ADOCTORAL TIIESIS

ON

A CASE STI,JDY OF RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN SAIJDI ARABIA AND PAKISTAN

{198s

2005}

By

Nryef Alrasheed

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

IJNMRI ry OFKARAICEI

CERTEFICATE
Ctrtitr d lhar Nayef AlEshccd S/o Da*od Altarh..d hrs !iait!6 this th.si! cntftr.d 'A Cc Sordy of R.hriorslip Bctwc.n Ssudi Anbia ard pbtist ! { 1985 - 20051" uode( ny sradvisioD. Thc vicr/s oenssd in ir arc rhos. ofth. althor.
Hc has @nplel.d this 6catu ss

I .rurioDl Relation!.
,k

..quirment for thc deg@ oiPh D

i!

wr.uy"''
Bx Cbair pe6on Dp,tttlnl of Iu&madonal Rolations Unive6it of K4.hi

Thb

ft. th! Sbdi6/Rt*..r!h cndld lriiEidg ofxr'sli, 2qt

i!.iir

b lubmin d h

ft16[!El oftlo t.qr|irut.at &r Doobr ofl'lilo.A]y

oDt

rt

lt. DqrMr

of

llElaior R&io

D!r.. Copptt@

Dr!! of^pomY.l

Contents

DiploDrcy

.!d MrD.g.n.rt

of

l!t.m.rlo..l Rd.dou

hrciPolfuldirai"acdfu'''''''''.''

tltt.dM

aqabwAb._...._....,,,,............._._..............._.........................._...,.,.,...,rr'

Eei''l@h@1,'d.,Ndlrr?&d.!-.'..'...''-...-..'-.-..--''''.'',, hM
&dd!b. k rhdt r@
D.e4'rd............,.........,.-.......,,,,,.,.,.,ty
,./rh,_..-..._.................,......._._.......,.,.,.,..,,r33

sdil,,uaMtbht@tu

teir
P.bd6

{DtW....-..--......,.,.,.

k@t

C.d...,......,, _.......

/lttuII
hriuttli''!''6hr.fit.,.-.,-.,.,.,,,,,.,.,,,,,,--.-,,-.,.-,,.,.,.,,,,.,.-..._..__............rt

rd

6t

A. i,llt

3!ta1

tnhio

aonat Cdd.......-....-........,.,,...-.............-....,....,.,.,.,.,3d2

a55

PAKITIAII

AFGHANISIAN PE'

* i'\.ifiler"

) Snans *? ",nl^'
INDIA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

And I

joined

oy Ccn Bl Co$l c olfie

at mid of 2004,

n Kafubi City-

Patjsla4 posred by my Minisrry of FoEig! AraiB, Kingdon of saudi

Anbil I ked to rqqrch ad @Uet dlta on l|!. rcbtioN Uw@ S.!di Ambia ed
Blt I iotrlly dieppoidr.d rhrr
no

Patistan.

r.e.aEh wo* so h. ha

bd

dorc otr

ln doing ny

qeNh

worL I was fa.cd wirh n@y cball@ees ed difficnltics,

.l rh. @d of 2004 as ! scond head of the diplomalic mission in K@chi dd ny desi@ wd to do res@h work rcsnlted in the sarch for coUction of data md infomation ud enlme. I felr tht the rwo main isu$ should b. dalt imediately withont wbich it wil be difliculi 10 luaue rh. rndc bBincs Blatiom bctwd i! two Mutim
which as a @trsqudc. .ould cosr oe my cdeer. I joind

outri6.
wolld
be

I iholght bei4

devcloping

6bvy dd on iG My

ro

modmiation ir

6ier tbn I lhough! to build up EllrioB[ip

by the

wfth rbc

bBin* sior

cptts&d

Chdbd

of

ComcEc dd Indury.

[bnty of KaEchi Chanblr of Comerce 6nd IndBty for my Eg..eh wo.k on ihe $bjat of InterDdodl

deided to @lla. daia and infomtio!

l!.

The olhd inporlanl poinr pas io hainlain honesty in rhe coll4tion of dab helptul
in By

r*tuch

work, as I

m a followo

of Ishmic Prilciples

ed

cotuider

lhd

ro

rcgr4 th@ de a lot of$prcci.tioB, thadtrll wdds dd D@ thrr I ned to ofld to all lhos who hclpcd mc by dcvoli.g th.n dtu aid eForts rowardr my
In tbis

B.sh

wor|. Th6e p.ople

advices,

d6w. . spei.l Md@ of 0En llu6

$ggati@i aplr@iniou,
sbaing

for

supponilg me in tuny difr@t My3 likc

of

id6 dd vies,
thse
have

qp.ricnc. ud Sivirg nc uild when I B dom. Att playd a lery f@tivc &d inporlall tule in ny rcrmh work.

Two snch p@ple

Profcssor Dr. Talar W.zarN!

ChaiD|M ofthe IfieMiiord

Univdity of Kfiachi, md rhc othe. is ptofBsr Dr. Mun@d Shamslddin to whom I .n aho graEful md muld lite to sy ttql ro
RelarioB Deplrlmlq
have noble,

leded prsomlilies

lik

ihcn

as

srong pil.rB givs Crqt stisflction

E!.@hc6 lik me. Th Vic. Chmcellor, Utriv6ity of (echi, Dr. ruada Qasih, p.opl. fFm Islmic Cbmb.' of Com*e rd tldusfy, D. syed Azhd Dnc Hsan, EhadiS Gadnlta, Rshid Ann, and fron ou
connd@cc to
CoDsulate om@, Mojeb-Alrsbmo, (Dputy Cosul

cdml) e .@lld

fion Qatd Cosutde, Mob@d Alj'bbd moE lik brcrhcB rhan ftdds.

pbud to b.

d<l wo*cd with ilc popl. 4ociatd wiI[ Uriv@ily

Mobad4 Suliora AbduUa!, YoMf, Salih dd ny wifc Fathd in Le, Unct. Ilntim dd ny @rh6 in law 6d all rhcn faDili6 ebon witt th.m I eould ncw FDvid. dough rire for my wort, and also to my borh4 aDd sisc6 dd in low, vhoo almys supponing nc in cvery florts $anirg Aom tlcn wtuhes ed DoM ud
Unclc

woDld alm)6

b. gEcfirl Io hy clc. clativd

suggetioB

10

h.lp by brioginS ru|dials and rall ro Fopl. of |len potioB to

coopeie witL n fo! dy

wdh

work I will

n vd foryct tnm
my wife whon no ddcnpdor is

And .bove all my pet]@cni lovc my horhcr mough !o

sd

pE*nt

my silccrc rsp.ct and lov. for whar $ey bav. don and wished

Nrod & D6ian

mei

io of6. P.Bos to rhom I

. gnrt drl

.!d

th.y h.lped De

. . . . . . ' . . . .

Munryd Junejo scchry ro cov.lmdt of Sitrd, Kmcbi

Dr. B& Dr. Syed Azbr Ibne

Has
lnd$ry
Shmu.ldin

I5luic chMld
Prof. Dr.

of Coo@Ec &

Mul@d

Dq

F&qlty ofArt, X@chi Univ.Biry

Dr, Sulaimm Saleh Al-OSla

Dcd-KiDg Saud Unive$ity Libndg

Haithd Klsr tusistart sretary c@@t for Pubt'c Relarios, M&kedDg, Fouow_lp & SupnisioL M,tla! Chdba of Col)ll]@e & hdury
\4r. Mohamed Mr.

YMAbduUaIAw
Gdrat , Ma*rd Char$d Ofcolm@ & Indury.
D.panmcnr

Sfterary

M!.MohrnnadIlydIbhhim

A$ista Maugd L.gal

Tra$lation Deph,
Mr.

& Had ol Forien

Ldsrry

Retadons

&

Mallh

Chrnber of Cotmme &

Hdd

Al-Sh@ef

Deputy

& Infomtior DA, Kilg Faisd Cdter for R.saEh dd Islmic

Mi Abdd Rrn@ Aljdisy Chai'fu-colmil of Saudi Chrnb..

Mr. Youf Al-bandd

of

colm@

& Induny

Vice S4Eury CeneEl. KrnS FaHl tnttfuriomt pfl?( Mr. Yousef Ar-Ohali
Senio. Induhial Spei.list, Tl S.udi

lud

fo. DevetoDm "Saudi Export

. . .

Mr. Fatehyab Ali

KId
of ttrtcmtional

Ctait]M, latis6n tdstitut

Dr.

Afi.iB

q.n SbrL Anocd

Sdetary & Didtor Rcscah, Prlistlr lBtituie of

BahirAlM Zia Chief LibEiq Srd. Barl Of Pakbt lr Kdchi

Mr.

. . . . .

VicelBide,Fedstiotrof lalds|m.Cban$rofcolmfte&Indultry Mr, Main Abnr Ahmd

sedor vice PrcBidelt, Kdacbi Chmbcr of Collllr@e &

lldutry

Mi. Ilhhim Al-Moflcb

Director

Gncal, Tlc

Saudi Fuld for

D.v.lopmd! Satdi E4orr Prcg@

M@.{a.y

Dr. Khalid Al-Swcilc@

Deplty DirEbr Cdrer.l,

Dr.

hBtu nt Dcp, Sadi Anbie

ftalid Al-Sulaitu
Abdulaziz City for

Dft.tor-Tahnolog DvelopDdr C.ot4, KilC

S.ide & Tchnolory

Prci Tdik Al-Sohm
Secrctary ofthe Acadenic Council, King Saud Univeaity

Execudve Di@tor, Saudi Exporr Developn nt

Cqrd, Coucil of Saudi

. .

Mr. Ablaq A!m.d MAlik

DiMtor C@61, B..rd of lavdnnoq

Mr. Walc.d Al-Yalya

corcmdt

of Pakista.

DiFlot Gaol, Mltetiq & Inv6td SNic.s,

tnvestrdt Authonty

S.udi

Aabia

cd.nl

. . . . . . .

Mr.

Kirlid Al-Otaibi

Asislln@ Sarctary cd@l Foci8l AflaiE" C@cil of s.udi Cb.mb.. of

Cobiue & lndustry

Mi. Abddlah

ALl{@!di
fq F@ig! T6dc. Minisfy
of

D.puty Ministcr

Cmlme&

hdurtry,

Mr T. K Mirhra
All4he, E oromic& Colr]j)mi.l, EDlassy of Ldi., Piyad!-Saudi ADbi.

Ibnlin Altcdrs DiMror c@eial, R.eeh& E onomic ChambeB oI ComcG & hdlsrry
Mr.
Dr.

Snldi6, Coucil of Saudi

Oslm Blbiki. Alned

Divisio, lslamic Dcrcloporcrt

Rcseaich

Ba*

Mr. AMul Rafty Siddiqi

Iftibr
Mr.

Chmb6-K@chi, raau.r lDlmtiodl M.g&i!c Poly8on Media

Abdulbh Abrcd

Dem

Ddwd Mushr4 Crcup, Krrchi

ChlilrM Rie
Vicc

ErDorL6

Asei.tion

of

Patistr!-Kecbi

.lvt.MuhamdtuwMidoor
Chai@ Rl"\P- K@hi

Mr. Frnd

D.puly

Moh@d Al-S.]ni Serct ry Gdrrl, Co@il

or Saudi

Chrrlb4

of

ComcM

Prsddt Cbrhbd otcool|]r.M & IndBtrt- Krtrbr

Mr, Abdulbh D.dlbhoy Lif Mnba,

Chli!ru

M@bd of Ch.mb.r

Comina on Highd of comE. & h{nlFy

StedinS

Eduqtion

ed

Fm Pr6idc!! Ch.sbd orcomncrc.& lndalty, rrNlacbi Fm Presidenq Chebd of ColmeE& IrnEry,

Kuchi

. .

Dr.

Mna I}htilr Bds

ChAi@-Baig Grcup or ComFlid

M., M Y.qub Tabsni
AERO ASrA-K6fuhi

H$hwei Cbup of CodlluieeKdchi

Cb.im

K@ngi Assi.rion of Tatle& Indrltry

Vicc Chail|M,

Slddils CominF

on

B.*in&

Crcdit& Findcc,

M$agus Dircctor, Kechi slek Exchdg.

Chicf

Exdtiv., Spei.lists

GreuF

rd@

. .

Mr.

Mulamd Yabr Poldi

(P!,t) Ltd-Kdachi

MMging Director, Poldi's

Mr. Syed Jawaid lqbal

CEG cMc-the lh.g. Mslkctiis Conponis,

K@bi

Exccutive

CoB.l,

Sattd & San r Compey,K!&hi

Cbicf

Er@riv., Multire.[ Mdk rils

S.dic, Krehi

Mr.M. SeedBhonb.l Bhonbal & Co,

(!mhi

. .

MrZ&I4t l
Prrirt d, D.&nc.
M!

RiiLd

Sodry,

Xn

li

Ab& l,tuIlliu Ab.iti CAO,Kdi Co@dl Fd!4roAl&r&

. MrlrrhodNrrr&L
frhAtddhnl
Plo.nl!',

Lr

rln ld

M! Irna. Srllr

rhd

of &. I&A

R..d bli.d.ir xjr h

LlrlildltrllEl ILSr

INTRODUCTION

ii! oM co!6!aLd purpoe lnd diDolioo, Thb 3rdy it lbcucd on rdr io6 b.hva t*! MlsliE couri6, ir. Kilgdon ofs.ldi Ar$i. .!d blrEic R9ublic of P.tiiD. Tbc r..!oo of s.lccdng i!i! loic s! nidy rhrr wbcd l e.s in 3dEb of !ur6id. I Flizd rhrr $ 6r !o rlsarct sndy it rvdLbl. @ ihi! subjcct whicb codd @lyz. t .xi.li!g dltr od .outd .lctcmi@ thc i&s! pcsibilitica h.twcco tlc two @uri6. It! oba oiior
Evcry 3tudy brr

objetiE of

.!d rhdlbrc utubtty coeatrod r!o!t pdp6t3 of cocpardo witbi! th. Ub n- | .!r oDriEilric br . b.!a r.ldio$Lip b.lwd ny hom. c@ny, Strdi Anbi.' ud l[. coulrr wI@ I s
rhie

c|!!h

b thrr I .tn r Mullio

Tb. idtlductio! of tb! 3ady will foca o!

ho*t .nd E-bFm hurdL. wbich lic bct*6 t!. tm @uEi. I firely bcli* tbd rL. cc@ooic @opoht of Sudi-Prl alrdon|lip c.! grow sr@ga s t r6ulr of
&rougl tbi| rlsc.rct *orL Ttca ar! ccdriniy ncd !o ov.no@ thc
pu6uing cooducrivc policics.

'Mta

of i.srcs to b. !d&Br.d

'It.

pnDty

focus is od .crmmic r.lario[!, but rhi!

sMy will

de d.d ri6

poliricd

.!d diploDltic coopo@b ofth. cl.tioo$io.

Studi-P.t ..oronic Ebtidlbip fic.3

burdlB whic! nc.d !o Dc .cklNldS.d ad llolouCy Mlyad by nuih.r rls.arct. I 9old [t! io rtcod!@d .rclving . lo6g-r..m m!.Din iD o(tkr 0o dllt i! | 3yd@riic

.on

'|E!M 6. vduc

wilb lb.sc butdl6. lnpmvin8 U. lwincas eoviroo@

rld io .nt&.c of t!d. b.te6 tbc tm c@ticg it sqld b. e!.ry ro !t!@tc

th. eommic

.r!.tiotr &d pcoplc

!o pcoplc

cort

.r

Bul6, which *ill b. F!!qr.d i! thc bt ch.prd. The fDdils! e .xp.cr.d to povirt kcy fo. uddt stiog rr. cmoi sio.edorEi. li6 bctwd S.udi AEbi. .nd P.tilna A! t dla of
Tbc

'tsceh

could lc.d to though prcvoLilg

facl,

I .xp.ct to find

ot

the r.asons for lacL of

sl|I)(N ir !trmoting c4n.mn

In ord.r lo $g96l few id.s &d n.1hod. which could help h pomtion of
.conomic coopention btwen Saudi Arabia

pdiod of 1985-2005

ad ?akisial' I dle 10 the thrce rc!@s which m:

havc

slEtd

lhe

l) It is corvdg@t ova

thc aamc pdiod of lbc C6rodid of rhe Abdulrziz Al-Saud

TM

Hoty

M6qc

King

Flkl Bio

nomhi t tilg
daid in 1982.

ch.rgc

of Studi

Aftbi. .nd Kilg Kb.lid

2) Ljmiicd Dala
build up

Bitr

Awuleiz Alsiud

ed i.f()@iion

w.s a potcntinal resn in ordcr !o

of tbe resercn work,

colt*ldd

morc derailed

ud berld coveing

coi6 e imldlart clddts of its @if, chaptcr No.4, wlicb wa fic for fiv. t@ pltu pcdod dd .ach onc @v6 thc @rjonal fivc tr
3) This

p{iod als

4onomy plaa pdiod Aom 1985

Th6. pl@ ale @vcrcd t@y cspocrs of e@nomy, rade, developmoi &d, inv.rtndt of ibe fio couri6, Ti6. two deadcs w@ impondt iI the SaudiPak rclatiochip N fte world 6oomy expcrcnced monmlou cbdrgs which wE boud to lve d uderiablc @k
ro 2005.

T\xoty

trs

@sits of fou 5-Yd Pbl!' wbic!

sMy, stibl. &d flEnlaring @nomic E6d!

aDd hclp

raroBblc p6iod to fmulaic concluioB.

quite

I baE

tid

. . . . . . .

.nsE rhc folowilt qurioB tbrcugh ny srdy: whlt .t! &e @ir hrdt.3 iD srdi-htc@icretrdmlhid How @ rhe.ludl6 bc r.novcd? ltAtl ir lhc ia6.r ofSioblizli@ d S.i{i-rbtdrtioosLip?
io

r{t !!

.!FtCi!S poliiicrl chll.dgcs otra@tld by thc MudiE wodd al!ctiDg Sddi Anbir's Gco-Eononical rclati@ with ?ati3rm?

$udi Anbi!'s s!@ h wodd dpdt of oil dd r[.

S.rdi

ute

of othd

Artbiit lo.d ildlry lrd

dorn sric

cco|my.

s|udi Aiabiat pLdc.d

6do6ic !b!t! rowrds Palilt

s'odirPrt

rtrhnt R.hd@

CHAPTER-1 SCIENCE OF INTER}IATIONAL RELATIONS

EnergeNe of
Thc

llt.rmtiodrl Rclrtiolr .rd

iis Odgitr'

tcm Iibmational Relarios eneScd in the lSri ccnhry, the fNt p6on who &d tbe rm "lnr.rotio@|" B th English Phit@phs &d L{*a* J.remy B@lta[ eho thougbt of taalatirg the pt@ lu g@1im , which mens to the Rott@ the law rhar regularcs thon Fbdo$ with thc diflcicnt
.cighbousof liienEftpiF,byfiepbEse d.oithremolional",

T!.Irt nrtiotr
a

Ph.mmdon

In thc elisions books (such as Torab

Q!m. ...et

), and iD some legcnds Guch

Grcek tu'lhologi.s) we find dsqiplions for cv.nr!

ed incide*

Guch

wm, qodtB, trcrti.s, diplo@ric conracrs), ir *hich rlE cods. ?rcphcls, Ha@s dd Kings play the mjor ddisivc rels rhat der.mincd rhe diErior of cv..ts. TlEir main objeclive w3 to drive les$B md give neeins to th qistcnce of lhe hunan beirys and to the hlllm bhlviors and 10 dirct theF bch.viou ro$id! c.rtain prilcipl* th.r dif@nri.tc b.twc@ aood .!d cvil ed b.twd rh. p@isibl dd thc fodfttdetrj.

Thft ft tuy r.$arch6 on the subject of intemtional rl4dod. thc @in purpor. wft io advi* rhe Enpqo6, Kings md RulcE in tLen |gdcBhip &d I@agmenl of lncir .ncmal elarions. A e@d mple for ihis wre rhe
Chinac lhiloeph.r Mircnones, in rhe 4s ccntury BC, ed lh Indid Polilicie Kotelia at the we period dd Ni@la Machi.veui, the Lalie thinld

i, th. l?d cmnuy dd

D,, DL

rbe

Mulin thinl.G ofrhe

o!

16.cntury,

dd Al-Hstu

Atu )3u /M8 h4tat

hup@t
a

R.h!tus ord DiptDq,

"lrhatud

ktustu tua.

Morond lt.Hatft, Kbstun

t.. a, r t3.te,|u,1.9.t5at/.adt1r

ol sd'dt a9bia. D.ponato|potntut s.LDe,

ktudbr b ttuNttud@;.

nNa sruD uNryEAfrn. cor.s. dl

bi' Abddlah Al-Abba3i or rL. l3s cdtury, ed lbrc Kb.ldou. tn .ll tbe Mititrgs re 6nd studi.s dd Sd.|?lt3tion3 on diplonacy - in rh. Mulis-

ThreaIter mrged witings dire.dy rclatd to intehsli@l rcl*i6 dlmal poli.ics of the st 16 in s fom of diploutic m.mmdls

ed ed

joumlGtic malysir wilh th@reiical dcpih (M!fl ed Anglca Anicld @ Int haiional Politics in Emp. and ih. Buop.m Impdial'5tic qpacionl sludis in mnirary affliE nd strateSic thoughi (fron Mrchisvelli to Clauwiiz

irrdplct liou ofthc Inrmlioel Law (filn CrcdN ro laril md lhe lbut<s of l[. rb.oFtiql $hool of rhc 196 erN.y ad r[e
additiotr to the legal

b.giming of thc 206

cfiry), s

well

s |!s.eh6
whicb

in thc diplotudc bi{ory

(ttlaties! rcsoliatioN, Decctul

ndislcd with thc stan Aon lh. w@d hrlf of lbc l9p 6tu y duc io thc .vrillbility i! abud.G of diplo@tic reord. ud &clents (sincc govdndts snd lhe Ft@b @olutio! N no lo.ger imposiDg {try |lsEidioE o! s[ mlqials). Modvd, the bisbncd B.eh ntiods hrv..lralic.Uy deloFd wilh rhe ilo.Mmtation tccbniqEs (in CctlMy aad tlFefr.. in fm@}
El.tios).
By rne @d ofrbc l9d c.nnry lh.

i.m

of "intcmatioml clrtions- dd "slobal

politica'

had widely

!pr.ad,

ed
a

ldger attntion wd given to this phmmaor

ton nulliple

bgles, thk Ms

clar ildication foi

the

irc@ing awmn* of

its inlodance (for the wid.ning of its $op. and ircrea* of ils

dolsl

md

ilane@u thrak (in view ofit! contradictioB sd th Do$ibiliti6 of@sive w6I lt q6 dso aidcncc of intcet in conbolling it by tougt action (udd
the

innutre ol

Lhc

sculsis

rhll sprEd duitr8 rh l9s conry),

ssb

benelit fiom it or !o
Eowver, rhe
had

mia ib ddgcts, dd 10 t y to chuBe n (Mmis), $imc of iorcMtoml ELtiou did not rplE Etil th wdld
thc FiBt Worl.l W&

ni

wib6sd

h ln. hll|N lif..

TlE.mdgene orintemational rlalions $ scientific ficld ofknowledge as per the cocqsB of aU the souces bok plec betsrd 1919-193 in Britah ud
the Uniid Stats of

AlMica,

as

fotlows:

IElrt:

In May 1919, d.lcgalioB of the t K

Atablisbtunt

of sidrifc

dd USA agEd @ iBtitutioa tbat world E6r!b

&@rdtr

6.a.ier, the Bndsh Royal ldstin& for l ematiml Af{aiB ed ih. American Cobcil for htdationat
lrmcdiatly
RelatioDs werc 4lablished

in

Berlin in Ce@ny- Howevcr,

Gimih ictitut Ms soblished in thc Univdity Istiture for Highd Studid

1920

a4

estabushed in Gcncva

in

1927).

Ihidu!: 7lt 16r Utriv.sity C6t . sp@ialiad iu Int mri@.| Relatios (udd rhc tillc of l.lcmdoMl Polili) @ etablisbcd in rhc
Brid6h Unive6ity of WalB, which

brd on

folowd by orha
stowly soEc

uiveEitiq

in the USA

dd

rh

&edinavid coutriB ad

olher @Dtries in Eumpq

towr& intmrioml relarior! took nd!r'atreltion in the finies of the 2Od cdtuy, wh6 ftai decade winc$ed whrt wd callcd Urc ''old m betw@ 1b Sovi.l block ud the Amqi6 block, this wd (which included politiel, idcologic{1, inlcllaruat dd @nonic contlicts), had
The considntion

pFdeed abudaDl studid fton

borh

sid6.

In

mgdinc slocialzd in sllrdie of int@lional Elalios, vhich wd ritl.d "int tutio.al life". Ir @ lawh.d
Sovict Union mcrged a famoB

l[.

dlring t[e p.ak of

the cold war.

Thc siatics of lhe 206 cdnny witl6scd itrdFtrd@c.

oflmy counhib of&e

int.utiodl em deated n.w kird ol prcbles, Th. difr.cnca betwd thc Nori[ od tlc Sdlh, issE of
Thild world. their emergence in the
denoeBphy, b&kwddncs
io the

dd rcgioMl dis!!t6,

alt Ocse issu* conbibur.d

eech

in inremiioMlElarions.

TLe

fi$ advdment

in t4hrology md

omiorior

am$

thc wo.ld

dd

the ircrqsiog rcle playcd by the russ rudia in cicatiq closoes of tis

d@s lh.

ditrqent mlioc
10

ed civitiatio4, hr

cbdged thc sh.pe of

intmtiotrd ElarioG dd thed it up rid. dom dd {rs cmtlLd lh. lr,lysts

of inlernalional relations
view th. hrScr intemtioml isus md to study

thm &d

@nbibute

b lh.t

solution.

CONCEPT OT T'IERNATIONAL

NLATIONS' Inldational relatiors e th. Flitical, Fo@oiq social, c' @1, id@logical ed milirtry Dladod .l the lev.ls of @urri.q gtuuls of 6ulli.$

lotcMliodl orgdiatiG. inld-govclrrlMill dernizatiG, nongovelm al orgdizatioN (NCOo as well as tt! p.oples who N stuggling

Rlymmd Amn c@idw "1he

lM

of intenational

rclanM

is the

relatioa

MdE stat8. since stat* @ @lonono6 political uits , Accqditreto hin political unil netu any political group that ir o.gdikd .t regi@l lcvel'.
ThqefoF, rh. stare b llc innsrrucn[! for interoliodl rclatiotu. Th. star.

lhdl bav. a rcgion. popuLtion dd powd (sov.m@t) that exFss6

sovrcienty, Hovevq,

its

lh. Polilical Scistisl G@rgc ?urde believ* td, the 3r e is nor a rcgio.. population or a set of agulations..- b nl}d u
tuvid xdt.t,

H@

Ritht

MhLl' 4htMdiq,

K6e

'd

cattid

otsoai

ellctual

st$cfie thll

rccogtrircs loyllty.

his opidon th.

srrt k

lhc

Mir

pilld fd politic.l powe!',

For

ile

slate to cxist,

ir n.cds

10

h!v. a sp@ific region i.e. a e@gnphicjl

ils sovmignty, The

spherc wheEiD ir cm

irlly ptacric.

datimal bord6

dlmine

the region of each stlie.

The pople

thc

tuin

basis for

rtc d.B.nc. of ey org&iarion dd

wilnour which lhe s@te would ncvdcxrsr. Th.r is whywe

ce

oeve' enviege
irs

6 mdgde

of statc wi$our p.opl., Egardlc$ of tbe tlmba of

individuls, local or *paEi.t6 Biding in ils I&d-

Adrding to uoi[a defritiotr, polirical powcr is sr esgtial dd vital pitlrr fd rh. qblencc of rhc sr.G, sinc. ir is rhc uiquc factor tlDr distineuishe thc
$arc

frd

orhq greugs, whil. pra.dcing irs &6onty {!d sov@igny

@r

.I

individuats

Biding wilhio ils tdirorics,

Politi@l power is rh

tlc sbr. cm wddrake its inr@at dd xt @l ftelioB wirhout dy conpftion fron oth6. Tbis tre*sitaLs its po$ssiod ofpowd dd milirary @nmed s as io pbtccr rh. inicrsrs of
rhrouSh which

n.s

its individuals

dd

srlblish.d gmups .nd rcguta& tht afiaiB in confomity

wilh the comon inrercsl,

'MwB4attatwnq.rtusdi4

The Sovrelgnty

At the inreMtional level, @h stitc hs its svEignty dd p.rfom! ils authority ord its Egio! ad popnlatior wilhoul oy comFtirion Aon oih6_ Th. star. hr! .b$lutc $vwigltyi !c@ it i. bourd to mirtrir irs powd sir[
all po$iblc

m.4. ft pNs6

ha som. spaial poveB,

10

lcC pqlp.clirc. Ir also snch 6 to initi.tc dipl@tic Elatiotu dd rhe ability

actual authodty

td

oter into inlematioml aereements, Wl.l intMtion.l comhiry is the sovftig.ry.

dGrinSlishes the siai.

fie

Tle ri8hl of ev.cignty is b.*d o. Fv.ol nghc.

ngh of enst ncc, so statB tu lor bo dcaicd ihcir dght ro conkibltc in inlturtioirl lif., th@forc, n is Dot pmissibL for d larg couFt ro o@upy othc. mlt coury, This p nciple gives the srrlc fie rigtrt to pos4s w.apons ro defend iiself as wcU a the n8h to ue spcial rcms !o etuu ir3 .xis!@c. ud
rhc

sh d:

htem.do..l Or$ni".riou Inld@lioDal oryeiatio6 ft ctucidied

pMnl
F.ctoB
.xecunve oryall indetend.nc

by

*vml

rulcs; including rde

ol

@bbeship of seveFl statq, the rul of will lowef, and av.ilability of

ed

turcrion of coop.ndon'.

ldh.lcilg itrtemrtio!.| r.Ltlolt

ce gcenlly
be qtegodzld

Th*

tucros

a follos: ld@logiol, $idtific,

nilit
ry, dd rcligious

natioml, eodonic, d@ogElhic, geognpbic,

f.ctm.

(t

Id@loglcrt Frcror: Duing the 20'i Cotury the inimational relatioB

w4. vi.wcd

{orld w.! divi&d ino teo cmps, onc sialsr dd lh. othd is epitslilr BlrwD rh* two syst ds ile Ihird wo.ld @utri6 wft divided rmna rh6c t*!
as

ideology Nlcd rclatioru, as the

7h. Roat

E^ba,!

attu

1Nr6. t4h'Mt6 otre,

etud

h tfdhtry@-

u.s

Id6lo$,

be d.tned a! "@U.ction of

idc$" or "syst m of
stage of

id6'
tbul

Elaled to specific group .nd

liild with cd.in

tift,

it

4rs abo btlori.al rcality.

(ii)
Scintilic-Tchtulogicrl F..tor: Thc dam of induhial t@hnoloey merged bforc two cmnuics, qir.h &a d.velopmenr of the @chines

lhat run by the souccs of

nrgyi

intoduclion ofgrcsth prcducrion

mdgcnc of factori6, &d ar . lrg6 eop.. Win! the advuilg

of indutrial tcchoology, the hMd lifc

v6 l{feled fron Fvrdl

lor isldce, l[c inv. ion ofthc v.hicl6 influm.ed the way ofwort ed thc placc of rBidcnce s wcll s the my p.ople sp.nt rh.ir lcis@ tioe. Tlc ilvmtio! of lhc 6dio !trd tclevision ba cbdged lLe c@ti@al traditiors of rhc p@!lc. As the Mltind @ now diGtly wih6 l[. evaB tal cat pbe in wiols p.rts of rle wdld at ln. tift of then occec!@, Thc @muietion rcrclution I!fuvd rlE bdics and now peopl. c.D @muicsrc illradly wirt @c edh6 far frendist n* of lhoMds of ribmlcB.
Al thc lov.l otthe ir|.mtional rlations th.
vilal md

chnological factor plays

and

*frenely inpoiant rcl., in th. niliLry, political

Fanslon

(iii)

N.tio.dhn: Nadonalism is wually defind ss: . s.oup of po!,lc liv. in a Dificd pi.ce ol lad, who shrcs one leguge,
Frccor of

traditios dd custofis
distinguished

and

comon hisrory, This @h6ioD

enables

rhm
is

to sh6E co@on f4lin8 of attachnem io a on @rion that

iion oths EtioG.

Thc

dynmis of Dtioulbm b

d.dvd from

diff.ut

f&toB thli
or rLdine

dicct dd notivrtes thc ace of lotrlty d affiliatio! of m individul to

. sp*ifid uiquc soup.

in acedece to ihe
gcognphical

This setu. ofaffiliation

@ exped

dd rhe linitariois of llc and $cial comuity. Th. boud{i of th. nationat
sratus

of $e goup

elmhity d

thc @tion

th. inGmriomly @os!i2d poliliel

ftontiG, phich usly Bult tom g@gdpbicd ed bMu fa.to6,

l[. d.v.lolmt ot sd6l

(iv)

Prtrio! frcor: Mostly iIft is nix up b.tw..n Oc conc.ptr of mtlo@lbn and pabioiistu, d$pile the large dif.rnc.

Ntdootl

rld

bclw.@ lhcao rwo conccpts. P.Fiothn nems "love of rhc homclNd",

and

ile stue of i@.

atlachmcnt

to you oM

@unt

y, vhil
b
a

mtiomlisn eem "love oltb. Biion".

mil.

tbe hoDcled

pice

of brd ilat the irdividul gct lnacbcd by lis o. hd fdlirgs sd stitunts, rn ..tion is a group of hufu b.ilgs l} r sb!i. Bd@l

ddd|'

Furhem@, rhc nationalism is ditr.mt thd patriorisr! for

iB broadrGs in sope, hdcc it includ$ rnor. rhd the coutry, and for
imlanc the Amb Dtiolalism sp..6d ovd

lmy

coutries.

Economlc Factor: The Manbts considr the e@nonic facior .s O. major re4on for the dlerycnc. of th.
disput ,

dd llar

all

lle

qu

lb@mdon of intcmtional w.E aggBvded by @nomic @ons.id

odEia @ unititrS theNlvs in e@nonic bt@Le thbuSh initialinS inl.gntion pMcs $ch s @tion ol Egiorl or
Pcdtly,
the
intemational orgmiatiom, lik: EutoO.m

Ulio.t dseciatior of Sdlh

Esl

Asian Natios-ASEANi Culf Co@mtion Coucil-CCC; lhc

Orcup

of CEt

IndBt

ial

EiSht Slar6

"C8'; rh World T6.lc

Org&iation-WTo; dd rh. Oil Prodeing

OPEC.

6d E4odng Coutrid-

Iliemtioml mtmqcid excheS.

lhc intMliotr

is

$ential part of the

oelity of
iis

rclations. geDce, no

coutry

tbis world thar i3

.b&lutely dependet on iis don stic produclion

Fopulatios needs of a@<b &d

in tutfilliry

spi6.
is

(vi)

Dcmognphic

F.ctor

ft.

d.mgdpbic f{cror, whictt

ercmh8

rhc

popll.rion, had pLyd in lle

pd

a najor rclc in th6

rcldioft arM8

nalons md p.oples, Hence, th. pow.r of

dy notion ws @as!.d by thc nnmb.r of people, crpabl. of carryinA a@ ed going to banle fields. Eowva, tbe popul.tion pokr only h not 6ough to b. an
influddal faid in iltenarioDal politica, ifnot oDbiDed with Ditirsry,
cblical,

tutuic

ud fuhcbl capabilirid.

(vii)

G.ogrrynic Frcto.: Thc i.i6c. of G@polirie gave rh. s@gEphy of thc stale pohical dinuioB. This $iene studid rhc inpacr of rb. natMl geognphic @ndiiioc on rh. polilicsl life ofthe staE s wctt s
on its exrernal rlatioN,

Honctovq eys the political gcogaphy h

rLe snrdy

otties bctwedn tlF

Led &d politi6, ud n is a dury boud to show how politiq it dctcmjncd by gcog6pliol fac.ou- Th@foie n ddyzs thc impa.t of
cli@te, topogbphy

ed fom ofdN.rd iln lirrlB dd impd of l@tior @ rbc life of hlltM @muiti6_
!E

trsdy llE

The gogdphic frclor lcc4siratq geognphical factor, s@h

study of itE onponmts of thh

thc location, srca, bounddies md narural

Ceo$aphlc.l Locr{otrr Coutri.s with ooe or

bdcfit fion ils l@ari6 6ilit rily ed Mnonically. Fren

'im

s.a front

miu.riily

flei ed obai! llsislllB fron itr ![i. Aho tom a@nic eper, ourrie wittr s
uFcl n cd
bavc widd build mvy

co@@i.l rlatioN with th. exttuI world, while the l&dlocked outds @ depcndcnt on the
neighboB wno havc

fFlts

sa

frents. AmbitioG

of ledlat

coufrd
(b)

hare .aN.d nany

tu

ir

the past.

N.rllnl R6ourcqr Natur.l @m6 ilcluiL oil, ed, minc6ts, walcr, ad fd.sls ctc. Thc$ cldcnB e oaidd.d as ole of l!. asdtial elennt in melsirg th. pow. of staic or its tulc
in inteMiional relatons. Coutrie3 that poses emugh natual rcsowa m build shonS .@nony ed previlc wclfaft b its p@ple. If th6e @ I)]Mgcd by s expdidccd ed eficient
Sovdll|@t 116 rbey M rle onhol rbe ilrc!trNd@al Mrds 4d bare efrdi on thc policie oflhe oild @bEi.s, cv@ if
thcy

strongd and biggcr, For

i.!t

nc. Uc AEb

c@ti6

b.v

used lhe

oil

6 wdlon h

&c wd of i973 agaiBt ih. Wstm

alli*

of fien reny IsF.l.

FiMcul po*s
.xcbegc go@t
Saudi Arabia,

could bc s.urcd by rhe surplu foc'gn

d froh
fMcial

cxporls
srahs

of mlud
by

!wl:!c dd

finishcd go.ds. Thc

smd

Ktruit ud th. Unilld Arab and fDacial weighl. Th. ole of thse countiB o the intcMrioBl Elati@s ha8 improv.d .nomowly wiUr rh. bc@o

ih. King&n of Emi6t s is ofpoliric.l

(vin) MItt rt F.ctor.

$at lhlr opts ro build milir.ry powd ud Eli6 mirty on it ir potecting irs sf.ty i! in a diE ned to blild . $lid
The

Ch@terisrics of lDliti@l dispure bie cbmgd a tot Aor d. poel, rbis chmse is manifesred in a nMber of tundanlr.l aspecrs tuh re:

i)

Tle ability to strile a suprising aiack b,3

impona[cc, wbilc tine lccd.d ro girc

gaiod

grcat

u ddr is fq

s@nds or

mNuy nm!r.s.

2)

Th

IBi

strikes rhat

to bc ditcrd by a courry agaitur

olhr
th.

riv.l could be fai.l;

fmt st

rhis b @lld de sbiliry ro dcshoy thbu8h

iL.
mssiv.
atlack

3)

The couEy ihat is subj.cred to a

my nor fnd tuugh dm ro Eover eDd lmobilia iis nilitary ud politicd

The amcd dis?ure

4) 5) 5)

whd

sians

n @ub d.v.lop dd .ndt

in w6poN is vcry

ar

dlorishing switoiss.
The pa@ for dwclolmcnt

dd hdae

fst dd

sDbatartid.

It

is no

long* F$ible io clain thnt

incrcde in nilirary powd

oI the statc nn$1 ntressrily be folowed by an ircrcse in $e

sd.

o{

eti6,l suily.

Thc

Fitity of

rhis sinution

.r

pllst

is conFary ro what prcwil.d th.

pdr

7)

The nassive d6Euclivc powr of l{eapons pNs6scd by rhc big

couEics mals nilitaly 6@urer very mdcsiEble.

