Seminar Report on MINE DETECTION USING RADAR BULLETS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for Bachelor of Mechanical

Engineering Prescribed by Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, NAGPUR

Submitted by MR. PRASHANT C. GANVIR Guided by PROF. L. P. DHOLE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHANDRAPUR 2011-2012 GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF Engineering DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CHANDRAPUR

Certificate

This is to certify that Seminar Report entitled Mine detection using radar bullets

Submitted by
Mr. Prashant C.Ganvir As a part of Seminar Work prescribed by Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur for partial fulfillment of Award of Degree of Mechanical Engineering in the academic year 2011-2012. This seminar work is the record of students own work carried out under Supervision & Guidance.

Prof. L. P .Dhole SEMINAR GUIDE

Prof. R. H. Sarda HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Completion of this seminar Metal Fatigue has given immense pleasure and knowledge to me. I have no words to express my sincere thanks for valuable guidance extended to me by my seminar guide Prof. L. P. Dhole in completion of seminar, without which it was very difficult task. I would also like to give my sincere thanks to Prof. R. H. Sarada, Head of Mechanical Engineering Department for necessary help and providing me the required facilities. I am thankful to Principal Dr. P. S. Adwani who is constant source of inspiration to me. I am also thankful to staff members of Mechanical Engineering for their sincere effort and selfless guidance and inspiration in all phases of my seminar work.

Mr. Prashant C. Ganvir Roll No.46 Vth Semester Mechanical Engineering

ABSTRACT

Land mines are a case of serious threats to the life of civilians, especially in mine-affected countries like Afghanistan and Iraq .The mines which are implanted during the war time may remain undetected for several decades and may suddenly be activated after that. There are several methods for detection of land mines, such as metal detection and explosive detection. These ways of detection are dangerous because they are done very close to the mine. A safe method for detecting land mines is mine detection using radar bullets. As the name suggests detection is done using Radar Bullets and hence can be done further away from the mine. Detection is usually done from helicopters. Researchers are being conducted to overcome certain inefficiencies of this method.

INTRODUCTION Radar bullet is a relatively new discovery that was invented in mid 99 in the US. It is used for detecting land mines. And this discovery finds a very important prospect as about 139 countries singed a treaty in favor of banning anti-personal mines. This treaty was signed during the second week of march1999 in OttawaCanada. Anti-personal mines claims seventy new victims every day. This weapon is particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to the blast. Are more likely to sustain serious injury. The severe disabilities and psychological trauma that follow the blast mean these children will have to be looked after for man year. A child injured at the age of ten will need about 25 artificial limbs during their life time. The cost is 3000, a huge sum to pay in countries where people earn as little as $10 a month between 1979 and 19960, the red cross fitted over 70,000 amputees with artificial limbs. And the landmines problem is still growing. Therefore considering these factors the discovery of radar bullet is really a big boost to our world as we launches into the 21't century. Metal detectors--capable of finding even low-metal content & minesinmineralizedsoils. Biological sensors such as dogs, pigs, bees birds. In this discussion, we will concentrate on Radar This ultra wide band radar provides centimeter resolution to locate even small targets. There are two distinct types of Radar, time-domain and frequency domain. Time domain or impulse Radar transmits discrete pulses of nanosecond duration and digitizes the returns at GHz sample rates. Frequency domain radar systems transmit single frequencies either uniquely, as a series of frequency steps, or as a chirp. The amplitude and phase of the return signal is measured. The resulting data is converted to the time domain. Radar operates by detecting the dielectric contrasts in the soils, which allows it to locate even non metallic mines. Radar bullet is a special type of bullet the main use of radar bullet is to find landmines without setting foot into the ground .This consists of firing a special bullet into ground from a helicopter which could pinpoint buried landmines. The bullet emits a radar pulse as it grinds to halt .

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Now a day in places like Afghanistan and Iraq we know that land mines are causing serious threat to the lives of civilians. The mines that are implanted during the wartime may remain undetected for several decades and may suddenly be activated after that. Also during wartime mines implanted by our enemy countries are to be detected and diffused properly in order to save the lives of our soldiers. So we should say that detecting landmines is important for every country today. Radar bullet is a relatively new discovery that was invented in mid 99 in the US. It is used for detecting land mines. And this discovery finds a very important prospect as about 139 countries singed a treaty in favor of banning anti-personal mines. This treaty was signed during the second week of march1999 in OttawaCanada. Anti-personal mines claims seventy new victims every day. This weapon is particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to the blast. Are more likely to sustain serious injury. The severe disabilities and psychological trauma that follow the blast mean these children will have to be looked after for man year.. In this discussion, we will concentrate on Radar This ultra wide band radar provides centimeter resolution to locate even small targets. There are two distinct types of Radar, time-domain and frequency domain. Time domain or impulse Radar transmits discrete pulses of nanosecond duration and digitizes the returns at GHz sample rates. Frequency domain radar systems transmit single frequencies either uniquely, as a series of frequency steps, or as a chirp. to CHAPTER 2 MINE AFFECTED COUNTRIES The countries known to have severe landmine problems are Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Vietnam, Iraq, Kuwait, Laos, Egypt, Eritrea, Chevalier, China. Unfortunately India, Pakistan, Srilanka, Myanmar are in the list of less mine affected countries besides other 100 countriesLand mines are controversial because they remain dangerous after the conflict in which they were deployed, killing and injuring civilians and rendering land impassable and unusable for decades. The International Campaign to Ban Landmines has sought to prohibit their use, culminating in the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, known informally as the Ottawa Treaty. The UN estimates that with current technology, it will take nearly 1,100 years to clear all the mines in the world.The mine problem in Somalia is a result of various internal and regional conflicts over an almost 40-year period, with the first reported occurrence of mine-laying in 1964. Central and southern Somalia are heavily contaminated with mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO). The UN claims that the socioeconomic impact of landmines can be seen in almost every aspect of Somali society: reduced land available for livestock and agricultural production, increased transportation costs,

