EEEB W2001 MIDTERM 1 FALL 2007

NAME: _KEY____________________ Uni: _______________

1) (0.25 pt) In Priestly’s Bell Jar, as described in class, what two fundamental processes must be
balanced for life in the jar to persist for a very long time?

_____HETEROTROPY______________ and _____AUTOTROPHY__________________

2) (0.25 pt) H, O, N, C, Si, Mg, and Fe are all elements that are found in living systems. Compared to
what is available in the Earth’s crust, the relative abundance of these elements in life is much greater
with the exception of
a) H
b) O
c) N
d) C

3) (0.25 pt) Which statement is incorrect?

a) The age of our solar system tells us that it was formed from a secondary nova.
b) Almost half of the Biosphere’s biomass is made up of microorganisms.
c) Throughout Earth’s history, autotrophy has always exceeded heterotrophy, which is why we have
so much oxygen in the atmosphere.
d) Over 100 gigatons of material, made up of C, N, P, and S, are moved between the atmos-, hydro-,
litho-, and bio-spheres by living organisms every year.
e) Gravitational collapse is why the periodic table of elements contains more than 3 elements.

4) (0.25 pt) (pick graph A, B, C or D)

When one looks at the relative
abundance of elements in the cosmos,
there is a general relationship
between atomic number and the
commonness or rarity of an element.
Which graph is the best, rough
approximation of this relationship
(enter answer on the line below)?

Answer _D__________

5) (2 pt) Fill in the following table by placing an “X” where the macromolecule listed in the columns
forms a significant part of the cell component listed in the rows.

COMPONENT lipid protein carbohydrate DNA RNA

plasma membrane X X
microtubule X
ribosome X X
mitochondrion X X (X) X X
chloroplast X X (X) X X
chromosome X X
cell wall (X) X

(Note – parenthetical “x”s are acceptable.

3.0 pts

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 EEEB W2001 MIDTERM 1 FALL 2007

6) (2 pts) Fill in the following table using ONLY terms from the list below (please, no substitutions).
Note that some cells in the table require more than one term for a complete answer, and that some
terms may be used more than once.

A. primary structure C. tertiary structure E. motifs

B. secondary structure D. quaternary structure F. domains

EXAMPLE TERM(S) FROM ABOVE

(ENTER LETTERS)
The way two or more proteins are associated with one another D
to form a larger protein, such as the way four globular proteins
combine to form a hemoglobin molecule, refers to a protein’s
The following elements of protein structure are determined by A,B,C,D,E,F
the amino acid sequence in a protein (i.e., alter the sequence,
and this (these) elements of structure are likely to be altered)
The portion of a protein that binds to DNA, such as that coded F
by the homeobox, refers to a protein’s

Alternating between an α helix and β pleated sheet refers to a E (C)

protein’s

The function of a regulatory protein is likely to be lost or A, B, C, D, E, F

altered if these elements of structure are changed:

*we’re allowing partial credit for some answers such as C in the fourth part, thought “alternating”
refers to motifs, not secondary structure, but helices and sheets are secondary structure.

7) (0.5 pt) The synthesis of a cell membrane protein, such as a cell surface receptor, would begin with
gene transcription, follow through with gene translation, then transported through several organelles,
and eventually inserted into the cell’s outer membrane. The sequence of organelles involved with this
process would be (RER = rough endoplasmic reticulum and SER = smooth endoplasmic reticulum)
a) nucleus, ribosome, RER, SER, transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicle, cell membrane
b) nucleus, ribosome, SER, RER, transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicle, cell membrane
c) nucleus, RER, SER, Golgi apparatus, ribosome, mitochondrion, lysosome, cell membrane
d) nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, SER, RER, vacuole, cell membrane
e) nucleus, micronucleus, ribosome, transport vesicle, RER, SER, cell membrane

8) (2 pts) Place an x in the appropriate column for the following cell membrane protein functions. Note
that there can be more than one x in a column.

MEMBRANE HIV’s Control of osmotic Cadherin- G-protein coupled

PROTEIN infection of a pressure by mediated receptor activation of a
FUNCTION CD4 cell chemically gated ion junctions kinase pathway
involves channels involves involve involves
Transporter X

Enzyme X

Cell surface X X X
receptor
Cell-to-cell X
adhesion
Attachments to X
cytoskeleton

4.50 pts
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 EEEB W2001 MIDTERM 1 FALL 2007

9) (4 pts) Match the following terms with the following processes (chose a single, best term for each
answer, but terms from the list may be used for more than one answer if you feel it is necessary)

A. protostome E. brown algal cell H. notochord

B. deuterostome with four-membrane I. reverse transcriptase
C. karyogamy organelle J. choanoflagillida
D. ecto-, meso-, and F. double fertilization K. alternation of
endo-derm G. morphogens generations