Thc

nilinry pow

has dlways

b@ dd will rcmd.

ro b6

or. of rb.

influntial and dcisiv Iacto6 in lh intematioMl rlatioE,

(ir)

R.ligioue

rxbr:

Tbe Glision is a

pIlF* ofsubDisio

ard soughr

aftd $ppon Aon pown $lEriof to hlllM b.ine, md bdi.v.d ir coftols the naturc d wll s ih huhd lif,

II|fACT OF RELIGION ON INTERNATIONAL REI'\TIONS Itr lh. world of tod.y t!.a.E nny politic.l puti6 &d mvfuts with
politicrr pri&ipl6
Islamic md Anb

.!d

bcliefs thit

u.

b6$d @ EligioB tcachings. ln rtc

@uhi6 lIeE @ tmy p6nis of suh !t!e. In W6Lb

pania. In th

Empe theE

m D@o@tic Clvisrid
as the

.d Stltes of
the

&ndi

ilre Cbrislim nght wiry lobby hav.

!ow6 ovd thc le5d6 of

R.lDblico

Prty N wll
Religion

De6@nlic Party.

Nd

lo be in the pa.t and still todly is one of the nosr inporra

factos that infludce 6c b.havior of thc individuds, orydiz3doB md courries .1 th int@tional lcvcl. Th. Anb of Hiju in ihc mdieval .8s yirh

ba c@qucc.l th. Ron@ &d P@im .Dpi6, whicn 9w lbo t!. two mjo. supd pow.R thlt rul.d the ddb, tben @in mtiE w4 to sp@d tLcn rcUgio!'lslm . Thdan r, th. Wcsi.d E@pan Calhotc couEie Luchcd rhen crudc wa agliBt Isln .rd McliG will Eligiou motivatiol TIE Christio SFin lawhcd E agai.st Isbmic star6 i! Aldaluia od Cbristid Cburch a! wcll joired Spain in iB wd agai.$ MEli6 ud Jm with lbc notiE of sptradilg C.tholic Christieity ddgsr
reUgiou notivltior

lhm Mo6ver,

lndia wal divi&d into Paldsta! and Indh

d EIisiN

hGi!

ISLAMIC PERSPECTT!'E OF INTERNATIONAL RII-ATIONS

Ref.renc.

sowa of lllanic

docttinc for rcbdons among

schola.s

mtio8,

t[!t

is

agreed Lpon by majonry

ofM8hm

!(

as

follo*:
Prcpht

. .

PichteoB
"PBUH).

sur.n

(sayings,

da.b ed tppnvdr of the

Ijdhld with Opidon

(has

i$ scvc'al ncrhod!).

Md xde. th"6 utta' ." co4nd &!tul vM o'11 r'Lnt prytia d kq@. PdM Pa,r..Mdrt. hthtro,tl, ret.- A/,,nM ht t .tiltctfittx

Th. lslamic doctinc dirirlcs Fl.tios amorg .atioG, ilto rhre sctiG acb !@.d
Hous. of Islrm: ls thc aratc rhr h gomcd by . Muslim

oL., wi@ir

althority and suFMcy e for Muslim. Slcb stare should be potrcred by MElim add Jihad for ils s*e i. cde of no M is ucondilioml obligllion (noi evefybody should do i1), btrr ir d omy
inEdcd then

hd

then its rcaistlnce

bdom6

an obligation on alt

of

2)

Fous of Are.m.nt or Hou$ of Conclll.ilon: I1

@hics

thc 8retr9 of i.!al ar not tuUy domi$tcd by thc rulc of MusliN, blt barc a
and

6!.ctc<l agncnol

$v.rcignty over thei.lddt cvd if iD sre

66

n isn't a tull sov@igaty.

lnm Mohmd

Abr

A[m et3:

Tn

!s.nt
chdtcr

Unitcd Natios Orgdialion gal[c6

lll

its meob.B uadd its

dd ordd, tbu rll rh. Mlslih couFis thar e mcdh6 ofthis olgdiation iLcy dc bud by thc ruLs of hlm ro abidc dd adh@ lo
tben oblisarioa

towd.

n. T!Eaort, ir

nor

b. @Bidered

s EoE

of

adeMi6

bur a

houc of a@.h.nt.

3)

Eome of
def@ition

wrr:
ofde

Unlik thc Houe of klam. thG is no @IIslM oa ue

House of\r'r'ar.

Hovder,

rh

Islanic scholu hav two

Fir* Opinio4: The Houe

the

of war h ihc hous thrt no power or autbo.ity

fd
tbe

M6lim ruler ov.! it

and also no agrccnot or

haiy btwm it ed

Scord Opiaiob: AtEibut d to who all agEc that

Itun

Abu

Heifc, Z.idis dd othd

rcholars!

'lf

rh. lDwd lnd aurhoriry of th. hoM is wilh the noD-

of Wd

ed tLe .r! tbE @ditios

fi.st Cardid!,r If th. Mullin

ituplq$r
ihe

rulcr

bd !o poed or autiority

to

Isldic

bs.
rhe rcgion that is nighbor'ng the

SecoMl Condirior:

lt

Mulim boM
houe.

inposes threar AND colld mak sgsEssion .gainst the

Mulin

Thinl CotulitiM: lt th. M\slim

or the

Zidi (Non-Mustin

who is by ihe

virru. ofagrcdtrt should bc Fated .s cilizer otlh. Mutim [oe) is living in the olh.. nouc und.r th. .dlilr Isldic *tuity dsl|mcc i!.t
embl.d rhc Mulim

ciri@

to tivc in ir.

ft6e cmditioc G lpplic$lc

and

on

counFi* rhir

@!t olled by Musli4

t!.y Mchcd to o aglltfu ofef.ry to i[Gi. ciritu wilh iB origiml p@ple od rbdatc. thcy wcc coblEllcd to pull our, cilbd rhrough tt faclor of wtr o ay f&tor olt r tlo w. If rhe .ouri6 p@chd rhen a[6 agrddt of gtu1ing sfcty .3s@cc io ihc Muslin cirizc.s, r[.! it b@bs

Diplom&y rnd Murgemnt of Int.!.tlotrll Rel.ttons

of diplona.y is the extdal relltioG of the stats, snc outhos are of rhc opinion thot it to@ ihe $ide of inldational rlatio.s. We iind this vid ar Ue dfinirions of Cah, who
rhar rhe scoF delDed diplo@cy

Ir

cosidmtion of the

vid

th eienc. of th. rclatioN anong

vriou @tios

tbat

e bed on Ihen munal intcresr!, rh. principla

tnc dticles

of rh. inrerMtio@l trp

dd

ofagremdh - Wlile HaFld Nichobon dcfirB n s: ..Direction of iDtmatioal rclatioB tluough rcgotidiou ud rhc n1hod by which rhe dclegat6 naag. th6e rchrion!, d eclt s r!. work of th. diplo@rs"_

fi.Bd ee. cMot:^.tud

DilloMy
lolicy in

is a !'olitical

pMes

its dedings with the

io nnplemcnr its foEign othd coutries ud int hari@.1IEBN dd the

used by rh. $ate

tlr,Dg@lt of is oficial rcl.tio6 piih thc othd $rca withia i[c intcmaaioDl ord.i l! is also tL. an of |lpwtrli4 rhc govmr dd
mintainilg rb. coutry's illesr wih $. foEig! govmndr' Mofurd, ir it abolt @a8ing intcurioml d@lings $rclgh .liEiting lolitical n gotiatic,

ed

dd to wo* for idplcmcnting tbe law in iniefurion l rclttioa, in such . t:md r[!t bgar pridcipl.s b.com. thc bais of &slingB amolg @ti6 a.d p@pt6.
condedng follow
the denred instruciiotu,

!p in emrdec. !o

@Bi&r diplomacy a rhc @in r@l fo. fmign polici* of rh. stde, which dqk wirh thcn rcbtioB ud int 6ts, &d rte etrcrive diploma.y is tbe
We
one dEI is lupponed by all lhe prcp.ganda e@nonic

the political, pychologi@t,

ed bilitary tools. Many datysls coGidd rhar the prin. obj@1irc or diplolMy is to s.ttlc diegI!.lMts bdwcetr @urri.s ed op.n avducs fd @ lcrs u@grt tb.f, in ordd to &hidc this objeti, diploD&y pl.y viial
relc in t[c frcld of

itrt.mliobd Ebrions.
rhar the

II is through diplomlcy
stngtheoed and all

intcnational political r.lations ar. caribtisho4

vaiou courris lrE sond our, dd connictcd intcBls and divdrcd vi.w! @ @trciled. It is .le thrcug[ dipl@cy ihrt ecb @mEy @ sragbd its position &d Fh.n.6 tu illlutuc i! thc facc of othq @uhi6. I}@foE. E c$ sMc rhat diplodcy k a &ivbg fo@ fd iltcmatioMl lifc &d the fotu of its etiviti6, diplo'acy like an administratio. ifwcll mdaged it csn create nuncrcus gais md achieve nost of the objelive that aE pmued od most impod.nrly ir ce oable tbc !Lt to 6sme the llatu5 it rspiB ro, amng thc inremati@l
relarcd to

tuti6

Diplomcy md strat gy

rwo compLm.niary
n ih

6p.ctr of the an of potirics.

is rhe

"Diplomcy dd sirateg/ wiU

concxt o{thc ui8cd foreiSD poticy ileory

one

aa the two coaeponding facets ofa

.n, which

!d ofpolitic".

'?he !a oI politica is U. an of @mgcmoi of dealirS wilh olhr coutri6 in puBumce of notioBl intcrcsls. It is frcn the uc miry of lhc a|t of poliriB

con
that

s thc

id*

of intgntiod of si.arcgy
rh

dd diplolruy,

cach of rh.D is

e !a

dr{,lemenb

o{Er m

6.

ofthc two spcLs of th. art

ofo.

,oliti6.,.

Bilar@l Diplomcy

is tne

vhich is @Eidead onc

b.rw.d teo clMEies, of th. eai! pitl6 of rh. irr@1ion.t datil$; its
diplonacy Oat is carrblishd
thc fouowing:

signifidcc

is based on

nMcrels factoF inctuding

r)

ll libBr.s

rhc

st!r. ro a gr..t qr.nd in dcrmirilg iB objdriB

rhc

and

ord6r5 away fiom

Gnictions

tbNr

impo6d by rlE irretuarioDl

is oncn norc cfcctivc rhd rh lulribt 6l diplolrcy or Oe parhm@tary diplo@y, since n (i... bihr.at diplo@c, b lihircd ody ro tqo p6ni.s, ud ofuo rlF di$ssion dd d.b6t mong mutipl pani6 od c.iain subje.r, may c.e loas of t[ inportalce of thrt
subjeci

a Ell d

it3

cultlnt

Golurioos

my lo& sie fituce dE

to

4on-comftmmt

on

il|

lErt ofihc nune.ou! pani.s.

The oltcome of bilat

concemed involved

prlis, it

is 8.n.hlly beneficiat ro the rwo is obvioE thdt the mre h numb.r of parri.s

ul diplomcy

i!

nesoliations, th. lc$ is the sha.e of cach of

6e'\

md hdco

rhe distribulion of sha.cs is mong bigS* numbr of parlis.

Ift

is

@E evid.nl

at

lest with rcgard

ro two partics.

Bilat

ol

dipl()lMy is smetimd

ed

ro pav. ttc paih for |h.

5)

The npidnss

a.l @inN of

conducring bitaleral conbcc

iD

@mpar*on to rh@ onduci.d

dong

multipte p.nis or in the mnrcxt

of pdltumtary diplotfun shc. thc bttd is li.kd

*u

nuftmq

rh @16 i@l.mi o tn. EquillIMts situatid or the is. lhat is $bjat of rhc dision'D.
AEicrios
Theorl$of

of rbe poliliol

lbled

On. of ihc

@t

ion.l Rlrtlou" &cient phoonnors in th. con&dpory intedado.al

cornmuniiy is Oe phenonnon of na$onalisn rhe nation'. Itr

rms

of tine,

tht

ftrged 4 influenlill powq in ite srructu& of Ihe DLMlioDI colmiry d well a in diccring the inrmrio@l politiB ar thc cdly yca of the nincL@th cd$ry, which B rTom rlcEnd ..g .dtiodlis c6"- Howa.r, @riondtm hs d*lopd d a cLa. id@ 6ly duing th. twdlieth qtuy, wh.n morc eldcltric (mid@tid wa! giwn to rht conc.pt, so s to dcrmin its mding, in et.o@ts dd cffis. h l.m
phcnommon

of plac., nationsliM 6Btly mer8.d in E@pe

rh..eafter, in

tulmMirie, dd spnld,

di{fffit fotu

lo thc rcsr of thc world,

Dr

O.orgc

comn

@ftacr of!@pte havjrg lalguge, g@gdpbt bi.1ory, ddtiny &d joilr mrcrirl @nomic

HaM denEd NalioDdiim d

si.l

,nreq Fychological cdturc. Ttb @ntt&t shrll oE rh6c .t.nc.rs dloac|nca. While tLe Italid Mdcini, d.fr* ir 4 9{airal o'muiry of hMe b.ings, that m linLcd bgcln.r pith the uiry of r.dlory, origin.
@dilions tud

ldeugc,
caqtu

a rsult of shding life

w'|d

ed

s@iat feli!g... Tte

ndM

cqt4

o/11L

hsh4

ad ctultt cni4 vam d bt@t pue.aba 6

D. .d.8. HoM.i b@. "t1@6a of/a6

N.td.|h".

definido by Mscini, is considd.d one of rh. Fosr inDodsr snd knoM dclinitions of tratimlism. Th. fusr rhing wc notc in M|lcini's dcliniiion is his st rcd6t i,cr .tEtunl col)llMity of hl:lM bcin8r". It i! kloM rhat som. Sroups or aUia&d My
bc

fom.d

accqding

$rcma bctw.6 soF. ildividub. to Mei , i! fom.d !d d.v.loFd du. to &

ough will

lt

Bur nadolalissr

ircdtive of thc
Tbe

I'f., lot Aon &. will of p.oplc dd .ld.o$ of natiotrdim @.e follNs:
@ture of social

thi.

lrlllg.tMrs.

Unity of Orlgh: Son. $hdd of Dlion lim i@ludi!8 Mreini !@civ. rbAr uity of 6ci.l oligiB fo@ . kcy pill& &on crisr@ of GtioMlisEr ed it i3 eiriour hmooy in t[.3rnEiE of . Drio!, t[c orhd.lddis l@ in ligrifi.ec rld cf6dv6* a e .ssi.ri@

ll@g t!. enbd.

G@gnpucd

otUG singL

drio!.

LlIl46: Thc s@gF?hiol cdrElio.s of gDy @ri@ apr.3.nr iB cnstcmc h ! joint rcgid pir! clcrr llEiiori6, Tb. clletivdcs of UG g@gnlhicd coEeri@ ilctEs if lhc Egi@ i!
@muicrriotr .!d ralFiltion. Tbc .vdlrbility of r etion ir @c Egion wodd srEgthd r[. inr.tr.rio! 0!d fo.tify ttc 0$ociatio! uong ll! iadividuL of thc lin8lc irtion $ ! |stj rlrc intctution ard .ssiation would corEibut ro ihc blitd uD of tt! @tion\ p.M@lity ed srEgrhcn iis chdctcr
having ec.ssibL

Unltt of L.Dgurge Laguge h Oe n$t signifi@t dd important ddltrt of @tio6li!h. In vicw of thc fei th!t, t&glrgc is th. rEdih

@nhuiqrbn Mort rhc mmbd of l[. sinctc ddon, n ir Ocir iBiruhcnt ofrhilking ud rhcir ncbs for rlsoining tloo8hb ed h*itrge Aom thc foFf.thd ed fa(h.r! lo rb.ir etu dd 8tu.,roos, g.ncFtion to g4@tion. Th.eforc, ve fbd tbat uity of
of udcdr.bditrg md

ldgulge produs tind of unity in the feelings, Fnrin nB, thinking and cultur; n com4ts rhc irdividuls of the mdor with a chain of i .lLct

dd

with

notiml bor&,

Ei|tory: Flistory is co$idald s rh. $rt of*Ge b rle mrio.nd its |llmry. Ai evdy Btion is @@ioa abour irself dd buikls irs p.BoFlity lb@gh its bisrory. W!@ we ralt ahonr history s d

lim, e. dotr't n .! thc hjstq tblt @ Mrcn m bets &d d@uft, but wc m.e rhc history lbar is living h the h.urr and sliriis of lnc p@i'lc, sticking to then mind. dd doniEring their
elen@l of mtiotr

Wtd@, the uiiy of hisiory in ey drior gtrmts clos.nes ir dorioG ud t ndocis hong rh. ildividu.ls oflb mtiol! it.lso
lads ro tind of simjl&iry in rh. m.mrics of their aloioB p4r wirh ib pnd. and nobility, whicb ka B@Uy reAl.d to Eolilia 6umgc rd

ddgi6, R.ligio(

with

ilc plrpo* of @lizinS

thc turue aspinriG_

Religior crcrles kind of hamony

ihe individurls blonairg to ir.

dd mity in the fedings of It GNcctr ad reviv4 in them mc

enoti@s ihal iofluoc then behaviq. Fbn this prcspctive, Eligion is one of ih. most social bondi that
senlinents 'mporlanl

dd

FORETGN

POrlCY

Noe, @ming to tbe to!'ic ofdiploruy, forcign policy ptrys

iorprtanr relc

dd

dcfin

ihe deisions or csolutou rh.t d.tcmine lhe ex&@l

sratc

objcctiv6 of the

dd

rbe

esw

thd

ro

b. rat@ to in@ldor thos.

Thc p.occ$ ofdcisio.

b,line

is quiie complicatcd prcce$, to ihc

baaue it di{LE

tom cour.ry to cowtry, according 'nthal

3yst m. Reggrdl$

polilic.l srruchtr ofrhe sru!., ard ir!

of 0F nahrc of polili.al systdtu, a

ndb* of

eov.mdal ed n@-sowdnslat bodi6 iE ilvolvd itr th. .lcchion mlking pc*, which my blre difrefur posirioB towards uy mtioDl
ba thc ability to inlludcc rhc govcm decisiol This @ t dilfctuii.t d b.rw@ covcm.nlal bodi6 &d N@-cove|lmotal bodi6.
policy &d

Covcmenrol Bodies, rcpE!.nl ompou cd xmtive powcr

Elated oryeietional orga.s 8trch s insiitulions 6 weu d the leSislature and its vdious rlwet cominds,

dd its minisEi6, govemdt.l

Non-Gov@ental Bodids mosrly conpnsiq on the dmdts of politicar par6e, intcet goups, pB, Dcdra ed public oprion.
FACTORS OF FOREIGN POUCY
Thc.c arE

l)

tbc typcs offacbrs which itrnud* th. tureig! Flicy in gdc6l, M.l.ild pemutrr frcror! wlrn rddlv perm.nercy: By rhis, wc

ne
a)

lh t}?e of factos thal do not chbg within a short p.riod of timc

such as gcc/national

/idwrrisumiliraryed hl)l@ f&to6.

courl r,ks high6t position amng de pman nt factoB. A ldd l@ked outry, fir.
G@gtrpbicrl Lcrtion of any
Afghardan, iis l@ati@ ihpo$ Brnc!@ on its f@ign policy,

it 6 @t toldre a long rihe dirpurc

previdG the
Afgbmistan

wirh rh. @may the

&!t
Likc

!c@t s outlc! strch a ?aListrn.

ad P*isnn, sinillrly n
Stda swound.

{k

of Stria ed

Lcbmoa

si$.

Lcb@

all

lo.

the South where it bordeB ,bz?/- this

ldd bord6 -?x.ep, inposes BFiction o.

Lebmon\ foreign policy.

b)

Nrtuhr Reourcd @ lbc e@!d pe|fue fEcror of &c mt rial. Anong r[. drural rlsol|lG we ce fels or rtc prodclion ofmtional r.sourc.st i! rem as strarcgic goodt rucl
as

oil

od

food poduct'-

2)

M.terirl &.roB

have les coniinuiiy

dd peMncy

in complrisn to

dE prdvious facto6.

It irvolva th. hduiri,l dd milit ry plsrs

IldBtrirr Crprbiuu.r e e .sodal clddr in lbc FwG of rhc sbre- Fd i6r8@, rbe indusrrid 6pabi[ti4 h.d @blcd Britlir lo c@itol l!. b.ldc. of p.wq in the wdld for quitc a pcnod of time, &d eavc Jape a spccial slatus in $e wdrd comuity. Morcovr, il mrdc USA dd Rusia thc sFongst powe* in l[c comunity of @troc in tod.y's world. The
.xist nc. and avail.biliry of indBidal iff:ral|3rioB
st lc .106 trot

h qr.in

olly coet thc sllldard of tcobnologiol knowhow ndiols of advdelMt ir ba achieved bur. als n@ifdrs
iis @ononic abililiB, thhugh which it Industrial .levelopmcnt has b.com a

bund political powc(

obj@1ive for

mti@lprimc

both the tleveloped

well

tb dveloping cowi.id. The

Yalbu' Irduirial @@lexes $ cmiddble sride rowrde acht vils this impo.tad mtioel objetivc. Patistan on is p.n .!o Md. @rkablc indlsLial achi.vcDed! itr rhe sroB of i.xrilc, pb@ceuticals, *nor &d dre ste.l lil ln ?akbh St4l at Pon Qasin. Thes ac@nplishntrts md. Plkistan noE
Kiosdom ofsaudi Anbia has .slablished Ar-Jub.il and powertul @rcmically and politically c@fident in dealinS wilh
tnc iniemtional

comuity,

Mlir.ry
spablc

Comp.t
rhc

oc6 s 6ully liDted wilh ildNt

ial

epabiliti6, md

Btioc indutrially adv.e.d @ gd@[y of developi!8 th.n hilirary opabilitia sd .dvdccMt

El. of military epabilitie,s a factor, in the forcign policy plays e iqDrtanl mte mq. rho th.l of ihc gd@l indlstrial capabiliti.s, fo. a mjd Edm in rod.y's
of their
The

hnlwdc.

world commuities ore ruled by the f&to. ofbalane

ofpow*.

(t\

rep@Gd hy rhc population, Th populatiod plrys & iopondi ml. in rhc f@ien policy of day strt,lb@gb their.Iter in its @ti@l force. In thc ti@ of p@ce, l[. big siz! of populstion ha di@i inpact on tbe esntial clm.nr of pbducti@, which is UE labor. Wilhour rhe availabiliry of
Qnrtuanve Asp..t of
faclor is
this factor, the socio-cconomic

hilM

ileveloprhl of

rhe

country

will

depnd on rhe

idpon

of

fdeign laboB iritializils

(ti) qahanw ,{rp4? is rcp@r.d by thc lad6hip,

id@logy

ed

lhc mcdia. Th. laddship b6 a

in dirEting the foGig! policy ofthe srab. systen of the 8ovclM61

cfuid Fl. Wlrlse. rbc

conrult!1ion

roy

b.

the h@d of thc sr.le

wil

be the onc who

tats

lhc initi6tiv

of

with his adlisors in proposing 6 fqeign policy of the

couiry. ftcrcfore, thc quality of the lad.rohip is quit an

inportant factor in thc Dr&iog of the forigtr

Flicy, Wh.n

ralk .boul rhc l.addbip, we necd to tlow $. checter of 6c lad.6, and to ob*e lhd ptuti..lly ro

betsl@4 clN, tben ligioB ct]mitndr &d thcir pGonal ed om.ial b.h.v'or. Th6e f.croB hrv. rhcn impact oD the l@dcBbip dd
knop tLcir s@ial

(iii)

i. the fornation of th forcign lolicy. /l/eol,&/ is .ldnd of fi.anewo.t gdehlly usd 'n fomtion of a forcign policy of a siate to dcfnd
@sequendy

thc thc

tghts of rh populatior

Mulid

in Afgntuison

uE

past or rb. PhleriEirde at

lBdt d d.f@tion of lh. Eligi@ of tbc sraL e rL. t@l qrspL *hd. joirr deisio! s otd by the Kirydon of Ssudi AEbi! .nd
Palistar by withdnwing th.n

de to (tal
Me.ht
$ale.

publicaiion
plays

of

dbNados &om Dcnn&k picfile defrninS Prcph.t

Hin).

Mobmed (P.&.

Be Upon

de
tb

iDport

!t

rcle wbich

no

ra

iDpdranr rhe

$. idolory h
a

A!

mcdi! plays

dual

fmign policy of ttc ble D i umirg fNign

Ille stare

policy. (i) On rh. on. b&d, it plays ole ia rbc Foplg.rion

of lhe tuFign policy of t[c

by providing thc rcBsry infornation withh their tlmcwork of ll adtuceret of th. m.dia, whicb has abniry in Ssthails dd ddFins ibc !am. (ii) O! tlE othd, tbe dle<li. pt r! a vital rclc in inflwing lLe lublic opilion dd mobilizitrs thc t|a< ft @ als play si8nificalr EL i! sulponing or opposus l[c tueien policy of rE

8ovffir.

Thc suppon ot |bc bdi! to rh. foigD policy of rlc govctrllmr will help ir io obbinirS popule
slpport for ib DDlicica trd its decisiG. Th. opposition of the nedir will Btict thc govelmdt\ .bili9 k' tlk

sleps

deitrd by it lld slowdoM pFqs of

implmr.do of iB .L.isi@ and my cdu th. rEqui'ld sppo ed ruL. dlc gotlmt wat @rgb
i! &bi*iDg deiFbL objativG.

ELEMENTS OF INIEFNATIONAL RELATIONS

Burcaucracy

as

m Agent of Chrnge

Alnost every coulry in rhe wodd possesse! a buauotic inn!$.ucturc which enabl6 rh. frDctio$ of thc govcmd to b excurcd. In sm. munrriB, it is moc $pnistiot.d $,' h olh4. In E!rcp@ @uri6 by th. .nd of

linctdd

@nuy n bd d.rycd

o6in8 Mrx Webq ro obs.de l! s coo!!.tcd qith lis typolo$/ of Faditioml dd chlisMtic leddhip. In faci. ..cording to Webr, 'the tunlq back wc tracc ou sreps, rh. norc g?ical

orgeiati@, n wB a poducr of legat-Ftionat ibintirg

a very

onlld

th. abscncc of buEucncy dd ollicialdom in the

strere

ofdomitulion.

According to weba, bl@uc6cy op.rsrs iccording to the ruls sprcific to i!3

orguiati@. Blt civil dmjnismrion des nor opmre ir I v&uM. Il is .loely rclated ro tLe lblirical sFr.m sd politic.l dcvelopmmr ofrhe @wr.y. T.sion bdwm poliricll l.!ds dd bldrcnrs is prni@ldly @ttmn wh.n thc bttd's rele is mt d.fued. Fou dimdioG to rhe Elrtion bctqen buqucFtic rolcs dd the lDliliql slstcn may bc obsftd FlBt, therc is the dcgrce of strucfi!.I diffMdlrio4 in which, thc norc
complicated lh lElitical stsren bccoms, rbe grenrer thc tred for the crcatio.

ofa

!rfom thc polirical finctio.s, &is6. Most non-W.st m colnbi.s, after gairing inil@dd.n., mbskd otr th. road 10 modmiation,
siructurc to

nd

which lcd ro structuml

sp..idists
to cope with dE

difffirjilion dd
dmads of
thc

rhe @e.gM

of ibcriolul

politiet systd

S.cold dindiotr oflDlitical chang. k rhe Daglitude of polilical activi9 a!

compatcd with olher acdvnies in a scicty. The tugnitud ofpohical activig

is r.l.ted lo diffdatiation

$d ilF cons.quoi incrcde il bwaucntic

rutc.

Thlrd dinemion of politic.l chsgc f@ulcs on lh. deg@ of &biwemdt oBltllion rclativ to polirical Mruitln nt dd rh rcle dirffiri.rio! of
candidatcs. tn political systcst witb a low dc8r.e of

stucnlnl difiq.ltiati@,

&t ody
@ditu

is

goillmot

a.tiviry cocapddingly low, but

tte,

in &tdirio

ro tbe bl|!!.|l.@y tu Ntstty it@ud .giptio 6lhd lt.n achiev@t qimlarid Tte Bdc is Ele of gyst d witt a liah iLgE of srructuril difftutiarioo. for .s tulctioarl sp@ializlrior irlru&n NiI8 io
lbc

!t

mifold @nplqitics

of

&Elopmnt go.b, srdd,rdr beotu rery

for achicvdenr

datati@.
anat]tsd the dcgre of sculsiation id the

Fourth politicd

dintuior

perf@nce of

tu&ti6- Tt bak of alt such actiors k det mincd by the prircipt. of ratioBlity utilird by th. govm.nt ro e[ieve its @ds thrcugh r".iou!

ElemeDts of Historical rnd Cultural Relstion

KINGDOM OF SAUDT AIABIAIT
Klngdon olS.udl A..br. Ilbtory h onsisting oi ttc Bdch pdiod (1985-2005) durin! tne moncrchy ol thc Kins F.ld the Culodis oI 6e No Holy Moque, ed sm. of hb political inr.d,r ed

l98s: visiis wahingbn ro p6ue Middl. 8dl !@e prms . Laucb lhe prcjd of *ponding lh. Poph.t's Mo,qw iD MrdiDln
King F.nd 6ndm lsmcl's atuck on PLO ba.dquirtqs in Tuk ro world p.e. md cilb or thc inimariond comuity io cond.m Is@I. kinsdom'5 folnh Fivc-Ye& Pld lNnoh.d

6.lhur

1986: King Flhll adopb rh. tirl. c6rodiM oflb. Trc Holy Moqu6.
King Fahd Casewly to BrtraiD St.e in lhc Anbign CulR opd.d by King

1987: King F,M hosb cisl

1988: Kirs FiM

OCC

sumit h Riyldh.

hF l[. foud.tie slorc for rtc dnd S.udi qpssion oflh. Holy Mrtl,!. in And with lhe rdvice of r Comulktiv Coun il (Mrjltu Al-Shh) of roydl M6qe
appoini.4 Kitrg

lru-liq w i!

ldd

wB

k y p.nicips. in diplomric .lforrr to e(l tll.

193E.

1989: Sulbn Qaboos sins uE..Ml in b.d..n Sondi Aabia dd Olrn.

MlMt

setrlins

lh. bord.r d.Mcrrion

n"r bFusnl lbc

Ir T.if 'Sludi AEbi!" t@milidion .iiotu t'nde Civil wft !o . close

1990: Ki.s F8,td ord* 10 flights lo gitu io Sovi.r MBljm.
KirE Fqhd @trdenrs krq
s

@rd

l/Lr$
Qlm

dry

on. nillim .opie of de Holy

invBion ofKuwrir.

Kins F hd rmouccs moves lo fom tne

nd

CoNuk tiv. Corncil.

'' io$or

coh

cM.ia olk ktu

d$!g th. cdf crili! wit! PGntat Bqh in Riyidn ud hil w @id b rh. dcployrMl of l!. USA-lcd wirb Srdi An!i. &d mlCDrio$l l@ njr.d .s.iEt lrq foltowins its inEid ol Kluit
KinA

FlM

3L!d

Kjngdon's 6nh Dd.lophcnt Pls l.u.!c<!.

l99li

Kint F

hd

mow.s

$100

nillion in

aid fot

victitu

of

Beshd.ln

cycloDc.

1992: Kir8 Flhd

a@ll@ nd ErulatiN fq thc Baic Syll.b of cd.nnal R.3ioid Cov.mrHt .!d l[. CoEu|hnv. C.@n. ln 6pd* ro e opF l by UNES@, Ki!8 Fabd ofid 170 6iuid !o n io!. tn! Mulin Holy SiB i! taurLn King Fabd @d.lm Sanid l8gBid in BNi*nragoviu dd iritilts Dolitidl !.d lid .ffdl' 10 rlldilt sindi@ Ki.g Frhd orde6 rt $m of cncrgocy oid pmstu for MuliN in

'*iv!

KD8 Frhd plcdg* 150 niuion ro lid victim ofcdre

qihqukd

B6ir !t *nicn rhc unir.d NrlioD3 ir lt. Sdh !o p6tet Bo$id Mulid, KinS Frtrd .g@ ro md Sddj t@F io 6irr wih tA Eli.f op.ntid i.
Kjnl Frhd hGb rh. olc ru.tins on
ug.d
to

fo@ rc.jolr

193: Kng lrld b6ts nrrin3 of Afsho l.id6 in Holy Cig of M|lllh fo. 3igning of nrtiond l@cilhlion @d,
King Fchd cdls lof lh. Iifrin8 of th.

lm

cnbdgo

d Bosim MNlim,
Bosi6

Kinr Fand

MuliN

od.s

who trc

dr. 6dlr@tio, of isid{1i.l crm!! in Albria fd victim of S.!b 'tthnh clc6sind'.

to

KinS F.hd

..lls fd r tllt

In.li 4gF$ior

in

eulld L.bm,
Gs
Srip

KinA Fand

.ddra6
pl.d36

th. fi6t

sid

Ki.s

Fahd

llm nili6

oltll. Cdillbrive C.ucil, f6 sirl mi6 rnd diliriB h

i.tqlE .a Eruldi@ for dE Cown ofMinnic!. $!di toE6 st io wc in t N p@r...pitr! dlingd in S@Iii
King F.hd

1994r King Fahll ord6 d. Indon.sie eodhqu.te. King F.ld Previd.s

inn diit.

dbp6ich of rid 10

EIid. vi.rim of

lhc

King 9and hots rh. l4o CCC Sundit3 in

o$a Meau6

io

Jdlald.

nldi

for

RiydL @!o6ri@ of lrlm's

.bird lloly

3Mft ad two

I995: Kinsdon\ sixlt Dd.lopment

1998r Saudi Anbia
King F.!d

Plan launched.

mk6 n cl@ thit

US

cmot

u.

s.udi Acbia lo laun

&3t

.xp66
s

pofoud @nc.6 ovd Ldi.'s

nultr

pbgm.

2(FO: Kingdom

D.Elopmt Pl& lauch.d. Abo Kins Fahd ha mdc bis mtrihrrid ro b.did. @liatioD of r.lrtioa b.t*6 Arh8 Couhi6. Kiog &M dso exFecd his cohlry @ncd d a L.y ls@ oIvo d oergr, th.t .4uilib.iun slDuld b. rcrli2.d in in(.mtio.rl oil rulca md
@mmdcd .he or8oiation oi P.folcum axpding couriB io
prcdDctim
10 27.5

sdt[

sie

oil

nillion baE?k r d!y.

S o*. e :

M.

kigtuhnbifu b.lulaz b. c odl n a i n

Thc Ambiu lminsula is

on of

rc

ngioff

dEr tdsrdi@

lo@

tiftlo abolt,

@ting the history of &c bgiming of civiliatior The ft$ studies of .xkd@ itr lbe Fgion sbn d only d the sixti6- Ahhougl thcrc e smc didclB, tbat rle Kingdoo of Saudi Anbir w polulated for iitdnitldt pdiods since @li6t huru
tlow.ver, ir is rich in old historiql nooueoas
hisio.y.

Pelrmdl setucmot

darc8

brck !o 4000

10

B.C.

O! thc contary, lh of rlc Aebid Pninsula rtbudonr 'isnificncc Islamic en is well rrDM. As ii was ihc ccni6 of the Eligiod of Islm,
Ahbi.n PedNlla h!5

t!.
ihe

eiiative ard ptumind! historical role

extendine

byo

rhe

bqdes of IslMic wolld.

Tt!. c!r@thistory of S.udi Anbia start

i!lbc

l8d cohny

pld

r[. prce.nr

Al-SNtl dyDAry b@.

loG

in th. cgiotr. Sludi Aralia sr.dned

td

66c mrr in
by thc

1932. Saudi

lccbologi.ally advdccd

Aribi, hls low bom. a pcsp@s 6d couEy- It tu foudd on rh. old n iitagc sppDnd

norlls of its @ti@als. Abov. all, it h .lc.ply mrd in the Eligion of

In prehistonc tim$,

diffql fton wbnt w. hFw loday. T!e!e wft lal6 md inlald st!!{m, wherc now, thrc is desen Ntrd slire .ocky plain. SIoft agc iDpl.he.t! bavc be! touded on lbe edg of th. 8F r dcseG rhe Rub Al,Kbili, indiqtirg tblt hur6 ed 6shd4 o!@
Peninsula was very

Anbid

sinil4

&tivig hav. be! dievlcd along rhe vdtm shoa of rhc Aralim Cult As thjs acliviry ws b.foE 'ln dveloped hisbncal r.cor&, it is ele to sy that blM F.sdk s in thc AEbie rhinsola
of

t!6

tl@

Ir

1745, a rcligious

Musli@

6ist

Efomcr, Moh@.d Bir Abdulwahab foud tnrr sonc his m6sagq He was a vcry rcligioN IIn aid he foud th.t
trot

p..fom Gligioa rna pmpdlt s ne p@Led rhcm ro rc$m ro the balic ulu6 of Ist.h. Hc foud pretcction in ihe rom ofDiritt,
mey pcoplc did
ru1cd by

Mobmd
stone

Bin

Saud. Thcy joined

rog.lbd

ed

laid doM rhc

foudation

ofsrde of S.udi Anbia.

Itr 18' cetuy, the pow* of the AI-Saud fhily errelded to nosr of &e AEbian Potuula ircludine nuch of Odd, prts of Y@m ed the aM of
Hijaz. The Asb.ise to powq aroused th sngq md oplosition oftne Ottomn

B6piE lhat had conirolled th Holy Citics of Mskbh

ed

Madinah in th

w$l.n

rcsion,

Hiju. Then amics

conquered th

Anbid ?@iNla 6d

succ*dd in plurirg Diriya plhing

nd 10 tbe 6Bt paiod of tbe Al-Srud

In 1824, the Alsaud family Ld by Tuti Bh ,{bdulhl ESain d po@ Md captcd Rjtrdh la&tu8 tne pii.l- Hc ed his $n Fdsal qtended Studi pow.r
that

wd enstd bforc, blr thcy

were un.ble to rcsioE MaU@h

ed

Madin h,

nris rule kst d

util

1865 wh.n

divtioN @1,td
Klwait in

a pdiod of iGlability ihat

forccd the Al-Saud

Imily

to dep.n to

1891.

dymism and rh.y sulodimt d th. whol. sthcm Anbia Egior and brcleht it Ndq lhcn coftol. By l??3 O.y hld taL@ RiFdh, thc whole ofNajd od He by ihc l?90s, ud by l8l2 th.y had t kd ovd Hcj&, which wu held by ihc Hashmite clan - the anc6to6 of th Jordtuian monN[y. Ihe lask of dstroyins the Saldi,Wahhabi powd wa3 givcn ro MunMd Ali &d bir son lb.ahin rahr of ESDI, who had by l8l8 detold Saldi-Wabhabi poed and .x@ted the Sludi Adn in Codt ntinopl. The Saudi faeily hld to flc ed Abd d-Rahm d-S.ud, thc old ofRiyadb, wdt i oqileinKueairinl89l.
Islan gave &c
its

$!dis

Frcm Kuw.ii in 1901, the foudcr of srudi Asbra, Abdulaziz Al-srud

pLdcd

recapture tuyadn- Suppond by 40 ncn only. he succedd id c.pluritr8 the

Ov.r th. ncxl 25 y@, ne extcnd.d hi5 inilun@ ovtr thc

Ld,

c1ltMtly

kmm a Saudi Anbia - All rhis w6 duc 10 hi5 stil a r weior dd d a v.lcm poliricid. Hc applied rcligious Efom, a.hield loliricll sarbility ir rh rgion lnd tuintairql lhe rcligiou dd n@l valEs of th. Al-S.rd Royd

Abdul.ziz Al-Sau4
that qualificd

tloM

by the AEbs

Bin Sau.!, had legdddy qualitie!

hin b

b a grat lead.r,

H.

was only

Kueair

rcclaim his

frmilyt ldds.

