Shoring

Shoring is used to temporarily support an unsafe structure. Shoring is used in construction to temporarily support an unsafe structure. Shoring is normally used when openings are to be made in a wall or already existing openings are to be enlarged. Shoring is also used when there are cracks in a wall due to unequal settlement of the foundation that must be repaired. Other instances include when there are bulges in the wall and when an adjacent structure must be pulled down. There are several types of shoring.

1. Raking Shore
This type of shoring method is used to support walls which have been threatened by excavation or walls that are generally unstable and in danger of falling over. Raking shores are also used to hold facades up while rebuilding is carried out internally. So even though raking shores are defined as temporary support, they may remain for a while as they are used to support unstable walls of vacated buildings. Inclined members, known as rakers, are utilized to give lateral support to walls. Sole plates, needles, cleats, wall plates and bracing are the components which make up a raking shore. Raking shores are constructed in such a way that they rest on the ground and support the building or wall at an angle between 45 and 60 degrees. The angle of the raker is generally determined by site constraints, but a raker that is too steep or shallow will not be effective.

Dead Shores
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This method is commonly used in alterations or building repair procedures. In the dead shoring method, steel props are used to support existing walls, roofing and floors while work is carried out to remove walls at a lower level or to form openings. The number of dead shores to be used is determined by the amount of load and the location.

Flying Shores
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There are certain situations where a raking shore would not be ideal, such as a where two buildings are in close proximity to each other, and the flying shore may be utilized instead. The flying shore is used to provide temporary support to two parallel walls in a situation where one or both walls show signs of failure. Traditionally, flying shores used to be constructed using timber, but now they can

be constructed with steel; however, steel is more commonly used because it can span greater distances than timber. The flying shore is frequently used during construction projects in urban areas.

Types of shoring 1. Raking shores (figure 1 to 3) 2. Flying shores (figure 4 and 5) 3. Dead shores (figure 6 and 7)

Figure-1:

Figure 2: Detail of Head of the raker

Figure 3: Raking shore for multistoried Building where inclination of the rakers has to be limited due to short land width available FLYING SHORES It is a system of providing temporary supports to the party walls of the two buildings where the intermediate building is to be pulled down and rebuilt. All types of arrangements of supporting the unsafe structure in which the shores do not reach the ground come under this category. They flying shore consists of wall plates, needles, cleats, horizontal struts (commonly known as horizontal shores) and inclined struts arranged in different forms which varies with the situation. In this system also the wall plates are placed against the wall and secured to it. A horizontal strut is placed between the wall plates and is supported by a system of needle and cleats. The inclined struts are supported by the needle at their top and by straining pieces at their feet. The straining piece is also known as straining sill and is spiked to the horizontal shore. The width of straining piece is the same as that of the strut. When the distance between the walls (to be strutted apart) is considerable, a horizontal shore can not be safe and a trussed framework of members is necessary to perform the function of flying shore.

Figures 4: Flying Shore

Figure 5: Flying shore when the distance between two walls is considerable DEAD SHORES This is the system of shoring which is used to render vertical support to walls and roofs, floors, etc when the lower part of a wall has been removed for the purpose of providing an opening in

the wall or to rebuild a defective load bearing wall in a structure. The dead shore consists of an arrangement of beams and posts which are required to support the weight of the structure above and transfer same to the ground on firm foundation below.

Figure 6: Dead Shore When opening in the wall are to be made, holes are cut in the wall at such a height as to allow sufficient space for insertion of the beam or girder that will be provided permanently to carry the weight of the structure above. Distance at which the holes are cut depends upon the type of masonry and it varies from 1.2m to 1.8m centre. Beams called needles are placed in the holes and are supported by vertical props called dead shores at their ends on either side of the wall. The needles may be of timber or steel and are of sufficient section to carry the load above.

Figure 7: Section of the elevation showing arrangement of dead shores for making an opening in an existing wall The dead shores stand away from wall on either side so as to allow for working space when the needle and the props are in position. The props are tightened up by folding wedges provided at their bases while the junction between the prop and the needle is secured with the help of dogs. Before the dismantling work is started, all the doors, windows or other openings are well strutted. In order to relieve the wall of load of floors and roof above, they are independently supported. Vibrations and shocks are bound to occur when wall cutting is done as such a measure of safety raking shores are sometimes erected before commencement of wall cutting operation.