_A__ spiral cleavage

_B__ blastopore becomes the anus

_B _ after the first cleavage, if one separates both cells, each becomes a fully formed, but smaller embryo

_D__ forms after gastrulation

__I_ HIV

__K_ gametophytes produce gametes that fuse to become sporophytes that produce spores

__C_ step before meiosis in fungal reproduction

__E_ secondary endosymbiosis

__J_ can form cell aggregates

__G_ bicoid and nanos are used to form anterior-posterior axis in fruit fly embryo

__H_ macho-1 gene not expressed, FGF receptor activated

__F_ formation of endosperm and embryo in seed plants

10) (0.25 pt) How do intra-cellular signal molecules differ from extracellular signal moelcules?
a) They are larger.
b) They are not lipid soluble.
c) Many involve the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR).
d) All of the above.
e) None of the above.

4.25

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11) (0.5 pt) Which ordering of the phyla by greatest number of species (the first in the list having the
largest number of species) is correct?
a) Platyhelminthes, Chordata, Porifera, Arthropoda, Bryozoa
b) Arthropoda, Chordata, Mollusca, Nematoda, Platyhelminthes
c) Arthropoda, Mollusca, Chordate, Platyhelminthes, Nemotoda
d) Chordata, Cnideria, Arthropoda, Platyhelminthes, Bryozoa
e) Chordate, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Platyhelminthes, Nemotoda

12) (1.4 pt) Zoological grades concern the design and function of organisms rather than their evolutionary
history. There is, however, clearly some relationship between grade and evolutionary history in that
ancestral species had less complex designs than there descendants. For example, cnideria have two
germinal layers while more recent phyla have three germinal layers. Order the zoological grades
below such that they reflect the order of the appearance in evolutionary history (put the oldest on the
left – for example, the oldest grade would be unicellular or A, which we have already written in).

A. unicellular I. coelomate
B. multicellular J. moluscan body plan
C. cell aggregate K. vertebrate body plan
D. bilateral symmetry L. enteroceolomate
E. radial symmetry M. annelid body plan
F. pseudocoelomate N. echinoderm body plan
G. schizocoelomate O. atrhropod body plan
H. acoelomate

A -- _B_-- _C_-- _E_-- __D_--_H_-- _F_-- _I_--_G_--_J_-- _M_-- _O_-- _ L _-- _ N__-- _ K _

13) (0.25 pt) Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a) Eukaryotes have been around for at least one billion years.
b) The rise of eukaryotes was associated with the rise in atmospheric oxygen.
c) The basic concept of endosymbiosis as proposed by Lynn Margulis’ remains unchallenged, even
though the number of different proposed routes to the evolution the eukaryotes has grown in
recent history.
d) UVB radiation was a much worse threat to species inhabiting Earth’s surface prior to the evolution
of the eukaryotes than it was afterwards.
e) All of the above are correct.

14) (0.25 pt) A researcher fills a culture dish with saline solution in order to grow a population of marine
protists. Upon adding the protists to the solution, the cells burst. This most likely meant that
a) the concentration of sodium and chlorine ions in solution was lower than the cytoplasm of the
protists.
b) the solution was hypotonic.
c) the cytoplasm was hypertonic to the saline solution.
d) all of the above
e) none of the above

2.4 pts

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15) (1.2 pt) The following are groups of protists as described in class and in your reading. Write the letter
associated with each group (A, B, … or F) in the spaces below where they best match the description.

A. Diplomonads and Parabasalids D. Stramenopila

B. Euglenozoa E. Rhodophyta
C. Alveolata F. Chlorophyta

_B__ range from being photosynthetic flagellates to parasites

_E__ red alga such as nori used to make sushi rolls

_C___ possessing complex vesicles with some groups having many cilia and some causing serious
diseases such as malaria

_D___ includes brown algae and diatoms

_A___ amitochondriate (lacking mitochondria) flagellates

_F___ green alga that gave rise to the land plants

16) (0.25 pt) A syncytial blastoderm

a) has only one outer membrane but many nuclei
b) is a common stage in fruit fly development
c) eventually becomes a hollow ball of cells
d) all of the above
e) none of the above

17) (0.25 pt) In humans, we can divide the body into two cavity systems; the dorsal and ventral body
cavities. This division
a) can be traced to neurulation in vertebrate development.
b) occurs in all schizocoelomates where the coelom divides into to two body cavities.
c) is only known in primates or other large vertebrates such as horses.
d) is the only place where neurons are found.