He

2l y4 old whetr lE lcft !!ind ai wr .!d qurlifid io b.

srrtsnln- Spintudlr his faitb Eguhi.d his life- He

obslrd

bis Eligion,

Mohmd Bin Abdulqal'ab ad wo*cd dil'Botly to adiur bn b.liefs wrrh rhc dMds of lhe 2Od cdtury. He nastercd in politics at e @ly age thlt gav. hi6 th s6se how to udcr!Lnd
sprcld
pE6.hed by
peopl. md molivaie

Efom

thd.

Alrhough hd Devd lft the Aob world, diplomis

dd

hin, wea surpri$d at bis howl.ds. of world afi3iB. B.sid*, b.ing rh. f.!ha of th. Kingdom of Saudi AEbia, Abdul&iz
schola.s, who visited

w4 boi!

g6t

Eibal

ladd ed

a srat

sJ@ brilgiDg ihe

@ury

inlo a ncw

S!!dl Arobi.: lh IIo(. ofAl-S.ud

Arbia taks irs |m. 'Saudi' tom th. ntine dymsty, which hs govm.d lh Egio since $. .idr4nth @nury. Thc Srudi dynasty,
Saudi

dcae(Ld from tbe Aua Eib. ofNajd, who elrbli$ed thcmclv6 s tu16 of Dirila. Mutatr@d ibr Saud ble thc Amn of Najd ed rbc dliee tukd th. foudilg of ihe S{udi politic.l sys&G. Tle alliec of th. nt.r

wiil

thc

W6l[.bts

gave the kingdoE moE IslrDic

Lgirimcy

rhc

g@did

A3

Mulmd

ibn Saud bad giv6 ih. dynaty its

blmic legitil@y,

Abd

.l

Aziz laid the foudatiG of t,tr dod.n Saudi shre. ue @rcr.d into rgrc.hhls wirh Asdi@ oil compsia in 1933, .nd ihe kingdod's oil w@lth, rcw edDg in rlougds of millioB of Ft o{oUas a yd, h3 mdc its polirical ud 6o.mic posd fclr rhrouShour tbe Mslin workl
Onc of thc

llens

fo. the kingdomt slability

wa

ih syslem tblt was d.3ted

for thc smooth Fesfer of power ftoo one king to anolhr. dicd in 1953, poper pNed irto th hands ofhb
be incomp.tcot

WI6

Abd al,Aziz

ar

lbn Saud, but hc prcvcd io

dd

mov.d

frem his omc. by

f@ily con*aB. F.b.l

Ibn Saud suce.d.d in 1964.

Friel Ms

ruld ud hade his kingdont pows f.h both in rbc Muslin wo d (lbDDgh Islad) ed int tutionally (lbmgh oil). Foritrg lh. impaqt of Na6's Pd-Anbiso, Fabal rcbuncd it with P6-Isldjsn. In t962
a comp.r@t

hc rporsord

a lltemti@l Islamic CoDfeq@ whjch latr rcsrlted in rhc

''. Mtd,rt oll4omtbn, tugtu aJsd '' r1t Rord Ehb&! attu ),ot'. rrlamtb, ofie. an ardbvq^46-us^. ' D.id x*q, EM tj3tu o,n cn4tkt c.rM, il.4h d'd Htu tudets d

fomtion

MBlir Las!. (wML). undd F!tuat's lad4hip rhe wML bede. powtul orgrizario wirb baeh6 att oq 6e wodd. I did
of tbe world

rot rcsldct itsclf to rcliSiou

is!6

but Als tacu.n pohical

isue .tferilg rh.

In 1966lsisal called lhe

stai6, 4d, anr lhe

bleic

aolid.rity dtd co{pdltion betw.d Muslin

bbing of rhe Al-Aqsa Mqqu i! Jtuld in t969, h. @llcd fd 6 Ishmic sl|mit con&lm. !t R.baq wtich re *En&d by oosl MBlim 6udEi6. Th. R.b.t tuir grvc Flisl bb lGr .hane ro dped bir ,ph4 of i!flme, &d i! Meh 1970 hc spoMed lhc n6t IsLnic cn .renc. of For.ign Minis&B in t dda!, a a sult of ebir,I . p.l]@c!t ssEtariat w4 siablish.d thr. Itee have bM rceular cotrfMcca sin*, h6tcd by differcnt Mulin couri*.
In
1973,

ir r6poBc

to

Am.riq

slppon of Is"6t against rhe Arab to.cB of

Egyp add

Srir

duing lbe

E,

r.isal c.d oil

s a lolilic.l

wapon.gaisr

thc WaL lJsdd bis

Orgsiatior ofAra! P.Eolcun Exportirg Courd6 d{idcd to cui b&k oil suppliG by 5 pd @nt util ![ lsn.li fo6 had wilhdliM from Anb ldG. Althousl th! obje.l w6 not &hi.vcd, rhe Wst bccame wdy ad caulious of dcaliog wifi Saldi Ambia, owing to rhe suppon djoyd in lhe M6lin wodd and irs Mdirds to u. it oil fof politic.l putpq6. Oil wEalth b3, d th. odu hu4 also bd u$d for rlE hod.mir.oo! oflbe @utry. Anlr Kjng Faislt deth itr 1975, hk nisio!
thc

inlb@6,

@ntilucd by his
Kins Abduuah.

srcasq

K[alid (1975"81), rahd (1981-2003)

sd

now

ISTJMIC REPT'EIJC OF PAXISTAN

Tte inpoct of Irlrm on thc subcontinclr {.e d*p ed &t @bin& Istao inEodued not only 6 a n w Eligion bul Al$ s ! rw cMliatid, a Ilry My
ot life
and

dd

tr* *t

of valu.!.

lslmic nldirioB of srt drd tileBtw, cultrc

rc6!n nt, social ard w.lfar institutiotu wrc .stablished by Mulin nleB thrcughout rh. sub{oniincnl, A new taoguage, Uldq ddived minly

frcn Anbic, Tukish ed PeBid vocabulr.y ed ats $erhd words md idiom, EDkn dd wrin4 in othr lagu!9.s. Now, Urdu is the Natiml lsguge of Patistan. Apan tm rcligioq Qlm dd Anlic, Urdu al$ odld the Mulim .otmuiry of thc au!.ontinnt duiDS rhe pdiod of its eddarcy to p@m itl 3cpaBr. id.nriry in thc aub-@ntiMr
Wilh iB
Srat o!

@iat @rdcd
14

hisrory dating bact lo rbc rhint

mill@iM

BC

6ltempom6u *ith
Augwt

Mcsopot nia, Pali$rn cndgcd atr indep.ndent Islrmic

1947.

Add lubcootinor *@ tad.s fiom & coNtlad of AnbiN and lllc Arabia! Gu.lf.ffer the ns of Ihe I@ faith b the cdly pvnth @ntury ADi and thc fst pdb,ml Mulim foothold in the subcontindl w6 a.hi.v.d vith MuhaanEd Bin Qasim\
The 6ist to

Malim

st

f@t o!

l!.

soil of 0r. Sourh

conquest

of sind in

7ll

AD, An at)iononous Mtrslin slar linked with de

UmtXa4 ed

latr, the Abb.glid Caliphat ,

wa

Blablished with.iuisdicrion

extding ov4 southn ed c.nr.lpatu ofprcadt Pakisbn, Quitc ! Gw nev citis were establisted ,!d Anbic Ms inhodeed as rh. ofrcial luguge.
At the time of Mabmud of Ghr@'s inv6ion,

Mulin tu|. sril di5ted rhough in a w@lsd forD, in Mdtd ed som oiLr GgiN, Th. Ch@ts (97G ll48) dd rh.n sre.$s, thc cbut (ll,A-t206), wa cdr?l Asie bt

oriSin

dd

oudook md ihey rulld thei. idilodes, wbich @vered

msdy rh.

rcgios of pr6mt Patisra4 Aom c.pirats outsi& th. sub-conrindr It w i! the 6ly tbirtedlh eltury th.1 0E fourdatioB ofMslin ote h 1206 ro 1525
AD, fiv. ditremt dyDstid bcld swcy.

Tt

n foUowcd rLe psiod of Muenal

aMdacy

(152G1707),

dd

thcn tub contilu.d, rhougl

nooinajl, tirl

185?.

Fom thc tin. of ihc Ch4avb, PcBie cpL@d Am6ic s tbe ofrci.l languge. The a@ooi., poliric.l aod rctigios ilnitui@ devetolEd by lh. Muslins borc fiir uique ihprc$ion. Th. lse of rhe stare }E b.*d on Srana, ud in pnnc'ple Lhe rulcs *crcbound loenfoe. ir

Mulin idenlity, howcvd asiuncd &rbu prcponios duing llc deliD. of Mulin powd in Slb,C'ontitrdr ahc fisr p6on ro Eliz. its acuro* wd th. $hold-tbtulogie, Shah watilrkh (1703{2)_ H laid rbc foudaliG of Gl,mic t@isscc i! $c subconrimr sd b@nc a slre of iGpiBti@ fo alnosr all ov6 th. sub.qu.nr sial dd rcligiG Gfom Dov.mdti ltis imcdiatc sw@sou, ispircd by his t@chiogs, trid ro eslablish a nodel Islsic strte i! thc nonh-wst of snt>@db@r dd rh.y, und{ l! leaddship of Sat?id A}Dad (1786,1831), p.$.veFd in llis
Thc qustio. of

M.ewhile, sbrling with thc E.sr India Compmy, the Bnrisb @trgcd a itE donitrbl force in sutlotrti!.nt. Then powr ws gEdutty dnrdd ovd a
p.nod of

lmsl

hbdFd y6. Th.y dpbced rh. Sidid by whrt th.y G lhe ArgleMu!.nradan hv, Engltuh b@me rLc olficial lrngugc.

raly

one

TLce ad orhd dcvel@mdrs

had

gdt

si.l, dotmj.

dd

politi@l ibpact

*pqially

on

rem.d rtre p.opl. ol India bdomes

fie MuliB of sub{onrir6r, Thc strugglc of tEdon, t857, Indid Murily by tb Brilish. Tne Wtr of Ind.p.ndac. hy $.
a

dcsphl. .rcmpt to rveM

rh

adv4e cobe o{

lailw of the lEs? Wr of lrdepadlnce has distrcu cotuequncq *pecially for th MusliB, es fie British covmmenr placd alt th
The

Eporsibility for dlis evqt

on

thch.

Delenined 1o siop s&h a @Mencc

in

tuturc, the Bn sh follow.d

dlib.r.iely a r@ressive policy lgainsi rh Muslins, ?topqli6 dd slat s of lhoe eH rmotely as@iatcd wilh tnc fr..dom fightcs wer coDf$ated hd

lhd. The Mulim rcspotue to rhb situation Eho .ggEqiod 1b.i. plight. Iteir reliaious lod6, who ha.l ben quir. &riv., wirhdrew fom rhe @isru of
coEciou ellorts w.& md. io clo&
aU

th. sv!u4 ofhorcst livins for

tbe

colmmiry lif. md d.vor.d rhtudvd .xclsivcly to iEpdling rctigioDs ichuctiotr. Although rhc Mtdris, aFcially rh6. of Dcobdd, Famgi Malil

dd Rai aaifly, arablbh.d by thc /.r4 did hclp tbc Mulibs ro prw $en id.dtity, how.v.., rhc rtinina Fovidld i! rhs iBlitltio6 h(Iy
quipp.d

tbm fo.

the

n*

chAll6g6,

Tle Mulios k pl thcNlvd d@f ftoD w6r@ crt@riotr s w.ll d eovcfucnt rcNice, But tbcir complirioq lbc Hinda, did tut do so od
acepied the new ru16 wirhour

Bdarion. Thcy a.Aired wsrm cdu@1ior! imbibd th nw cult@ ed captuEd p6itioB hi$eno 6lld in by rbe Mulim. The ro who ralizes rh. ihpdding p.ril M Sir Syd Ahmd

(hu

(1817'1898),. wirr.ss to rhc FaSic

cvdll of l8l?. Ec

ererted his
rhar

uhost lo hmoni& Brilish-Muslim larioDs, His Nscssmml wrs

tte

Mulim'

safety lay in the acquisition ofwcstco edrcltion md hDwldge. He

took !.veral positive Bteps to achievc this obj*tive. Ee fouded a colleg. at

Aligsh to imprl ducslior on w.si.m lins. Of cqud

importance

wd

tbe

AnglGMdlrlr@dan edlcationrl Conf@nce. which he sponsEd in 1886, ro previd m int llecnal forun lo rhe Muslins for rh. dksnirrion ofvis in
support

ofw6ied

education and soci.l

fod. Sidile

werc rhe obje.tivB

of

Mulattmdd Lit Ery Socicty. foud.d by Navab Abdut ratif O82E-93), bDl thcir &tivitics wd. confin d to Bcng.l Sn Sy.d Ahmad Kitut efrorts
lhe

hdfolmd

into a

novd.!t, knom d

rhc AliSarh Movem6r,

ad it

left irs

imp.int on the

Mulim

of evry part of Ue $lbcolrinoi. Under iE inspirion,

arrtzam (smi.ties) werc fouded rhroudout ihe submtinmt ehich

established eduqtional irulinitions for education to rhe Muslins

inp.nirg rcligio$

as wcll

wstem

Sir Syed

Alned K.hm w3 av6c to thc idea ofpanicipation

by rh.

Mslins

ir

&y o.gdird political activity which. he feadd, midr rcvive BritisL hostility towdds thn. He abo dislilcd Hindu-Muslim colt.bmrion in dy ioinr vdtuE.ltis rcsdrtios in rbi. Eglrd sr.mcd b6sic. y Aon 0!e Udu-gitrdi conhovEy of tllc laa 1860s wh.n rh. qindu .nrhuisrs vehen ly
clurpiodcd th. @w of Eildi ro Eplacc Udu, Hc. tbftfon, opposrt the Indim Nltional ColgB. wh6 il ws foud.d in 1885, ed rdvied bis

@msiiy ro ab$ain fiom it5 &tivirics. His co dpozry ed a gMt shot r of bla4 Sld Amq Ali ( 184!1928), shd.d htu vi.ws abolt th. CorgB,
blt
he

not opposed ro

he orgmizd

thNtv$ potiri@lty. Itr 6cl, thc fml siglilica political body of l[. Mutim, tLe C@tnl
MBliru orgdizing

Natioml MUI!@ad.n tus@iarion. Allhoud its ndbdhip ws timiled, n bds abovc fifty b@ch6 in dir.@r p s of $. 3ub.onrin nt od it
accomplished
rhe

src

solid wott fo! the educirional &d

politiol advanendt of

MNliG.

However,

iti

activitics w6nd iow.ld3 lh

od

of the nincIeorh

At in daM of tho tweotieU @ntury, ! nr6b.r of facto.s @din@d lI M6iim about thc ned of e efcctivc politiol org&iation. Thdforc, in Octobd 1906, a dcp .tion @mprising thi.ty-fivc Mustin lades ner in vicdoy ai Si6la md d.@ded s.p@i. .letonts. Tn@ months lat r, ibe AI-Indja M6lim Lguc wq foEdcd !t D[.r! minly wirh t[. obj*tirc of

safcguarding
concedcd ro

erBis of th. MuetiG, Thc B.iri$ s.pmt lecroates io rh. Gov.ilrlMi of t dia Act of 1909 yhich
and

ttc loliiical lighb

confmed kaguet Fsition

4 d All-Indi.

Parry.

Altmpt rt Hirdu-Murum Unity The vieibl. dn

tMd of tbc two @jor co@iri.3 pogessilg in opp$iie .ri@ eu.d dcp @n@m ro lad4 of All-lndit sratr. tt y strussLd
ColgBs dd
the

l[. Mohmd
to bring

MBlin L@g! on on platfom, Quid+Azm Ali Jiual 08?G1948) ws th. lading iig@ uons theo AIia llc dulnht of rhc padidotr of 868.1@d rhe Empce powa' 4gBivc d6ig6 ag.in$ th. Ono'@ Empir. ud Nonl AAic4 the Mtl3ti@ w.E @cptive io thc i.lea ofcoll.boFtior with 0r Hindus.

wlr &hided at rhc Lekmw s.ssions of ih. two partica dd a joint sh@ of rcforu w6 adopGd, In th. Luchw Pac! e rh. $h.@ w6 @monly rcfdld l[c CdgB acclt d tbc principlc of spdtc eldlontes, ud th. Mul'ms ir Etu for 'wcightag.' to th. MuliB of th Muslin ninority provi@s .gftd 1o s@n Lr then sfin @jorilis in lhc Pujab ed Bngal. Thc Post-Lstmw P&t pdiod wit!6scd Hindu'Mslin miry ed dc two pani.s me to bold then mud $$ios in
Thc Congrcss-Mulin liaguc npproch.mdt ilE sme ciry
and passed rcsolurions

ofsinile onlc.i.

Txe r'ind-Muslih

uity

rcacbed its clitnax duing

i! Khilrfat

and

ile

Non-

coopedtion Movcedts. Thc

rhc Ati

MNlid

of slbcdrircd

u&r

0r. lcaddslip of

Borh.6, Mad6a

Mubmd

Ali dd MoLna SLaltlt Ali. la!tuLcd

the hisloric K.hilafal Mov.nenl aft.r the FiBt Wo.ld wdr lo pmbcr fie

Onot@ EmpiE A06

ds@bqnmt Mohaldat Krlifuh.nd Cddti (18591948) ltukcd thc is@ of Mroj (d slf-govclmdl) with rh. Khilaat is. to

asociat lhe Hindls wiih the Movemcrr. The eNing Movnnt wa tLe tud cout y'pidc popula movmat. Although th. movtMt fail.d in its

obj4rives, it had

fai-.acbing impaci on the

MBlirE

of subcodinelt.

Afld

lotrg

tinc ihy

forged

a aitld &tion on a pwly

kl&ic

issuc which

nomdtadly forg.d solideiry mong rhm. Ir abo ptlduccd s ct.$ of Mulim l@d6 aplicMd in orsoizing ard @bitizins rh. p.opte. 'nis .xpqiG v6! of imcnsc v.le to the Mulic dui.g the Parisa! Mdcmot of the (nilafat MoveDcrr wrs followed by . priod of bitter tlindu-MNlih dtagoriM. The Hindus orgdizd rwo hiShly ori-Mslim

ft

ollapsc

tb. Sdg.lbo The fomr mrcMr s d6i8n d ro @DE.t MNlims to Hindutun &d the h!6 ws t|r@1 ro @re elid{ity dong the EildB in rie cvcnr of c@al cd{ticr. I! Etaliado4 the Mulios spoM'td the Tabligh dd T@in oryeizlios to couter lhe inpact of thc Shudl dd tbe Su$thu. I! the 1920s the frcqlcnci6 of combll riot! weE up@edented. &venl Hildu-Mulin uity.onf@6 w* hld to rcDovc lle 6Ug of co.rtlic! but it s.md mding ould mitigat tbc irtc.sily of comddisn
novemcnts, thc Shudhi and

MBllDr d.n.nd.d 3 egu&di

In Ue

lidl

ofthis situatioa the Muslim Eviscd then constitutional denrr!&.

Tley noe Mntcd pewation of thcir nuBic.l tujoriri.s in rh. Pujab &d
Bengal, scpaEtion of Sindh fiDo Bombay, costitution for Baluchisran

sqantc previrc.

and

irtod!.tion of@nsdnnio.,l Efom in th. Ndl[-W6t

FMtid rovince. It % Frtly (o pEss 66c .lctud! O4t onc s4tion of the Al-lndi. MBlim Lague coopmr.d yilh thc Statulory Comhsion s@r by
the Britkh

gov.m

Ddr the chaimluhip of sn John Simon in 1927. Th

othd section oi dre L@gu., which boy.otrcd the Sinon Comissid. for irs

ch&clcr, @p@led sith thc Ncbd ComitGc .ppoint d by the AI-Panje conf@ to dnn a @Gdtutio! fd lldia TXc N.hd RcDort hrd e qtm.ly eli"Mulim bia ard thc CongB leaddslipt nfiNd !o mod
a,ll-whit

it disillsiond .v.n the

noddt

Muslim!,

Sevc6l ladcB md lhiileis havi4 iNight into thc Hindu-Muslin conflicts

proposed Sbtc lbr Indian

Mslim. How.ve., the Nl l!6id expGition of rhe iue! f@lings of l[e Muslin comuiry ws sivc! by Allrtr$ Mu!@d
Iqbd (187?- 1938) in his pr6id6iial addss to lhe AU-l'dia Muslin lecr]e Alltbabod in 1930, he sueScsted

d
in

$d

for the healthy developmert of

Idm

subcdtiftnr, ir

@ N@tirl to b|c .
Egions of the Indi..

sep@tc

Mulio

statc

.r

l*r

in rn

Mulin bajorjty

klr 04 in his conBpondene wilh Quaid-i-Azam Mohmd Ali Jimah, hc included thc Mulin m.j6ity aj4 i! tb. NonI'Edt also in his prepd.d Mulim st i.. Ttre jts aftd his
Aualabad addre$, a group of Mu8lid studedts at Cmbridgc, hclded by
Ch.udhry Rahml Ari issu.d a

pmphlel, Noe

or Ncvef', in which, drawing

Ltle6 from th

nulc of tbe Malin ejority cgios,

fw,

0Ey gt e th.
dccrde for thc

nonnclaturc of PalGt n to tn. prcpd.d sr6te. vcry

cvcn mong tnc

Muslia, wclcon d uris id.a ar that tim.. It w6 to tlke a Muln6 to .obEe thc d.hlrd fd a s.pmte Malim st te.

Qlrld+Aam Mohrnnrd AI Jinn.h Manwhilc, d@ Roud Trbl. CitrfcErce w@ conv@d in tnndon dui!8 193G32, 10 Fslve the hdie cctitulioral preblem. T[e ltindu dd Malin
lcadcs who w.rc invild 10 th*e confrcnces could not draw up m agrced

fomuh md thc Bdlsh

which

Covtur

h.d to

mol!@

a 'Conmual

Awrd'

itr@Doqted io tn.

Govmm! orlndi. Acl of 1935. Beforc th.

La8rre, which had

cledom undd this Act, thc All-lndia Muslin

mir.d

.lolimt for $me 1inc, wf 6r$niad by QlAjd+Azd Moh@d Ali Jir!,\ wto 6ad reth.d 10 India in l93s lnd a slf-itipo*d cxil. or@ly
Iive

yed

in England. The Muslin Le.gu. @uld not win

mjority ofMrslin
thc

s.!ts,

sid

it bid not yer bd .ffsdvely m.gdizcd. Howevd, it hrd lh.

s.tisfaction (har

tn. pdfo!'@c of th. hdim National congrd tu

Muslim constituemieswas ursatisfactory.

Affr the electioN, rh anitudc of 0r CongE$s ladership was

domi!.ri!s. Thc clrssic cxaDDle govmert wilh th. Muslih Lasue in the Unitd Prcvift.s. Itutrad it ast.d thc Leae! lc.dd to dtuolve then parliuot ry paity in thc Prcvinci.t

@gsr ed w4 irs Etuel to fom E c@lirio!

Asbly

ud join th. Conge Anorhd inFrt !r CotrsN @ve afrd thc 193? el.clions w$ irs Mslim @!s to DeEnadc the Mulim to join rhe conSrs ed no1 tnc Mulim Logue. On. of i1s la&E, Jawahdal N.htq ever d.cled lEt thd w.E only two force in bdia, rh.
Bdtbh

ed

ihc Conses. AII

AU Jinnal

Mohmgd
lhird

ilis did not go schlllncEd. Qlaid'eAEm coul.rcd that prop.gEtrda ed sid rlrr thm b rls a
mu$tuting the Mmlitu. The All-lidia Muslin

toE in subotrtircnr

Learle unde. his giiied ladsship godullly sd sldlltully started io cotr$lidatc rh. Muli@ on oD. platfom. It did mr nis to dploit d6 mll
Congre$ mjstakcs in ils Avou-

Towrd! r SeF.tte Mu rEon.l.nd Th. 1930s saw rcalianotr anong the Mu6liG of
th.ir

then spaEtc identity

dd
thc

eiety

to preswe il within sepdte teaional boMdari4,

A, inponanl

elcmcnt brouSht lhis

simding M6lim

narion

lbB in

thc opcn

charcier of ihc Congre$ rulc in Oe Muslin mirority pmvinccs duing 193?-

Tle Congr6s polici$ in thse previMs hun M6lin sBcptibiliti.s. Tt6c w@ elculatd .im to obln.dL the MGli6 a a $prnt @ligiN dd oliunl onit. The Muslim .ov stopped to thi* in Iefts of se.king efcguar& dd bcgd to coBidd *do$ly the d.tud for r sp@te Malim sr ..Driry l9l7-19,svdlMElimlcaddddthi!t@, itrs?irEdbyAlladr
19,

Iqbah idas, pGdted elabole schenes of pdiitiorone the subcontindt on

Thc All lndia MBlim

sh.rcs i!1o @Bd.r.lim ad finalty, oD March 23, 1940, in a rcslutiod.l its Ld@ ssioA dmdcd
liagu.
t@k

sr

th*

sPmt honcland for lle Muli6 in ih. Mlslin @jqity rcgiN of rh. subconlinent. The rcslution m comonly efded to N! 1! .?atjslan
Reslution". Thc Pakistan del@d h.d

pds6ior. Il

rcvivd

nmori6

erelt appal for lhc Mustims of wery of den past gHtrrs 6d prenised tut@
a

glory. Thc, ln.Gfoa,

c?o

led to rLis

defud iDDdjat.ty.

Tle Brilish Govemmenl rcco8ri4d th. gNincness of ib Paldsbn delMd indi@fy in the pbposab for rbe lr.nsfr of powd ana tbc Sdond World

Wr vhich Sir Staford Cripps broudt to Ldia in 1942. Borh rh. CoDSB ed tbc AI India M[slin L@gE Ej4tcd rh@ !rcpcals fo. ditrdr lM_ Tb. principle of $c.ssion of Mslim Indir ,s a scpmt dominion wd, howevs, concedd in thcsc preposals. Afti this fbilw, a pronircf,t Congrcs ladr, C. Rrj Cop.l Achaia, suggestd a fomula fo. a s.pasie MBlin stat in ln. working ominc. ofth6Indid Nariorul Congresq vhich ws Fj@lcd at rh
time but

lal6 on, in | 944, fom.d

rbc

bais oflhc Gedhi-JinEl ralle

@ populdized duing Oe Second World War. Ev6ry s4tiotr of thc Mslid olmuity wo6o, studcntr, lLda and buinesnen
The

laiisn

demand

wa ory&t.d u.Lr the benq of tt. Au-hdia Mulim laguc. Btuche of the prty wcE opdcd in tLe It@le com6 of dE sub.onunen! UtcotrE in the fom of pahphlels, bokr, tug&incs od news?ap.6 ws pod@d to explain lhe t.kist n de@d and disribllcd *idely. Tbe srpport gaind by rhe All-ldia Muslim Lcaee dd its dcrud for ?akistu wes &s1cd ana ihe

fiilw

Cdf.mcq conv.rd by rhe Vi@y, Lrrd Wavell, io 1945. ElctioG wft callcd ro dhinc lhc r.+6tirc $.6gth of l!. polilical
of th. Shna

Mulin LeaSue electio! cmpaign e6 baed d the P.rbbn dc@{t lte Mulin comudity qpod.d to this call io m upe.d.dt d w.y. Nm.os
The

Mulin prnis
Iegislaturc

whjch

Congress to opposc

fmd a uir.d pdlialmrary boad at ihe b.h.st of i!. ihc Mlslin klgDc swepl aI rhc ilhirty sars in ihe.cnrnl

dd ir

thc provincial elections

.le

its victory

ws

ourstzrding. Aner

the clcclioc,

Mstin Iag@ c.llcd a cmvobon ofthe nw! cletd Laguc ncnb@ in thc @ntral sd prcvincial leSblatues at Delhi. This convcriion, which colsritured vi,tullly a .eprcscnbtiv dsembly of thc Mulim of subconrirdr, on a no!@ by rbe Chicf Minisler of Bmgrl, H|ein Sha!..d SDldwardy, riiaarcd thc patistrn drudi! clturrhs.
1945,

or April &9,

r[.

AI-IDdia

In

dly

19.16,

l[.

British

Covem.lr

sr

a Cabilct Mision

rhc

subcontin Dt 10 ncgoiiations

r*olvc th. costindonat dadlock. The Mi$ion onducrcd vith vsnou lFlitical p.nics bur friled ro evolve & agEd

fomuh, Fi@Un thc Cabinel Mision mouced its oM Plan whicn, morg otlEr provnionr gviegd rhe fed.ral gmulings, two of thd ompdring

tic Mwlim mjority plovinc6,

linkcd

ri

thc @nhe in a l@F fdeorion Mth

?ld, s a srntegic move, erpeting b acbieve its objetive in-r-nor-too-distant funr. The All,lndi. Con86 lbo aA@d ro rlE Ple b!t, sn dlizing its inllidon$ $c
lbice subjch. The Muslim L@sxe aEcptcd the
Congrcs ladeu bcgan
1o

ilteQEi ir

in

! My

not visualiad by rie lurhoE

of

the PIan. This provided the All-lndia Muslin kagne an excuse ro wi$draw i1s

am.ptarce of the Day' to show

Pla dd the psrty obed.d Augut 16 N a Dirct Aciiotr MNlin sotidrrity supporr ofrbe ?akisrb d.m{L

In Octob* 1946,

& lnt rin Gov.nmenr

was

f@ed. Th. Mulim lag@ sor

ic Eprcsliti6 udd

lbe ladcGhip of iis

arght for lh pany

Cddl

S@tary, Mr. Liaqlar

Ali Kh.n, wnh the .im lo

objetiv. ffoh within thc Inidim

And
the

a shon timc. tbe sitution

isid. od

outside the

lDrdio

cov.mflt
of

convincd rh ConSiecs leaddhip to accepr P3*isl!n as thc onty solutiotr

comunal problen. The British Covem.n! aftd ! Lst att npt to ev lhc C.bi!.i Mision Pld in Dgmbd 1946, .lso @v.d rowds a pld aor tt loditionoflndi!. Tb.Id Bnrish Viccoy, t rd l^is Mourbdn |! cdc wirh a cl@ Imdltc ro d6ft. pld fo. thc i..sfd of !ow.L An r holding talks Mth politiql lod6 dd panies, h pr.p&d ! ?arrition Plan for ihc iraffId of
powr which, and appmval by thc British

Covelm.n! wN mouced on

Boi! thc congr$ dd tte Mulin t aglc &cpted tne pb!. Two largdt MNlin mjority prcvincd, Bos.l .nd ?ujab, wde .le.larcd as Fpqnre Staie. Th ascnblid ol WBt Punjab, Eat Bengal, dd Sid ed in
Bahchi$an. thc Quctia Mmicipality, and nE Shahi Jirga vorcd

fd

Pskbtar

Ref.mdm wa

l.ontid Prcvire 6d thc Dstdcr of Sylhet in Asm cancd d ovwhdming voto for Pakistan. Otr Augur 14, 1947, nd Mustin Statc of Pakistrn nergcd on ihe world mprt.
hcld in the Nonl-Wst Pakislan cohlrising Bal@bistar,

Wst

?akisran s,irh the provima,

of

Punjab, Sbdt,

,rd

thc

NorilBt Froirid

Prcvin@ [NWFP), lnd Easr

]atista!

wilh drc provin@ of B6Aa1, bedc & irdclodcnt Mclin Sralc. E st Paki$rn latcr, in Drcmbq 1971, bdm ile indepcndent @tiotr of

P.lbbE . S.p.r.te

State

Pakislan, alon8 wirh porrs

of w6tm India, @lained thc dbologicjl

d !r!h civilizrim dlrin8 bek 4,500 y6- Al.r.ndd rh. G@r included lhc Indus V.lley in his .opn in 326 B.C,, ed hi. s@essoB
remis
of
folnded the Indo-Gr.k king.lon of Bacri. based in what is ro&y AfShaisran

'

^M6e.t..cowtuql^etu

.nd qi.ndinS to PdlEwd. Folloeine thc ris of rhc Catrtl A$id (utd EmpiE i! lNtcr cdtuies, thc Buddhjsr cuhe of Afghdisnn aid pakhr.n,
centeEd on th.

citr of Taxila

jul

osr of Pdhawtr, xped.rc.d a culturat

rcuisscc bom a

ihc CtudhlE pcdo4

Tle Mahmja of (ahmir was reluctani ro nak a .lccisror ciu6 Pahstan or hdia, Hoe.va, mcd ircmios inlo the si.r. by tribenM fton the NWFP lcd hin to scek nilituy dsislanc. fron India. Thc Mah&ijs signd acc*sion p5p6 in October 1947 md auowcd ldim t oops to nrr thc stalc. Thc Cov.mmt of Pati$an, howwd, Ffad to @gnize dr

ec6sid dd canlaigncd lo d6e

reroind in djspule si4ce

lhc dcision. Thc statu of

K4brir hd

fier

Tie Burctu.ntic M.rt.6rl

The Britbh us.d two s@aale syst

ro soven

llen Irdie @pne:

thc

B.itsh Indid Amy dd thc Indid Civil

a.s the

S.nie

(ICS). The ICS not only a.r.d

adhinistative

poss*sed coNid@ble

infdtn rr bctwed ruld and the ruld but also policynDkins powr llis wst bw.umdc m.hinc.y

wd bqiled by a hddftl of British civil sl@ts, wbo gowh.d thc @lonial mpiE with an ion grip. Anr independenc raldstsn and India inldited tbat blreaucFtic stt@, In India it wa! ldoM as th. Indifl Adminisr6tiv. S.Nice 0AS), and in lakbLn the civil Sdie of Prtista! (CSP).
Admlnlstrdlve Slructurc of Prlilstrn

Friod 195158, lhe inh.rited @lonid .dninistEdve shetr s such thal {hocvd hed.d lhc buaucFcy @dd m.lc the position of th. political ldder m@ly litular atrd inpotent. The nost imporldt pan of th.

Duiry

the

bursucnric ruchindy

tne Cabind SedariAr, rhrcugh wbich all

cdtral

tov.r@ot dirctivs !a.t to be chmclcd.

ahe ordcs wde comDiatd to

- hd x*4, F'M uh'

&n co4td

c,rtu vtu d tui. pd"ea 6

the

s*retari6 tu @h ninist y dd

*c

rhd op@riotulis.d. Ar r!. prwieid

or CS?

level, conttol

re

amised tbr@e! sovcdoB

officd

who

w.r. dir.cr

8ovmeni ed boud by the dnectivs of fte Cabinet SaEtariai. Th.y xnisd noE powtr in thc p@vires thd the
appoinlc* of the cent
elecred

!l

cptlsaatiEs

of the pople. ThLs, ih. welass of politicrl

10

l6d.Bbip

and politi.al

p{tis

I.d

th. dclgcn@ ol the burciu.Fcy

th. polilicgl

Duina nilitary ru|. of Aldb KIm (1958't968I lLc powd of thc buou@cy

ws

cunailcd

ad IMy
s@n

scdio.

bwaucots

wft

disniss.d Aom their posts. Bur

the

the milit ry. ndded the

bl@rcr&y in oder b goven

d ilselfro rhc

couty, dd

the

bearcacy

niliury. All admiDisrrative Efom w@ thcEfoF shelved. Und.r Zulfiqr Ali Bhutio, rceimc, howevr, thft ws ndical change of rfom: th adninhmfvc
of the hdd-@id@ of

adjct

dl.

rt

qdre we intcgnted i o onc uificd scryic., wilt blEucdts clasfi.d @rding lo thc gatle syst n. Thc CSPS w.n lcry di$ltisfi.d viih fall in thcir status, and lhcy dlib.ntcly sabotaged Bhlttot $cialist progrlmes, The taull, how.v.r, wd
nonopoly of tbe CS? w6 brokd dd, all s@ica md
Bhutto's

b.oe

he

ha a fcud.l bactglosd

*6

popcFdru& ihFlorc wbal

he has pmnted to rh. p@plc, Rod. KrpB and

Shelrc4 failed to BtrEngthl hjs party's linls eiih

Maht (Foo4 Clot!.s dd

6e 6liray cotp d ltot of ltly 197?, which

Allhough il did not

llc nss, The bmducn y, rcmv.d Bhutlo, Ms w.lcomed.

pP.oind@ il posc$cd duilg milit ry ole dead., it slill djoys policy-nating pow6. The milit ry cgim lb,n sahl to legiiimlir ils tak ovd urdd the guhd of Islmhltion. thc bl@uc6t! have conc.ntrded rhn policy-nBkine in rhie .H- But lhiny-iive y.a dr indcpcndd.e, the bdic .lid$ snutu'. of odt y\ political systd h4 not altcnd fbn the610 al D.tt n
djoy
the

CIHPTER-2
Saudi Arabia-lndian EconomicRelationsre: Implications for Saudi Arabia-Pakistan Relationship Itrdlrtr lovglmnt Policy

Pct

1991, thc IndiN!

@nony ha ben Lrg.ly d.rcgDlat d wir[ r[e rebovrl

of hosl Iieuina pFccdl$. T!. Oovc@rs tibmtiatio! ed ao@mic rfom progimc aiE ai q,id ed substalti.l economic grod, ed integntion widr th. global a@ony in a ldoni4d mmd, Th. ind$Fial
policy

refom
on

havc rducd rbc ilduskial

ticGing rcquinrcnts, rcnovcd

Btrictic

invdtndr dd expmion dd h.ilirared 6y a..8 ro forcigt i.chnologJ, ed rDL wbich nd. rhc bui!6s avibmcnl ilvcstor fteddly, and is d imlErunt ati.lction fq fresh invcariMr

The

lldstrial ?olicy Rcsolurion of 1955 xd rh. SLlmcnt of l99l prcvidcs ilE bsi firme*o* for thc Covmnt

on

Induhirl policy

Ttte Systen of obiaining gov.mrcnr applovals

bs

b.n pogEsiv.ty

libcBlial ord

comdcing nDm rh. w.tcBh.d chrgB in ttdutrial lolicy .Nun ed on 246.tuly l99l which slbrbnrially abotished indNEial licnsing, adouced nasNs facilitltig foEign inv.stadt ud tcchnolos/ lrasfcs dd opmed most d.as edlier Geded for public s4toi
1990s

fi.

Thc

requim@t of obt ining m induiial lic@e for @uf..ruriDs acrjviry

is

Iidusti.s resrycd

for pnblic sector (3 in numbd)

4drw

tuhd@P,ffi6 M.
^446lidta

k nootMlntu, tu. rd) tu N1

N@.db'tr.kfu. cow,.[t dbdM

Lbl ol hd!.trta r6e.ved for tt. p[blic sctor Arb! .nd rMuition dd allicd illm of def6c. cquipMi defde
ancan aid tra$hips (!roc6s ha becn initi.ted
2
10

dersene &is .nt y)

3.

6 industriB of stat cic

sial d

@viremdtal @MmNoFsutsll
C
.

56l. sFto.

by Non-SmU Scal. Industy

SSI')

uils

or

uts

in

which forign eqlity is mor ihan 24

pEe

AU

ot!& indusrria 16 Gxalt liom lieBiry $bjet

ro

cqtai! localrioMl
trot

arricti@ in m.iropolird .@. ln th. .vat, learioral ctrictic @ dneEd ro rbc sit u rcquud ro obrlin & irdrFirl Ucoc..
Forigtr ltryestmeit Pollcy

Indb\ donooic policis @ deigncd io att&t signjfi@t c.pital intlos inro Iadia d a suslaincd b6is dd to mouagc rccbnology collrborad@ bctw@ Indie dd foEign fim. Policy idliarivcs t*d oEr rhc l$r f.w yors! have
rcsuled in significant

i.ilos

of foFigtr
such

irvsh.nt

in

div.e @s

of the

econony. Ldia welcomes

diMi

forcign invcshmt in virhDlly dery sector,

d dcloce (opncd up r.mily to . limited xtcnr) Eilway tran&ort &d nonic .&rF/ and whd l!. diniry ed notined sdoal policy d6 not p.mir loEign Di@t Iw6h@t (FDD
ereF tos. of statcgic @ncm
beyond a c.rtain c.iling,

Li*
2.

of itrdu3trlB for phich

Indultlrl

Ltc.trsltrg is comptlsory

Distilhriotr

dd bwing

of alcoholi.

drink.
a.ll

Cigm &d ci8.Elt6 of toba@ Md !@uhc[rled rob@o subrrirute.

