2.

5G CDMA SummaryA viable basis for the integration of third-generation (3G) CDM A systems, such as 1x and 3x radio transmission technology (RTT), is provided by cdmaOne technology. 3G CDMA technologies can be implemented by a systems upgrad e and can operate with the same handsets, offering forward and backward capabili ty. 1x offers higher data capacity and speeds than GPRS, which requires a packet-swi tched network overlay and Internet Protocol (IP) backbone network implementation onto the existing circuit-switched GSM infrastructure. Unlike CDMA systems, GSM enhanced technologies require new handsets for each advancement. 1x is able to achieve higher data rates without diminishing voice capacity, whereas GPRS remov es voice capacity in order to achieve increased data speeds. 1.-GPRS (GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE)IS A HIGH SPEED NETWORK DATA SERVICE. IT I S INTEGRATED WITH THE EXISTING GSM CELLULAR TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK BY THE ADDITION OF A PCU,SGSN, AND GGSN. GPRS IS A PACKET SWITCHED NETWORK. THIS TYPE OF NETWORK IS COMPATIBLE WITH EXTER NAL NETWORKS THAT ALSO OPERATE BY PACKET SWITCHING, SUCH AS THE INTERNET. gprs AS ALSO INTEGRATED WITH THE IS 136 SYSTEM. THE INTEGRATION OF GPRS WITH OTH GSM AND 1S136 OFFERS ENHACED DATA ROAMING POTENTIAL. THE GPRS PACKET SWITCHED TRANSMISSION TAKES PLACE OVER THE AIR INTERFACE AND INV OLVES CODING SCHEMES FOR ERROR PROTECTION. 2.-GPRS IS A HIGH SPEED PACKET SWITCHED DATA NETWORK THAT IS INTEGRATED WITH TH E EXISTING CIRCUIT SWITCHED GSM NETWORK- FOR EXAMPLE, THE SGSN AND THE HLR INTERACT EITH REGARD TO MOBILITY MANAGEMENT. GPRS ENTABLISHES SESSIONS THAT SUPPORT END TO END PACKET DATA TRANSMISSIONS BETW EEN THE MOBILE STATION AND EXTERNAL PACKET DATA NETWORKS, SUCH AS THE INTERNET. THE GPRS PACKET SWITCHED OPERATION IS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF DATA ENCAPSULAT ION AND TUNNELING. THESE PROCEDURES ENABLE THE EFFICIENT TRANSFER OF INFORMATION BETWEEN THE USER A ND EXTERNAL DATA NETWORKS. WAP(WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL) 3.-THERE ARE THREE GPRS MOBILE TERMINAL TYPES. TYPE A SUPPORTS GSM VOICE AND GPR S DATA COMMUNICATION AT THE SAME TIME. TYPE B SUPPORTS GSM VOICE AND GPRS DATA COMMUNICATIONS IN A SINGLE MODE AT ANY ONE TIME. TYPE C OFFERS GPRS DATA COMMUNI CATION ONLY. 4.-HSCSD IS AN ENHACEMENT OF THE EXISTING GSM CIRCUIT SWITCHED NETWORK. IT IS IM PLEMENTED BY MEANS OF A SOFTWARE UPGRADE. HSCSD USES MULTIPLE TIME SLOTS TO ACHIEVE SIMILAR DATA RATES AS GPRS. HOWEVER, I TS USE OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING PROVIDES A MORE ROBUST TRANSMISSION OF DATA THAN GPR S, WHICH USES PACKET SWITCHING. HSCSDs END TO END CIRCUIT CONNECTION BETWEEN THE SENDER AND THE RECEIVER MAKES IT PARTICULARLY SUITED TO SERVICES THAT REQUIRE A CONTINUOS DATA STREAM, SUCH AS VIDEO CONFERENCING, WIRELESS IMAGING, AND REAL TIME APPLICATIONS. HSCSD IS AN EVOLUTIONARY ROUTE TOWARD 3G EDGE TECHNOLOGY- HSCSD PROVIDES THE MUL TISLOT PACKET DATA STRUCTURE ACROSS THE AIR INTERFACE THAT IS USED IN EDGE. DATA THROUGHPUT CAN BE INCREASED BY ALTERING THE MODULATION ACROSS THE AIR INTER