poor performance of rehabilitation and development efforts, loss of life, disabilities, a general lack of security of communities, and obstacles to repatriation and reintegration. CHAPTER 3 WHAT IS A LAND MINE? The purpose of a landmine is to disable, immobilize or kill. It is an explosive device activated either by a person or vehicle or by command detonated by electric wire or radio signals. Most land mines are laid on just below the surface of ground and are activated by pressure or trip-wire. Usually most of the land mines will contain many metallic parts, which can be made use of in their detection. Anti-personal mines claims 70 new victims every day. This weapon is particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to the blast are more likely to sustain serious injury. The severe disabilities and psychological traumas that follow the blastmeans these children will have to be looked after for many years. A child injured at the age of 10 will need about 25 critical limbs during there life time. This cost in 3000 Dollars a huge sum to pay in countries where people earn as little as 10 dollar a month. . Between 1979 of 1996 the red crores fitted over 70,000 amputees with critical limbs and the land mine problem in still growing. There for considering these factors the discovery of radar bullet is really a big boost to our world as we launches to 21st century.

CHAPTER 4 HOW IS MINE DETECTION CURRENTLY BEING CONDUCTED? PRINCIPLES USED 1. Metal detection 2. Explosive detection 4.1. METAL DETECTION Essentially the two most common components of landmines are metals and explosives. Manufactured mines have casting made from a variety of materials including wood, metals, Plastic metal or other synthetic materials. From the detection standpoint, metal is the easier component to detect.

Metal detectors (commonly referred to as mine detectors) are now capable of signaling the presence of minute piece of metal. However some mines are metal free on certain virtually non-metal. These non-metals challenge the capacity of current metal detectors.

CHAPTER 5 RADAR PRINCIPLE Radar is Radio detection and ranging. Radar is a sensor. Radar makes use of radio waves to detect and locate objects. The purpose is to provide estimates of certain characteristics of its surroundings most commonly the presence, position and motion of aircrafts, ships and other vehicles. Radar operates by transmitting electro magnetic energy into the surroundings and detecting energy reflected by object. If a narrow beam of this energy is transmitted by the directive antenna, the direction from which reflections come and hence the bearing of object may be estimated. .The distance to the reflecting object in estimated by measuring the period between the transmission of radar pulse and reception of echo. In radar bullet principle the change of medium by the waves must be taken into consideration. Radars have generally from principal parts, the transmitter antenna receiver, and display. The transmitter will transmit an electro magnetic signal through the antenna, which will hit the target and reflects back. The same antenna and the time difference between the signal transmission and reception is calculated, which will help up to measure the distance of the target from the radar.

CALCULATIONS T =time b/w signal transmission and reception . 2R = Total distance traveled. c = Velocity of electromagnetic signals = 3*108 m/sec. Velocity = distance / time i.e.; C = 2R / T or, R =CT /2 So in the screen an obstacle will be shown at a distance R from the radar.

CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

First of all a special bullet in fired downward into the ground , from a gun mounted on a helicopter flying about 100 m above the ground. The bullet in designed in such a way that it gives out powerful blast of radio waves from under the ground. The bullet will produce a pulse of radio waves as it pierces the ground and signal is reflected from any landmines within about a 15 meter radius will be detected by an antenna on the helicopter. Once the mines are located they can be destroyed at once or there exact position are noted so they can be destroyed at once on their exact positions are noted so that can be diploid later. And if the bullet hits it, it would explode. The Radar pulse is generated from the bullets kinetic energy by a process known as, Magnetic flux compression.

9.1. ADVANTAGES The light weight system can be fitted to any helicopter ie; gun, computer controls etc. Extremely small bullets can be used for detection A 30 mm bullet gives out a 4 kW radar pulse. Almost 10 times move power than a standard ground penetrating radar from 20cm down. Also since the bullet is beneath the surface of the ground, it transmits more radio wave into the ground. For ordinary penetrating radar, little radiation penetrates the soil, most is reflected by the ground because of the sudden change in density between the air and the soil. Here the radiation has to change the medium twice. First from air to ground, and then after reflection, from ground into air. Therefore weak signals are obtained. But in radar bullet principle the radiation has to change the medium only once i.e.; from the ground into the air and hence stronger signals are obtained. 9.2. DISADVANTAGES It cannot detect plastic land mines, but researches are working hard to overcome this. Since the equipment is to be mounted on a helicopter, the cost of operation is higher. But considering its future prospects and the statics released by red Cross, cost can never be considered as a disadvantage.

9.3. APPLICATIONS

 It can be used for detecting land mines. It can be used for detecting buried pipelines . CONCLUSION Mines are major cause of concern in many countries. Detection and removal of mines is very important as it is hazardous to both man and animals alike. The conventional methods that are being used right now for mine detection involves working in close proximity for the mines. So overall mine detection using radar bullets is a cutting edge technology that is safe and effective. With all its advantages it may be hoped that mine detection using radar bullets will be more used in detection of mine there by making the world safer place to live in.

REFERENCES BOOKS S.VITEBSKIY AND L.CARIN Late time resonant frequencies buried bodies of revolution L.CARIN, R KAPOOR, C.E BAVAM. Polarimatic SAR imaging of buried land mines MERILL .1. SKOLNIK. Tata MC Grawhill WEBSITES http://www.sew_lexicon.com/ http://www.altavista.com/ http://www.google.com/ http://www.nationalgeography.com/