ElsFonic Acrospae
and defencc

l.

.quip@!

tFs.
safcty

Indutdal cxplosives ircluding d.to@ting powdcr, E@.llnlose dd mtchcs.

5.

tu$,

fts6, gu

6.

Dnrss and

Ph@utic.ls

(accordins

to the modifi.d Dog Policy

1999),

isucd in

1994

dd $bsqumdy dn@d.d ir

Stlenr feltura of tbe @nomlc pollcle!

rd

incentlv8

lor

forclgE

. . . . . . . . . . .

No

Covhent ap!rcEl Eqliftd

'rs/etiviti6,

for foEistr dict

nvBhdt

in

vinuauy all thc sat

cx@p!

. @ll nc9tivc

li5t notifed by

Govment
is

notifid Sector Spailic Cnidelinq for For.ig Dircct lwslncnf' (tablcA) eheein inv6!rcn1up to sp6ili.d scctonl ap!
has

@vdd undd

rhe

olo@tic Dut., witl

fd

e&.ptioB.

Tte Forcign Invdlmmt Prcmotion Bodd (!IPB) coffidcB Foposds for forcign panicipatio! that do rcl qulity fo. aliomtic appmval.
D.cisions o! all lorciejl invcstncnt propos.ls
30 dars

uually trtm aitbin

of.pplicalid.

Fre Epariation of pital inclt!..r ed preft rhc@n is F@ittc4 povitlcd thc origin l iN.srrnbr M nade in convcnible fNig!
Usc of forcign

bred

imc

r.dc

mk

for salc of goods in rddia h

Indie @pilll rEtcts m oFn

Indian compNdcs @

to

foEiSr itrstitutiodl invato6.

Fmitled

to Eise tunds from intc@tional capital

India

ha cnicred into ag@menb for avoiddc. ofdoubl laiatiotr with coultti6.

over 88

Iodia has sigcd 3? bilrr@l

inv6flar

pmbction agrEcn trts.

Speial

inveftn
such as

md rax in@niiv.s @ giv6 for.xports md cenaln

sdo6

powd, el.ctronics, Boliwdc

ud

f@d prc@$ine.

'SinSle whdow'

clM.e
ldou

facililica

dd

'invesroB @on

swi6'
tur

hrvc

ben previdcd in

st ier io sinp[ry l[c ap!rclrt

ptlE*

es

Foreigo Dir.cr InveltDtrt

InpNMeof th.Govcl1@'scomir!@tfd6lyihpt.m.ntarionof lh sond phe of eoronic Efolm &d witb ! vi.w ro tu {q ulshmtdina
Indi6 ildutry from
.llow.d FDI or
an

the rigoB of

appb*ls ad controls, O.

covtudr

hN

auioMiic bsi6, erccpt in rcsp61 of ! stull negative lbt.

All induEievacrivirics wodd quIry for FDI @

alromric b.sis qcept

l[.

AU investnoi proposb in @opeies whG lcrivitia rcquiE

indusrrial

Lieru.,

which inctuds:

&

.ctvity rcquiring

Indurrial

Lic.e
195

undd rhe

hdBtti6

(Dcvclop@t ed Rcgulario.) Ac!

l;

fopi$
@pit

investmdt bing more

havins

rle

24 percelt in tbe equity

l of compdi6

uir tuuI&rlrins nm Bwd

IrdBtriat Lic.M h bms ofrhe

for shall scale indusrriq snd

all .ctiviriB which rcquiE

le.tional policy rorili.d

Iidusrrial Policy of 1991.

by

covtue

ud.r

rhc Slateme on

All prop$ab i.volving a forcign @tbboaror who bas m cxistinS or ba had a prcvioN vstur/ dc-up i! lndia in th. eh. or ied fi.ld
(crcept in th.

Gc

of biomarion Tehnolory sdro.

dd itrGebd&

fMcial istitutions such !s Asi& Dcwlopm.nr BdJ., IntcMiioml li@ce Coryontiotr, Comonwealth Dqetopn it
nnde by Int @lio.al

CorFntion, DcBtsche Entwicklugs (cdcelscban crc.,

To atFacl

ilvstnd!

sdaal

sratcs offcr

in4driv6 ietudirg:

. . . . . .

ebsidia whicb involve rhe shre finecing E cdtdr p.rcdtlge ofthe lixd spiill c6t for r poj@t
Investrn@l

lod gnnled by Sr&te Fi@ciat CorDontioro. Pricc prI@ce or goo& hadc by Snall Scala Indusbi.s
Int
slbsidy on

ei

in

gov.mcnt&dsmi-govlm.nlorgeizarioG'purcbbcs. Er.hpti@ &on &e rrFdr of@noi (nEy rd fo. a @dain p.riod). All propoeb Elating ro acqubirion of cxistitrS sb,B in d Indi& conpey by f@ign
in which FDI is nor

ilvetol
caps

All preposals faling outsidc norificd scclosl policy /

undd secroF

pmitrd. AII propdalr whw rhe invstor chooss 10 Mle an lpplicatim io thc FIPB and nol to avail of thc automric

S.ctor
S. No.

T.bl64 Spcitrc Grid.lird for ForcigE DiMt hr6tm.nt

FDI upto 49% fton all som.
guidelin* issled
a.

b Fmittd
ro
RBI

under rhe autoMtic route subjecr

Aontin

to timc,

FDTNRVOCB

inv6ld6rs allowd

follovins

19

NBFC activities sh.ll b

ldcls indioLd below:

iii. iv. v.
vii.

Ponfolio MdmSncnt

Swic.g

Invlsln@r Advisory

Sdic6

Fiiecial Cdsdtancy
A$ct

MaraSmt

ix. ri.

CBrodial

Sdiccs

R.fe@ Agdci6 ni. Cr.dir ding fudcia nii. tasiry & Fins4
Crcdit

xvi. Cadit drd buincas

xvii. Moncy chdging Busin$

b-

Minin@ Capitatiatio! N()m for fiDd

baed NBICS.

i) ii)

5l pci!@t to be btuugh lpnont

For FDI

US$ 0.

millio!

Fm FDI abov.

5l pcMr dd

upto 75

pdcdl
c.

us$ 5 million ro

be brcudtt

Minimu pitaliatioo oom

for mn-6rd

Midnm

copit

liatio. nom of

US$ 0.5

nillion is appliobL in Esp.cr of aI pdnittcd nd-nDd b!!rd NBFCa wiL

d.

FoFign invsroB
to disinvcst a

set upto

100%

op.r.ti.8 sDbsididiq eithor$ thc cdditid

mininu

of 25% of i6 cquity
10

to Indiao entities, subj.ct

bringilg h us$

50 miUior as at O) (iii) rbov. (without

dy

GEicrion

d nMb.r of

opcraring

slb3idiui6 withot bringiry

e.

additiord

V6tlE ol'@ting NB!C\ lbat hlve 75% or l*s tha 75% foEign invsrmnt
Joinr
wiU ako be Elowed to

et

up subsididid fo.

ottd NBFC .crivitis $bjar to th. subsidieie ale @6plying wirh thc
unddtaling
applidblc

nilinu

.apit l itrtlow i... (b) (i)

FDI in the NBFC eclor is plt on anro@tic

omplire wirh suid.li!6 of thc Refu Brll of l!di& R.BI would

mtc subjdr
ro

i!$c appbpdare suidetinca in this rsard. Pemiti.g IDI ulto 26% n ilc Inswc! Sctor undd autotutic rout sbjct to
obLidng li@@

Ad r.s@c.

Rgd.to.y

&

Dcvelopmdl Authonty (IRDA)

Proposals for invcltnent

h lublic

secio.

uits,

as abo for Export Oriored

/ Expo.t Fte*ins zonc (EPZ) / Elelronic Ori.nr.d Hardwe T@hlolo$' Plrt (EETP) / Soft*@ T?cbtulosy Pa* (STP) uits qualry fq
Units (EoU)

Automtic alpreval bute $!jct to adhdine to rhe atuFsid

Prcposals for

ptu 16

lorigr

invdtmtuq which & trot @vered udcr rhe automtic

approld rcure, @ @BidrEd for apprevd. on m6its, by $. fPB. CoDlosit pmposals i.c- propos.ls cking od6 in.bsEial app@v.k litc indsri.l
liccnce, techDi@l collaboEnd etc. atong with approval fo. focign
are givcn

in@[n@!

r conpditc cleMc by the

FM,

P.oDosls involving

foEign inrlsror wh. h,s vdtur./ric

up

si3ti.g or h^
jurify

had a
to

pdioa fi|uciautahrical

i!

lndia. @ EquiEd ro

1!.

GoverMqr that thc new vmte would not in rny ay jopardi* inreqis of the cxistine joint vntuslchnolo$/hidendl plrtnd or otbd
st&kholdas, in th. Thc Govelmot

ddt

thc

nd

rcdntrc i. in thc

m.r' ali.d

ficld.

hd

*l

up a FoEign

Inv6lmot Implmotatio Autho.iry

for pbvidins

(n!A) in the Minist y of Conn@e & l.dutry

sinel wiodow

to forcign

invcstors

io fa.ilitate

quick

F4lation of foreign iNdlndr

Sp.cltl Eonomlc Z.n

A nw policy h4 hco int odEcd in th. Enn Policy

.ftctivc &on AFil

l,

2000, for setting up of

Spai.l Econonic Zo.cs

(SEZ)

the

couitT

with

miioDaly codpctitivc 6d hale f!6 envioment aor e4o.rs. Unirs dy be et !p in SEZ for tuufacneq
to pmvi.lc an
tading, rc{onditioning,

r vi*

sdice aclivrty. The ui$ in Zonc h.ve to be . nct forcign dcbdgc cm.r b fi.y sbdl tul bc subjdlcd to any p6deicmired valu. additio! d ninim@ export prfmnce rcqlireddis Sal6 in th. Dondric Teiff Arca for SBZ uutr sh.ll b. s$bj@t lo positive forcig! qctdgc tujn8s dd m pdym@r of tull
and rcpan or for

Csron dnty dd inpon policy h forcc.

roc.nll6

ror SDdirl E@.oEic zom (SEz)

. . . . . . .

No liceB. requiled for impon,

D y Ae
Duty fre.

idports of opital goodr Fw

@t dali c@ub$ls" SIJG 6w m&rials,

coNurnable

pllreDc
lioh

ol @pibl

8oods,

sF6

crc

rhc donesric

trElcr
duty

Mannfac dng, aading o. seRice rclivity allowed.

Do@tic Sals m tull Cut@

No 6rcd

sdj.t

to ioport policy in

fm..

wdt

nom.

Fn[ 6adom for eubconFacting.

Sub.ontrcting of part of prodlciion pmitlcd rbroldNo routine

cxuimti@

by

Cutom oferpon &d irnpon alco.

cxports p@.eds

l&ility

to

eliE

drd

rcpilliat

withi!

12 montDr.

R-qpon inpond sood! {oud det6tiv., goods inpo.ted liom foBig! supplieB on lM bais etc. without C-t *ivq ud.r inrituiior ro rhe
Derclopmenl

Comi$iond,
100% of forcign

Facility to

tlin

.xcba!g.

luipls

itr Expon

Em6

Forcign CMency (EEFC) Accout.

Dury
up of

fre impor/p@ren6r fron

f.clory in
the Zotre

DTA ot speincd goods

fd ening

pemittcd.
d to

sEZ rading udts

pmitt

ell

goods

i!

thc DTA

i! @ord&@ wilh

$e ibport policy ir foM,

The

datioB

b.t*d

Saudi Anbia and Iodh bad

inpded tldctrilouly

SNdl-Irdo Eolooic Rclrdos

India-GCC lDdlstrial

confd@
Joid

lrdian Ilvdtrncnt Sludi

and

v6nc
!o Saudr

inv6h.nt

ia

Indi!
Anbia

lndis

BNrs

delc$lioN

Saudi B6in.cs delegations to

lrdia

l.troducdoE: India

ed

Saudi Aebia

lt

old buinGs

pdh.6: tb.n llld.

r.biioN go back tcB of 4ntui4. The bilatrd bulincss ties are be'ng stcadily qpanded ad nrthd stdglhclcd by contiluorE interedd and
@op.ntion, tuludirgrceular.xchmg. of buincss delegations. Besidcsbeitg

a major rrad. partEr, India

se

thc Kingdon

au

ihportarr 4otuDic

partrEr ror itrvesrnds, joint

v.ntu4, tr.sfd of t6b@los/ prcj@is ed joint

pojcts

io third

couti6.
paind for
Saudi ADbi!: The

Tr.d.: Indi!
For SlDdi

is 4$ la4est mding

Elrc

of the

two-way tade btwen lhe two coutries

ir

2002-2003

wa

US$ 5.10 billion.

Ahliq

India n

d.

4d largat m.rkct fo. its qports,

@ulirg fd

4-84 % of its totrl .xporrs. ln

of imports by Saudi AEbia, Ildia nnl6

lori dd k souce of

mud
lat

2.?3 % of Saudr

Aqbirk

iolal inpons.

Tnd.

ngures for thc

fivc

yc6 @ as follows:
Tod. fi! dillion
Us $)

S.udl - Indo

t998.99
1999-2000 200G.2001 2001-.2002

183t.47

714.29
742.54 822.94 8.?920

2@5.76

t2_23

24t9,24

ll6l.74
tru4.06
1294.80
1,148.90

6_rl.l2
465_60

10.83% o.16V" 13.72%

2002-2003

505_90

943.00

Not

Imports sin@ 2000-2001 d@s not include inport

of P.ttolm

Itoductr dd Crud Oil, which w6 cpprox. US $ 3.65 billion in FY 2002o1(D.pu.of

cm@e, aot)

e bas@l'/tr@-bMati ricq E " n'l@d. ym, f.bdcs, mad..up, cotion )d, pnMty dd s.d-finilhed im
M.lo lldi.o e4o.ts to S{udi ABbia
nd st cl
cn@icals, plGtic & Iinoleun prcdlcls,

mchi!.ry

and

iBlrMmls.

Indi!'s naior import! tom S&di Anbia d. petroldn ed pehoch@ical prcducts. Saudi AEbia is thc l.tgst supplid of cdde oil to India It ptovidcs

a.ound

qnarter

iDpons of Crude
18.816

o{ Indirrs .tude eiporrs. Duing 2002-2003, rhe India's Oil ud lcnoleu pmducrr fron S.udi Anbia mourcd to
rone

nillion mt ic

(MMT) worrh Apptuximately us $ 1.6 billion.

Indian M.rpopc.: Contributi@ by lndie

tmpowa

Saudi corony

ir m

ilrpori.lt dimion of the ln lGs.udi r.latioBbip: 1.3 to 1.4 nillid Indi@ ec at pc*nt workile in Saudi Amhir, ovd 90% of whom & in lhc bl@coUd caicgory. Th6e leoplc [!ve made im@se contributior lo Saudi
cconomt

dd

thcy play

iDportant

ole in

st

.a8lhdina the Indesedi

bdirn tnvestme

rdJol Ve urc!: Since mid-2000, a nubroflndid

las ed
6bblisbd joirt ventue

fl@

have t.ken adv&iage of ihe rcw Saudi

prcjers or whouy-oucd @mpoi6 in rhe Kingdon A@rding !o Sludi

Ambim Genqal
issued ncv 65

Inverhe Auilonty (SAGTA),

d total

during last two

yes

it

has

liccG6 ro Ldian 6Dpani6 fd

joi

@tuts

or 100% omd

otitics, wbich wcrt erpe.td to bn.g

Anbia

itrv.sFnert of amud US $ 152

nillion in Saudi Arabia- In additioq scvcBl Indie conpeica opdtc b saudi

in

collaboFtioN wirh local Saudi compdid,

S.!di llvgtnelt

bub.ss oppo.nfitia in In lia, rhe scudi invBtrnent in India is erowiry, saudi Asbia is lhe 22d biggsr invesror in Indir wirh inv6hBrs duirg l99l- 2002 .muting lo uS S 170 njllion. Thcrc @ morc lhan 55 lndGsaodi joint v@lt@s or Sadi
AtF.ctcd by

l. hdir:

ffigiry

oMed conpdiA in lrdia, i. divee ields such N lapd Imuf.ctw, chcdisls, @bpur.r sftstle, g6it pGing, indNttirl prcducls ed
Mchinery, cem@1, detallugical

nstics, etc.

Indirtr Busile$ delegdior! to Sudi

larg

A..bh:

During

lsl

couple of

yed,

.Mbd of

Indirtr t{.le
rhc

dd

indBEy delcgatoc hrv. visitcd Saudi

Aftbia to eiploc

opporMni* for lo.g-tm patlrGhips dd @pdtion,

incbding joint vennues. Thcs delesations r@iv.d

&d dilr!3iatic apoBe from lhe Saudi bsin* oMuity- Indie ed $udi @npcnis egularly take pan in d!d. fG in each oihcls cowly.

!!m

B$h6s d.l.g.tioD to ldt.: In t@nt tines, th. nuribr of Saudi buin*n.n dd d.lcgatios visiiilg lndi! ba gom substantill, indieting
Srudt
gmwing int

Gr

in .me.ging

bsin*

oppornDirics in hdia.

lndla4cc lods(rl.l Cor|...fte: bdi! od

daylldia-Ccc
largc

CCC

ba* dguized

a teo

lsFial Confffic. @ 17-18 FcbnDry, 2004. Munbai. A

nmbd of Ministc6, snid omciab, iadBtrirlisls dd bEin* 1..d6 fton Irdia dd the OCC lllt s lttmd.d thir 6dr cv.r GCC-India Confcm@. Th. Conf.rclcc has prcvidcd a !w nonltu ro fie strong elatioff bctwd thc CCC Shtes and Idis, panicul.rly in thc ficlds of @nohic ud

Ovente{: Saudi dd lldia busine$ rclations ar. Srowhg sEongd rfldting the inh.nlt shdSo dd compld .ry n lw of the wo .comni6. Tb3 veioB oedios for ligh-lcvcl dialogue d buinas rotteE ed r.8dar
dchangp of

delegtio

bavc sablished a soud basis for a cdsiruclive

Futlrlly bcnefci.l dationship.

The oud@k for IndGsardi

ed buitB ti6 is

SAUDT . INDO ECONOMTC-COMMERCIAL

REL{TIONS

TRADE
Saudi A!.bia

od

India have had tade relations

ov{

sevcml

druia!.

Thc

val@ of rh. rwGmy hadc in 2002-2003

ihc l3d largesr

mrlct

for

s3 us$ s.lo billior saldi Anbia is Indi.n dports dd is dcstina!@ of nore tlh 1.9

prcerr of India s iolal *ports, On tLc otb.r

of 5.5

bud, Sddi Anbia is iI. solE p.Gnt oflndir's total inporrl. For Saudi AJabra, Indi. is th.4tr INAsl

Mk

t for its cxports aeomting for 4.84 p.r@r of irs toral .xpons,

h r.rb5
2.73

of impons by Saudi Ambia. Ildia iatrts

lor ud

is

elG

of no|!

rte

Dddr

of Saudi

Anbirt tor.l itMris.

,ers

TBde figes'1o for rhe l,st six

as

folows:

(Apnlt991-9E

t720.t7
1831.4? 2419.24

689_89 774_29

2410.06 2@5.76 12.2t %

-

t99&99
r999-2000
2000-2001

142,50
822.94
829_20

3t6t.74
t444.06 t294.8
l44E.9n

4.\t %
0.76%

621.12
465.60 505.90

10.E3 %

2001-2002 2002-2003

943.00

t3.72y\

'

Not.: Inlbrc ai@ 200G2001 d'd nor irclutt

Ctudc Oil, wbich

iqon otP.not.M pr;drts

ed

apFo\. US

3.6t biui@ in FY 2002{3

Major iicm a\poftd by hdir ifttudc b$@d/en-ba!futi ric., t + !lt.l@de ,m, flbri*, nlde ups, cotlon yNm, primary & smi,fhishcd i.on dad srel,

chdicab, plaii. & linolM pmduca, mchincry ed iEitun nt!.

Major

icc

ilporld by India
pap.r,

aparr

nm ddc
plasric

oil, ilclud. orgeic

c[.biqb,
Pyrir..,
iroo 0!d

itur8$ic ch@icals, allincial

p'rlp ald
steel,

Bir,

Mrdirl!, $lphu, ion

ud briq&ir6,

wdt

06

md nctd s6p, corl cokc

non-fcmu oetali. sc.rd oil

Saudi AEbia is the largBt supplier ofcrud oil ro India. The pubtic

fim

in Indi.

pu!.be abdt l0 MMT

annual

ofcrud6

of Dcir totll
n

mdc

imports.

I!

p( y@, *lrich i! .bout t6% additio!, 6dbin pdlltc lldie

D.P.a6d

olcMre,.ntu

al

ttdb

compdies also h3ve

anothr 7

im

contracts wi0r Saudi

Annco, wbich accounb for

!o 9 MMT pr

mm.

Duing 2002-2003, thc lndia s impon! of

CNde Oil

ud pcEol.m prcducrs frem Saudi Anbi! doui.d ro lE.El6

MMT won! apptuxiMrely US$ 3.6 bitlion. TLu, Saudi Anbia meis aroud 23 p.Ecnt of India's .rude rquiremcnk mually.

India

ba sub6lartial b?de relalions aith

Saudi

Asbia in l[c @nsdc

sio.

also

thc Kilgdom d m inpo alt MNmi. pdrld itr Bpt of iovBtldls, joini v.ntfts, ftnsfd of i4hrologj, projdrs and joint prcjer! in
rbild

dd s6

coDiris.

Saudi

Asbia also cotui.ler India

importdt tradirg parhc.

iD a

dd

is intested in

.tftcting Indid invcaroE to th. Kingdom

bie

My.

Coop.Btion in lhc fi.ld of l@powq is

Saudi relatiotrship: L32

e imFnst din@ior of rhe Indoat

nillion Ildies re
&e in tbc

pEsdt worhng in saldi Anbia,

category,

arolnd 85

pmar ofwhon

blw{olld
6ade,

Th. Ioinl Comitte for eoomiq

$i@tfic, t!.hnic.l od @ltuEl coopclcrion berwecn saudi Arabia aod India w6 establishcd in 1981. so fe, fivc session! ofthe Joilt Comision Mfrting (JCM) havc b.e. hld. fte ldt n .lin8 of lhe JCM @ held in N.w Delbi in Jue 1997. Tbe oqt Gixth) s*ion of the JCM is *hcdul.d to b. b.ld in tuF& sM.
The Saudi

'

Indo Joint Bsiness Council (IBC)

vs

cstablished in 199? during

th. mctins of JCM b.ld rt Nca Dclhi. ThG fiFt sesion ofIBC ir schedulcd to
b held in Riyadh

r@i .t

the time

ofrcxl Joint comission netir&

A Bilal@l Invstrnent Pmi&tion ,.d ?roootion Agrccmcnl (BPPA) hLe bce. fluliad betwd rhe two coutrid ud isqleIed !o hc forDBlly sigrcd
soon- This

will slr.ngth@ the institutional ajmg.m@t rlquied 0o premtc add n[rhr etrhec eonomic int@ciion b.rwen rhe rwo mmaies Th. trc

sid6

also &tively co.sidding a Double

TMtion Avoi.jance Agrcment

(DTAA).

Scida dd Ten.ob6, Saudi AEbia ad lndi! e ds

$id@ ad tccbnolo5/. Coucil of Scicdtific &d lndusr.ial Rcs.eh (CSIR) ad thc S.udi AFlie Srrn.l2r.ls O*mi?rtion (SASO) sisDcd a poslllm of r@bnic.l c@pdhoD in Jue 193. CSIR 6d thc King Abdulziz City lor Sciace md T*hnology GACST) siened ! MoU for bilalcEl coopcatior in 1997,
acrively
rhe field of

@p.aring i!

Under th preelnlme of coopention bctwcen India ard Sludi AEbia in thc

fild of traitring of agricultuBl exp.ft! cidr Indid expdls in the field ofFd parm li)Mgel@t wd .lepurd io thc Kilgdon duing rhe pqiod 1993-98i
agaiD six

Saldi agridltunl .xpdts in lhe

a

$uc ficld

visitcd India

i! duart

twc*.k di@ratiotr-cM-study iou. TLcn prog@. included visits to agricultuhl res.@h feiliri6 in Ncw D.lbi, Begdorc, K@god
200r

ftr

Sine

tbe !rcnulgatioD of n w irv.surEdt

laM by the Sandi govttmor

i!

did-2000,

ed

eiablisbment

of

rhc SNudi Anbim

cont lDvshmt
lakh ad@lase of

Autho.ity (SACL{) in Ap.il, 2000, dany IDdia!

the new Saudi laws alloviog for srting
the KinSdom.

rlm

hav

!p of

100% foreier oMed p.ojecrs in

tbe

Till

date, licenses have

ben aw.r.led io

Indie conpDi* by
mn4anics in

SAGIA for 6bblishing 62 ,oint venturcs o. looplo Saudi

hdie oMed

Asbia in difercnl scrors such .s @grcnt dd coaulrmcy *M@s, co4t$ctior prej.cG, releomuic.tions, infmtio. r.brolog,

ph.rcutieli
etpecd
Thce
ro bring

erc.

Tt6c Jvtloo% foGignMcd

US$ 360

compdiG

wft

d inv6trndt ofdoud

nillio! i,

in Saldi

Asbia

about 4? Saudllndo Joinr

V6rus

in hdia

thc

al6

ofdeigniry,

consuh{cy,

fl@ci.l sflica dd sftwarc

devetopn nr.

The historic visit of Hon'blc Shri Jdw&r Singh, Mirisrer of Exrrn

l AtraiB lo Saudi AEbia in Jdu.y, 2001 brekc.a grcud in Saldi - Indo bilairal rclaliou. paniculdly ia ihe @nonic tild. Tlris wa rhe fst ae. visir y & lndie lorcig! Midst{ wbo calLd on |he King dd Crcq Pdoc. Abdulla!

ed

hld wide-anging talks wiih his Saudi host, ForigD MDister Saud

Al

Faisal on issus

o{bildenl

intercst. Th. Saudi lcad.Bhip,

@ffimd

iLs

dsiG

lo stregrhd

bilahl

econonic

dd tddc rcl.lioro wiib Indi.,

ustrics,

Minister

of Sral for Smll &alc I

Ms. vasudh@

Raje

ofs4relary GSI), Dircctor NSIC md bBtudsmen .eprcsnting smU sc.le irdBlries f.om Ctr visitd
acconponied by a compositc rlclgnion coNistins Saudi Ambia in Ociob.r, 2002, Duing

th. vGi! rhe Midstd nr the Saldi

Inds$y ud Eleriiciry Milisrer, Dr. H$him bin Abduua! bir rlashin AL YMi; colr@rce Minisrd, Dr, Os.m bin Jafd bin IbEIin Faqih dd Coimor, Saudi Asbia co@l Invcst !.nr Aurhdity, HH ftince Abdullr!
bin Faiel bin

ha r..mmed sFoog bilarahl Elatiort paniohly in .@nonic .nd @mceid ficld. d.l is .xp@rcd ro lad to g@ld rcb,lge and joilt votuEs in diffccnl ficld of do@by' r@licularly
MOS'S visn

Trki.

Ministr of Srale tor Extcmal Afai.s, Shri Vjood

Klth4

paid m omcial visit

!o Jedda! in seplmbd 2003, During th. viei! thc J.ddah chambd of Comerce md Indsay (,CCI) and thc National Stull IrdusEies Corpdatiotr
Linited (NsIc) sised ajoint Aclion tddah.
PIan (JAP) for

Developodl of slvs in

Tle JAP

cnvhag.d coopmlion

in
ud

D.vclolin8
dcputing

poliy md

orgmizadoml frmcwork for rhc SME seror

Indid expqts fton vuioN small indsty ddelopn.nt ag.ncia bd fllfuci.l ilsritutioB lo lh. Kirgdon Ior iddiii/ing sn.ll cnt rprisd, udcn ling f*ibility studie,
orgoizing exhibitios of Indid SME prodwrs &d prejcrs in rbe Kingdoiq

Bll.te.d Yllits
Tt6 hisioric v;n of H@'blc SIri
rclations, panicularly in th.

ja$sr

Sin8h, Minisr.r of

El&nal AIlaiB
dsit y m

to Saudi Anbir in ,uuary, 2001 bokc n.w gmud tu SaMi - Indo bilatedl

eo@ni. fi.ld-

ftb wd thc fmt .6

India FoEign Ministcr who .allcd on the King lnd Crcq Prh@ Abdulah .nd held wide-mgilg lall6 with his Saudi hdg loreig! Mini3t r Saud A1
Ftisd

d ise

otbilat 6l intc61. Tlc Sauili ladcahip,

dlfmcd

its

d6iE

io shdgthd bilalenl ecomnic &d hadc reldiols with Indi!.

Ministr

of

siarc for SmU scal. lnduhics, Ms. VamdhaF

Raje

co6i$i!t ofsoct.ry (SSI), DiEto. NSIC dd buin*sm.n reprcsnting smll slc indulrica ftom Cll visited Saudi Arabia b Octobd, 2002. Duing thc visii, the Minbter n t th. Saudi Ildstry ard El@ricity Miniscr, Dr. Hasbin bin Abdullal bh Earhim AlYmdit Comercc Ministe., DL Oema bin Jaf& bin lb4nq Fiqih &d Govtuor, Saudi Arabid c.nct'l Investnol Autho.ity, Htl P.in@ Abdullah
ac@npmicd by . compGite d.lcBation

bin Faisrl bin Turki. MOS S visrt har reaffmcd st$ng biltteBl clatroG,

panicuhly

il

e@noDic
and

dd comerci.l
'r

filds

ed is dp@lcd lo lcad 10
of @onony, panicuiady

gEiter exchrnges

joint vennls

diffddl f.ld

Minisler of State for Exlmal

vkil !o tddd in seprdbq 2003. Duing rhc visi! thc J.ddah chmbd of Comrc &d Ind4hy {Jccl) &d lhc Narional Smatl Ind$Eres Corpomtior Linjled (NSIC) siscd a joid Aclion Pl6 (JAI) for DeveloprPrt of SMES io J.dd,h, The JAP dvGag.d c@!.hrid in Dcvelopirg a Flicy md
Aifa4,
Sbri Vinod

Kh@a, paid

oflicial

organiatioml nzmcwork for

the SME sector

&d d@lting Itrdie exp.tu fron

to

vdio6 smll ildulfy deEloplMt ag@cid ed fiMci.l i6tftnio6

orgdizins d[ibilioB of lndid SME prcdncrs

l[c

Kingdom for id@lifying snall ffle.pnses, undcnal,ing f.asibility studis.

sd prcj..6

itr rhc Kingdou\

and exchange

ofsctoFslecific ir.hnology dd busincs dehgatios, incbding

Indid conpeie rg|lldly took

part in

tr.d. SiB in Sddi Anbia to sbowcas.

th.n prcducb.

S.piemb.r 2000,

s dclsiw Ildre tlde ed ir.Ishial

j!
which 25
d.

ftibition, India-2000, wN held .t D.ll)l|m,

Indid compoie

sd leat
Duing

agctrts of

$ne otbd Indiu

@mp6nies

Frticiptt

ld rhe y.s, Indis onpdie haE Egulrrly panicipatcd in lh. following Mul Saudi exhibitioN, i.c. saudi Intmlion l Oil, G6,
P.tr@h.dical

dd

Powd Erlibinon

(t&u{y.),

Saudi Blmcx Fan

(EbEi@l

Engin aingxFebM.y)

D!.!tu !

e@lioml Tade lan Gebnary), sddi

ElcM (M.rch), Exhibilion on Printiry, P.cring 3d Ptochdidh (M.rcb), Gird (April- May), Saudi Food (SAt nb.r), S.udi Fahlon/Ialhd Fan (Sptenb{), saldi Acdculturc (Ocbber), AgticultN, watr sd Agri_
octobd), saodi Build,sloac Fait (Oclobd'Nov@bd) Saudi Autoshop (Novcn$t, Sardi Building md IDI@oB Exlibition (J.ddal, IndBt y Sbow

Eiyld\

F.on the Saudi sid., a d.lgtlion of Saudi nblpMds non thc Cbmhd of comc@ ed InduEy (JCCI) visiLd lndia in
Duing $en vcn, Saudi dlegales &d
The

Jeddah

Dmbd,

2002

l Minisles, senior otrtcials, bdutrialistt

bsi'.3$M

in Delbi, Hyd.6bod

"d

Mmboi.

Smtaty Gaclal of Riyadh Chrst r of Com@e and rndustry (RCCI). and four oth.r S.!di buin stncn *!cnd.d r! Mr Husdr A. ^l-Ai!el "PartlEship Snlmi1" orSuizcd by CII at Hydenbad dlring Jsu!ry, 2003
A delegltion fron lhe Roy.l Comision for Jubail F.bnDry, 2003. Th. visiting Scudi

dd

Yanbu visnd hdia in

rdn dg@iz.d tui|6 @ hv6dt & Buir.$ Opportuniti6 at Yeb! in Mmbai ed Delhi sd parlicipat d in

CLLt Intmtio.d
February,2003.

Ensinceriry Tad. Fdr (IETF)

2OO3

letd d Ncw De[f in

higb lcvcl Saudi dclcgation led by

Mt

S.lch E. At-Hlesciri, D@uv

Minirter fo. Indushi.l AffaiB, Mnisiry of Induiry

on a six-d.y otfic'al visit

ud Eleiricity

visited Indi.

(AFil,

2003). Tr& dclesstion @npds.d

oficids of

tlc Mini{ry of ltrdu|ly dd Elerriciry, Mi stry of Ct)|rrjlmc. Ministy of Fi.ece, th. Saudi Anbian cenenl Invstndt Authority (SAGIA), Kng Abdulaiz City for Sci.nc. ed Tecbnology (KACST) dd saudi Coucil for IndBtial Citi6 and Te.blical AB, Coucil of Sadi ChMbq of ComeEe ..d Indurr (CSCcr), dd Saudi Asbid Bsic Idusr.i.!
Corponlion (SABIC). Thc deLgation visitd Ncw Delhi, Mutrrb.i

ed

snid r.dia O6cids. Ai Mmbd, tbc dclcgadon md with omdds oflading Irdid i6d$tioN &d .onpdies, nicbdhg Expon lmlod BanI of Indi& La$.n ud Toub.o liDired, Godrej A Boyce Mrot|cludng Compey .lc. Duilg th. visn to M@bai, th. confedemtion of hdim hdus/ (CIl) orguizd r .onfdencc on How ro
Bdgrr@.
In

Nq

Delhi. thc dclegation hcld talks with

buiness

vith SaMi Anbia', which

was

andd.d by

ldge Dunbr of Indi&

conpanie. In Bdrgdorc, lhc dele9rion viritld @jor lT

Wipre Ld., Infosys Tdhrologio Lid.,

Tecbnology Park.

6bpdi6 $ch d Digiial Globabn ed Solbve

ed Digit
l

Tle SNdi

deleeation invited Wipro, tnfosys

Olohabon

in hding

b siel Saudi Ambia in d.wlopmat of blotmtiotr Tahnolo$,, in the fta of ERP solutions for SME .
&d Indie aulhditi* ud bBin6

Thc GCC Sdrctadar Ccncral at Rjyadh

ssftiatios oct

to hold a

twoJay GCC - ltrdir IndsEial Coufercrce otr 17-18

Munb.i. The Conf.rcnce wolld fotu on fou pnority 3e.toB or th.B: (i) T6dc (ii) Inv.shent (iii) T@blolo6/ T|afd
Fcbruary, 2004 at

(includbs IT), and (iv) LdGrrial C@p@li@ (includjls SMEVSSIS)-

A higL level Saudi buinc8s dclegation lcd by Mr. Abdd R!hl@ A Al

Icnist

cbairr@, Council of sdudi Chambd of Commqce dd Ind6Ly (CSCCD

dd ChaiM -

J@isy Grolp visit d India in Ocrob.r, 2003. Thc dcl.garior

Ao$orcd by thc Council of Saudi Chmb.6 of Cbm.r ed Indutry included of 28 leadi4 Saudi buine$den rpre*nting v&iou Fcto6 of

indatty md Fade, 3uch s conpur6, idomtion

lelecom! atios, E{omercq hcdical insirmcnts! lifc
clrctrical cquipm.n! omcc quiptun! foodntffs ind$t

rehnolo$f,

suppon scRices,

dd

food pc.sinS

& lmial sNica, d!ts, erc. Duirg their weeklong iour of India, lle delcgdiotr vhitcd New Dlhi dd Munbai, sd hld @etings eith inportant Indis buins oerniatio6, lmcly, Ctr, FICCI, FIEO, ASSOCHAM, Ido-Ahb Chaobd of Comfte and lndia Merchats Chamber, in .ddition to iddividul m4lings vith top hdio
lextilcs,

is.

letbd,

banhng

Tic CoNlllc Gqml of India Jeddat

had lamchcd

a kb

site

htto://w.cqii.dda!.com ro prcvide upd.tcd infomtion on voiou E onomr. comerc,al. Consultu, lnlomdon ad Haj s.di*s.
It

ny @seeh work ihat Palistan and India expon sinihr itcms to Saudi AFbia. lor iNlarce, bolh th coutnes export ncq |exlil6 dd fod irem ctc Th. impact of grc{ing rrade Elrtions btwM Saudi Anbia dd
was noted in

India would surly rilect ncgadvely

dd

also indicaLs

linle $op of Flde

irclte

betw.d

Saudi

th.l lhE would be a Anbia ed Pltistal Th.EfoF,

10 be

?akisrd dd SaudiAbia sholld idcniiry diffEnt rt @

tradcd in

fuhr.

Palisrd @ expon paj.ts ed vamish.s, hitwe dd p@6s food elc.,

olld

ilcd have alrqdy idtrtificd i. rhe Fpo.t I,alistan m impon p.ttuh.niElr dd thon prcducr& lt is r.comended rh3t 1he Saldi des with India should not
grcw at the

qpse

of

lakstin.

D.p&tnnt of Commerc Export lDport Dttr

B{k

hdh'3 loport
I Irc
HS Cod. of thc C.mdodiry ir eirhd

io S.udI

Anblr

vatu6 in US$ Million droppcd or Edl@.lcd tstr ADdl 2001

%Cb'tl

cd-'),

!rrcHs

10.5 20.6

Coorodrt

&,pdol
|om^'d|

0'000'04101,616'3'

EDIBG

UCET^ILFI ND CEiT^JN

c!m!
^ND

1!A MArr ND

SPlCFt.

OR VEGSTAILE F^TS AND

OtrI

^NIMAL THEIR CTE^V^6E RODUCT* PRE

PREP^MTIoNSoFMEAT,oFFISHoRoF

nvFxrEBurrs
^QU^IC

cE@s, FLoU4 sr *cHorMruqP srRYcooKs

PREPA}AIoNS oF

PRgPAx^noNsoFvEcmAslEltRUIT|

BEVMGE-S! SPIffTS AND VINEOAT

RIIIDTES AND WASTE FROM THE FOOD

TOBACCOAND MANU}ACTURID

s^!-r: sULu{U& E Rms

^ND
ORES, SLAC AND

smNq

MI}N

FIJETS'

^SH

MINEru OlrJ
^ND

INORGANIC COMPoTND6 OF PnlqOUS MET^IJ, OF RTIE.EATTH METAll. OR

R^DLEI-EM.oro!IsoIoPFl'

PgARMAff UTJCAI- PRODUCTS

PICMENTS

MATIIq

OTHER COT,OUIJNG ^ND PAINTS AND VE& PU1TY AND

PERF,.I,GR! cssMEnc oR

rorlsr

ACENTS, IXASHING

PRIPAR TION$ LUBtuCamC TREP &{r.lONS. ARmq^rw^)es PRF rD waxls

POLISHINC OR S.oURINC PRST STARCHE$ CLUFJ|

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^ND ^RNCCS
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RNW HIDFJ AND SKINS (OTI$R

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AND

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^RTIC6 Gln(orin

LLI&JAIDITRY

THN srr-K-\rvRM)cur.
'T'OOD;

WOOD AND ARTICLES OF

WOOD

ruLP

OF \{OOD OTOF OTI{ER FIBROUS

CEI"LUT,o6IC

M^Tfu^L WAITE Al\D

PAPERAxDP^EraoARD:AR].rcLEsoF

PAPER

P[P.

