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Contents................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter # 1............................................................................................................ 2 Introduction Indo-Pak Relation................................................................................2 Chapter # 2............................................................................................................ 3 THE WAR ............................................................................................................... 4 Chapter # 4............................................................................................................ 7 Assessment of losses & consequences...................................................................7 Heroes of 1965 war :...........................................................9 Indo-Pak war 1971................................................................................................10 Chapter # 5 ..................................................11 Causes of separation of east wing of Pakistan................................11 The Roots of conflict:............................................................................................11 Chapter #6...............................................12 OPERATIONS.........................................................................................................12 Naval hostilities..............................................................................................12 Air operations.................................................................................................12 PAF adopted a defensive stance in response to the Indian retaliation. As the war progressed, the Indian Air Force continued to battle the PAF over conflict zones, but the number of sorties flown by the PAF gradually decreased day-byday The Indian Air Force flew 4,000 sorties while its counterpart, the PAF offered little in retaliation, partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel........................................................................................12 Ground operation...........................................................................................12 Surrender of Pakistani forces in East Pakistan................................................13 Chapter # 7..........................................................................................................14 CONCEQUENCES OF WAR.....................................................................................14 India...............................................................................................................14 Bangladesh....................................................................................................14 Heroes of indo-Pak-war 1971................................................................................15 REFERENCES:.......................................................................................................16
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May 1999
Page 2 India regains control over Pakistani occupied ridges. Pakistan withdrew from Kashmir to pre-war Line of Control
*IN THIS REPORT I will provide information about 2nd Kashmir war and Bangali war of independence
Chapter # 2
The Pakistani-Indian War Was Fought Between: Location of the Pakistani-Indian War:
Pakistan vs. India Pakistan and India fought along the entire length of their common border. An inconclusive cease-fire Six weeks 3,000 Killed; At least 175 tanks and 6075 aircraft destroyed 3,800 Killed; 200 tanks and 20 aircraft destroyed
The Pakistani-Indian War Resulted In: The Length of the Pakistani-Indian War: Indian Military Casualties: Pakistani Military Casualties
CHAPTER #3
THE WAR
On August 15, 1965, Indian forces crossed the ceasefire line and launched an attack on the region referred to by the disputants as either "Azad Kashmir" or "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir". Pakistani reports cite this attack as unprovoked, while Indian reports cite the attack as a response to massive armed infiltrations of Kashmir by Pakistan. Initially, the Indian Army met with considerable success, capturing three important mountain positions after a prolonged artillery barrage. By the end of August, however, both sides had experienced successes; Pakistan had made progress in areas such as Tithwal, Uri and Punch and India had captured the Haji Pir Pass, eight kilometers inside Pakistanioccupied territory.
The operation was commanded by Akhter malik.The operation was to commence at 05 am on September 1, but was delayed by a day. It started as planned: Chamb fell within the hour and soon after first light around 7 am on September 2 our troops started crossing the river Tawi. Operations from here onwards continued with speed and by 1 pm troops had consolidated and were ready to move into concentration areas from which an attack on Akhnur could have commenced well before last light around 3 pm.Though the official reason for the change of command of Operation Grand Slam at this stage was that Akhtar Malik could not handle troops from Northern Areas to Kharian, that holds little credence. Ayub has been blamed of changing the command so that Yahya but this decision was not by him. Whatever the reason for changing horses midstream, precious time was lost. the troops were also disheartened by the change of command.pak army failed in this operation.
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Perhaps if Akhnur had been captured and the Indian lines of communication severed, the Indian attack on Sialkot could never have occurred!
Lahore offensive
At 3:00 AM on September 6, 1965, without a formal declaration of war, Indians crossed the international border of West Pakistan. the 15th Infantry Division of the Indian Army, under World War II veteran Major General Prasad, battled a massive counterattack by Pakistan near the west bank of the Ichogil Canal (BRB Canal), which was a de facto border of India and Pakistan. The General's entourage itself was ambushed and he was forced to flee his vehicle. A second, this time successful, attempt to cross the Ichhogil Canal was made over the bridge in the village of Barki, just east of Lahore. These developments brought the Indian Army within the range of Lahore International Airport. The thrust against Lahore consisted of the 1st Infantry Division supported by the three tank regiments of the 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade; they quickly advanced across the border, reaching the Ichhogil (BRB) Canal by 6 September. The Pakistani Army held the bridges over the canal or blew up those it could not hold, effectively stalling any further advance by the Indians on Lahore.
thwart the intense attack for 24 hours. A company of 3 Guards with 954 heavy mortar battery ordered to reinforce the RAC post at Munabao could never reach. The Pakistani Air Force had strafed the entire area, and also hit a railway train coming from Barmer with reinforcements near Gadra road railway station. On September 10, Munabao fell into Pakistani hands, and efforts to capture the strategic point did not succeed.
Naval hostilities
The navies of India and Pakistan did not play a prominent role in the war of 1965, although Pakistani accounts dispute this.On September 7, a flotilla of the Pakistani Navy carried out a small scale bombardment of the Indian coastal town and radar station of Dwarka, which was 200 miles (300 km) south of the Pakistani port of Karachi. Codenamed Operation Dwarka, it did not fulfill its primary objective of disabling the radar station and there was no immediate retaliatory response from India. Later, some of the Indian fleet sailed from Bombay to Dwarka to patrol the area and deter further bombardment. According to some Pakistani sources, one submarine, PNS Ghazi, kept the Indian Navy's aircraft carrier INS Vikrant besieged in Bombay throughout the war. Indian sources claim that it was not their INDO-PAK WARS Page 6
intention to get into a naval conflict with Pakistan, and wished to restrict the war to a land-based conflict.
