00 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/c
CL
1.00 NACA 0012
0.50
CL, NACA 0012 - PANEL
0.00
CL, NACA 0012 - exp. data CL, NACA 4412 - PANEL CL, NACA 4412 - exp. data
-0.50 -5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Cm
-0.05 c/4 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 -0.25 -0.30 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 NACA 4412
Cm, NACA 0012 - PANEL Cm, NACA 4412 - PANEL Cm, NACA 0012 - exp. data Cm, NACA 4412 - exp. data
15.0
20.0
25.0
Note viscous relief (loss) of full pressure recovery at the trailing edge
Panel Methods: Inviscid!
Couple with a BL analysis to include viscous effects
The single element viscous subsonic airfoil analysis method of choice: XFOIL
by Prof. Mark Drela at MIT
-1.00 CP -0.50
-3.00 CP -2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00 -0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5 x/c
0.7
0.9
1.1
0.50
NACA 0006, = 0 NACA 0012, = 0 NACA 0018, = 0 0.1 0.3 0.5 x/c 0.7 0.9 1.1
1.00 -0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5 x/c
0.7
0.9
1.1
-1.00 CP -0.50
0.00
0.50 Note: For a comparison of cambered and uncambered presuure distributions at the same lift, see Fig. 18. 1.00 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 x/c 0.7 0.9 1.1
-0.50 CP 0.00
0.50
1.00 -0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5 x/c
0.7
0.9
1.1
-2.00 CP -1.00
0.00
1.00 -0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5 x/c
0.7
0.9
1.1
0.1
0.3
0.5 x/c
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.00
CL
0.50 NACA 4412 NACA 0012 0.00 data from Abbott and von Doehhoff -0.50 0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
CD
0.1
0.3
0.5 x/c
0.7
0.9
1.1
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.0
-0.50 Cp 0.00
0.50
GA(W)-1 Note nearly parallel upper and = 0 lowersurfaces at the trailing edge 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1.00 x/c
Liebecks Hi-Lift Airfoil: Geometry and Lift - note shape of pressure recovery -
Airfoil Selection
Issues: Cruise CL, and CLmax, dont forget Cm0 -large LE radius? -Near parallel trailing edge closure Prole Drag: Laminar ow? Tailor pressure distribution Thickness for low weight and internal volume Tails: often symmetric, 6 series foils picked Study Abbott and von Doenhoff (both) as a start
To Conclude