OF PAPER OR OF

PRJNIADBOO(DS,NEWSPAPETS,
PICTUIIS AND oTHER TiODUCTS OF TIIE PAINM{C DIDUSTRY: M }IUSCP.IPTS,
TYPFSCRIPIS AND PIANS

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COIPER AND AR1rCLES THEREOF.

'TON

,II{EREoF.

^IUMINIUM ^ND

LEAD AND ARTICLFS

^IICUI MNXOF

Toors|MrLlMBfls'ctm.!RY.srooNs
/NDFolxs,oF9^SBMET^j-iP^'rTs
TI{EREOF OF EASE

MITAL,

MISCEII-'NEOUS ARNCLES OF BASE

NUCLE^I RTACTORS' SOr1'!rS,

Ea(mleM^ND P^Rrs rHEixoFi

enD

RICORDERS AND REFRODUCERS.I.ND

ROLLING STOCK AI]D PdTS 'RI{MWAY AND ACCF,SSOiIFS TEEOF,

SHIPS, BOATS

ND FI,OATINC

cINEM^ToGr^lHIcMFrsUrlNc' Gcc(INcPiEcIs'oN,MED|CALoR

FURNMJRS BIDDINA,UTTN.ISSES,

M^TIrusssUPmRTs,cl,sHlol\sAND sIMMr srulFeD FtnN$rNci LAMrlr

TOYS, C^YFs SPORIS nlA{nSTTE3i PARTS fi3REOF. ^ND

rM

MISCELL{NIOUS MNUFACTURED

^CCFJSORIF5

tuxid|rt?6r r rcro..IEal! ao

2005-2005: lUSt

Ri| t42735

Dep[h.nl

of Comm.re Etporr

lopon Drr. B..k

valucs

Country - wisel

i!

US$

Million

Couitry: SAUDI ARABIA

@@@@M
94.'?4I,123]|',112,06

e.hug
o7,t40,0r3) dn7

tot.:

( ust - k.)

cad. oit t27,an0a4J

D.pr.h.!t

of Comoe.c.

EIIolt lEpon Dd. B.nt E:po.r b S.!di Anbt.

vdu*
! ITC
HS Code of !h.

iq US$
2OO3

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Col:Wdity

is enb.r

dopFd

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Gdl@id

liom April

MEAT AND EDIBIE MFAT OFF^L

()mR^au^nc NIERr sR B DEY SNODUCE] BIRDS'EOOS: NAT1JXIT

PRODUCN OF

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STARCH OR

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MISCILLr1BoUS DIBT.E PR8PiMTONS.

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MD$rd-

FUELS MtrrER^I-

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FNODUCTS OF THEIR

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WI ElB,

ON OF EOTOPES.

PIGMNTS AN'D OTSER COLOURINO M^MR: PAINIS }TD }E& PUTTY AND

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M^ACHES; PYROPI{OOC ALLOYSi

CET^N COMBUSTtsE PRI}^RATONS PEOTOGM?I{IC OR CNSM,IOCWEC

MISCELL^NEOUS OIEMICA! PRODUC'S.

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PIINTID BOO(DS MWSTIPERS, }ICTUiES AND OTIIIR PRODUCTS

OF THP

WOOL, FINE

Oi C$RSE ANIM^L H^Ifi.

OTtrR VE SI^BE

rrmlE

flBNtS

MN,MNB$lmFIBRI|S, wsDNc' FELr .M NoNwo\d$ sP^cn Y^Ns: NINE' oRD^cE

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OIHER ^ND

TE)TIU flNOR

sPECrAr- WOVEN FArroCSi TUFTED

1 TMWCS! E@ROIDERY, MPREcN^Teo'coAftqcovERlDon

rrMrll^IrD Trxnc
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XIND SUITA3LE FOIi

^TTICLES INDUSTRIAL USE

ACIESSO nS, XMTTED

ARTICI-ES OF

OR CORCHRTID

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AND CT-oTHINO

^ccEssoREs OIIER UoE

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roofrE &c nEns^NDrurKE

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^ND PSTS AEruOF

ulrlnIll,^s, suNr DIIIL s,w !(lNG snclq s$lsncl<s, vslPs. RrDrNcCROPS

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]IEREOF.

A1IC6 UDB OF BTITERS OR OF DoY/{ anncl[ Eoyms; ^RTIcl,Es oFr{uMNhn.

AR1ICLFJ OF STONq PL^,98R, CEMINI.
ASBISTOS, MTCA OR SIMIL{T

MAITRIAII.

PE{II'S}RECIOUS OR SEMIPREIOUS

Sro\EIIREMET^rl,CrrD

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NICXEL AND ARTICLES TIIORIOF.

LEAD

ND ARNCLFs'ftIEruOF,

ZINC AND ARTTCLES

TIIRIOT.

Tools'WLEMENTS,erI]-ERv'sPooNs
AND FOR(S. OF g^SE

nrErmF

oF r.lsE

MF[.

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PARI:I

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arPualrcFl; ^ND r^ils

MI'II^IIICN

lHErlor

BLECTRIC'I-MCHINERYTND T8.'5
EQ!'IIMINT AND PARTS THEn.8OF: SOITND
RECOMERS AND REPRODUCERS,
TELEVISION IMACE AM SO(JIID RE<ORDERS AND REPRODIJCIRs'ND

'O,OO

JI.OS

MILW^Y

OR TTUMWAY LOCOMOTIITS ROLLINGSTOC( AND PA! IS TI{BREOP, R{LWAY OR TRAMWAY TRACK

TRAMVAY ROI-I,INO STOC( AND PARTS

AND ACCF-SJIOIIIES THERXOF

omc q PHsroan^lHr

CINEM^IOCnIPHIC MBURINq oR clGcaNG PRlOsroN,

r@rc[

90, 9?

MUSIC^I- IXSTRTJMENTS] PARTS AND

ACCFSSOtuFJ OF SUCff

^RTICLES

^CCE$RIES

TruNEOF

FURNTURqBEDDDIC.MATTT!!'SES, I7A
MATTRFSS SUPPORIS. CUSflIONS AND

9! 95

TOYS, G^MIS AND SPORTS IIQU$ITS: PARTII AND ACCFJSONFJ THERIOF

MISCEjjj:NOUS WUIACTURE

PROJICTCOODqSOMESPECIALUSES. MISCEUMOUS (mDS.

0.r2

3,?3

tttrfi r,'r.n

200,12005: lUS$ =

Rr 44.93l5

2005-2006: lUS$ = Rs.44-2?35

D.prrtDeni of Conmerce Export ldport D.r.

B.!k

Etlo.t Cou ry-vtre .ooDortittJ'

LIVE HORSFI.ASSFSJULII

I' SINNIFJ

DOMNCUS DLTCrc,G3ES!,n/1lxBS & OUrrB MEAT OF BOVIN8 Nu!{Al,S, OR C}NLIBD

MEAT OF BOVINE

TNIM^II! FROZN

'USg

MEAT OF Sr|INEJTFSH,CHILLED OR FAOZEN

ME^ToFSHEEPoRcoATS'FRs}|'cHLDoRl:m
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ME^T/EDBLIE^ToFI.SLTED'INBrj{.rDRnD/ SMOXD:mBL Fl-OUns& FrrsoFM!,\TnGAT

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FISH

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A OTIF-N FtsH MEAT

(WHETM

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Blnts Eaas.or srBrl.lnsH PnsvD oR cio bITDS EC,CS,IOT N SHELL A BC,G YOIXS FrlH
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oMoNs,swlsrqcmrcIElxs *

ALLI^COUS lECmasLES,FRlSl{ OR

orm

CmLED

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c^lxors,rrRMsr^!^D

c[t,!Rl^cx./\DIsHEscs[RRBFRstsmlI
CUCUMBERS*cHErKINsFRSHoRcm

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VEO COO(ID OR NOT BY STMNO/DOtrJ]C.FR']

VICIAIII

PROVI,SIONAI-LY PTESERVED

BUI

DRIBD VEC.WHOIN

CIJTJLCEDFRK OR N

MANIOC}ROIT'RT 6TC & SMLR RTS &

'VBNS
COI\"TNI.FRSIICHD.FRZN/DRD WjN SLCD IN TIIB

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OR DRIED WHETHR OT

Nor SI{EU-ED OR

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MEr.orls (NcL

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APPLFJ,PEARS & QUINCsS,FRSH

OR BOILINO N WATE&FRZN,W/1I CONICI SUCAi Oi OTSR SVEruNNC

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C^S,OTHRPRSVNC SOT,N IASU'IBLE foR

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UNSEED WHETHER OR

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FLOURS & MEAIS OF OIL SIEDS OR OLEACNOUS FRTNN OTHER T1IAN TfiOSA OF

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OF

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&KBRM,S A OTr{R VEC PRODCN FOR

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FATS &

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CHAPTER-3
COMPARISON OF DEWLOPMENT OT' POLITICAL AND ECONOtr{IC SYSTEMS
In this Chaptd a coopaison of S.udi AEbia dd rrr8raa is bing eiv@ which would .over Political sysim, of both th. coutjes that include:

Sovemcrt strucnrrc, legal sysrn, adDinisthtio4 locial ptuvinci.l sJdm 4c, Aed- t.
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARAEITf
The Kingdon of Saudi Aabia is

insritutions

dd

Islamic St ie. Sbmia, th.

Isldic

Code

of

law

bNd

systcm

Ql@ dd th. Sumab is te fou.brion of ile legrl of rh. couiry. The qov Quru is @6idcrd thc @Bntuod ol lhe
on Oc Holy

coutry and providB erhicrr \abc.r aod guidace. ElcutiE dd kgislatile authontjcs arc acrcised by lhc KinS.nd rhe Coucil of MirisLrs, ,irhh the
aanework of Islanic Law. Bsi.le!, lhe Consult tive

coucit

(Shlra Coucil)

Coucit of Milisid or @na6 pnaining to tbe govemmar prcgE@ od poticie. Th. p.irsry tunctiotr of rh. @ucil is to &K od modifle ibc Kjradomt sysrd of l!s, bylaws,
been 4iablished to advbe lhc King and rhe

hs

conFacB

dd itrr.Mtion I aglldors!.

Abddfuuoh.fullsd\\ywdh''In'L@IMoldMdD'.bc'PIHEMu r.Dd Ktqa6 or sdi M4 Mhq oI Foriq .na\ tuhtu. w p4 kbrw. rq.dtq D,pta4q6Dtptufttu4 hpd 4k Dpttuft stu, tnbh bN4 Poh.6^.L4vl6bwfu6J Jqrd6d.UollMtP@r4'Raqh3&ft'rn'Kkld3'a'..d'a|k.dfai6.|N| H.ud.s.M.3!,t w6. / ptq srdd. rovd Evn. || H;qi wMrs. HctM uvt4Q zuL Eatd bt Lowi zn& Rat h httutu', ad n ENa y/n 4;. Moft

Govrnme Structu.e Tbe Cutodia of th. Two Holy M6qucs, Kiry Fald Bin Abdn Aziz AI-S!I4 isucd or Sud.y 2?d Shabd lal4H (1992) s Royal Dee cDlodying ..Ih.
Law of the Prcvi!c.J6'.

coNsTrTuIIo\

GoI'ERNMENT SYSTEM AND Drl.ISrON OF

PROVINCES

Evolution of Srudl CoNdtutionir

Th. following

the

lmdndts in ihc aotution of th. constitnrio! of S.udi

1932, whcn

Asbia: 30 Decnb.r

lh. govcment issu.d th. Deputie Coucil O.diMe (Nizh Mrjlis al,wurda); 9 O.bba 1953, wbd King Ab<tul_&iz th. e.hhlish@t of a Council of Miniscs; Meh 1958, wh.. rh. Coucil olMinhte6 wd deyloped inro a foml decisjotr- maki!8 body wit!
lcSisLdve dccutirc ud adnidstFtirc tunctiou.

moued

1960

k th. oil.storc in the ercluiion of

rbc @Gtiturion

wbd

rhe

tsl

efort

ti

laying doM a conpFhtuive Corstiiurion

bin Abdulriz which rcsult<l i! King Faiad pusbcd foMdd Sodi Anbj.s @stiartiout

ws md. by CmM kirce Faisl a popoel fd a Bdic tiw of cov.t@c.

ed Frticipno.y

D.puds C.ucil Ordiu.ce On 23 Seltenba t932, Saudi Anbia M prelalmcrt, a.d ! nd Srac e@ into h.ing. Tbc Fopte @* tuicd one DrioElity, rb. ShD Coscil
reprc*nted

thd rll ud

rhy brd onc kitr8 for

rll.

On 30

D{nbs,

1932, the

sove'mmr i$ued thc Delutes council ordituc (Nizm Majtis a!wul6la). "Tl. Colrcil ws codrtosd of thc D.tuty of FoeigD Afai6, th. Dcputy of

FiMci,l Affaib ed lh. D.plry

of rh. Cosuttalivc

Coucl.

'"

^. ca@h6

Ra.at

aJ

Ftuutu a!.a& rt obp. kbt\dtd ottu. o..,.dhd b wd^bsb, _u s a tr. wadd o4d td.4 rAt tur tut
'h.ir

The Coucil of Dpulie ftetioncd for

2l yd uril

tt

cBton of

rhe

Coucil of Minist B in
under

1953, which

bought all fte Fovirc$ of i! Kitrgdon

it

oM juisdiction.

Betwd

efom

smc mjor cbdg6 rdk pt4c pbjch tr{sirai.d r rte di$o!.iy of oil in thc Estd Prcvince in rhc t930,s ed tnc
1932

dd

1953,

govdndt allaia, "A nMbcr of ulllized depdhhls wcre fouded which cvcntudly pavcd thc way fo. tho establisbnenl of t!. Coucil of Mirisr.E, Th. Midltd.s of Fo.ig ASaiE dd Finde bad alr@dy b in.xiscrcc sir@ l9l0 sd 1932 n6petivcly. Wdld We II n6*iard rhc lesfomtid of tte Ag.ncy of Defoe ilro
inc@silg compbnty of
rhe Ministry of

Dcfd.e in

1946.

Duing tle pdiod ftom l95l

1954 rhe md

Midstries of Inicrior, EducNtio4 Agriculture, Commication,

Comwc

Indut

y,

ed Hslrh

wrc fouded".

Coucil ofMl.ht n s D6bio!-M*jrg Body

on 9 ocrobc. 1953, Kiry Abdnl-Aziz moeced ttal

'l[c

pubtic

intcr

of thc

6uEy',

lhe "incrcde of tho

nMbd of obligatids tud tbc divdification of

and the

lh rspo.sibilities,"

&d the dsiF iorrensw the control of ihe work

of

Nigmdl of rclpoDibihcs in thc b.sl pGsible lr]@cr,"

stablisb@nt of !

rcquircd the

ctucil

Minisi4.
of

The

Minisld wa hcld on March 7, t954 &d wa an.nd.d by lle King, th. Minist6, ed EligioN lcadqs, Itr his spech ilc Kjng dsened Oe Islrnic Finciple olconsult4ion inplet@led by the Kilgdon 6d oudhed thc fiDclios of the Coucil seording to ih
se$ion of this
Stasrtory Rcgul.ti@ of 1954.

f$t

f6i Cowil

Anoiher nil.stone in lhe evolution of the Cotrtitutior of Saudi Ar.bia is 1958

Statuie. The newly eslablished

Coucil of Minist$ mtiNed

ro

@@te uder

ile

dd . bary.N. But in 1958 tbe tuancial ed monelary cdsis cooplled thc tuler to thin! of ddeloping and reorgoizjng th. Coucil "The Coucil ofMinisirc .s qigiraly founded E dot a fo@l policy lEliry $ncnra, bur nrLd d adviery hody in wbi.h thc
Sbftrle of 1954 for about fou!

io dr. King their opinios @nsideriry rbe affan! of the cou.try. In 1958, the council of Minist s, followDg . mjor rcorgdiztioa w6 dcyeloped ilto a fotul dejli6!-Mtirg body, witb lcgisbtiE, dmrive dd 'rniniqrBrivc frrcrim. Mcr ot rhe
otrly to rccomend
cooslitutioMl basica in the Kingdon

appoi ed Mirisle6

wft

wft

mneddcd in th. 1958 srall!&.

B$tcLrv olcov.d.rcea
hillonc itr the cvolutio! of Co6titution of S.udi Anbie A conpr.hGive nodm coBtitliion in rhe fm of a Folosal for r Basic kw
1960

rhe

of Gorcmrce

ws tude

by Crcwn Prince Faisd in 1959,

tbar

Urtil lhcn thc only

rLe

coBtitutioD,l docMcnis

istcd

wft
rhe

the

Bsic R.gulario4

Srlt!1c

of

rhc Consultltiw Cohcil

ad

ihc Shtu1e of dE Cowil of Dcpuri,

rhc

Coucil ofMinisrcB L.p of

1954,

dd

Coucil ofMioisrc6 Law of I958.

Al6o!8h this prcposl did tur go bcyo.d rhe proposl sbge, il w thc fst .tldpt to witc .loq . br@dly bascd coEritulion fd rh. Kiigd.n ed n wG

Lav of covmtue d.atl with: &. Kingdom, the syscm of govmcn! tbe dpirat, rhc official lrngug.; so,@ic ud politicat m$eui quury of opFnmity, lb. inviohbitity of pdv.r. om$hpi ud itc
Bdsic

Tbc prolosal

ofOe

s@ial tunction of privale oMeBhip and social justicc. In additio4 irdividual

nphais oo rhe prhciple of thc dcfuiri@ of crim., ed rhe.igbr of def.@ atrd !@u$. to i[c law and ihe asuDptioD of im@.ne lnril Suilr is prcv.<r

fudon is gu6rr.ed dd

prere.led by the law with

.sod'r'a'b'q.Ev||BqodhF4na4'-sfund]@fu4''suzt|coPPfu\ha.
tuadq kend E4i,Q
lRP4dt

)00t.

Frc.d6 of olinion &d fo@tiotr of 3eieri6 @ gMte.d yithi! tbc timiE of lh. law. It abo inhodded preD$als r ulatirS institurions alrcady itr
exisllnce, hboducd a p.opdal for crcatine orher iDritutions such as rhe

ofiic. ofile Attoocy GdeEl, sd thc Nltional coDcit (li,Majtis.l-Watani) which Elas@t a conplerely n w step towdde rle <tevetolhar dd witaliatio! ofthc old CoBdltiivc Coucil (Majlis al-Sh!E)".
At thc dd of thc 1980s, tbe Coucit of Mitrirr.B @Dtinud ro b. rhc o.ly doFimt polirical iBtituriotr i! thc Kingdon yilb powc6 ro Lgistac ed !o

is$. las Tt. Coucil wN rcspo iblc fo. fomulating slat policy, p.rtircnt to int mal dd foeign dfris, miion.l.conomy, educatior\ $ci.l wclfre ed .! public affails, ud il orlFr ilcir cxeuriol
li posssd rcgulalory, xmlivq ald dnidrrativc aqrhoriry. .Ihc

a get xpuion of govmnerrrl !g.n is coBidercd to b. rhc golllMolrt n9ore ro nering

of rbc saudi mrion. ln

ew in the Kingdon wbich it

lgEos
rhe neds

ald dcDede

l98os,. comincc was cltablished duing Kidg Kl.lidb Eien whos Hpotuibiuty w6 ro prparc a new basic law. Such a @Btitutior wd to conrai! egdrrios govfring the Consulrativ Coucit_ Bslc Coyernde: SiDil.r to Codr qriom of etne. Countris Th. 1990s wihBsd srady potiri@l rcfm. Thrcueh consultation md coBtdi awz@*s of rhe p69lc! oa.ts dd dliFtions, Kiry talEd puhed
SysteD of

l[.

f@.rd
On

Saudi

Aebi!'s conslibtioial dd particip.to.y

mtudD

I March 1992, King Falad of Saudi AEbia @ounced tb!@ Royal Dedes lhrl 6bbUshed th@ irpott !r cb&g6 in Sludi donGlic potiticat bw: a

"Bai.
Majlie

Systen of Covel@@', vhich is a @Eritution; -Th.

Sr!tu

for r

N4

Cov.@6t fo. th Kogdom's ftirteen Previncq." Ths laws iook pre*dncc ovd all othc, laws ad r.gulatioB. TbBc las repEcnicd positive pbSB torads rfo.D,
add "A Syslen of Region l

Ash-Slu",

Eogoition of citiaB' ciyil ed poliii@l riCrs, dd plblic particilniotr in

Thc Baic Sysr.n of

docwl ddg
that ir is i!cludcc.

i6Frr,nr .osrinrrio,rl i!. thrce docMerc. It5 siglin@a chetg6 non rbc facl
Inc

Coill@e is

'Gr

sinilf

io the contiturioN of olhd countri$ in

tms of whlt ir

Thb law ha b.m Suidcd by tstanic hw h d.6ni!g rb. mnr,tbc objetiG, dd thc r.spocibilitics of thc Sr!t., as wcll as d.tDing the @tatio.sbip

co8lratio4 ti.adsbip ald @p@tior In ddirio4 preyisiore for the diffdr lulhqitid of rb. srarc and thciri d-rclationships, rh6 eddd obtigatic &d duti6 ofrbc !rd., rb. politicd, social dd ecdonic tunddar.l principlcs, fte rndition and
and the tuld b6sd on brclhah@d,

b.tweetr

lle ruler

ammftc

.igh6 sld fiedom of itrdividuls, dd judicj.ry indcpdd@@

are

Aniclc 6E of thc Balic System of covemme bandaLs the Btablisbnent of ihc Mdlis Ar-sbua. Au eubcs (s of Alril 2005 ! spar.r ed t50 mehbcB)

l[c Kirg. Tie shr? Coucil i! irs new fom bcarnc u iisrindon i oded o t ow ciria to panicipate diotly in rbe a&ninistrEtion dd platuing of country policis, dd in nonilo.ing the
arpoinred by

pcrfomdce of iE

agencies.

Tlc Sh@ Coucil, in pqrticuLr, is auiluized to provi& opinios &d

sugg.stioG in thc folloeing ams: L'& gen$l plar of.conomic and social developmetrt; iltch4jooat lsws, chrders, r.eati.s do ag@IMts, md

@!c*ios;

rLc iltcrpEittiotr of tawq

.d

rlE

tulal

Eports ebminld by

dintuEia dtl orhd gov@dtat bodi*,'

Shua Ctucil dd add.d, .O!
2?

!.ire

Saud .l-FEieal

ei.t .bour rL.

Novmbd

2003, ihc Kine is$cd a Royal

order Snntine wider powes b the Majlis Al-Shu!, @abting ir io Lgi.latiod without his p.mision.

Coucil ud rh Cabinet nust be in ag@in.nr td th. legillatio ro g.in ihe KiDs's lppbval. rf ttc vie$ of bolb v!ry, rh. isfu b ..iDncd to rlE Sb@ C,lmit to deirie w@l.w
Today, both the Shum

loliti.el rcfo6 of rhe l90s irdiqred a gddut

panicFatory

r&m

bcing oltrcialy

p@mor.d itr lhe Kh8dotu or saudi Anbia, whict hls opded r[c

der for

rcF

ulEs in Saudi ADbia in de6 slch as shared deision-natin& od.n@kr dd babrce. The @dt lodship r"mition ()@n d s@othly follovilg the dar[ of King Fatad, *ae viocd as . sign of slability in rh.

wonelk Rol. i! P.ttdc.L Eobodtc rod Sodd Developn !a In 2005, the Kirydom hetd its fir3| Mujcipal Cowcih Eldrios Atrlough, Saudi womd did Nt pdticipate in Uis historic.l evmt, a graduat Iom is being offDially prcmoted to opc! rhc d6r for Saudi eoner io prnicipate in lh. politidl p|r)<B in Saudi Anbid In SAteDb.r 2005, rc|@.s d*rio I pmined fof Saudi Chmbs of Comme@ Boa.ds for rhe ttrlr time in rbe

Th. ninisbial d.cisiotr opd.d

eco.oh'c,

$.

doo.

fd

womco s rcle

i!

the poliric.l,

Jdqry 2006, rwo won !.ats in th. elerion for the Jedd,h Chhbq of Com@ dd lrdBlry, ud wodd hav. bea.lckn ro rh. bo..d5 ofrh.
Engi@B Assciation hd thc Jo@lkts As$ciaiion,

ed

social dvetopneir of Saudi Adbia. In

Rlls

of

Succsio!. Bry'rh

Prior to 1992, rh crovn had acco.ding

p6sd

to onc orlhc aons

ofKing Abdul-Aziz,

to s@iority.

consullaiion, family @ftnsu.

ud

Bay'ah,

ftis

mcchdisn has atlowcd a snoolh l.a6fr of !owc. for ovcr six d@d4,
cov.ring

fN edsio

ro lhe thDtrc, Tbrcughour itcsc y@s rhe slcccssiotr

lb. Isldic tradilion of dBie'llting Mulim ladR. such s tbe fiut fou caliph! (Al.Kholda Al-Rabidon) selecbd tbrcueh the pM$ of ShM (CoNltatid), a'd B!y'aL bctwen Mulin subj@b ed a tuld.
proc.ss fouowd

Lard, a significat qualirativ cnd8. wd irlrodnced by tbe Bdic

Stltd of

Cov.mnce of 1992, Kins Fahadb D.crce. The Badc syslem

cbug.s in i& rulB of su$ior by allowitrg
rhe

rodu@d

Crcm Princ. Eom mong th. cbildra of tn. 3oa ollhc fouding KinC, Abdll-Azt ibo A&ul-Rahmd Al-Faysl Al Saud. o! i!. bdk of 'llitability" ed lhe nosr upngh mong ihc4 nther tbar l.nionry_ Ihc law allows thc Kine, for
elcc$otr of
a

King or

cx@plc, to ch@sc

bis

Cmm lrirc.

a son or a

aph*

istead ofore ofhis

breildl

who,

hditiolally,

hav b.n rh. otrly

p6ons .ligible for suc.6siotr.

The Basic Srrten of Covtmcc

dsrts

thai, upo! th. dcgth of

tt

Kjng, tne

Crewtr Pri.@ shdl

a$nc ln.

@yd

por6 mtil

Bayah, by ihc pcople, is

givd. Anicl

oa1h. same law EquiEs

cirid

lo give th.

B3/al

to tbc Kitrg

Qule and rh. aadirion of ilc Prcphet in submi$ion md obcdisce io lin* of 6c &d difnculty. fortue dd ldvmity in cv.ryrhiry cx@pt thli wLich co ravd6 Isl@.
in accordnce with the
Tbe Aryilh Courcll2006

Cutodid ofrhc Two Holy Mcqus (i!g Abdutah ibn Abdll-Aziz i*u.d a RoFl dd *rablishjng. Coscil @lLd 'l[c Bayah
On 20 Octobr 2006, Thc

Council", irstitution.lizing the

lne Roy.l

pd.!s

for

ddemililg

lmily.

Thc Bay'&h i3 Uc compacl

ftr@ stccersion in tbal binds the rulr to U. ruld in

ihe

Isldic Shtri'lL Tlc

tulcr

omib hi@lf

ro follow

ed Forr.r Illatl!

ro

$ftgErd lh. rctto! of the citit6, dd io Fotel

OE

l&d tnd tb. !4ufty of

TL rulo4 in nr4 |l! bolDd io sive tdvicc ald !o be loyal to t! luli'r in wdyrhira d..ta dlr enicl csttadica Lbd Ir! tw Lldntt hw i! rtt rnoihd njd si.D do4 th. rud of @ddhniml rdo.u, atd tb. ld &v.h'Fcot in Sludi Anbi!! mnrbd nfi @hniod 4tiv.ly Db!!6 tt codimilg @diui@l ehnid &d o.dcrnitdio in th. Ki.gd.d, ehin gG tdd i! hed with lhE daelopm.nt of tb. Sbi. dd th. lociery in St'di Anlia $td d.rceto.d k tue'lrb of rb S.di ..qai.c., d win b.
folloerd by oih.. d.wlopoets wh6 lh. n .d disd.

Sddi Aribir is diviiLd itrto

d.Ffy

sffi,

ed I

Dr$vilB. E!.h Fovi@ h.r ! 8ov.ind, a FwiEhl dril. ft... c(rDih d.lifdd o lh.
13

th.l ptovtnc, *o* on lh. dcveLotm. &!Gb!o.d tlna d edE oeooS F!t!dn Gd! of

bodgeg

6cidd

frn@

FoviE 3ff B Chai@ Vi6cldlDD ofibn6lcdiE Piwiail cdDiL

Th.
.nd D.Fay

cffi

Gow.u

of c.ch

ard

Golqa i! nsp6ibh

tuN

rinDiri*di4 a.h of dr ptovilg ed is .Ld.d tut

r

'@ublc

Fiod of fdt

E|.h couxil dd.i,rE

ofd

lc.rt ten citi@. A! sirb

ltunh. nNa " D. Mot ^,td lbd,h ttE rvi KsrN q w tue I*e uuDbwtyENrrr, c't tt 4 ttuptc a.e D.F*t 4 Peb.I H.dht

the M.jlis Ar-shM, mcmbe6 of

th. coucil palticiPst in @Mitbc6 thal fo.us on rdiG isud of inteGt to the !nvi!e. T!. odcil isuc FFrts, which e $tdlnd to rba Minislry of thc lnldior dd th6 lacd on lo the
appropriaie 8ovmcnt ministriB

ed

sgetuies fo! @Bid@tion.

Th. Ptuvircial Cowil Sys&D i. dublislcd udd thc byla* Mouced by

the Kirg Fald in 192. Th6c bylavs divided th. dancd tbcir adminhtraiive

dutry

into

13

previncd and

shultw,

how rhey would bc adrdnistcEd,

&d tle

BpNibiliue of thc govdm sd othd ..gio.rl om6. In 193, Krtg F hd Mncd 210 l)mb6 for thc pbvircirl @ucils.
I!
2005,

muicipal

.latios

wte hcld io

eldt h.lf of lh mEbers of ea.h of

ihc | 78 ouicipol @ucik in thc Kilsdon Tnc

mining lalf

of

llc @wil

nnb6 ed rlc tuyo. cov.rlb.ot tg.nclBn

appoinLd.

M.jlh ALshun (Couulidve Cou.lt3r

Th. Majlis d-Sn@, or C@sulbtiv. Coucil, is a l.Sislrtive body lbat advise

iopordr 10 Saudi AEbi& It b a modcm v.Nor of a Feditiotul Islrnic corc@ra @iblc leadd co.$ltitrg eit! Lded &d exp.ri.n cd citi@which ha alw's b.o!n liccd by Sodi ru16.
the King on

iss

that de

Th. Consultative Coucil clllmrly @sists of 150 nedbs lppobtd by the

! fou y* r.nRabt tcd Basd d th.ir e,qdiec, ncnhas e 6sigr.d lo comitlc$. lide.re 12 omitte thal dal with hulm iiglts,
KinS for

educlion, cult@, ilfomation, bcalh and $cial

dfra, swic.s

and public

ntilitiB, fo@ig! afhiB.

wity,

.dninistralio!, IsLDic a$.ns, eorony

ed

sadt Fadtu Mord's6,& E tcl h.?a" a!' otwtaucb n{aa uaaa rcc} o^d .darb,,'t t t"M. at b@laL@ortu w oesd

Ib

.1

tdab d

rut.

b.

d6ar kdcL a.

Originally .slricled to discusion of Egulatioff public

ud

is$ca of natroml and

in&6!

the

include poposirg

tudde of Majlis Al-sbw w3 br@dd.d i! 2004 to nw lcgislatid ed atr ing.xisting laB wiltoul pnor

slboision to tbe Kin8. 11 bls llways bea abl to requ4t that Eovmnt officials pirticipaL in kcy |@t'Dgs ud alply for .c6s ro gdctMdl d@m@B. On Apnl 7, 2003 the Majlis Al-slu bcc@ a tull nenb.. of tne

lntlrPrlim.nt

ry Union,

L.gal sy3ten: Bded on Shei'a law. sevEdl intoduccd; co@rci.l disputes

a@cpted codpul5ory ICJ juisdiction.

s@l& cod.s havc hd hddled by rpeial @mrtles; b,3 tor

Becutiv. bnicb: King &d ?rin. Mhister Abdultl bin Abd al-Aziz Al Siud Ginc. I Augut 2005); H.n Apparcnt CrcM Pdr@ Sult n bh Abd ,1Aziz Al saud (hrlf brcthd of the tuneh-rhc Mon th h toih the chief of
sialc tud he{d of

goffi.nt

Legbrrtiv. brorcl: codulrative Coucil or Majlis al-Shua (120 n mbqs ed r ct irh.r aploinr.d by tnc nmarcl fd fou-yd tcm!) Coucil of

Minisr* mounced in Octob.r 2003 10 irtudlc. cletioB fd hrlf of the mcnbd of l@al sd prcvincial s$mblis &d a tLnd of thc mdbB of the mrional Cotrsulr,tivc Coscil d Majlis al-Sblt. inc@ahlly ovd r pdod of fou 10 tw. y4; in Novnbd 2004. the Ministy of Municipal dd RMI
Aflais ilitiatcd voter Fgistration for padirl nuicipal oucil
dtionwid. &on
Fbruary thrclgh April 2005.

clctions hld

L.gislatlo! in S.udl Anbia works throuch myll

DeB.

of

120

m.mb6 dd

Ch3ilr@ @ appootcd by rhe

co8ulative Coucil Mo|eh fd Fou-y@

CuneltAdmldsndtof':
ln Decmber 2005 th Coucil of Ministei .otuprid

otrl

o o o

Princ Minist r: King Abdullah Ibo Abdulazt A]-Sa!d

!i61 D.t'uty Prim. Miois&c CroM Pri@ Sulan Ibn Abdulaziz Al-Srud

Minilt r of MBicipa! & RMI Af.ils:

Prin@ Mer'b

ftn

Abdrl@iz Al-

o rnbior Prince Nayef I}n Abdulaziz Al-Saud o Forig! AfIaiB: Prince Sald Al-Iais.l Ibtr Ab{hrlu iz Al-Srud o Civil Slnice Mubmd Ibn Ali Allata

o FiM.c Dr. DBlim I}n Abdul&iz Al-Asf o Hlrh: Dr. Han.d lbn Abdullah Al,Mdic
o
HiCa EdutioD: Dr. (bald lln Mohamd Al Alsaly
connerc. md lidut y: Dr. q.shin Ibn Abddbn Al-Yamani

o o o o
o o

hlanic AfraiB, Eftlowl@r! Crll &d Cuidd@: Shoi*n Sat.h

Abduluiz Al-Asbaild

lbn

Jstice Dr. Ab<lullr!

PcIolcl|tlt

ltr.Iim Al-Alb.ilb 0!d Milcol Rcewccs;Ali lbn lbBlin Ar-NliDi

Moblmcd
Ibtr

lt!

NalioMl Econony and Plaming: Kb.lid Ibn

Mu!@d

Al-Queibi

Trailpo

: Dr.

JlbaE! Ibn Eid Alsurah.d

JI'DICTA|, BRANCH: SUPRIME COUNCIL OF JUSTICE

coury s Eore rbar 300 Stria 6rrs. T!. Miiisicr of JustiHploiltd by th Ki!& is ssi$ed by thc "S|prene Judicial Council", a body of eleven nenb.s ch6.n from thc mtion's @n se4olcd religiou jnds6 (!lam'Fs.fl* s chif jutic!. Nw comdial
The Ministry ofJNti@ adnbjsrels $e

coutr for Eslvilg trade dislutcs wcrc tr&sfeftd t! the Mini{ry of rusti@
fron
rbc "B@rd of

criev@"

in ,uly, 2005-

Dr.

kmnh /t-EoI*r, Xirzdon 4 srtdi /nbb, cone d dcc&tut stu. D9a,M' at potubat s.tu. ^rot$tuon

ttol I b,.bd k : htq

!tu|

ttutu eav 3c

Jutlc.:
is

Thc

eligiou lae of klm (Shdia)

a1

is thc

@tmon r.e of lh. led,

ldministd.d by retsiou colns,

thc hc.d ofwhicb is a chi.fjudgc,

od who k

.esponsible fo. the D@artuent of Sharia Afrai6.

Stria court!

arc concened

primsily with

fuily

ilhdirance &d propcrty natteB. The Comincc of lhc

scnlcne of comdcial Dspuics is th. comercial corn. ouo speialiEd aurts or comi. it6 include onc d@lins mlaively wiib labou 4d .oDtoyBcnt mttcB; rhe Negotiablc lDstrudt Comi1le, wLicb .lc.ls *ith c.g ELtirg to chqu.s, biI! of cxchdSe ed p@jsry notes; and lhc Bodd of G.i.vmG, p6.o6 dispul4 eitb the govelMdr or its .gdcia dd wbich also ha juisdrcrion in t deMk'intringcn@l car.s |'d b the
authonty for enforcirg forcig! court judgn@ts. The dalh

p@lty b in foEe

for nurdcr. Bpc, sdony, amed rcbb.ry, sdbotagB dog tnmcking, adnltery

od

aposlasy;

exeutio$ @y bc held

in

publicri.

GOVERNMEM AND POLINCAL CONDITIONS

Sup.eFe Courcil of

Juric.
1992 dcla!d tnat Saudl Anbia is a monarchy rulcd by

BBic Law adopted

th. soB
and

i!

srodsoB oI King Abd Al Aziz Al Saud, od that the floly Qur'd i! thc constiitlion of ihc coury, which i! govemed d tle b4is of Islamjc law (Sh.nh), dd iIrc @ no polili@l padics. Tbe king\ powc6 e limitcd

bMuc h. mBt obefl.

a

thc Shri'a rad

otLr S.udi traditic. g. bur Ebin

odt r

@B6s

of tle Saudi

qd

family

ad relisi$ lad6 (ul.@), md

inporunt
choos.

wicty. The l..dine nmb6 of lLc royrl fanily rtE ting 6on dong lhds.lv6 *ith ttD $l&qDdt approwl of th.
in Saudi

dmrs

D,. Mohonnd con * d

kdin 4-Eotua, xh3tu at sdi /dbb, sctu, D@tuqt d P.rtut stu, ^luryd Min r.84tu. Knstor q w te, Dt. t M .,t4 4 tu|tu tuq. DqM' al PM scb4

Saudi Kitrgs

gFdu.lt

d.vclopd

ccnrzl Sov!|menr

s]sld. Sie.

1953, rhc

Couacjl ofMinbters, appoinied by and

r6loBible

to lhe king, has advbed on

I[c fomulatioi of g6crd lolicy ed diEtlrd th. a.rivirie of th. Brlwinc bu.a!.fuy. this @ucil corsistr of a prin ninist r, thc fd ald F@rd
dputy

lriec hinisles,

20

niliste6 (of ehon rl ministd of defee 6ls is

lhc aeond dputy

of advhc$

lrin

minjsier),lwo

ninisld ofsrar., ud

a snEll

Nnb..

ad

heads oI

Mjor aulonomos orsdi2atios.

b by resludon of thc C@dl of Minist .s, Ftili.d by rcyat dece, ad mut b .ompdible wirh th Shari,a. Justi@ is adhinisreed
Legislation

a@rdirg ro Oc
appointed

stst.e of rctigioN @un wnos judg6 @ by llte kirg on ihe rcome.datio! of the suprem. Judicial coucil,
by a

Ski'.