128 Indian tanks, 152 Pakistani tanks captured, 150 Pakistani tanks destroyed. Officially 471 Pakistani tanks destroyed and 38 captured Land area 1,500 mi2(3,885 km2) of won Pakistani territory
India held 710 mi(1,1840 km) of Pakistani territory and Pakistan held 210 mi(545 km) of Indian territory
Cease-Fire:
The United States and the Soviet Union used significant diplomatic tools to prevent any further escalation in the conflict between the two South Asian nations. At the invitation of Soviet Premier Alexsei Kosygin Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan come for negotiations in Tashknat. At the end signed the Tashknet agreement, ceasefire negotiations. They agreed to withdraw to pre-August lines no later than February 25, 1966. Shastri died of a heart attack in Tashkent right after he signed the declaration and Mrs. Indira Gandhi succeeded him. On September 22, the United Nations Security Council unanimously
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passed a resolution that called for an unconditional ceasefire from both nations. The war ended on September 23rd 1965.
The war had created a tense state of affairs in its aftermath. Though the war was indecisive, Pakistan suffered much heavier material and personnel casualties compared to India. Both India and Pakistan increased their defense spending and the Cold War politics had taken roots in the subcontinent. The Indian Military, which was already undergoing rapid expansions, made improvements in command and control to address some shortcomings. India established the Research and Analysis Wing for external espionage and intelligence. India viewed the American policy during the war as biased India slowly started aligning with the Soviet Union both politically and militarily. This would be cemented formally years later before the Bangladesh Liberation War. The Indian premier, Shastri was hailed as a hero in New Delhi.
Pakistan
Many Pakistanis rated the performance of their military positively. September 6 is celebrated as 'Defence Day' in Pakistan in commemoration of the successful defence of Sialkot against the Indian army. Pakistani Air Force's performance was seen in much better light compared to that of the ground troops. Several Pakistani writers criticized the military's ill-founded belief that their "Martial Race" of soldiers could defeat India in the war. The Tashkent declaration was seen as a raw deal in Pakistan. Pakistan was taken aback by the lack of support by the United States. The United States declared its neutrality in the war by cutting off military supplies to both sides. After the war, Pakistan would increasingly look towards China as a major source of military hardware and political support. Another negative consequence of the war was the growing resentment against the Pakistani government in East Pakistan. Bengali leaders accused the government for not providing adequate security for East Pakistan during the conflict, even though large sums of money were taken from the east to finance the war for Kashmir. In fact despite some PAF attacks being launched from East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh) during the war, India did not retaliate in that sector, although East Pakistan was defended only by a two-infantry brigade division (14 Division) without any tank support. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was apprehensive of this situation, and the need for greater autonomy for the east led to another war between India and Pakistan in 1971.
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Chapter #6
OPERATIONS
Naval hostilities
In the western theatre of the war, the Indian Navy, under the command of Vice Admiral Kohli, achieved success by attacking Karachi's port in the code-named Operation Tridenton the night of 45 December, which resulted in the sinking of the Pakistani destroyer PNS Khyber and a minesweeper PNS Muhafiz; PNS Shajehan was badly damaged. This resulted in tactical Indian success: 720 Pakistani sailors were killed or wounded, and Pakistan lost reserve fuel and many commercial ships, thus crippling the Pakistan Navy's further involvement in the conflict. Air operations PAF adopted a defensive stance in response to the Indian retaliation. As the war progressed, the Indian Air Force continued to battle the PAF over conflict zones, but the number of sorties flown by the PAF gradually decreased day-by-day The Indian Air Force flew 4,000 sorties while its counterpart, the PAF offered little in retaliation, partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel. Ground operation On the eastern front, the Indian Army joined forces with the Mukti Bahini to form the Mitro Bahini ("Allied Forces"); Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, who commanded the eighth, twentythird, and fifty-seventh divisions, led the Indian thrust into East Pakistan. As these forces attacked Pakistani formations, the Indian Air Force rapidly destroyed the small air contingent in East Pakistan and put the Dhaka airfield out of commission. In the meantime, the Indian Navy effectively blockaded East Pakistan. Faced with insurmountable losses, the Pakistani military capitulated in less than a fortnight. On 16 December, the Pakistani forces stationed in East Pakistan surrendered.
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Branch Army Navy Air Force Paramilitary including police Civilian personnel Total:
Number of captured Pakistani POWs 54,154 1,381 833 22,000 12,000 90,368
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Pakistan For Pakistan it was a complete and humiliating defeat. The Pakistani people were not mentally prepared to accept defeat; the state-controlled media in West Pakistan had been projecting imaginary victories. When the surrender in East Pakistan was finally announced, people could not come terms with the magnitude of defeat, spontaneous demonstrations and mass protests erupted on the streets of major cities in West Pakistan. The cost of the war for Pakistan in monetary and human resources was very high. The loss of East Pakistan had shattered the prestige of the Pakistani military. Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force and a third of its army.
Bangladesh
Bangladesh became an independent nation, the world's third most populous Muslim state. Mujibur Rahman was released from a West Pakistani prison, returned to Dhaka on 10 January 1972 and to become first President of Bangladesh and later its Prime Minister.
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REFERENCES:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971 http://www.storyofpakistan.com http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com http://www.scribd.com/doc/14627984/Research-Paper-on-IndoPak-Relation
http://tripatlas.com/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965
http://e-maqzine.blogspot.com/2010/09/indo-pak-war-of-1965.html
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