Plasma State

Concept & Designed By Saikat Das Swarup Ganguly

History of Plasma

Plasma arcs between the probes, invented on early 1879s.The state of matter was first identified in crooks tube, and so defined by Sir William Crook.

Classification of Plasma
Artificially Produced Plasma Terrestrial Plasma Space and Astrophysical Plasma

Plasma Properties & Parameters

Earths plasma fountain showing oxygen helium and hydrogen ions. Faint yellow-gas lost from earth to space Green-aurora borealis.

Definition of Plasma
Plasma is a loosely described as an electrically neutral medium of positive and negative particles. Plasma Approximation Plasma Frequency

Range of Plasma parameters

Temperature
Measured in Kelvin and electron volt. Based on relative temperatures of the electrons, ions and neutrals plasmas are classified as "thermal" or "nonthermal. Temperature controls the degree of plasma ionization. A plasma is sometimes referred to as being "hot" if it is nearly fully ionized, or "cold" if only a small fraction (for example 1%) of the gas molecules are ionized. "cold" plasma the electron temperature is still typically several thousand degrees Celsius. Plasmas utilized in "plasma technology" ("technological plasmas") are usually cold in this sense.

Potentials
Lightning is an example of plasma present at Earth's surface. The potential as it exists on average in the space between charged particles, independent of the question of how it can be measured, is called the "plasma potential" or the "space potential".

Comparison of plasma and gas phases

Electrical Conductivity Independently acting species Velocity distribution Interaction

Complex plasma phenomena

Supernova, a huge ball of expanding plasma. Ultracold plasma Shocks or double layers

Double Layer (plasma)

A double layer is a structure in a plasma and consists of two parallel layers with opposite electrical charge. Ions and electrons which enter the double layer are accelerated, decelerated, or reflected by the electric field. Saturnian aurora whose reddish color is characteristic of ionized hydrogen plasma.

Double-Layer in Saturn IEEE Edition,1999

Double Layer Classification

Weak and strong double layers. Relativistic or nonrelativistic double layers. Current carrying and current-free double layers may both occur.

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Lunar Double Layer

The Moon. The prediction of a lunar double layer was confirmed in 2003. In the shadows, the Moon charges negatively in the interplanetary medium.

Image provided by Bell Laboratories,2000

Features and Characteristics of Double Layers

Thickness Particle acceleration Particle populations Particle flux Energy supply Stability Magnetised plasmas Cellular nature Energy transfer Oblique double layer Simulation Bio-physical analogy

History of Double Layers

First proposed by Hannes Alfvn Volwerk (1993) observed radiation from the double layer itself. The power of these fluctuations has a maximum around the plasma frequency of the ambient plasma. A recent development in double layer experiments is the investigation of so-called stairstep double layers. Most definite proof was obtained by the Viking satellite.

Plasma Applications
High efficiency lighting Gas treatment

Plasma Lighting
The most prevalent man-made plasmas on our planet are the plasmas in lamps. Two types of plasmabased light sources, fluorescent lamps and high-intensity arc lamps.

Isotope Separation & Sterilization

Medical and industrial use Sterilization is used for food, medical, and other applications. Destroy viruses, fungi and spores.

Plasma in Dazzler (weapon) Technology

Laser Dazzlers. Saber 203 Dazzler JD-3 Dazzler ZM-87 Portable Laser Disturber

Disadvantages
High power consumption It causes some serious diseases, pollution Fusion Power

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