.onposed of 12 s@ior jukts_

rE

iadepddcncc oflhc judiciary i5 pbtccted

by law. T[c kinS acts

ngbt In

rh. hghdt conrt of .ppsl ud !6 lh. powtr lo pardon. Accas lo high ofiicials (NuUy at a mjli!, or public &diocc) ald th.
ro

Ftirion rLm di@rty @ wc -dtablilhcd FaditioB,

1993,

S.phbe'

Kins Fahd i$u.d addirioml Ffom dcrccs, appointing the

beDbcs of t[c @tioal CoButtativc Co@it aad s!.Uing our proccdus for A. new cowilk opFlions, Ile mouced rcfo|m Egading rh Coucil of Miri3l6 ircluding tcm limitatioB of 4 ycais md rcgdadG n pFhibil

.o!flict of idcBr fd diniscB dd or[.r hie] ta.r otrciat3.

Co titltio!

.n.1

cov.hmcne

Th. King, Frhd Ibtr Abdulrziz At-S.trd: $c@ctled h Msy 1982, after King Khald\ de{h. h 1995 King Fahd suff.Ed a srrol@ dd b@d det@ro,
Princc

sdlo,

a brethd of1h king,

consid@d to bc

ldt

in tinc and

' lk

Ror!

E,bq.tsdi1tui4r4otu.)fw.tun*a^i@_uM.

Aoo Sbsi. l.v. Tbrce byd d.qB for Bdic I-aw wE e$ablished on Mdch l, 1992 vhich dcfmes the sysleN of cmtrdt

Co

titutio@l ptutice

ddiB

dd Euicipel govmcnq dd

cmmitre of 60 ncobes. In Aucur 1993, CoBulradve coucil (Mzlir7t/-Sroz) by royal da@ wa nolnmled,
sct up a

cbai@ b D..

Abduttl bin Eenaid. rn July 1997, rbe Kirg d.cre.d e ilce of Consulrarivc Coudt 10 . chaimd plu 90 menbes; dd in May 2001 it ws inc!asd once .Cain to a cbai@ ptls 120 n nba.
Salih bio
saudi Aabia is a! ab$lur.

mofrchn cxdutive powd is dis.hdged tlough ! Cot"cil of Miniite^, .@sist]D' of the King, Dcplty princ Midlter, Scmd
Dcprty Prim. Minir..

dd

Cabint

Mi,irrar dd can

vero any d.cision

Minin6. Tne King hle the posl ofPrrD of UE Cowil of MinisrE wirtin 30 dals.

N.dotr.l Atrttrco Sei lit tujd wat.yE (.Onw.rd rowd.ls rhe glory ud th. hcjghLr'); words by nrEiim Klafaji, twe by Abdul Rahnll at Karib.

In Odobd 2003 the Saudi cabilet auDuced rh.

to

.rrre IMI mhicipat

@urciis.

evd.leclic Th.y e@ schcduled ro bc hetd in 14 ro%

fiisr

@hry,!
be

tud cih6, with hatfofthc oew nuicipal ald dE othd halfappoilcd. TIP

oucils b

.tcct

d by

th. lEopl

LN

ol th. Comctt of Mini.rerrs

Tbrl thb taw $pcF.ds Coucil ol Mirtulcs trw isud by Roral D&@ No. 38 dlied 22l10/t 37? H. ed it! hendmcnls.
2.

orda dd d@a in foM shllt GMitr %lid wh@ {,is Coucil of Minic6 Law cm6 inlo fo@, uril i!.y @ a4odd
Tnal all GgulatioN,

l,N@

ot

stu
vottd od

trtr:I:;:':^^.* cMd oftht

hfu.l,uvfwLem. colLc" of Mory.d s.tu. b k|ndh^l sda^;!

^.t

tu6 p br

2oa5,

wt@

ow

@4

l.

That rhis

dele

shatl be puUish.d

i! r!. O6cirl cs*f. od sbal

Ash_

con ituo foice ninery (90) dars !fter rh. tomrion of Majljs
Shun, as stipulsted in O f$1 Rolrl Dere

cotretus &

Pror'lrcld Divlrlon lnd Strtenre

The Kiog is th. highst ruthdiry in rhc

@ulr$

hc is lhe primc

Minist r, Chicf

co@dr of all nilirry secroB ed eed forc6. Ec hd wide 6nge of !owd. Howeva, hjs pow6 m nor ab6otu&; hdc. rhe IstEmic taw "Shrdd'oh" dcrdi@ thc nanrc of timir.tiols rh.r 6triq suc! pow6,
t.gilbriw poscrs, wiihin rhe padnctds of Uc Islamic hw ..Sbdia'.I-, It fomut td thc ini.mal, qidd, n@dsl, defedc, cducarion.l mrioel polici6 .!d rll oth.r aflliE of tnc srsra TIE ddisiG of rhe @ucit re foal, qcelt for |h6c dtr6 tb.r req!'rc s$a&c ofroyat deqee, in rccoiddcc io the @ucil,s Egut.tios.
add

Th.

Cowil

of Ministcs

cdlin*

bolt

l[c.tutirc

TbB stslom is aimed ar olancing rhc t.vel of addinisFarirc

rc*.s

well ar

i! provincs of tte Kingdon of Saudi AEbia, Each pmviee is comprii.d of ! rubd of disr.ict3 od a.a!, wlicb B@lly @
distdbut
d

ine d.velopmcdt of

keeping with geogEphic, d.bographic

ed

,ecudty coNi.lentions.

m{hdjs4
wbich is

Aens oth6 rojd.o@du th.l gdn th attcntion ofric Saudi Ladcship, is ixeir app@t .lsjrc, kJ k ep th. rcgion olt of the &Di@ce of forcip iltlEnc,10 r.irfoe @rc.prs of Istuic prcp.gadotr "d.'M", ro srugrha
of Asb md Islmic solidariry, so ar lo

cohl.r ile zionilt dugd,

snd

!t@t nilg lh. Anb dd btmic UbtrEl

binddilg rh.ir eforts

D uob@ tu llgde ru.d@ 4 sd )db4 % ct krastu &kta. Dw.^t oI pontkd ft,e,

Rindh
is

is tLe

epital ofsaudi Anbia_ h n

1,800 equ@

tjloDeters in d@
a

aDd

loc.t

d in the

..n1d ofthe Ambie }ninsula with mdc thd tbrcc ud

half

million people. Ard

Sald s.t

tm
ihe

which rh. ta& Kiry Abdulaziz Bin

Abdulnblm

Af

of

to

uiry

Kilgdon.

MrLlot l'Mrl(rrmrb is the nosr inlottalt city of tl!. Kingdon wh.c the Eoly Pl&6 of aU Muslim woddwide Ka'aba is tooled. I contdtu tie Holy Mdquc dd th Alcidr HoB. rhe K..r!& It is rhc bin[pl@ of th. Proph.r Mohmad (p.acc b. won hjm) wh.rc he @eivqd Gvetation at ihc HiE Care. From Malr.\ tlc ddtsting Irrhic CaI starn d lo hMity s ! wholc. Evcry yed, nillio$ of Mutim perfom pilgdMge lo ttc K.,$a,lh.
Holy M6que

dd $e

holy

plrc6

at Mina,

Muzdllifa and Anfar

nub.r

Madlmh Al-Mumwrm i! one of th biggst cities in the Kingdom aDd tbe s4ond nst inpo.iel cily to alt MBlis sc.ord ro M.,klaL 11 cont ic .
of lslairic Hoty plNc6 of grr inpona!@

fd MuliDr

PrcphelMuhdmd (pesc. be upd Him) ws buied rhde Mosqu. i, Madinal is d. of the &!e ncqlcs ro which MusliDs ryortdMdc

a! a wholc. ftr prcphefg

Jdd.h b lled 1he tsndc of the R.d Ser", is rhe Kingdom,s tust sport, Ii s a eat My for pilgrid io tbe ttoly ptac6_ ft is eid Inat the Motb6 of hMity, Evc" is bui.d in a tomb beitrg b* tue in rhc cmtd of the otd

Drmm.m &abian culf i! locald in the E3r.m pbvinc., is o& of th Dosr mlort !1 ciri.s in the Kitrgdos. Il h m iDporr, oit pllJ@og l]@ &d

sev.nl indBtrie are local.d nr DaMsd. The 25_km lory King F,Id CaMMy @D.cting Saudi Anlia with Balrain is atso n@ Da|t)|):@ T!.

"

m. Rqd E4h4'q altqdi )nbb,

kluhdd ontu,...tu

fidhi@r _us/.

@st of

caeway w$ aooutcd io sR 7E0 nillion. Il wa! inalgMrcd

on

Ra!i'

A*d A,
dd

lry

H.

.!d

is coosiddld thc ldgc3t

@lscay

in tbc Mi&Ic

&$

the third

ldgst

in the wodd.

citi6, th. two ildutrial citi.s Jdrtt aad Yubu phys !! idport nt rclc i! meting noi lN th6 5 p.|@1of th. wodd requircm@ts of petochdrical pod&ls i! plnicuLr .ad @ral Fodlcrs in ga.r.l, Jrtdil is
addition to lhcs. lo@led otr th

Asbid culfwbile Yeb!,

is

or lhc R.d Sca, Ad{"

l.

Otbd @jor citi.3 in th. Kingdom e: Abs, Dbibm, Al-Khobe, Tail (nafi, Abb4 H!il, Aff, Tebulq Babb, J!v4 Najea Ji2ra Buid.!, Od!ir.,

Fd Fircipal Sludi

BuilB

C@tacE

c Allq-2.

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKTSTAN

Tt.

of funitrg a consrirurion of indpndcdr p*isr.r wa ntrusrd ir 1947 ro a Constinre Assmbly that als iucriored s the couhy\ i.i{ior LgislatN. UrfomDrely, wiu ttc pssilg av.y oftle Fouda ofllc Nltiotr,
task

Quaid-6Aan Mohmad Ali Jima\ dd rhc .ss4sinarion of rhe fd ftnne Minisrd, Mr LiaqlBt Ali K!.!, pretr&t d poutical irsiability cNu.d
Minilrri.s cdc dd w.qr in quick succBsid. Tn FiBt CoBtitudr A$.nbty w.s uable to give the coulry a Cotutitulior in sevcn y@, Thc rhd
Govcnor C.acFl, Mr. Chulan
had f.iled to

MohmB4 disstEd

n on the gmuld tbra n

Constitu A$cmbly tancd thc Constjtulio! in 1956, &d e Islmic Rcpublic wd ptulaimcd d 23d Ma4 1947, ehicb is obkry.d .rery yd s palisrar Day. Tlis Costiturioo B Iedchl and parlitunbty in chatrtcr. The qisting folr provincee in W6r
Palista! w@ uired inro one @ir, The

pdfom iis

rask, The Sccod

uir

while Edt p.tista! @r3rirrtcd rh. otho

coury thu

@ruistcd
a

of rwo provires E

paltise!

d.l W6t
me3lE

PalistrFwhich wd givcn
of sclf-gov@cnt

systen lrdr wbjcb rhey @joycd e targ.

lrd ruronony',. dd it
paveil rb.

Ministcrial i$tability hn4 horevq, baon cldcnic

Amy iak {vd. Maj. cr. Ista.Lr MiE, llc thd ?rsida! delar.d Martirl kw in the coutry tuly itr Oclober, 1958, dd appointd c6aal Mobmd Ayub K[na the d6 CodDarda-i!-Cbief, s the Chicf Marrit
!ow.6 ofth. pcidnt on 28 Octobd, 1958, Aftcr . linlc over rhree y.4, he pomulgated a rcw .onlrinrtid i! Mdh 1962 &d iDtodrccd r!. P6idcndal f@ of d.noctuy ,. oc @ut /. P.tistan codiNed lo bc a !dedion, Thc ncw Co6tituiion int oduced
Law AdninGr.tor, who asMed

e.y fd

.|oblq'|b.l'asu|4b'vh@ J4a4qo'|d41M{Pah!fulPh'llbdtt\kltdssa,d'afu|3rc4AM|
db. Ja4d 8\tu.

".

Hon4 wh84 Hcl.e uottr

indnect sFtcm of eiecrio$ for the

PGidat

wclt as the fedchl Md

ft. lyeteo did lor 6!d acepr.nc. mong the pcopl. Th.e @ a Ms nov@6t in 1969,
prcvilcill
legislatures lbDu8h

E!.crorat Cotlcge.

wheEupon he Esigned

ed hodd ovd powq

10

Cmml yahya Kha4 ilc

tha Co!|)rmdd-b{bief,
1962

who ponulg.red Msniat

Ilw

aftcr abregating l|).

Constitltion, ltr Mdch 190, hc issled rhe Legat ff"rework Oda udc, which thc fou ptlvine vhich had oDlris.d W6t Pakisbtr w@ div.d.

dd g.rcl el4tiom v@

ud povincial Ascmblies in the folloeitrg D{crnbr In rh6e el4ri@, Tbe Awdi taguc gair.d !
hcld for th. Nario!.t

mjority of sts in the NarioDat As.mbty whilc the pakisbr pcoplt tarty won a sikabi. lunbd o{ Nldonal Al$nbly sdrs 6on tlc fou ptuvir@s in

W6! P.tisllL Va.ios

facroB

inl.do.4

and a

civil wd

led

in Est

Pakistd in Mdch l97l vhich Butled in lle Indie invsion of that prevince. On 16 Decmb4 1971, Dtrta fel ud Ear pakisran delricd jr.|' d &

cour.y, Bdglad.sL
'odependnt

on 20 Dcembo, l9?1 Cm.BI Moha@d yahya Khar rsiglcd dd \,tr. Zufika! Ali Bhutlo lade. of Oe ppp ssuhed thc ofrce of ?rsidcll ed Chi.f
Martial

kw

Adnidnrabr and corvocd tbc .let d Nari@t Assdbly.

Mrtid Lav wrs liffed on 2l April, l9?2 dfter framing an inrerin Constilutio!, T!@icr, a pcfrDlor CoBrinlrior wd rdopr.d ed dfoE <t on 14 Augusl,
1973.

ll *as fedcnl in cba.acrer wift parlimenbry rcpubncan srsrcm.

Dwing lhis pdiod of ravail et3ten El:@cd irtact

dd ribrtation,

rhe tdditionat fcd..sl

Swic.

.dnjliscatior of Ihe coEky wd cei.d or\ db.ir otr the prc,ind.p.ndde plrt.ms ofric coloni.t nl. Sevenl ConrDiiteq and coduissioG had i! tle nc&rime beci rploEicd to @rSdize th. rdDirisFetiw srucrr ed $@ chsg6 w. intoduccd. wnh th. inboducrion of the rew CoBrituton in t973, howvcr,
the seoice

dd,

undr it, the day ro day

structe volv.d by th. Bndst KroM

slrten.

ds

..tut

s$tcm,,

rcplacd by a mified gading

Th. fist geocrsl latioB hder tle 1973 CoNtitltion wft hetd in March 1977, but th@ re allcgrtim of largesclc riggirg by ilc rulilg p@ple s Ptrty wbich res ted i! couby widc asi2rion ud cosidenble lcs of life. The agihtioD tmed i o a Ms novement with tle de.0.and for ,.Nizd-iMustah (lslamic Syst h) in rhe oury. I}. AmEd FoE3 int n6cd io sve rhe sirudon, dd took ovr rh sdminbtndotr d 5 Jqly, 197?, Maniat

kw ws

pmlrimed od Caeel

Mohmd

Zia-ul-Haq, Cbief of thc

Amy

Sutr, b@@ the Chi.f Manid

r:w

Ailtninistraror (CMI-A).

lEsid@l Mr- Fazal Elahi Cbau.lbry, agdd ro @ntn!. and ac1 on rh sdvie ol thc CMI-A, Tt Chief Jurica of th. High coun t@t ova s
The

Govmos of pbvisios
'is validity

th Provinc.s, The CoBtinttion was rot abregatd,

olly mnc o{
td rhe

lut i, .beyee_ 'nE Snp@c Cout of patisarn ult ofihpositid ofMadial taw udd the dNtine ofncc.sit_

eft

O!

the expi.y of the

fivc-)d

elcd.d

Ld

of thc pEidcnt, Mr.

Chardhry, Gmcnl Mohanmd zia-ul-Haq alsM.<r l! off@

r@t Elrli of th. Faid.or

Thc constiNtim of lskisrad

slipllates ttat

approyed

in

1973;

iq iis Article (u) ir

Islm is

ihc otficial Eligion of lhc couhy. Tbe govrDrace

sysrcm in rbc Rcpubtic of pst

isld h an Islmic R.p!bti6 tuIitatcnl sysrm

ba$d, pdliamoiary .nd dnocatic, Conpding pakisr.r wirh orhd nonhNlin courrics olthe world @ be d&nb.d tbD @ of&. gHt slachG

"W.

arc . Natio4 not a Minoriry. A Ndtion ofa

&d cI']rs in c@rd C@y, e a Narion wirh ou ou dkrinctivc cultu dd civilizio!, laguag. md lit 6tuE, an and no@l*urcs, sde or varu dd prolmtio!, la*s arld oont codB, clrt@s dd cdcndd,
gnler

l,udr.d dillion, dd wbar is nDE, qc

dicl and dftss, fai.s

ad festiwh, history ard hadirioc,

aplinrdq

dd mbili6. Ir short, w. nav. ou (]m distildve o l@r on lif. dd of lifc. By all Ixmos of Inlemtional L3q we art !

Fedenlio! ud ils leritory'5

The Ishnic Rpublic of Palistan

i! .

fed.El rtatc wirh lh. foltowing

(a) Provi@: Pujab, Sildl, Nonl-W61Fbrti.r ed B.lu.List r. (b) Fad.ral Capital Tditory oflsLhabld. (c) reddlly Admin'srercd Tnbal Area (FATA), divided inio tetr
rdrdnidrativc

divkim hoM a

Tnbal

Agdci6.

The Fcdcol

Govmeri b4

rhe aurhority ro

gmt ciheuhip of

Pakbtan to

oyorq Thc citihship rul6 arc govancd by tbc Patistrn Ciriz.dslip Act 1951. Bvcry peMn bom itr Pati$En aftd rbc cfua@h.nt of th.
Citizolhip Act l95l is a citirn by birth md so is a p6or if his fathr b
a

citih

of Pai.isbn ar rbc rim6 ofbis

bidll

Prsidcnr

Pw@ MBhamf h6 bc.n chi.f of

slate eirce

Jue 20.

2001.

allloud h. f$l iook pow6 in the Ocroba 199 @p ud r@k on lh. ridc of Chicf Eidtive. A prolonged coffiont lion ovd authonty bclw6 Pulieot ed thc ?resid@t end.d ir Dcenber 2002 with a comprcs$e which p.ditted !6es. of the lgal Fln]rwolk Ordd (LrO) of 20{2, udc. &. r.ms of which PBid@l Msharaf.gcd ilat hc sill step doM Aon hi! bilil,ry

a '

z r. NdNi, tuittua

w & 1ae 2oot

^.
Potitu, oattua ald tu

m. sl',jj/lM\ re'naot

tutu ot^.

votu b, B@ ?v,a.

pos'tion

Khd

a CoMnd.rin-Chief in Lre 20Or. prine Minht JMli ws lh Primc Ministo in Novenber 23, 2002.
1973,

r ML Zatanllan

Tt

Palislu Co6ritution of

M$amd

njtil,ry CoveIM@t i! Octob.r 1999. It re Btorcd on Dqnbq lt, 2002, Sel@r.d prcvirions of lhc Cotutiturion p.iaining to chdgc! rhat Prsiddr MBhamf mdc whil the CoBtiturion wa rNpedd.d E@in contst d by politi*l opponds.
Th. Preside is elected by s.l@t
d by the Nrdonal

Zia ul,Haq, was superded by the

'lMd.d

subsaartially

i!

t985

udq

Pelimdt

for a 5-y.s
a

im.

The prine ministd is

biqnF.t petiaftnt - or Majlt-esh@n - corsistr of fi Sdatc (lOO sdB; mdDcB &. indir.cdy elect d by FoviDciar alsdbliB !o *re 4_y@ teru) sd thc N.tional A$mbly (342 sq 60 seG llsdd for ed.q I0 sls |tsw.d
Assmbly for 1Lj@ r.@ The
for ninorities; mnbeB cl@bd by popntd votc *rc 4-ye tmt. Each of tLc f@ tmvi!6 - Pujab, Sid\ Nodh-wsr Fotid, ed Bal@hisrd _ is hoded by a 8ovmor ed prcviei.l cabine! who @ civilim appoirt d by

Alfu &d lertedlly Admiaistcrcd Trib6l Alq (FATA) aE adniiistercd by rhe fcdea,l goEm@t bur mjoy
chief exeurive,

fie

ftc

Nonbm

consi.Lrbl autonony. The pEsidot, cabine! Ndioml S.cuiry Coucit, and govmoB stu at ile chi.fcx@urivc\ rtiection.
The Judicid systen compris6 a Supme Coun, previncial

tigh coutu, &d

Fcdc'd Islanic (or

s!ti'a)

Co!n_ Tre Suptlmc Coun is pakisrrtr,s highsr

julic.. ftc

pBidcnt, in .oosutbdon with rh chicf ex@tive, appoinb fi. ctief JBr,c. ed tley togethd dcle@ine oderjudicial aploinmc s. E!.! pbvi@ ha a ligh coun, the jBric6 of which @ .ppoini.d by the prBi.t nr aner coDfdidg with i[e chiefjustice of the Suprc@ Court ud ihe prcvincial chief

aurt.

The

judiciary is

p@ibed f.om islitrg

d,

ordd

driry

lo rh.

dccisioB of rh. cbief xc@rive.

Tle ?akistan Mslim League, (?ML Q). GML \) dd rhc pahslan pople\ Paity (PPP) e etioDal poliricjl pani4, wbil. rhe Muiahi.r. Mrjli*,Anar of six religiou parties, including rhe Jal@!! Islani - $ired signifimt innuen e duirg lhc tdr etectiotr. Orha panies with a strory @sooal, et ic or rcligioa ba* imlu.t tb. Mutrahida QaMi
group

(MMA) m Mbrcl|

Movemdt (MQM), (AN?), (BNr) .1c. And the elctios herd in tate 2002, the Plristari political sysr@ rtuirs higNy fi.gE@rcd wirh ,o gmup m'ry a $bst8ltial tujoriV oI s.ak in ihc tcSislare, dd rctiSious grcup, b,lding togethd in th. MMA
ro

ed . very sioifi@t

poni@ of sa& for 6

Princlpl6 of St(. Poticy

Foudq oftte N.rion, euaideA4m Motrmnad Ati .liDna\ had dElirtd mcquivaaUy rbst palilhn wolld ba ! ddochtic slatc b.ed on the Iltmic lrirciples ol social jutie, whicb is rcfl@r.d in the ObjccnB R6oludd of 1949.
of

Pakjlhl

crated

il fi. n@

hld. rb.

In thc fonulation of
Govelmlt
is to nuinrain

Slate

lolicy, lI ovdidiry cci(r.Erid with

dmftlacy ed rslahic eilos of the nari@.1

The Sbtc of Pakistan was crated on t4 Algue t947 lo provide rndiar MuliN wit[ tb.it om staic_ lalistd's sratu ws rltsr ofa Dohinion withir 1ne Co@onw.alth it baafu a rpubtic in 1956 md bn tne qoMonwc.tth in

Efrorr io rejoir w.E orpdcd by India mtil l9E9 whn p.tistd @@ agai! b@nc a tun ndb4 of rhc Cotl]mrrcdrL
1972.

IrE
or

lst

ofs.vcdl

paio{Ls of

mrrirt

law

bcge in

1958, foUowcd by rLc

ruI.

li.ld Mshal Mohm.d Aylb Ktd (udl

Mohahmd Y.Iy! Kbe .'PaLb4lbuatPtonl%'

(uft

t9?l).

ed C.nc6t Agha Duing rle bnat tm, ditrltlB

1969)

bctwed

East and West

Patish! carc

ro a head,

Civil war brcle

our

ir Mdh

l97l

and en.lcd in Deccmbr

l9?l wir!

itrlo fo@ oa 14 pa meftsry govemnlt MllI a prcsiddt as head of st3te ed a prine Eini3td N hed of th. govem6t. Zul6qur Ali Bbutto bemc prime nidsre.. Hi! govmnr w6 douAhr by rdtirioDtins ro b. not $rlficiorly
consntution
lslamic.

cuc

@tior of Bsnglrdsh, A nd Algulr lt3, providing r f.deEl

th

IlElc w d my 6up lcd by ca Mohmd Zia !!Haq in Juty | 9??. ZUfiqw Ali Bhu!,o E hdg.d for @cpirilg ro nurdd, His daughrq, B.@i!, bcld powd twic. in the 1990s but w.vmtu.lly ovc.rhrcM in 1996, whcn tle Prcsiddq Famq Leebfi, dkmised th. sovcm. for onuption ed mi@ging the aaomy.
PML 00 clccbd by a hcra Dnrsin &d sov.@d twice rbc conrlry. Or rtc ss@d esion it ws roppled by GcMal tcdd Mustmf tuloving rle

sd a .prcvisiod Coturitutid OiLr No. I' s6 issucd. I! Aryur 2002, h. uilar.olly .@d.d rh. co.sl'tuton ro gtur hidslft. righr lo diselv pdlidetri
1999

onp. Coudnrdon

was held in abeym@

Gcna"t ?cocz Muhim4 Chi.f of lhc Amy SraS aslEcd rhc rcspdibilitiq of rhc cbjcf execui've oI the coury foltowing fie Enovat of

r Naw Shqif on I Octobd 1999, H fomed a Natio.al S.cuiry Coucil @Gisting ofsix n mb6 beto.ging io ln. .mrl forccs dd a nmbd df civiliu wiih expenis. in e.ious nekk. A le.LEl Cabinet of Ministes wa also iutall.d wo.tjng udd r!. guidlr@ of d. Nado.ar S6wity Coucil. Abo fod.d @ th. Natiotr l Ro41@rion Bwu, r think I!I.k previding instihltional sdvi@ dd ingut o .conosic, saiat hd
Minist

lrihe

fht r6orc eonomc ordd b.foF holdine g6@l .le.ri6 to iBiall a civilid govcme Tb SuDrcm
10

Thc adhinistrado! d4lar.d rhat

it inradd

Coun oftakistan rlloved |hc ddmilistratior

itre_yd

pcriod, which cxpired

on 12 Odobc! 2002, ro acconplish rhir t!sk. El$ijons we.c held on l0

Oclobd 2002. On 30 April 2002 a

Gi.MdM

held in wbich 9?.?% votcd

in favou of exterding Mlehamfs tule by a tunlEr flv.

y@, Tmdr ws
lormlly ext od

uoud
bis

50%. Hc

doded

i.\e co4rituiion in

Augsl

2002 to

nhdat !y

five

,4.

,vrrer lle Patistadi-admiaisr@d portiotr of rbe dispucd .tamu dd K,shmn Egion consists of two adrninGEadve mtitie Azad Kasl&ir ud Northh

Legd ststn": bs.d

on Etrglish
tus

@mon law vith

provisions to

.Eo@odare PakisEDis st

a d bldic

at.r!; tuccprs codpul$ry ICJ

jMsdiction. with Fsdations

Excudve

bENh:

foltowing

nilirry

talcover

or l2

Octobr 1999, Cbicf

of

Aay

ed Ctrinnan of rhe Joinl Chicfs of Staff Comincc, Crlcral Peryez Mutami s!rded tEkisrar's constitutio. sd asNmed rhe
Siaff additioul title olchief ErMtivc; oo
12

May 2000, palistaDk Suplae Coun

'!@imouly

validard rLc Ocrober 1999 coup

md legislative lurhority for tbre

od gdtcd Ml]3har.f e&@rive ycd 6bn the 6up dat; on 20 Ju 2001,

Mub.rr.f ndcd biGelf d pcidcor ard w soD ir, rcptacilg Mohdn ad Rafiq Taar h a rfeendum held on 30 April 2002. Muhamfs prsidncy wd
cxtctrdld by 6vc

mrc

y6

@ t. Jdurry

2004, MEha@I won

vol. of

confiderce in tbe Semre.

N.rio..l A$cobly d lourprcvtmt.r A3*nbu.r Pr$iddt c@cal P.frcz Mcb@f (sine 20 J6e 2o0l )
Plimc Ministr Shartor Aziz Gincc 2E Angur 2004)

CabiM appointcd by

the

princ Minisrer

..

ry ;/A{* ch.so | /.t4h/u i. d t d.,9. boa hb tut br hh 1.

t/4rba:
El@non

Sture -

tasr hetd

ir Mdh

2006

(ftxr

ro bc

hcld

i! M4h

2009);

Narional Asscmbly - last h.ld r o ocrobc. 2002

(rdt

ro be

hcld in 2004.

/.r,1$ S@tc rcsults . !rccnr of vote by pdty - NA s.ats by pety PML 47, PPP 9, MMA 20, MQM/A 5, pMrrN 4, ?MLf I, ptMAp 3, ANp 2, rP? 3, JWP 1, BN?-A*!r!i t, BNI-Mdgal l, BN?/H l, indcpddnts l: Natio@l Assmbly resllr! pftenr of vot6 by party - NAi s4b by p.rty _
PMUQ 126, ppp 81, MMA 63, pMt"/N t9, MQWA 17, NL 16 pMr"/F 5, PMI./J 3, ?PT/S 2, BNP I, JWP I, PAT I, ?MUZ 1, PTI I, MQM,II I.
PkMAP I, indepe(bnts 3.

tudicirl brrncn: Supr.fu

Coun (ju!ii@s rlpoitrr.d by tbe pcaid.nt); Fdc6l

Politi..l pres.un grcup3

political force;

!d

l..dc.e:

oitilty t!fuitu mst iDporrldr

ncrcL!
s

d@

(clerSy), lddowns, indurlialist , md shAlt

L%rl lfttihtiols of PrKsre

J$ttc.:

ofde Suprche Coun of p*ist 4 wnich is a coun of rcmrd ed [4 rbre-fotd jujsdicriod; ongilrl, rppelar. &d ldvisry. Thft aE fou Hig! Couns in Lahorc, pBhaM, eEtri ed K!@hi.
Thc rederal Judiciay @Bisi

Undd thc CoGrituti@,

@t Is lowd

lo issE

dtotios

of Mib of

Ilareq

Co,pa, Ma"dana, Ce,riorud od odcF. Undd Ud e disrdd a&l sdsions coDns of fiBt iBrarce ir @h disbict they have also lome appellarc

juGdiction. Criniral *d not bcing sior'! cls mgislral*. Thft !E subordie0e civit cours abo,

hi..l by judicial

Tlc Consdtution prcvidc for d idcpoddtjudiciary, s thc Ircardt sdgurd of citi@' rig!$. ft@ is e Atloo.y-ctunl appoitrr.d by d. pr6id.nt, h* nght of audi6@ in att couns md rhc pdlimh! od a Fedcral

A Fedenl Sh&iat Coun at Oe High Coun whethcr

lw.l

has ben catabtishcd

to de.ide

law is wbolly or paniauy D-rsl@ic. In AtgBt l99q . pEsidatial ordi@ce d4leed tbir the rimiut code nusr conlom ro Istuic
law (Shariah),

ay

dd

in May 1991 parlidenr p$sd a law in@rpoEridg it ilro

G.veom.na

stru.t!..

Palisle's iodcpcnd@ce wd won ihbugh . dm@6tic ed consrituti@al struggl.. Ahough tt @urys @od with pntimiiry deMcy ha beo
mix.d, Paldsra., aftd laps.s, has @tumed to lhis fm of govctul. Tl| coctituti@ ofthc IsLftic Rapublic ofprt bra, adopred in 1985 pbvid6 for a
fcd.ral

pulimdlrry sysrh yitb

elsred prin ninisler

Minis@., S@rc

had ofsEre ed a popddly 'trsid@ls head of sovemd! B6idca pEsident, princ

a

ed AsDbtie

orh.r

oft6 dd bodi6 [avilg irportarr

rhc

rcl$

in the

fed.6l strnct!rc

inctude the anc,mey gncr.l 1he audird gerent,

Comissio4 th. Fctlehl pubuc Sdie Comilsioq cdral Et4rior Comjsion, ed th. Wa&qi Mohiasib (Ombu.rshs).
rhe Fcdcal

tad

P@virclrl cov.mDlts
Pakist!!'s

fou

sov.md, . govdor, dd a pmvi@ial .$.mbty. Memb.r ofrhe povircial assmbti* arc elsled by Eivdsll oddt suftlge. p.ovi&id llsmbtie ,lso t.w !!sd.d
seaG

provinces enjoy mBidmble autonomy, E.ch prcvince hls s Coucil of Miaistd ladcd by a chicf miahrd aplohr.<t by O.

for njroriiis. Alrholgh lh.rc h s

on whicn

wel-dcfined divisio! of

rcsponsibilities bctweeD f.deEt

fndbd
dd
roAdr,

dd prcvircid soveiM@6, u.E e sbc boih ce onk l.s and aEbtist d.!d@cnt9 rir rh.i.

qecuiion. Most of tbc seryicA in ares sD!

health. cducanon,

agdcdhr,

for.eple, @
govdedr
car

previded by rlc ptuvincjal govelM@ls Alrholgh

the fcdcrd

al$ teehld. in thcac @s! it only nar.s mnorat

Tle judicidy ircludG thc Snp@. Cour! previncial high court! dd othr lser couts exrcising civil md $ininrljuisdicrion. Th. chicfjurice of rhe suprde Court js appoinred by Uc prcsiden! thc orld Suprcnc Counjudgs e rppointcd by rh. pr.sidor .ftd conluua[otr wirh the chiefjutice. ,I!e

tuy tmi! in offic utit age sixty-fiv.. Tle SuFlDe Coun I's origiMl, app.llat , dd advilory juisdiction. JndsB of the pmvirci.t bid cours .E aploiird by $e pBidnr
Sup&me Cowt

cLicrjusticc dd jndsB of

l!.

aftd coNultatioD witii the cbiefjusrice of rhc Suptu Courq 6 well s the covdor of 6. lrovin4 od rhe cbicfjNricc of tbe high court lo which rh. appointln nt is b.ing made. Hi8h conrB hlvc ongi!.t drt App.llate

'ft*

is abo a F.&61 shdar Court coEtuIDg of eiCt Muslin j!dg.e, including 6 chjf jutice appoi ed by the lrcsidcnt, Ttree of the judges e

Islmic Schobq &d @ w.U vasd ir Isldic law, TLe Fdml Sh&iat Clud ba3 origiel od appellaL juisdictid. Ilis 6ua d6id6 whethd ,ny law t Fpug@t to ite iljuciioru of Islan. wle , lav i! d.med rcpug@t ro Islaro, iL. pBidm! iD llc ce of . fcd.Bl t w, or rb. gdmor, in the s$ of . p@inciJ law, is cheSed sith bkirg sr@s lo bring the llw into codooity with the bjuctions of lslm Tte coun lbo hc$ aDpds ftoh d@isioit of diEiMl @urrs udd laws rctsrilA ro rbe @iorced.lt of hudood taws tbar is, las !.nainirg ro such otr@Fs {s intonedon, tbeft, ad unla*{ul sexusl brwoba
urem&

th.t

ii

ln addiiion, th@

sF.iat @ul3 ed trib@b to det with lFcific ki ts of cass, s4h as drug courts, comdcial coutu, labor couts, traffic courb, e in5lttmc appelab idb@t s income tax appe ar. rriblrat, dd speial
@urts

fo bant offeGs. Thft ec ltso s?eial colrts

y@,+et,

to

F, r.mrisb, ApF.ls
pog
b,

' tu &atut

pdnial,

c!!tu

o,n

z.own

oJ

^.

,q nw,

nom spdidl

dutu

go ro high courls .xcepr for lalor

bave

$cn oM

folls

sd lrafic codrs, wbict for aplEal. Appals fton thc tribu.ls eo to ihe

A tultlr fel'e of rh. judicial s'sb.n is the ofrc. ot Wafaqi Mohta.ib (Ombub@), whjcn is prcvided for in ih. con6iitutio._ The ot[@ of
Mohtrsib

dllblisbed in

lfuy drly Mulim

stat6

ro

@e

thar

wngs

wde don. to

ciiiz

. Appoinrd by the

peid.nt,

rhc Molrasib holds ofiice

for lou. pupose

y@;

thc tem

ctuot bc

extcnd.d or

r.!.*ed. Th.

Mohiadb,s

for @foEirg adoidsr.aiive dmutlbiliry, l!rcush invcstigarine dd rrifyine ey injNri@ do& to !

ilstitutiooalize
sysrem

C to

peM! thrclgh @ladninisratio. sufrd.d 16 or dMagc juisdictioA how.ve., N

by a fcdcnt sgocy or a

f.d@t

goymt

omcial. The Mohtasib is empoqqcd io award conposarion to rhosc vho bav.

quh of ml.ddilisFarior

Exctud.d Aolr

gddmcs or senicc mtte$ of a publi. sflet a wll d tui&E Elaring o forcign !fraiB, Mrion l dcf.Nq ed rhc med sNies. TLis ilstirution is d6ig!.d ro bridg rle gap betwcen adDinistntor ed citizo, to iqbve adnhjleative !.ocss dd Deedua .od 10 bclp cub nkse ofdisderioaary po*c.s.
personal

l)

T[eF is a Provilcial Ashbly fo. e.jh Povince @tuisring of the numbr of menbel3 hrnuiicr spdified to be el4ted by diMt bd ftee vot in @od@@ virh bw.
240

t00 Norl!-West Fmntier Pbvinc.

80

(2)

A pe6o! shaU b cnrirted lo vot

(a) (b)

ii y6
orasc;

s.r'She is

citikn ofpakisrani

Eclshe is nor le$ tban rw@ty{n

(c) (d)

l'.@ apFs Prcvincq dd

Hi&ard

otr

rh. .lato6l rcll fo.

dy aq b

rh.