18) (0.5 pt) In the life cycle of a bacterial phage virus,

a) viral DNA is directly transcribed into viral gene products
b) viral RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase and then inserted into the host genome
where it is then transcribed into viral gene products
c) viral DNA is inserted into host genome where it is replicated, but not transcribed
d) the host cell enters either the lytic or lysogenic cycle, but once committed to either cycle, cannot
change from the lysogenic to lytic cycle
e) a and c can both occur

3.2 pts

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 EEEB W2001 MIDTERM 1 FALL 2007

19) (1.5 pts) Write the letter of each prokaryote group (A, B, …or F) in the spaces below where they best
match the description.

A. Archaea D. Bacteria (thermophiles)

B. Bacteria (gram positive) E. Bacteria (spirochaetes)
C. Bacteria (photosynthetic) F. Proteobacteria

_F__ includes bacteria associated with humans, both as pathogens and mutualists, including E coli and V.
cholerae

_A__ ribosomal RNA and proteins look like that of eukaryotes

_E__ mostly aquatic, though it includes a diverse array of species including one that that causes Lyme
disease

_D__ Aquificae, like A. pyrophilus that is a chemoautotroph that oxidizes hydrogen or sulfur

_B__ responsible for many human diseases

_C__ cyanobacteria

20) (0.25) If there is a mutation in the nanos gene such that the nanos proteins are non-functional, then the
developing fruit fly will
a) exhibit two sets of wings and two thoracic segements
b) caudal mRNA will not be translated in the anterior
c) there will be an excess expression of traits typically associated with the anterior
d) hunchback mRNA will not be translated in the posterior
e) none of the above

21) (1.2), fill in the blanks) In the fern life cycle, the dominant (larger) stage is known as the

________SPOROPHYTE______________. These contain the sporangia in clusters found in the sori.

After a form of cell division known as _____MEIOSIS____________________, the spores are formed and

released and these undergo ____MITOSIS_________________ and produce the

___GAMETOPHYTE______ which is smaller than the dominant form. This stage of the fern life cycle is

where one finds the __ANTHERIDIUM_______ (that produce sperm) and

ARCHEGONIUM_____________ (that produce eggs). Fusion of an egg and sperm yields a zygote which

develops into an embryo which grows into an adult fern which starts the life cycle over again.

1.95 pts

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22) (2.75 pts) Consider the diagram of a cell signal amplification involving a kinase (i.e., phosphorylation)
cascade below. Use your best guess for what each item in the figure is by choosing a letter from the
figure and writing it in the space by the terms in the list below.

__B__ receptor kinase

__G__ mitogen-activated protein kinase
__I__ transcription factor binds to DNA
_A___ signal protein (ligand)
__C_ protein that activates Ras
__D__ Ras
__J__ nuclear membrane
_K__ plasma membrane
__E__ first kinase
_H___ response proteins
__F__ second kinase

23) (0.25 pt) Both unicellular and multicellular organisms seek to

a) reduce their internal environmental heterogeneity in comparison to the heterogeneity of the
external environment
b) increase their volume to surface ratio
c) employ positive feedback loops to achieve homeostasis
d) use uric acid to eliminate nitrogenous wastes

3.0 pts
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 EEEB W2001 MIDTERM 1 FALL 2007

24) (1.5 pt) The regulation of the internal osmotic environment of an organism is important for several
reasons, including maintaining tonicity for aquatic organisms or the internal tonicity of fluids within
which tissues reside, secreting excess salts or retaining salts when concentrations are low, and
removing nitrogenous wastes. We examined invertebrates, including the flatworm, insect, earth
worm, marine fish, freshwater fish, and a large terrestrial vertebrate such as a human. Fill in the
table, from simplest on the top to more complex on the bottom, tracing roughly the evolution of the
excretory system in these 6 organisms. To help, we have filled in the first row for your.

ORGANISM OSMOREGULATORY CIRCULATORY GLOMERULUS*

SYSTEM SYSTEM (PRESENT, ABSENT, OR
REDUCED)

Flat worm protonephridia open absent

earth worm
NEPHRIDIA CLOSED ABSENT

insect
MALPIGHIAN TUBULES OPEN ABSENT

marine fish
KIDNEY (NEPHRON) CLOSED PRESENT

Fresh water
KIDNEY (NEPHRON) CLOSED (PRESENT OR) ABSENT OR

fish REDUCED

human
KIDNEY (NEPHRON) CLOSED PRESENT

* The glomerulus is the globe-like filtration apparatus at the top of a nephron.

25) (1.2 pt) In the negative feedback of body temperature regulation,

A. perturbing factor D. sensors

B. stimuli E. responses
C. effectors F. the integrating center

__A__ sun comes out

__D__ thermoreceptor detects change in temperature

__F (D)__ hypothalamus

__E__ body temperature falls

__C__ blood vessels dilate

__B __ body temperature rises

2.7 pts
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