FACE AND CODING SCHEMES TO ACHIEVE HIGHER SPEEDS AND BROADCAST QUALITY. The CDMA Development Group (CDG) is an international organization of companies d edicated to the implementation and evolution of code-division multiple access (C DMA) technologies around the world. The CDG envision a seamless migration path f rom the second-generation (2G) cdmaOne system to the third-generation (3G) cdma2 000 system, without intermediary 2.5G systems. The cdma2000 system is viewed as an extension of cdmaOne.The flexible evolution from 2G to 3G CDMA systems will t ake the form of cdmaOne upgrades that will facilitate the adoption of cdma2000. The CDG is following an in-band evolution strategy toward 3G systems, which will minimize implementation and cost. The integration of 2G and 3G CDMA standards offers many advantages to the servic e provider and the user. The service provider is able to integrate cdma2000 with the existing cdmaOne structure and resources, minimizing financial investment w hile reusing equipment and operations. The user benefits from the harmonization of cdmaOne and cdma2000 by enjoying more efficient communication, a greater rang e of applications, and handsets that have forward and backward capability. 1xRTT Phase one of the 3G CDMA evolutionary path is called 1x radio transmission technology (RTT). The 1x network is an extension of cdmaOne. 1x employs 1.25 MH z of bandwidth and offers symmetrical data rates of up to 144 Kbps, with a theor etical maximum data rate of 307 Kbps. The 1x network requires new software in th e CDMA backbone and new channel cards at the base station. The 1x handset employ s a newer chipset. 1x handsets work on 95A networks at 14.4 Kbps, 95B networks a t rates up to 64 Kbps, and 1x and 3xRTT networks at the theoretical rate of 307 Kbps in single mode. 3xRTT Phase two of the 3G CDMA evolutionary path is called 3xRTT. The 3x network is an extension of 1x. It requires CDMA backbone modifications and new channel cards at the base station. 3x operates in 1.25 MHz channel size and requires new handsets. 3x handsets operate on 95A networks at 14.4 Kbps, 95B networks at spe eds up to 114 Kbps, and 1x networks at speeds up to the theoretical 307 Kbps. 3X handsets operate on the 3x network at 2 Mbps in single mode. 1x and GPRS 1x and the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) are enhancements of e xisting telecommunications systems. 1x is the 3G service provided by the cdmaOne network, and GPRS is the 2.5G service provided by GSM. Although 1x and GPRS are packet-data services that offer high data capability and speeds, their migrator y paths differ. To provide its data services, the GPRS packet-switched network r equires a new hardware structure to be integrated with the existing GSM circuitswitched backbone including base station upgrades, and new handsets. GPRS also r equires the overlay of packet-switched Internet Protocol (IP) network elements o nto the GSM circuit-switched network structure. Using standard IP equipment and handsets that are packet data capable, cdmaOne networks provided packet data ser vices from the start. Packet designed handsets, with forward and backward capability, are an important difference between 1x and GPRS for both technological and commercial reasons. G SM handsets are not forward and backward capable. Each enhancement in the GSM ev olutionary path requires a new GSM handset. The cdmaOne handsets have standard I P compatibility and forward and backward compatibility. For example, a 95A hands et is able to operate on a 95A, 95B, or 1x network at 14.4 Kbps, and a 1x handse t is able to operate at 14.4 Kbps on a 95A network, and 64 Kbps on a 95B network . GPRS can operate at a maximum theoretical speed of 171.2 Kbps, using all eight c hannels without error protection. 1x can operate at a maximum theoretical speed of 307 Kbps. The implementation speed of GPRS is 86 Kbps using four channels, wh ile that of 1x is 144 Kbps. The typical data speed that a user can expect is a m aximum of 50 Kbps for GPRS and 130 Kbps for 1x. GPRS data and GSM voice network services use the same channel resources, with du al GSM/GPRS handsets supporting a maximum of four channels. The traffic channel resources are allocated to voice and data services with increased data capacity and speeds achieved at the expense of voice capacity. The 1x network operates by sharing resources between voice and data. 1x is able to achieve data speeds of

up to 144 Kbps without decreasing voice capacity, and 1x doubles the voice capac ity of cdmaOne. 1x offers a balanced communications solution for enhanced 3G dat a services.