IL/She is nor declar.d by a comp.r.nr cou.t to br of

ueDd

In .dditid to rhc srs in th. Prcviftial Aschbtid fo. the provitB of

Balehistan, thc Pujab, thc Norlh-Wcsr
(1), thqe

lMtid dd Sind speified

in

daw

sLll b.

in tho&

ssdblica i! trMb.r otsars hfriDalicr speficd

5 2

No indepnd61 sat b allo@led to a ninority in a povince for b.ing vdy sE ll i! nubd, &. sr !U@r.d joindy ro .I otfi noFMBtitrls in rhal
Prcvirce slEll bc

den

to irchdc inat minority,

rofici.s of cthi@t pdrrics aE abo ar@tb fic coutry's poliridl situarion rolti@l isrability h lal.isbn 6pcialty i! BalEbisk! is wid.ly lffctirg the
poliricd siurion h latisciA wtitc in Indh

od

Ssudi

Anbi! r[@ i!

tro

suct

CHAPTER-4
FII'E YEAR PLANS OF KINCDOM OF
In this paft ofsrudy,

SATJDI ARABIA5O

Iw

bneAyaralyre nv. y@ ples ofbor[ 6e coDr.ia.

d&t situtiotr of bolh fle coutries, th.ir pl4, btal ouday, their budgets, Ilairjrg ilvcstmcnt, pupolirio., cDP, p@jdts, lul d.v.lopodt trade lg@nmrs rnd joint vdrus etc.
which wodd @blc us to comtec

! stlble econohy ,nd pe@t sow of incoDe (as oit ri.h couty) vnich @bl6 t[ pla@6 of fire ]q prd b id.nri8 6hltioro of Mjor figUB of cxpon ud imlDn, r stabt. @&Ey, @tionil slllitiry ed
Saudi Aiabia has

mile

in ?akiste, th.

fiv. yd platu

do @r

naBsily giv.

rhe

et rcsult! of

plmc6- Thb

bc Etar.d

the

polidet insr.bility wnnin tbc couEy

6d

Frcqudi cheses in the coveimenr chsscs its budScl. Whil. iNtaibitty of tr)c rcgion, Pakjsr4 thrc.1cn its mtiooal !t biliry .nd

eud

lae

dcvlonpdot dc od afr4ts ilt m@t budgds dd fiv. ,@ ptq!, wbicb ir nm rBulrs in lailur. of forcdled vision td thtu co@Ey, of34j days. Tle fnr y.r of rhjs @l@dd n 0t yd in wbich Popher Muh2dEd, pq@ be upo! hin, .mignrd fto@ Malkah to Madinr! 6d coRspond, ro 622 A.D_
SNdi Carcnda Srarts lion

llijh, th.

lle yd

Th. followins .ablc is a quick Efermce fo. HijB ti$al

y6 dd

mGFdil8
" /.h44t

Crc8ode caLndd:

oI D4topnn

pbgro1' ad reB fi. h,r.t ttolH^a, uk,tu, al

1406

Yed (IxJn) t4t7

t407
1408 1409

Aut$i25,
Augusr

t98?
1988

l4l8 l4t9
1424

ll,

May r8,1996 M^y 1,1997 April 2?, 198 April17,1999

l4l0

Aug!$

2, 1988

t42l
t422 t423 t424 t425
1426

l4It
14t2

AFil06,2000

July 23, 1990 July 12, 191

MNb 26,2001 Mmb IJ,2002

Meqh 4,2003 Feboary 10,2005

l4l3 t4t4 l4l5 l4l6

July

Jw2l, l9l
J@
194 May 30, 195
10,

I,199

FourlhPh. 010sr.09)
1405 1406 1401 1rO8 1409 1410

I985 t986 r987 l98E r989

1990

t405/05 t406t07
1407t08

1985/86
1986 1987

l,lo8/09 1409/!0

I9EE

t989
1990

Flllb Plu ( 410-r4lt

r4tc/ll

l41l

l99l
t992

t4t2
14t4

t4lvt2 Mtatt
14t3/t4

t99l
1992
1993 1994 1995

193
1994 1995

l4t5
1416

t4t4

Slxt[ Plrtr ( arGr420)

14r'l
t996 t997
1998

l4l8
t419 t420

t4l5/|6 t4t6/t1 l4l7A8 l4l8/l9

r4t9t20

1996

197
1998

199
2000
2001

t999
2000
2001

Sd.nah Plm r42r-ra2t

t42l
t422 t421 t424 t425

t42Utl t42v\2
t42Ut3
1423/L4

2002
_2003

2002
2003

2004

1424^5

2@4

l.

Srldi Anbl.'s Fout0 Da.lopn.nt Plrb (1409)5, r49,r4l0) i.e 0985 - 1989) witd*cd a $bsr6ri.l decline in oil Fmu6 otr of
lowd oil priccs in thc globdl

@k

t.

Thh w$ r!fldred in th6

'@ut chrir dclle

govrumt

tu total govcmnt s!!di!g of

tL sar

budg.t

shft

rotal

spodidg stood ar sR 779.3 billi@ isr.ad of thc oladed Momt of sR l0o0 6illim. 'lXe inp.cr oftht dcclin ws &llccr.d in CDp grcr'th nr.s who the
rcal avedge
0.7

gro*t 6ic

was ar conslart priccs duing the pla!

lsiod @c!ed

leMnt ody. Nonctheless, dcvclopnnt fforts w.rc capable ot@ntinning to qtedd $plort to lbe di{fcEni cmnomic secro$, fomst ofr[ich B the
agric'tnEl s41o. which lealized high grof,th d6 nlat rcachd 13.4 p@mr 4 dul avmgc. Lil.wGc, lh. Pls indicatG thlt D.Eochmical in&sEi6 s@tor nade a sub$altial ldp .t a av@g. dul grc*rh ato of47.3 prcdr
Public utilitics @liz.d

avcdgc

Mual
an

grewth atc of 5.9

!@!t

wbile

ttc

oil

ed @rul ga s.do. mlizcd

lvcngc anrurl gowil 6re of

4.4

peM!1

duing rlc Folrth plan p.riod 'nre Foutb Dflclopnnr PLn focurcd on a new sFaicgic diredotr .iDed at

incrashg th.
rlso

rzlu

Eddd

by rh.

oillnd natud gs

std.

At the tiEe it bad

b{om evid rtlt it w.3 ncccssary ro @cotrare otr p.tehdiol irduitia which .ajoy coEpaFtivc advdtag. @d high Elue rddd. Acmrdingly, priority wB giv.n to pctroch.niql indusr.is ad rhe
inv*hmls
also

tb.s indurtics wc Md. available. Th lourth pl6n witiesed pGitive indicaros $ epr$ent d in in e.sjrg rhe Eal av@ge
10

develop

muar grosth rale of non{il .xpodr, which m!. fro6 I8.0 pdcdt duing rhe Thild Developlml ?le to 29.3 p@cni duinS rh. Fourh Developmnr ?la,
aAainsr a dedaF in

inporl!

rha

6t

of ?,8 pcr.nl

s o mul

avdge

ovd ile louth Ddclopmclt Ple. Duirg tbt pdiod donesric lroduction im'ad 6pai.]ly a Eg.rds col)smptioi !!d lericuhnl co@odiris sd the drc of replacddl of ie?dl of thdc @moditid .le incMe<L On inc otha hod, thc priEL serq's sbrrc of roLt irvGt&dts ir@sed io co4tilure abdr 54.9 p.. anl duing rhc Folnh Dcvtopndt platr,nl

MoMl.d

to SR 239.2 billion al conltrnt prices,

2.
r994J

SNdt Ar.bir's Fiftt DevctoDmdt pt.o t4t0/U{al4lt5

a

(199G

Duidg tb. ple tbc cDP mlizcd

c5t

.vd8. mual

8rewlh ot4,4

p.e@!

sdbr ralized d avenge mual gw,tn of 2.1 p@D! the growtn 6tc th. govemdl secto. incrcsed by 2.9 pdcoi whilc th. oil sector inoasd by 9,7 pI@r T bc increase in grcs1h is arhibund lo rhc lotiMble inc!!& in oil pdu6 duing rh6c ycs.

od trc

private

Thc total vrluc of

pries @out.d io SR 283 biUion i.e, at a rcal avnge mut growrh Bte of 5.9 pdcdr *hilc Sovmme invsirnent! lmouled ro SR 178.8 billion. A! fft ih. valu of rotal govmr
invcsErqrr
spoding, aoourcd to SR 1020.5

priEt

ccr.rt

bi ion due 10 in!rcvencnt in oil rveN*. Duing thc ple priod th batse of radc Eliat a su.ptu of eoDd 15.6

In g6eral, acoal speding on d.v.lopment agdcis GecbB) duing ite fi$t five d.vcloprnc plans rflcts rhe shre's k@mss to contimc prcviding O

qp@ditw

required for development

at

i.

its majo. setors.

34_

I!

thir respar,
rhe

govemcrr spddrg

cllMt

pdc6 jmped EDn SR

I biUion in

FiBl

D.vclopment Pl& ro SR 34?.2 billion in rhe S@nd D.v.lopmdr plar a4l wa .bout doubled ro SR 625.2 bitlion in rhc Third Daeloph.nl pld to mer

thc incr.adng rcquiremeds of developmot al a ldge scat.. How*.r,

value or actual

llc

eo]/fut

spendirs relatively

deEard

ro SR 348.9 billion

dlring O. Folrth Develolhenr plm and to SR 340,9 billion dwing i! Fiffn

ll

is noticed rbat a

rw lhe i! pregB dd dewlopmdr

h4s strdcd

yfth ihe

inpleEent lion of the lifth Developmdt pla! l4l0/ll-1414/15 (t990-1994).

The obj@iir.s of that plm c@ccnrur.d on mod(m rquirm.nG

fomost of

which wd rcceldating the dvclopm.nt of

$idce dd tahnolosy, inprcvine lle qrdity of prcdnctioA nisiig ihc cfficidcy perf@ of istitulid,
bolstding competitivnes cotrc@tEtirg on ch.ng,ng ihc

e6djc

sEucnue!

dit@iryilt G@odic adivirie! ahbltutirA orgeizlti@.I dclctop|mq Minrlililg tbc edLrc and quality of lif. ofd. wi.ry, plying inrcnsir @ lo dvire@ntal standards ed to tlc rcSuirendb of &qing r safe
mvnom.nt,
Dvelopn nt

&d Ealizilg
!16

balanccd Egionsl developnoi,

tte

Fifth

paid attrtior to rhc

dw.lollMt of prcductile

scctG,

baic indutrics, patr6teniols irdBFy,.gri@lbrar dd agcindnry figured prcDinddy. Mo@vo, g@tcr atr.nriotr wd giM ro thc rolc of rte p.ivare

sbr

in incr@ing tlc

rclm.

of

i!v6md!, dd dpdrding l!.

prcductiE

epaciry of |h. Kingdon.

3. S.dl Ambtt's
The str.Egic

Siith Dvlopm.nt Plrn 141G1420 (t99tr999)51

dnedG of rlc Plu focu.d d dcvelopnelt of ll|lfu com4 &d iD!rcvddr of rh. livbg st nd.rd of ciriztr. Aciat epeDdituE on d*lopn@r sbrs mourcd to SR 4203 bitlion of which SR
216.6 billion wcte spmt m

devclopMl of hllt@ resouces, !prcmting

51.5

lercent oftotal cxpnditue. Thc Pln also mintained the sr.bilily of coruUmr pricd ed iI value ofthe national curcncy whicu ha bdn a uniqu! fdnft of

d{ad6. lnflatio! nre avcngd t.2 prcdt per y@, {bich is a low Et rhnr Eflccrs rhc g6eEl st@i. 3tlbitiry of rn. Kingdon, Th. Pla! also .olcdrracd on rlc srraregic dir..tioo dn d al
thc Kinedom ovcr the pasl teo

incEaing ile contibution of nor{il seto6 d a she of CD?. This sbft rce tom 5l.l pftmr of cDP i. !969, at coNlalr prics of 141920 0999) to

doud

69,7

p.rcol
70.6

il

141920 (1999) by the md ollhe Swcntb Devlopmdr

It is to b. noti.d that rlc

Ph4 it @h.d

ldl y.3r of the Svdth Developmnt !l& witn6$d ibgorlalr d@eloprcats Elrbd ro globol oil nark t rld pdc6. oD ln. othd b64 pdv{. seto. iov6tlEna 9!w dui!8

p.l@t

" k ttuht

Dc@ry 6d Pbne.

at

D.ydbp\at pto

'/Ffb bsdeotedt lnhb

.d ftPru e/'

htu4 Ql|otoo, tnkery df

lercut wbil. rhis Bte @ch.d 3.5 p@trt duing rhe poiod of rtc Sd6ln Developn@t Pld. covcmmt crpcnditurc dvdged about 2_3 p.enr pd yd duitrg th. Siirh DcvclopMr Pte ald @hcd 9.2 pelwr ovq r[.
9_3

the S'xth Dcvcloln@t

Ud

al

ul

avesg.

mul

ntc of abolt

penod ofthe Swmlh Dcvetopnent

pld. It's

to be indicatd, at rhis point, rhar

oil Gv6Es in t424D5 Qtnq hehed io inft!& govc@t spcndi4 ro eud SR 285.2 biuiotr i.e. rh. cquiwlc of 72.7
the imprcvenrcrt

i!

pqcol ofthc rcalidd

toral rdmues.

Sevdl ofthe d.velopenlal

a E$11 of

inc@

tdS.rcd

gov.mot

obj4riv.s wd rcalizod duing $e plan, in ddelopnor dicnlcd aovclmot exFDdirrc. Tt

sEatcgic

10lal .lcvlopd.nt cxFtrdirue duitrg rh. ptan

mowrd

to sR 488.2 billim of which sR

276.9 billion

coes

alroqtcd fo. hulM

ddelopmedt i..,

ar rhc

6i.

of 56.?

p.Iuq

SR 95.8 bittion, or 19,6

ptccnt, for social and hcalth ddelopm.nr. SR 73,8 billion, or t 5. t

p@6!, for
ar tbe

iDfashuctu.,

SR

4l.? biltio! for eo,omic

Bou@ devclolDdq

dc

of 8.5 ttqt. Ac@rditrgly, ihc lotal r.rg.rcd e4eqditurc on ddllopncnl s4roB rose ar ihe late of about 16.l pdcdt of lle actuat qpe&lirt @ .lcvelopmd s@!o6 duilg tnc Sirrh Dwelopnd ptd_
FII'E YEAR PI- NS OF ISINMIC REPTJBIIC OF PAKISTAN

Prllrt

r,s Slrth Five

y.rr ptu

1983-88

P6!1. of lElisr.d bavc b<a stoIely sctfeiric.l &d quicl io $gg6t core.t'm in polici6. ?ossibly rhc resdls would have beco muh b.t!e., if rh. @l@ of dw.lopndr *Ei tuoE sm@dr .rd batdclil Nw.ritcle! rt.
nat'on cm find

rmc

etisfaction in tbe ovcFl

eo.d of !rcgr.$

for th.

a$@i.ted wiih .nphasis on agriuthe and s @Btrlctiv. parrr.rsbip bctwen rh. publi. dd lhc priv*c sloF_ Soud

High grow6 pdio&

dc

c@mmic policics and

sl4dy

qlesim

.6ci.nt odagmcnt oflew* e l[. key ilput3 for in tne e@ony, together wirh e@onic @d polilic.l

Mljor faile of thc d.v.lopne pro..ss, in Frrospe! hr! ben in rhc cbitiry and detadi@rion to psue m .fl6dve popllation policy

Dn.lopmot Str.t.g/
b6.fit3 of s.osr!
Thc Pkr i5

of rbe

Sitrt Ptrr

Th. Sixth Plan ains at Fpid

rd

cquihble dd.lopm.nt of rhe couEy, The

must be widely shard by thc p.oplc.

bad

on

tlc folloyhg min pMis6:

(a) (b)

h is

rccessary to

conbh. a str@g pndetion be!. wilb

u .qraly

sirong social cotucinc.. Rapid @ononic

grofil

is crucill for ?akilrrr's tuo&; wilhour it we

@ ody Edisiiibur.

pov.rry. Brt

@n.nic govt

is a

nc.6s&y, ro

s6ciat

{c)

@nditid for cbagbg rbc .bily liv.s of lh. !@ple. Il'c Pld, provida not only for a s@.ral asricultual adtuce but for

smll hm productiouj noi o.ly for a general agriculrnl adv0nc. but for sbrll &m producrioq noi onty for ovdl indBtiial grcwrh but f6 small ad mcdiM i&luni.s $ well; tror only for pregr63 in g@@l

b
Thc

!rct@tion for the

@t

wln@ble goups in soci.ty.

Ple is eprcss.d lot so nrch i! absraci aggrcgaca s iD logtitl||c of d.v.lopn@r for v&iou s6tos, rcgioN ad acli@ of sictr .or s nMt ir t ms of GNI grenth nte dd saving md invcsimcnr targ.ts s in iem of
b.n.fits
10

the ordi@y pople.

The basic

freNo*

of the

us 6

bc

sumized

fairly simply:

Itr bdic

app.oach is to help the poor emcqe

ton

theh poyefy, lrs

policies wolld cmbl

thm to

ed

or obtain the

r@$iri.s of MF

nuEition, Ibusing, water and

Mitario4 ed *peialy cd@tion dd

halth ed lhB to ilcrcasc lhen prcdnctivity md to establish equdity of opportmity, lts rel inpet wiu b relleGd in rhe happines ofa @l ftuily whoF hme is suddenry bncbd.d by elerriciiy- Ii will b.
minoied in thc fac.s oflhosc childro who for o&e get
to lcad
a

oppo.nniy

ed dusred lif.. lt wiu b. exprcsed in tho relief oI a dbpl. fa@ who !o lonSq bs ro bdd dom ro drid. pollubd w.rcr fion a diny pond. lt wi! b. mal@d by th. n Eva.d ofd td6t
h.althy

mjd reliaa is or libeBtion ofde c@nve sdgics old. !oplc. T!. Plan is coneiv.d eirhin rhe fiinewo* ot s sigDitrel
Its

d@8llatiotr of

qbtilg {onomic colFob ed Eaulatio!6 so 6 ro ficc thc 4dgi6 of privlte individral5 ud orgmizcd s61o.s !o patticip.i!
tully in @@omic drElopn nt

Tlte chief

bocfici&iB Aom pltud d.vclopmar will

bc lrF majdiry

of ihe populaiion. This will h

eNrd

rhrcugh a nationd

ircme tu.t

emplolrdt policy. hpid str@d of accelmte tldr devclopn4 gF&.

for

public
str.ss

s.pic6 lo Mr .l@ o o[ iDtegFrcd prcga@B

wo@t

ddelopnenr aod extedior of soci.l safety netr to tle

s@icty.

peEt od mst wln@ble 8loups i!

lhis ch.p!*

afiempL! ro illubard th pBctical st p6 rbrowb which th Sixth

Plar iranslat4 th. abovc

g.rcsl principl

into concEle

plurrm6.

A grovth nte in gross dobesric prcduclion of

lhe @rt five

6,5

pd col

y6.
of

)ar

is

ptmed for

Thk will b. prcvided for

th

pDj4red grcM! i! popuhtior

htu

' l.q.dwfl

D*,|owd PkeFod, od F,*ts el

tle7L2^atr

M,r,,

of

fmily imomes in rcal t@ ovd thc Plo Friod. Sirc. rh. CrcEl! stratcp of rhe plu is b!.d on r @jd bohhrcugh tu asriculnnl pro<ludio., p6rti@ldly on snar fam, and si@ a v!ry sdioB aneopls b b.ing @d to @mbin. rtis gorlh st at&, with atr .ctiv ircone md erploldcnl polic, it ce bc conndndy exp.crcd thar lhis grewih will b. aenly disiribut.4 wiih & visible impmvdot h rhe
es wU as

allow for

impmvennt ofabou120 per cenl iD

lirs of t[e p@cr p.ople.

Tbc grc*1h stBt gy for th. Sixrh

Pld Eli6 o!

a combiMtion of polici.s,

a najor

iftme

itr sgricult&l yietds

$sug! moe eEcidt u! of

fqtiliz.r, wlrcr ad

&n tehtulo$';

d e4.!dhg

fmdold in cxpon hartE fo. whcat dd rie

wcl

a3

for &uits, vcgcgllcs, Aoww, poultry

dd

mear;

jncreded $lf-sulEci@y in oilseds;

Epid dcvclopmar of si.et-bar.d mginding goodt moddiz.tio! of t.xnb indlsrty ud 4tabtilhm6t of agGildu!tris fd pro.*i!g

agricuhEl lurpludt md

a bdeed dcvelolnat of se.vi@ bdutrics, Fdc dly prDlic sme b ef6& basic htlm Dc.rild mtio,rl ir6nc
a@uts
and physical largrs

'.ds. m givd in rLc Sads$l protrL.

Howad,

rhe

Snlh

Ph dB lot dcp6d o!

rh

favoMbl. .f@rs of@nonic

8m

h al@e-

It trckl6

poveny diEctty. Ttd

mio iDjrudt ir

tbc Bpid

3prcad of public

sdica

to all s@lioG of sociery, panicutdly edueiio!

sd

healh which de lhc basic idgedints for

hmb

resoucc dftldpDent and ror

cqul

in 4ononic lifc. Tabl slllr]rMis the inprovn nr cxpeted h thc qulity of lifc ildiq ovd tbe SixrL pte paiod. Ar o bc s*n &om this labl., ihc Sixth Ptd ritu al a d,r@tic ch6gc in lirrey l.v.ls,
panicipatioD
accqs !o potable wster

ed

sewngc f&ilirics, sprcad ofbercffrs ofclcctricity

inprcvcn nt in h..lth i!dicc!. A[ lhcs ibDrowrcnE e ba!.d m oncrde pmgtllffi for whicb ndBsary .ll@tioB r6vc b.n Dadc. Tte

ed

sb@ of public aetor s@id r!.v.lopnEnr

b.d in@!d fmE 9.9 pd ce in rhe lifth Ple to about l4-3 p.r car in thc Sixth Pld; in atfolute id$. thft is . qudnn jM! of.tout thr! ril6 i! tb6.
has

pmgllm*

l96Ml
4.8

ua2{!
13,9

l98r-83
32.7

t5.0
2. -

23.5 6.8

48.0

nub.. tuuc<t (nillion)

1,6

t2,t
7,7

- Pa6l4. of FDffy rg.

30

II
Thc principal instrm.nt for

63

90

32

d{.lopmdr in rhc Sinh pte sil !6 lhc cMriv .!.rgi6 of lb. prirdc a6rol Ths. dcrgi.$ wil b. libcnr.d lbro!8! a
@nbiEli@ of prcglrltll:B,
sucb

4:

Iaw wil

hlll@ ..som4 potatial tlmugh. fivefold im:t4 in tbc oq@dinle on cdu@tion &d h..tiL Snfici.nt mpiric.l *idtrce b now aqitablc ro sggcst ilrr.du6tid
be a@clerated d.vclo!tued of

on

ed

he5lth scrvicB on!

ML

a grcatq contributi@ lo impreve

s.

blou

producliyity

rt

a d,o mosl

!tt6!.rivc invesda

Th. Sixth

lla! aim

at a

qebm tap

in iechnolog dcvelopdor snd

las

.ea*ed

abour

fou

ric s

n@h cxFldiftE

fq si6.c dd
bdigdoN

rcbrolos| in th. Sixth Ple lo pa.ticiprte EoF tully

rechtolo5, and indigmN

as in the

tifrll lais wiU mble rhc peple

ir eor@ic lifc
.lldis.

rhc b6is of

Tt E will
frdework

be a

mslik

d.Egulation of ihc @nony ro

disFM
a

wirb

disdeiionary adminhtratiye conrlb

tbar

ed

ro rcplacc

thm wirh

policy

preters both Drivar ilitiative

dd sial inEr$B.

Th. Sixth ?lr! fmework wd bs.d on a new conpacl betwen public dd pnvltc s@tor. Policie of c@isrclcc od @p@tid wiu b. @ged in aI &ctds of th. .co@ny - whln.r in indury or in agiculrN, @Dstruction, eduotio4 h.alth, snices, Flde or ey oth{ tEld - ed r rdiou elIort @dc
to

Emv. tlc pdiN diasmien betw@ th*

rwo

scr6.

Thc pnblic

eclor will qs.ntialy play ihe Dle ofa @talysr, It wil crcate ib pbytsial od hll|@ biarrucftft tblr is nceded for p.iBtc initiltiE ro @ldiilizc. Ir eiu also rcsere rh. righr to .ntd s & invdtor of lasr rc@n whftv4 private

sia of m jnvairh.nt, o. n.w tebloloAJ,, or mcrtain n rt B. Thc diEctly pbdErirc erivirid anrt senic.s rill be resned alncr qcluively for Oe lrivar. ector, boih in
s.ctor lo @mc iD

tu hesii!

b@uc of

th ls.Ce

irid.tjE ws at$ @@gd i! prcvidile physical i.ianuciuc in Nsciation wil! pubtic s@ror - sucb as, iD tb. costncton of highways, airIEn tcmiuls, dd$, dcvetopDo! aql &lcphon sedic.sa wcll s in .durion. batlb &il orhcr sid s.ryi6.
ag.icultDE and in indusrry. kivare ThE Mu be
a

!igDi[6t

lord-sledding of govemenfs

fihcial
lo

buden!

so

to mobitizc

priwe

fllfuilg od lo cnabte rhc gov{)@ar

prcjccred io dcline

@@rraG o!

lbos. nndiotu wnich n abne cm p.rfom. Ior insrdcc, ln

sle

ofpublic

sror indatri.s w

6,7 pr ceirt in rLe sixtb

public s@lor dcvclopmerr

pmg@c

conpard

nr lo t6.6 De. @r in lhc Fift

!!d priwt s@roB wilt h.ve ro Lm ro liv togel[a i! . spint of cmpchtiotr wiilin rhe ft&twort of brcadcr Mtio.al iniftsrs. Ihe pnblic sror will bc .eougcd ro led fon th. dyEDis of l[. Fivar. wroi
Borh public

And ihe
public

priv.t sclor will be uscd lo eDbFc lle social conscicn e the sror nul havc, h m6t seioc ofrbe eonony, ir js pltu.d tbar borh

public

ud

priwre sdtoB sbal compete ar

pd

wetl

establish

joilt

eDlerDriss whercvd fesible.

hivat investndt ir p.oj.crd

10

in@c

al

oE

twic rh

nle of

public

Ev*toent b indshi4, 85 per.cnl of the ncw inveshcnt is eipected &om lriv.tc seto. by r[..!d ofrh. Sixth pte pdiod 6 agajmr 24 pd @r ai tbe
begimjng of lh. Filth

Pld. Opedrioml polici$

being dcaigned lo !trovide

rcsol|le dd domeric crnit to @jof sbili ir th. invesh.nt rcLs ofprblic dd p.ivate sdroB.
Whilc
a

thc nd6sary foEigD crcbrnge

r.lia

rhis

mjo. Uh.Etio!

of

r[. privde sror

is @trr.bptarcd

rhc Sixrh

pte,

loliciq de .lso bcing fomulated to osft ih!l: - S.cid intrb do @r b.oh. a @lty in dy seh lib.EliatioD thiv.. For iBrec, sleial crc<tir pro8r"M for sal Amd md
srEll ild$irialisr!
bsve been dsiened to

@sw

that tbe

stult investor

is finly prcl@tcd ald

oougcd 6r[d th&

wip.d

of

by tlE

rltorlN

fones oftbe mdkct,

lriElc

htq n!$ b@a. morc etrcidcy{o@iots and conpcririve

nthd than coqtinuc lwiving wilhin a higbly prorcted ald shetMEd mttet, The ptufit3 of pdvilcgcd accass ro s@c Bomes q xceD6 orFmi|s mul b. Gpln@d by prcfii5 of .ffici@y dd ow t cbnology.
The

!.ivde *ctor lhould b.

frce to live by the logic of i@

lory to

it is prcpsr.d ro die by rbe togic of the

a

s Mt r &d 06 not m
tukr
ge1s inro

in. gove@nt fd rcsuc cach rio. troublc or b.cohcs cob@ialty sicL

Tne eovc']1l@t sstor a @gurarory

pnuG enkQrise

will ircrNingly play a prooori@I, urher tne rcL. Ir ril 6co@ge uc inroduction of n* &.b&togy
rhc prie

dd cflicidt pactic.s by srr..mlidng

ed fsal

signab given

Tle Sixth

on the role of rlblic corpohtios in capilal fom$ol Public orloFtoB de beirg s@Msed b cxpdd rh.ir ilvdrrnml our of thck om pretirs dd efficicncy. Thc roral

tld sl$ l.id @Bidcnble dphsis

@Donrim w.E prcjcctld at Rs 65 billion in the Sixtb Pld which will coGrirur. & iIIIesc of I t 7 !.Bnr ovd the Finh ?lan. TtrN coryoratos de also beinS @odged to att act norc privale iNsttnor b worl sid. by sidc with public ibds h vdiou ddelopmm! ti.tds. Duing rhe
for th$e Sixth

progm.s

lla

priod,

irdcasing preponion of rhe developnent pngI1rm.s

of

or of tlre stf-gddrcd lellc. Cociddalion rs ats be given to conven norc pblic s&tor adrud$ j o a co4ont for4 for itu|rre, i. RlnmF, Oit 6d c'r DcEloman
Coryoqtio4 Telephone ed Telegaph Dla mor,
add

lha* co.ponrioB wil bc 6mcd

smta othr acdviti6.

D*ctrr.lllhrion

of Der.topmentActivities

Th. Si\di Ptd ws basd on rbe onc@r ofd.cntratiz.d dcvetopmcnr. The dcvelopmenr !.ogrames exctuled by the Fedenl CaveMelt have increaFd ftoh alour 20 pd cdt ofiohi public serd &Elopm@r sF(,rturc i! l9?G

cat by 19E2,83. Considerable devetopnent rinciroc we@ trasfftd in 1973 Aom prcvi&s io rh.Icddt covchmerr Tt6e inctudd fcftilize! $bsidy, flood conrrot posr?mq cut Ehabiharion, ulbd r.spon, uivdrity educatio4 prevodve hdlth pmgtu &d ml halth, beid6 othc. prcgtilm, U6e Fanspon ws @ddy trasraq.d bact< to rhe ?roviEial goymelis Ir would be iI poticy of rh. covm.trt to Ev,ew
10 about 80 per

7l

corlinuously wh.rh.r,
should bc

ed in wh.r Dmtr,
the

additio@l deetopmcot nuctioB

ed@atio!, he.lth ud .gricultuc whih e ldgdly ude. &ovincid jqisdicdon. Iac povinci.l stft in thc dird ex@trotr or d.v.loDDat

pbvisccs duing ilE Sixih plan ldiod. Evh on l! b*is of tlc exisiing disrriburid of nrdioN, ric atio! of prcvincial d.velopncnt plogdDnes is likely to inc@sc tom abolt 2t per c@t in 1982, 83 to ovd 26 Fr ccnr in 1987-88, sirc. I @jor @clmdon r cor@Lrcd in

tr@far.d b

prcjets will bo cvd largd in @c th.E is ftdh.. d@nrdizlion of

tujor @nctu of$e Sixth lld m to brils dweloprne clcd to &c peopl. T!@ msr b. largd.otmuiiy pa.ticipatior itr rh. ex@rion of developaol proglms. Th.E mut atso be r largc. ble for elet d tool bodi6 in lhe plming ed iDpl@r.tion of developh@t !rogra|r]@, Ir i,
one orlhc

$ei6.
aho

TIE District Councils baw rt@dy PEplr.d then Fivc-ya pt4 whic! will be discusd with then md n@e$ary fiMcigl hd lechnical supFn orgmi4<l ftr rhc impld !ri@ ofl!6e prcgtllMs. Tlc Snth pt& contcmplatca

n4c$ary to tuurc $at ecomnic dcvelopncnt ni@s the spiFtions of the l@al Foplc ed is l.elr .x@ulrd rhrcugh thcir oM .dive paniciFtio!. Th. local bodies will bc o@wgcd ptay a la4er rct in rhc lrovisior o{ bsic

@jor fienchl $pport for

@
play ao

Non_Oovemdllt

ircrr$ngly larg.r od lnoE efrct've ole u Uc socio-(onomic ad!&ce of the seier'.

TbL!
the

Orgtutltiom

(NCOS) so lhat lbey

philospby otth. Sinh

ceed

out by tbc poplc

plm.l6ty wa rh.l developu sholld be thm.lvcs, wiih neBery Asisrance 6om ihe

ln ordd to
few
Plan

6u!
but

ibr

belcfirs of@nonic grewth do not ger coDeftfatcd n a

hu&
l@s

spread equirably

tl[ouglout $e conomic sylt

fl!

rhc Sixth

on the following

op@rionatpolicie:

A sir-poirt progBm. fo. r

polcy na bcd daiged.
A nuch Lug$

mrior-wid ircone

ud dploymat

slpply

dd

of robt .alioDl scdic6 of cdutioq, lealtb, waid sewmgc, elstricity, and rc.ds ba .amd.eit for ?O

sbft

bd

cdr of tbc popltarioo tivirg

in th ruBl

a]4.
have

ConcEte

progn@s loi a
aud inlcgmred

mor

apid devetopndt of womd

sator.

bd

d6ircd

i,

6h

Spairl progmca
tbe

b.i!g lauch.d

to extend s@ial s.f.ty nr io

bcr wln rabL Srcup6 in siety,

sucb G lbc

ildiear poputarid,

rohou$hed childEn md those ufoft[r1ety disabld dd

Thc&

prcgrtua @
givd b.low:
'5

deqibd in der.tl tlblghoul th. ?16, A brief

sunntury

Iocone

ud EDplorre

Poticy

Th. Sixdr Pl6r will !.ovide new cmplotodt olportulitid for ndly fod nillon addirio l labou foes rtrough rhe fottowing steps: - Cdter sFcs oD smll Sm prcductio Obwh ouch ldg.r prevision
of aed.ultural crcdit mbing n to 50 pcr c@t of lhe rorat ihbtrgb rhc inhodetion of sNtl FacroB sd @tt fam &chrotogy, od tbrcugh

dpid sped of .@donic iltbiocrure in rbe M, al4. Incdlivs fd 6pid expasion ofsMll sdle uir!, particulrrly in agrc
the

|tbcatiatio! of ddonic co rols lrer lvailability of steel at rasBbl pric.e, spread of Ml el@Eifi@tio!, ed ! fwoulblc 6eal sysrea Prclcals for mderlating @l {o*s progt?lm.s b6cd on patisian,s om ebqgine agrjcultunl suQluss,
tbrough

ed.qtn@dry indllrri6,

Acel@r.d i@riomt r.aining for pakistan's tabou foe, lo domdric needs dd for Der nigFli@ abroad.
DeveJopmdr

borL

b @lcr

of appre!.iatc tccbnolosf, uing p.lisbn's oM dw roteriah and labow, rbroud . four-fotd inftase in expcixliturc otr

dd rhFugh thc d@ltralizd .stablhbnent of tdhnologicat iaritut6 trd indusrrial sir6. An incone Dolicy aimed ar ilceased wages i! line wilh increass in rcal Fodutivity and pdij,l ind.sdon of rte el,ri6 of llc 6x.d i@D.
rechnology

scrdcc

d.l

Runl ftrnsform ion Ilre S h Plar also aiB al a nlid rusf()mrion of tle rurs! snc in lmy wars. Rutal al4 brve sl@r rbtuugh rb@ d!ud6 of devetoptmt Only recsrly, d &@lentcd inctw in agricuhdl prcduction h.s br@ght a
renercd attention of what b lackjlg in the .urd ee$ by way of social sNi@s

dtl

op.n thm up to @mmic developnhr od to .arry the ..nl.E of 4oromic gre*{h brck inro rbe henlald of the muilyside.

how much still

rcmis ro bc done to

pbsiel sd s@irt ioflasrru.nue .& hopclsly dctlciot in th. Iul aeas. About 65 p.r cdt of th 45,000 vilag6 in ilte couotry, dd nu@rcu snall scnlc4enb, go wirhout clehiciry. The rural mad networt
At
the

pBdt,

l* lhd on -finn of thc t Gcribed miniDuo of 0.64 titonet r of read, pd lqle kiloncr.r ofua. Only 22 p.r cer ofrbe tul popularjd is swed wii! srlc drinking watd. t s thatr oFh.lf of rbe @lpriD!ry shoot_
contai4
agc cLildFtr acnDlly go to sh@ts

dd

@l fcfut.

lircBcy

hovq mud

tbc

ablsDal 6ic of 5 p.r c.Er. The our.crch of ihc uosr cltu@ta.y forn of holl! ndwo.k nisss oul I pe. cm! of fte poputarion, Only 1,000 our of 7,000

Ml

d@io6 in

thepunlcretorlrpec rcF. b the rur.l

al%_

llar period, boelils of et4tricity werc ro b xrended ro 8l pd c.nt of$e rod villac6, conraininS ldly 90 pft6r of rle roral runt lolulation. The addirio@t tr twdl of hm-r6Mt.r rcarts aDd cdd @ds
DuinS fie Sixth
wbicb will b opd.d ro pubtic Bc will

hclle

about eighr_fold in rhe Sixlh

conlarcd to tle Finh ph period. Ir dm tha! lh prccnlagc of Ml poprlation sded with clean drintilg waid will h. sised Aon the ptlgt Plm

22

pd ccnt to .bout 45 pd cdq ed scwcFge faciliria &om 4 F 6r b l0 pd cor Thc prcporrion of rh! roal priMry shoot ag. childm n rural schools
win bc irc@ed fion bclo* 50 !8. c.nt b sdicc wiu be iattuduc.d (!ef@bly on a
?O

pd e,t. A @tiotul nral hedih

or

mlulrry bsis,

oEpulsily if
leatlh

nec*sary) tud

exrc$ive nerwort of basic hcal0

uits md @l

ce

ers

will b coulruci.d to .xrcnd hatth covdag. b

citiE oral

rual t a$fomrion vill b. ttuly dnnatic in it' impac!, It will b. Etr@r.d in th .laily liv6 of miuioB of ropte. Ir wifl a]so $rppdr ,!d
Snch a

.gricuh@l br.akrhrold dd hlp c@vcn 1h cou!.y inro borh a pmpmls cDnary .rd m orcblr4 saing its oM ncc& of setf_sufici@cy s

&cel@tc

k[

as

f!.!ins rpon Mlcrs abrc.d, paniatdly

in rhc Middt.

Edt

opp.rtunlris fo. won.n'! D.v.topdcrr A not bl. &ane ofrhc Sixth ptd is r! sp@ial cnpl!3is pl&.d

otr

woncn,s

tLyelotmdt- Tb. Plrtr @didly Eognia rt r no si.ty @ cvd ddGlop balftibcnr.d od half-shactd.d, lt provid.s ii dch Fctor of Maomic adivity d4clopr!6i pbg|fu4 ro inregnG hm6 @d lhcn @cfr! i{ rbc

@ilstcd

of social

stio

of

si.ry

od ccorcnic life. Oveh dewlopmnt should bmetit all ed n is mr Fsiblc to segrcg e all r[. pregrlmA w[ich
U. Sixth plaa.

vill bcrcfit

to ovcr Rs. 20 bitlion in

Srfety N.t! fo! th. p@r

prcgllms aho exlcnd a helpirg bdd to @ p@B groups D seiety ro mbl. thd to srand on th.ir oM fcd d p.I $ to pm{dc mds of sustdE@e for those who my havc no orld alteative of ,.mBrive coployn The!@gm*inctude: . Bcnefit of zakar ud Ushr sylrs! to 1.5_2 millior mllrahikcd (d*ruiry indisans) duids rh. plo p.riod - Nutition prcg@cs fd t.2j dilion s.v@ty ,ut@uish.d childrcn
TlE Sixth Pld
md one Eilliotr prcg@t mothcE.

Prcvision of

stEcial

Fogram.

to

toot afts ilE slEiat cd@tion

ed

cwtlve

nceds of o@

billion disabld dd btudicapped chit.trq duing

Cnous

ftucial
lle

doMge l[.n i!
hardicaps of

volutlry agencid tc! thcir etrolrs ro a@liohre ft. loci.l &o .olnc
suplon to non

govmtal

poor people.

D*lopbdt o{ 100,000 smll plob ev.ry yd &d povki@ of i!t6!t!e lod b belp low,incore groups blitd their oM houa d

The Sixth

ad in its policy pEqipdo6. Ite baic objadw is rlE sic@tronic @cipation of rh. @$. Ii G bd.d d a e.lbdc appFkal of rlc tune ec& md capaciies of the utioa. Iis policy pbpoals e conmr, opdti@l ud tu tlblc. Bur in tL lat anatysis, their implddralion wiu dc!6d d rh. cmbiftd sil of rh. Btio! md its willingness to &ftpt liBh id$ ard nw oppulutrs
in ils preCraJM*

Plh

h*s lmy bold depsrtuB

Prld3l.r's Sev.bth Dev.lopmentpl.o (198&1993) ln dccmiDing @noDic dd ddetopocnial objccuvB rbc ss@rb DcvGloph@t Pllr had reli.d otr ihc .tevelopdord achievelMts of rb. plqou pru so al to b. in lire wiu the rcquir.tnors of 0r tesitioDt stag., pdninmt of rhN obj@rivq w tuc@rlrior on.nco@gjng trd{il tnvat sector to Ealizc d avmSe @ul gtu*rh ,arc of 4,2E pftor, @lizatio! ofa r.al avengc dnul gbwrh mre i! irvcstlDc ar tne sc of2.l2 pac.nl, of lii. status of rhe ctrcnt @cout in rhc balMc of 'mpDvehmt laym.nts ro a poinl wLer it would Mliz a $rptB eriMted .1 i!. Bt of 2l-79 p@dt of cDt by rhc d of the Dla.
Mosr

Setonl Al|Etiotr. ol hbtic SE.or Dd.topE.lt

prorn@

r98S-01

2
1_128

5 6181 1,328 6695

t52%

,81

7218
5232 t9224
34.100 31tr74

I96l
t9224 t.331 2t623 \,754 I820
2.750

l21l
0
87.361

L0t%
8_t2% 9.14%

24.7n
,0451

Phwi.d Plmhs & Houim

1157t

I.754
1320

,.150
0
3401
307.1

M0l
tqq!!!r., spod. & Touim
1.515

\&!!evd

3073

atyo

1.535

Rd4I,
NGO
s

423

SErlllrc* PtddrS

423
535

021%

Proatu.
t5,]00
t86.102 163198
350.000

0,t3%

!!q@!nn.

&qLcdd$ Pls)

iiit.ii't

S.v.!th Plu I

Allqtio!
6.321 12.504

4@!!b{.

6.133

@'ry

3J2a

t)18
5.232

0
538

3324 3302
5,770

t9.D4 49l41
34.1m
8,351

24.632 90,252 34.1m

Phsiql PlMilA & HoBin!

2.640 t_154

17.616

Rurl 6.d! & nod.l

villlc

t.820 2350
8,401

1.894

0 t2.232
10.092 247

5,114 2.150
20.635

t.071
1.755

ll.l65
2JX2 I,176

467

309

Rc@ch

srieic, plmE

423

242

t35
2.@0

t0l
0
7,8t4
21,788

633 2.000
512

5t2
0

?,814

2t,i83
15q000

........2192e1 ...........!o_1,?9! PESnnE. olhbticS..brCorpoE od 193 &9!

211

Progmn

of

}ubllc Stor CorDon{ont

Mie[lar

mDc

r ordll
?.6?9.

...L4
2,!1.1

_.._.q

^gi.u|dgigie ^'d@Rad ^lidlnftMd.uu

IalEds..d
soir.

Fd4 acy@

P!fudoi

ytEh.4^,d!fudR!6Ih

|l2'

!!4!! P'rr@.

0,0o

Phhu)

Dd.{.rn

tu.d6(sc^$s)

2 2.
3 5.

DGNRER

310.0

508.4

6. 8, 9.
10,

ocDc

t5.161_8

3J65.5
323.0

l0?.3 t4.100.0

TrrntDort.!dComDunlcdoN (SuBbr.y)

(Irudnd rr8qr^ ppoN rrplou|IinU

reirs ^elc{nl {
F!troi.t r{ra
u
,oJ

poil

{r*x

plorrN

qrlwuJo

r)'q mqtd

E]tq&l.q4IJ:IEo|xo!!N nr'l@ Dl t,tut d.l,r|d

tuqalo

r(lsnr FotrN

(ft.uun$ xtopu{$J
16n$u9a rdesd ro$!I!
r6t

Put

.t!.tts
lI

3!

^ll)

tu!ftg-nr Smro srr.l

rd5ttrc8[R eI.tE

@|J@cl!@a!rtgrJ

(tu.aens) t!!.troE C!: tullr.td tEFIq{

0z0l

(LtruEas) rEE&Fl.c qrnox

pr utyloJ

,,uods

nrnC

(Iruuhs, t!ru,{otdua r ft dodutH

PoDurrtbn

W.ll.r. Pro$.Ene

o,i6!dd|@o{.oatuidr

lsriM or

r.dtfty

Nddn RsEh r!$tur .f Re,lddiv!

PoNrrion study

c4b xrehi

.dtudm P'oje' lwq \rch.q!, R1r3 rnd Fiv. R4jwl T'irie toriNt

sedn t.ttuorets{

Pqn'mltqhP|.vin.I.iB
D:bvincid

tudqudm ftd

dndior

wdlc
M.di.rl

PF3tr'm rinlgh Re*r.d

FuiryIL!.i{.|q!frhdPblm

Sehl w.ll.r.(SuDD.ry)

x.ddrr

cd&

ofser.t tvdnE

P.b.t

!"
is

Elgbo F|v. Y..r Ph! (199348)

Patiltr!
of
15

ste.irg
(5

irs

eotmic

.ad 3oci.l dcv.lopmt withir tbc

n?ffirt

ofnediu ldD

jts

. longd e'E pc.aeliw od @ o!.trd@di!.d itrough l!. i!!rl|!mt of mrd ptrs.

y{)

pbrr. Thc$ pLd

st

in

6d.d @ 3d J@ 1993. ttc BSbtL Plr! ( 1993-98) cmddccd wirt rh. ADu.l Pbr t99!94 ad bre be! &turlly Luchcd !n r ll. .lpllvi of tbc clei.d goY.@t or 3lr Mly 1994.
Thc
otr

S.@t[ Pbn (l9E&93)

co!fu.d

lr

July, 1988 rnd

'@dd

Tb.

pFF.ld i! @Bdr.d@ {itb lh. &d.trl .t6ci.3 .nd lbc proviDcid govcrlscols. Tb. 6nai.gr .nll
of lh. Eidth Pivc Plrtr

6.ew!

Y5

of 28 Tehrical Cominls coopiiring ovcr 2500 ..qda 'EomddriioEl toE public add Fivir. c1or3 !.t up i! co!tid wirl rtlc ptlDcrrid of rlc EiShlb llu hwG tic.! rU.o bto cooridc.lrioo i! fo(@htilt t[. Ptn. It tenecB lbc initrrivB rld iMr?or ca rh. poticica ofr!. govdDlnr gcrtld ro a dya.nic Nd .quibblc .odortric alstcm. Tbc Pbn b ildiatiE oflb. priority .tt!4hed b e.cirl sccto(!, .ncr5/, .taiD8! ild pbylicrl inArlEucruE I! r.rbs of gn gdcll !yst@{ n uld@oa prbUelrinr. p..b.Btip, ed

dpo$,cE oi ofrb. .obmuniry ud low .rhclo$ ofrlc GovdlDcnt

Tb. feturcs lblt chmcraiz. rlis cld.avou ielud. t shlrp.r foc!3

poticy

initiltivc!, o! th. !)@gcm. !y!id4 rh nc.d for sct.clivity in sc.loEl prcgtfu$ ud a *pr! @ognilion of rh. f.cr tb.t @MlidldoE ed nh.bilitltion ofthc ph$ical and wial irta'tu.tur! i! $ inporrst .! nc1{

ilv.stdcll.

I!.

dispe@tion of public cxp@diolB is

th

thu intcgnlcd wi&

lolicy wil[ Ddagdcm ib!rcv!futr1 ed

pb<ndivity of |wl@
0993-98)

Irrdbnrk!

of ElShr

IL!

Pl.n Slze 099213

Pris)

tt3

Aelddo

(%) (Ral

Tmr

752 36

l?01
59

,a

Plblc S*lor Protnbo.

457 481

553

752

ODP

M.c|!.@lonjc M.dgoelt

l. 2. 3. 4,

Achi.v. the gmsth LrSea in a tane*ork of.quity, sbbilit ed

Rcdu@

ovddl tucal deficit

to

hdf-

Aom 7.9% of GD? to 4% otCDP

R.d@.

cmr

Gomt &6cn n@

s 3.? hiui@ to $ t.84

billid - fron

b2A%. Lorg-tam qrqDal d.bt to |!n i!

7% of cDP

Et

36% ofGDP-

Molctary

cxptuid

b.low EDslh CDP.

5. Rctime of hiSh @st debl by ltilianon of privat@tion !rc@.&, 6, Intloduc. Lgislative @nhol on budgct d.fici1. 7. R.duce inf ion Bre liom 9,3% to 5%. 8. NatioMl svings!o cDP nrio io fte nom 13.6%io 16%. 9. Cffitc 6.2 nilion lew job. agairst 3.2% EiUi@ itr S.vatb Ple

l. 2.

RedD. inbalaDce ofrcligioni g6dd, grcups

ad

clNK

Mes16 fq povlrty alldi.tion:

3. E6E 4. 5.

ldg t d
shon t

thmugh Soci.l Adioo

Pog!?l]@ ed.oployD.lt
Maal

m-

thrcugh sp6i6c

rclicfudd Z.Ll Sriol nditr trsp@cy,

dd

Socirl Wclf.e SysleDs.

equaliiy of opgornuity rhrough

ac@s to

cducatio!, rcces

to hcsltb cte, .r'ploluot

(panicularly s.Il

mployndt and venical mobility), Greatd *lf-rclidcc in fbatrcial r$outc.&

Mitigate the hdir.gc of

olludd

md dcfarlt,

cdspioou @o!rpti@

dd dtug addictior

6.

Deidvc &li@ agaisl dchullcE of toq bek lotu od urility

I@rcvc emcidcy, @DoBiv.lB .trd p{ticiprtion in lhc

tr@rgd.nt of rte @Dnic sysED, tb@gh d@grtlltior, a@uarbility ed dpow@mr of rh. Nrl coftnldti6, NGo8 ald lowo ot lN of

- lri1lc ?aftctship Dvobtion ed decentilliatid prticuldly

Puuic

ro rh

dbrrict lwcl,

Iofl rds Conpetitive M.rk.b 1 r-Ner tax B16 ald bro.dd t x b6se, arM
@ony' inpov. id cohplis4.

docmatari@ of

l!.

2, Crrbilnot of speid coltcdioB lad Mt{eting a.livili6. 3. Le6 tatitr$lcnue ed ilcgntios wil| tbc Wodd @!my.

l.

lnplDvc @Uing eoviMrbor Omug!

2. 3. 4.

.dcqucy ofsavic6 ild plr?ic.l

iDtrurEi!!

atuqtid dd Frilirg bctlo hcdt! corlng.

stEgihdinS ofopird br.t ts d.4g!Lli@ !d p.ihdarior

SlpDonirc polici

i! rI! 6$d, Eo@tny, focig! cxcb!8. &d trd.

596 biUio!

BB@ ! EitriEM inve.bat of Rl" 9 billior.gri.!t R!.

i! l[.
59'6

PI'l (199-93 p.i6). &ccl.r.rid in r. I 16B.

?6

SECNORAL TARGETS

socrAl sEcnons Edacdai art Tntt,it

l. 2. 3. 4

BFhh.ougb i! FiDrty Fnicilotio! Boys Aom 85 b 95% Gitk filo 54 l,o 82%

trl.r

bcralc lilc rcy nr. tod 35 to 4E%. OuFur of t chici@ io iD.tt& by 5096 - ioo 85,m0 b
Qurlitrtilc iDpoEm.ot i! rlc cdudtid stst E

12?,000 pcr

fl.dth l. hg.sc 33,000 vilbgc bc.lrh wdtlre - pirr @jo. ctrdr qt otio! tt i[c vitbs! tcacl.

for

balrl

2. 3. 4, 5,

F'Jl

ill'tMi2.rid

of dolhq

.d

cbit4
to D.

Covdgc of prcvdrirc 5dic6

Lifc

6!.d filB
!o 63,5

80 to 90./6.

.xFray

ro go up

tDm 61.5

yen

yan.

Id.nt mon lity nr.

!o

dclinc too

E.6 io 5.5%.

6, 7. 8. l. 2. 3. L 2,

Conb.ol of

miceNlrient dencialcics,

pdnction Univetsal

ofincid
z@s

of low binh babi6 Lon 25 ro 15%.

to iodized salr for edible purpos6_

Populalior pt Eing ov.@g. ro

i!ci*.

tom

20 to 80y,_
14 ro 28%.

Cont rceptive pdval@c io b. doublcd

- iom

topulatiotrgrcwrhat dbli\a ftom?9

ro 2.7yo.

Ratul Watd Stpplr & Sditunon

Covedg

of

ml

wab. supply to increase

frtu

r;7

Ttyr of

Rml @itati@ co@8.

io go up fiom 14 to 32%.

INTRASTRUCflJAD

L 2. 3. 4, 5.

Complctc Cl''ehmr

Pjdr Bad CMt.

Campl.tc Pat F.dd

Complete

Cul.
B.rl
Outfall Dhin_

tii

Balt Outfal Dtiin.

on tughr

Viible PrceBs
1,r'ater loggine

i!

the diastcr

Ns

10 be etini@ted (1.40

millior

L coEhetid ofcb,zi Brerhr Hyd.l Pdd pb.iet O45o (M\lr). 2. ftdnil s@cEtion id p.ihr. scror (An nd prcj6tt p&ity 25m
MW).

3. 4, 5,

Cooplti@ ofongoila Hub Powd Projecl in prilde sctor (1290 Mlr). Privatiation of tb.mEl plaors of WAPDA_

Po@ gdcFtior @p&ity

up by 68%

(&on 9?86 MW to

16422

MW

6_ ?. 6.

Oil prcdndi@

w by 106% (&om 60000 to 123,300 @Jor nv6tnclt cxp@t d too priwc scctor.
Ga lroductior up by

barcls a day) with

3E% (Aom | 855 ro 2554 MMCFD

pek}

R.fning dpocity up by lE3 pd @r (Aon 6 nilloa ro t7 millior roN

9. Siifdr
10,

utiliztio!

of

Tl'e Col. (tord 6tioat

d d.posits: ove. lO0

Elecrrificaiion of 19700 villag.s.

1:ruwd & Conmunl..tlor

L 2. 3. 4. J. 6. ?E9.
10. 11.

Doubl.

nil

track IioF Lodhre !o Pcghswd (800

1367

Km).

MdufachN of

Hi8! Capa.ity Wagod.

Conplet

lDdus

Higlw.y 0189 1(m).

Coq'letc duli$tior ofN.tiodl Highway (N-5) Conllcre Ldoc - IstsEbad Motoday.

IDprcvddi ed upgndrtion ofRCD Highuy hiliatid ofwo* on M!.ta @s|d Rord.

Coctruction ofd@
sea pod al

(N,25 &dN-{O).

Ca&l$ rt$!g! privat S.to.

Cltu rtl

pndhg

d.dad

for r.l.ph@c

cod6tiod

(2.5 nini@ np

lin6

depicring l25olo

i!).t6. d kleph@e a@*).

13

N@br

ofpd

officcs to rjs. Aom

D ro I E513.
d.

Wolk on Low&i

TMl will

bc

initiat

PRODUCTTON SECTORS

1 2. 3. a.

@gcm6t of agricuttlrc, iEigsliotr rd .trajlage. Shift of mpbais to Eelo u!. .fEcicncy - podicdarly ioplr
htcgnted

trr@8enot dd G@h lhkagci. Ent lciDg @p !.odlction by iDpreving e6ci@y of inpuls .nd ..8h. Bcncrsil m'nigm6r, ibFov.d 6po@ to f.rtitia E.
hmdnction of sprirltd .!d tricH. irig$iotr.

5. 6, 7. 8.

arcahhrcugh itr oil s6ds and puls.s.

lntcgnr.d P.sr
Mor.

Malagddr. cElhasis d ndqop seroi

Bsrablisbsnt

ofKiu

Ba*s.

Agrtcrll!.e Productio! T.ryet! - wlst produdior u! by 22% (frc6

15

to 18.25 tuillion

km).

conon producrim rp by 6l % (ftoh 9.3 io 15

nilior bals).

Ri* p.odetiotr u! by 3l% (A06 3.25 to 425 bilid toB). Su8&tu prcducti@ up by 26 (ton 35 ro 46 nilli@ toff).
Non

onvdtio,l oil seds p@.luction

(fion 1.8n

'4
2.5

by

108%

(Aon

120 0o 250

Mcat ploduction up by l8%

nillionio$).

Milk prc<luction rp by .trd

3070

(&om l7 io 22 Drlion

to!t,

Irdutdc

Mh.nll
sDatl $alc

l 2.

BMklbugh in

stor &d

impFvirg li.log. wil! Lrgc

Major lhin to wlue-addcd product3. IllpDved Foductio!

qulity

and

Fcrtilirr (Nitrogd) Fodedon c.rcnt pi.ductiotr up !y

$gar Foduction

up by 60% (Aom 1.23

to

1.97

oillion

66% (from E.56 to l3 million

toB).

up by 54%

(fon

2.4 to 3.7

niuioD totu).

Pctrolc@ prcducB up by 50yo (ftom 7,6 io I 1.4 billion

lirco.

Stdl Billcls plodetiotr u! by

TFcloB p'odlction

124% (&oE 246 to 5J0

ihou&d toG).

Bic}!l6 prcdEtion rp

'+

by l3?%

(n6

7D ro

1686

rboMd to6).

by 6l% (A!D 5.8 lo 9.3 million).

TMkr dd bues

up

by

l00e/o

(Iion 4000 ro 8000).

Saindat Copp* ?roj41 would be in p.oducrion. Clpacity 15850 rons

of

blisl*
P.rform.lc

colper, 1.47 tons Sold and 2.76 iotu ofsnvi

ofsde

n Phn

TIE Swnth Fiv.

.fici@t Crc*,lt in

Pl& ws prp6Fd wir[in a bmd ba$d sic {ooomic I'ddork of a find ye$s p6sa6tivc 0988-2003), .npbsizi4
ourput @ onc

Ya

bbd &d ihprevilg lhe quatiry

offf.

on ihc

othd. Of the PdEEctiv Plan lotal incrcnElal largeb, abour 23.6 pcMnt of GDP, 22 pqcdl of invsrmdt, 23.8 pcrcdl of expo.ts, 26.2 percdi of

nd 21 p*nt of cvouq werc dvisaged to be anained duing th. Scv@lh Pld. It alt@ptd ro add&ss O. deffci.ncis in social s.ctc'6, cducation, halth, womn dvelopme.t elc. as weu a @nomic probleos likc fiscal ed c@t ac@mr deffcits, inflatio. ed ucoployne . Mmy polict Efo@ w@ buchd duing tt! Pla pdiod dd . rw e@omic cdifi@ bdcd otr CE 6terpri, open Mkcq p.iEtiatio4 dcEgrrdio. ud
imporls

lib.ratizrion ba tEd 6ise{L Thc tcnpo int

ol govth ws .fl@t.d by uforcsca

cvtrts on dom.stic tud

dd th fomer Soviei Unio4 Ession in Pakistan's cxpon mlcts,lhe cuulvd, rh d.lay in the setdn n1 of th Afghe issue, rlc polirical llM ailti6 on th. don*iic fio, AEqumtchdg.sof gov.@nt, civil disrubdG iD 1989-90 dd odds of 1988-89 dd 1992-93. How.v.r, &e ovEll lerfolrM@ ha
Aonb including conomic contractio! of Edtem Ercpe

Mdoel

ltc

grcfih prfo@@ rbm!8h b.low rh. pla! irge! wd itr line wirh tbc histori.al trads, ed saijsf.crory in thc @ntext of inhat &d *r.hal con*rainB. cDP grw by 5.0 pcrcc.r (&get 6.5%), 4ericullllE 3.8 p@nt
(rargct or 4.7olo),

@uf&rurins

5.9 P.rcdr (ract 8.1%)

dd ollEr scior

5.3

pcrceit agaiGl the targer of 6.7 pe.cent,

.ggEgat

tem

over ?4 percol

of

the

incllMlli ouhut

ratgcrs wc.c

lchidcd. Howv.r self,reli@c in Oc

pmducrion oI wh@t edible oits, iror-or!, crude oil

show a

dd capiLl

goodr did @t

si6i6cet i@r'rcvc@i.

M.ccF^oooolc FnD.mrk Tb. Iisal tuio meivcd i! rh. pte did lor tut rializ. Tgrg.ts Dtating to Edditio@l BoK6 dd corFol of cuia! .spodiru* w@ nor achi4crl Tte hod offieat .teficir hd bcen d tollom:

1988-89 1989-90 1990-9r

8_7

199t-92 t992-93

1.5

7.9

As s @trsq@ce of defcirs, $c.lohesrjc debr m@

PID pqio4 risiry fion

93.

&.

290 bittion in 1987-8E

6a, dobld dudng rhe io Rr. 605 billid in r92-

the mual grc*lh i! nonsla.y ss.rs ar 15.2 pcrcmr wd hield rhd rhc n n tfgt of 12.5 !ftent bu close to the nonind growlh of cN? ar 14.9 lmnt
Donestic credit ircresed ro Rl. 326,7 billion Rs, l?9.9

weU abov the

pld slinarc of
lh.

billid. cov.mcnl

crcdn cxpodcd to tu_ 190,6 biUior aeainsl

tarSet of Bs. 64.2 billion. Iais was tuc

mirly

to

in@se

in budgetary suppott,

wbich

Ech.d

Rs. l?5.6 billioD a8insr

llc ?Lr

rdScr ofRs. 51.7

billid.

FortMtely, tbe "@wdira our" cF.ct id @dir alte.tim w6 Biriilcd rcfl.diry ihe dlhasis o! priv.t invedrcor Crrtir utiliariotr rc Rs. 1j5.5
biuion agaiBr lhe Platr alo..rion

oftu.

I 15.2 biltion.

On th. .xtemal 3ide thc clljfur

1987-88 to S 3-69

&coul
Ttis

deficir

rcs fion

S 1.68 bilion in

minty s Esulr of d.r.rioErion in O invisibls i.e. f.ll in remirbnes sd incE se in scryie ptynots. As a coftciive mam rup.c crchaee Bc wd brcughi cl4 b th rutct v.l!e.
1992-91.

billioi

i!

Ttr doud-n9. dcbea. 6t6

1988 to Rr. 2?.15

wcni up Eob R& t8.12 per {toltd

ir

iuly

p.r .lolld in Jue 193.

Th. pcrfoMce @

grN dooe$iic 6xd inrcstdor rarget of Rs. 660.2 billion, rhc adul ircro@t (1987-88 pn6) moutcd to Ri. 6E2 billid; with priste invdrbat exceediog lle target by about 19,6 perc@i whil. th. public inv.strnrr
invatndt
has

no

bm

@ugilg

AeaiBt

rh6

4didcqd

sborthllof

9.6

pl@i

lor

proglllmc. the Scv.nth lltu had prcvidd outlay of Rs. 350 biUiotr at 1987-8E pdcs. Th. lctual rpdditue is
ro om@r

thc plblic sector dcvelopdar

Btimrd

b I|l.

121.4 biuio!, sbowilg

r! &hiwc|mr

of

91.8

The PlaD

ir &e ccMic stucture. Spttrld by a stady grcwrn id linc aitl thE dli.. PLE, rn ildcEid #ror ie@..d its
a dhtjnct cbange

M*s

she

of loial ouFut Bre.dily, su46sing lgricuttuc for thc 6rst tiroc. Sinc. the
the shaE ofindustrirl setor in

cDt bd gon upfrom 15pftdtio 26.1 9<rcar ar6 sdic stor froD 38 pd6t !o 49.5 pftdt whle agricIlt@ hs gone doM no4 46.6 p.rcdt ro 24.5 pcr@r i! Patisnrl
Iirst Pla!,

PIOPULT{IION INDICAI\OMI

Kl4d6
(l D[)
1980

ol S.u.f

Ar.U.
(rr bro

l9Et
r982 t983

9.t
9.8t

0! oll)
5.6{t
5.73

.JE
,|.00 1.36 1.62 5.0

to25
t0.69

t,89
6,07 6.
8.30

l9a4 l9a5

ll.13

l9o
l99t

ta.o
r6.51 1696
17.15

lll

aE1

5.t6
6,51

tl5 5'
8,4 8.6 8.8

194
195
1996

l9l

9,0 9.,O
9,9

7.51 7.56
7.51

tlJr
t925
r9.8a l9,aa
20.18

lo,2 l0.4
10.7

,'0
9.E

8.E:l

t14
8.58

l0.l
t02
10,8

198
1999

2t.tt
22.69

||l7
I I

!0.9

zx,o

l,,rl

7Ml

M2 M3
zD5

t,66 I t,98

t9 tolt
lo?l
u.28
I1.59 t2.2 9.7t

901

ut
l2.E I t.8a

2t.52
25.10
23.21

u2

l2,t
t2,61

ll,5
t2.l

12,9

Ll.nl. R.putft

of

P.Llrt0
(000

1980

l93l
1932 1933

85.3 85.1

41.1 93.2

1984
1985

ll23
llJ,8
l19.2 r22.4
126,5

96.1

l99l
1992
1993 1995

t997

t30.3 r38,2
130.6

198
20oo

t39.8
1,199

2!o2
?4o4

t592

D.olV M.h F.b.L G.r (li ill) (b nt) 106,1 42.8 42,4 105,8 ,r4 40.8 f09,1 44.7 ar.1 ll2,5 41.6 a2,a 116 49.t 44.1 119,6 50J a5,5 139,8 51 55.4 t44 5E.8 56,9 148,3 @,7 58.5 152,1 62.5 @2 157,t 64.2 63.2 162 A 03 l7l_8 6.1 92.2 t6L4 68.' 64.1 173.8 nn 6&5 186.4 75:t 769 l9&2 79n 70.8

\Gl4 2G24 1519 ) (000) (000)

37243 56A2 n@ t'a$ 6227.7 3!16 13518 6Ak 3649

llTz 1208t ln68 !!?63 1t341 r376t

6325 3886 ?039 ,(l07 1521 3946 8351 4381 Ct84 4t2 9037 13s2 15229 *26 {119 16l,18 9014 4789 !5545 9ll)8 ,1681 t6134 9235 5056 t6711 | 1587 a563
t7997 t@r

l8ll0 1150 r9lEl 13151

3m
5J85 3904

CEAPfiR-5
Efiectiveree ofD@ronic Pollcld h KhgdoD

ofslrdi Anbir

Duilg rhe p6st thrce d.c6d.s, developn nr ctrorts rdulled in 6e acc plkbmst of *vral sigrifiMt aomnic snd dev.loFnotd &nia.tuft in Kilgdom of
Ssudi Anbia. TlEac .chivnnts

rcflected iD the

ilcrcdd rates of ecorcnjc groslh, job opponuitis naite availabl..

divBiffcd econonic sctiviii.s

dd c@iion of t ngibl ed

positive 3hifts

ir

the e@nomic aEuctwc. Thesc accosllbhsois

in@ded mle of th. p.ivatc s.clor inpowd buin*3 cordnims in m.kct 6o@my ed 6. .mpetirid .nvircmert. Duilg th. m. pcdod, rhc .tr crivdds sd sigfic@c of @nomic, fs.il, moodrty, invBbndt dd tn.L policie vri.d ir lire wirh
rbc @t@

lMifdkd in ihe in produclion and ilv.slrdr activity,

.lso

ofrh. A@edl

@nditions

pEeilirg

al rn r

pdiod Duing

rhe

Fiisr

ad

S@nd Pla 1390/91-139/1400 (19?G1979), Lrge sol!'menr e4adiluE brcught !bo!l llc phcnoMon ofpde innadd which !ted to Hch 312 pftelt in 1396/9? (1975) B w.U d in.l4cd Nnb6 of f@ign labor tuE in rhe @ut y- In Ih. c@tcxr of .ddtsine thb phd(l|rrfu4 fts@t policy rc adjNt ! wbd ir w daid.d to 6top i!t.!t4 i, public ereadir@
in 1399/00

sd

1400/01 (1979 md 1980).

Or th. othd hand, public cxpodiiue incGasd in al@ of

lraining

dionsl mpover

o. apptication of Saudizati@ policy Mlh thc colmac.n@t of l! Founh Plln's inpldcnt lion pbcas- Ir should he noted rhal attcnlion givcn ro .@nomic policics dd rhcn inigBlio btue nde eviddt duing lhe Fourth to lhe Scvcnrb D.v.lopmar Plm- I! gq@I, .@onic dd dw.lopmor policis gailcd ffi!r .trcidcy not ody in

ad

when work sr3rLd

.@mic $abiliry irrenrlly and cxt@tty, whicn @red developn pqs over t!. Fst rwcnry y.c, tD1al$ in rh. .xsutiotr of .@mniq s@ial md ovironincnral iD.ti$renle prej61s, as s.U d in rhe
achiwing genehl

!rcvision of bett r e(tucarion, hcltrh ud cnvirofiroht sdic6 to ciri4 'IAi, b3 helped i! dpd3ioD of c.oionic activiry aDd ecl@li@ of si.l
developmot itr

gsml.

Mor@v.r, busin$ @ldidoN imrcved in rte

@ker

4onomy .nvircm@t wbile p.rfoml.,lcc tficidcy ha beo eDb@ed in

In the context of the Kingdon\ cxperince ovd the p.sr ibre d@adcs, ibpleMtation of ilvqtuidt policy took plac. ir two fietds, The tEt otre ir cdfined lo 6ndiq iwcarrn nt ud dev.lopmdi prcj4rs by the govelmdr s of nllfu l@m4, s@ial dd h4l!h d.vclopm.nr, &v.lopmt of eotunic r@llm, tolsport &d td@muic.dG, neicipal sd houing sdie. Filfuial !!.ollft sFnt h th6c i.ctos ilc6cd Aom SR 34. r bilid in rh. Fi6t Pbn r390r'91-1394/95 (1970_194) ro SR 485.3 bilion in I[. svarh Pld (2000-2004).
It is noted d thc paneh of rltoorion of lh.sc dp.ndilB dong rn eit ecro6, thnt dcvelopnor ofbM rqsorccs, wbic! ruk d ilird h tems of
its

De6sy rroles

ft

atl@rtcd in thc

pl&!

which includ6 dcvetopnol

tuted fsr Fgudilg lhe she of its dleauons A06 n\c bral public exFadihle or deElo[mmt agnci4 in th. Fourlh rtuough thc Seve h pls. h the Svad !td, allocatiou of bMe r.soe* dcv.lopm.nr !c@hr.d fo. atort 5?. I prcat

dl@ti6

in rbc lirst, S.@nd

ud Tlitd

ptan!-

of rotal xpcndirw on aU ddetopmor agencic!. Th sitution hs chmged regdding qoN* allocaied {or tundiD8 jnftastiuctunl pmjects which mtred

8at mmming totd alloc.tions o{ rhc four d.vclopndt lgacis in rhc 6s! sedd and lbird dm ilcn E ed second in rhc fourth sd tifth plu, tho mtd lhid j! the lixth dd !.vcnth pb$. .nts cntuge in the pattem of allo@ting fi@cial Gowd mory &v.lopndl !g6ci*, refl61 rhe @tw
of

pmg4

in rhc

@ury\

!@iGe@omic dcv.loptMt

oB

the

pst Friod_

TLe

dtotion contilu.d to chdge

due lo lhc n.d for brildjng

phylid i.na-

siructure dwing the 1970s dnd 1980s,

tr cxpadilg deation, acquiri4 stills

od lrainirs ndtional lfupowd to make llse of.vailablejob opponuitis ud k*p db&a8t of the npid e@nonic .nd r@hlological devclopd.nt witn*cd
by rh. KirgdoF

si@ the

1980s up

10

.ow,

The s@nd fi.ld of lhe public

invdt'Ent poli.y Glats

to

.Dcougng mti@l

hd fodgn

pnvab invdhrdt throu8! completio4 by the Sovemat, of inndlrlctlral prcj.cts panicllarly potabl. Mlq, Mtr for civil pur!os6,

d wel 4 adottion of FeulaliG ad t|l..sl6 tblt lNvidc ad.qultc dvitu nr for etddior of cqit l to bc ulilizd in
blc@mui@tions invBtddr prcjets in au *omnic 16!06- The Kingdom ba E& eLstaitial pregBs in @Ntiei!@ of intat$.tuE, conpl.tim of oeiati@l
sEucnG ud

ddclopMt

of adcquare

'nvcsmd

rcguhtiotr3.

Priv.t Sdtor .!d Ncr D.r.lopml(.l R..po.dblud6 Tlc Sixth D.vclopmdt PIe stB$d 6 a key sFmgc dn@d@ fq devel@mcor shriag that th govcMot rhrll not urdcnlk ey eononic
activity th.t could b. perfomed by thc priEle ector, .long with poviding rh.

s6br eith oppoiuiti6 for

opration,

lriliriB M by thc govlmot Tbc uting pbcri@l ndu6 !o ctls@ opporhuilie fo this s@tor Feardilg iDv6hdr dd ganiciparid ir rhe D@gcdbl of b6ic bdutiB Glablishd dd oMed by the govdtrr@I. It abo alled for stndying somc &1iviti6 of ecomnic naturc to be sl*ted in uh mmetion s! s tcldon)ruicaiioN

trl@geedi ed Mintcndce of Pld lbo @phasized o! tbc trccsity of

dd milw.,s in ord.r to der.min. th.ir priv.tiztion in . ble tin , '!en previ.lcd tbl such ! stcp should b. of rel boefit lo thc Mliolal cdony. Mo6rd, th. Pl& s!fied a $t of nrjd objetive br.d witt lhe privlt s41or ad it3 relc in 6c @tioml .@no6y' tey rlmg whicb ba bm lo nvision a ?7,9 pqc@r conrribuiion by l! s@ior in tool itrvestnntsr ud firdiry of 45 pftdl of its toral inv$tn@rs thrcugh oM{caol@s s w.U a

r.di?:iio! ofral

avcEge annud grc*lh

l!l.

of3.5

pcte!! thB irdlalilg

thc

sctor's shiE i! ial rctr{il cDP tiom 71.2 per.or ar ftc begidins of r[c plm to 72.3 pacmt by rhe end of tbc pld Thc Sixth pto atso srr.lsed lhc k y
rospoNibility &d capabilry of Oe pdvde scror rcearding the prcvilion ofjob opPortudUcs to the @tiord lmpower and Sludization policid h rh. tabor

Pl& expdt.d . Foviri@ ofjob oppodruitie for.bour .166 thou.and Saudb by r[. piiv.tc sdr]or, lhrcleh epllc@ar of 264 Oousd nonsaudis by Saudb alonS wirl cFrid of 182 rboletrd Dd job
the

mrk l. Ar $c\

opponuitid Futh@rc, lh. PIN bighlighred llc priqte seror's Dlc cconohic &dvity tbrcugh ttue kcy rhdcs:

i!
of

0)

Mobiliaiior ofpdvate fimncill r.sowes in ord6

public e.terprises faciry shortagc in fuarcinel

ro suppon

finding

(2)

Priktiz.iid of prcducrion acrivirie thsugh expecid in eigrbs @agtu! op@tion {d tuintc@. mntncas of pubtic poj6E b

(3)

Di-vqtne of Uc gFdul
sh@s

ldvat wror of eDvaMdr in joint stoct conpaica followilg id@th studics of @h

sal. ro rhc

itrdividual @e so that thc s@ial

ed cmnonic

@srs and bntit!

@ b.

Pmpdly dlmi!d whtr apprcpriat conditio4 pEvail. DuinS tL. S.v6rh

D*lolm6t

Pld, rh. scop. ofrhc priEre scclo.'s &dvity

h.t cxpud.d a a t4lt of ln. ptu! sr-.Lgic diieli@, imhrding d@ an nrion to iEpldotation of rclcmt policie! ald DasNj, ,rd dplah or .tl6ctid of foEign inerents inio the Kilgdo4 lrr@oi.rt Fgubtory
m.ndD@t3
haee bm int oduccd

for.ltt&ri@ dd

mg.m.nt

of foEi8r

i8.stlcnts alory wirh cstablisbmmt ofthc Suprehe E@nonic coEcil, Saudi Asbia cenenl hvestnxnr Aui,horiry (SAcrA)5., ed i$udcc of th.

D.e,kd

'@

ktdtu e rE d d ,..'tdF 16 t^. wh'u d. iartu.@t'

ottt. F@@

htu

ld d seu $ t

Dvcslncd b\{ a well a the Egublion pctuilitrg !o forcigleN, o\lncdhjp of qr $trc. Actud narucs havc also be.n idriared to boosr privdiariotr policie and pep@ @rcmic .nvircdrn@t nddery for dra.rior ofprivac mtiolal dd forig iny6hols i! tinc wilh cltu_cut developadhl piioriti.s, Thse rcasurcs ained at cntarcing ih IEcidDy of vadous activitid,

rasfer of nodeo technology dd advh@d knowlcdgc, in6*irg export opaciti* ead nbing the @tro@t
supponmS

tcchnolosical

productid to

n41 noa dom6ric

Thc

@nsumprion rcqui,rnents.

Sev6t!

D*lol'dor pbr

adopt.d scv@l

ncalrc dd injriadve.iDed

al supporting

so"I &d ncdiun .nt.rp.i*3, s

sh

nr.rpri!.3

cdsritut

key bae for rhe priwre selor, Th. pld also npbazd on sremrrDrg prccedus Etaled b the gbbtishme of SMES wilh a viev io .lininat

rcutin coNrlints

Funhmorc, the ple fo.sed on studyilg rhc Fssibility ofesrablishilg a s!.ciat nud eith both th.8ov.mdr ed priEtc s.cros p.nicipltion b fi.itiraE dcs to loG by SME5, alotrg Mln develAirg !d Ishmic nuling D,t utMl $ct s

aacing srabtisthcnr of such eterprbcs,

"MuhaEla!

MMba!a,, ald .Muduarubat- pirh

vicw ro fiurhcr brcadd

financ. opportuiiis availabh ro ihcs. institutio4, Tte ptan abo strcsscd on expoding l.nding &tiviti.s undd&kcn by the Saudi C.dit Bank in order to providc soft-ted lod ro such oierDrjs.s dd activitie&

In bdcf .ll@tio4 of rhc privat slcror invehol i, abov. m6ri@cd prodeing ald seFic6 3ecro6 during rhe Sdert[ Develolmdt ptd w@ ,s foUows: Thc bral invstrne ofrb. pdv.re ecror duilg rb. pdiod 1420/2t, 1424/25 (2000-2004, Movted b SR 254.2 billion. Whil. r!. pdmr.ge shares ofihese s*tos ae 4 followi agriculnr 7.3 perco! t ade l0 perc6!
lnancial sdviccs 8.2
rcal

FEcn! oihd n&ufaciuiry 13 pdcdr Ttc sblre of d3tc dd s@ial dd p.Bon.t sctuic4 setoE @hcd 57.5 Dc|Et md 4

ngllr.
s[rrf rt

-2

ll r!ilr\!!qut

PRIVATIZATION PriElizrtion

POIJCf activity wibd.d !

subnotial shin in

tt

Ki!8dob wit! th.

Coucil of Minist r' R6otudon No. 60 of v4,t4t8 (rggt) wbich dcfin.d eieht obj*tivcs for rrieriztion &d etruilhld bss ho b. t lc! irto .@ut in rcdtjlg th@ objariac.. Frdb.trtm, rhc Co@cil of

isuocc of

the

Miriltd' R$olurid No. 25? of lt/ll/r421

th.t llc sup@c Bo@Eic Coucit stnll ud.!l.ke epo$ibility ftr lupdfting rhc pnwtir.rioo Fogne ud follw-up ib iqleodrtiod Focer .todg will coddilrtid bct96 gwdn|@l .g@ie s rcfl s i<t ltifotior of
(2001) sr.pdaLd
acrivitics to be priErizcd,

ObjedB sd Poll.L. offtindado!

Coeil of Mili3iors' R6otutio! [.d for @tinued and inde*d dtribrtid by priwi! !.ctor io $. mtiomt .onomy by .doptilg m b6t
The

mibbl. drs. Thc r.lohdd abo 3rn d 6rr qp.!di,g tt. pdricipati@ of the ldErc aector in thc scio-colobic d.!do!!m1 procca! $ w.[ s
dablilg it to dsle
its role in

ilvcsrndr dd fhance

should

in line with

tlc etiolll dcvelop@t

pl4

The Kingdod's Priatizariol

st

!rc$, nco@asd tte follolvi4 mjo!

l.
2,

Enlar@ effici@cy

dd

compcdriv@* of thc

@lio.j Edory

ro

witlBtald rcgio.al dd globat @mpaidotr.

EncomSe privare sector inv.sdnml &d irs cf.ctivc padicipation in the

latonal econmy
3.

d5

w.ll

as

incrcdirg ils shre ofcDp.

of

B@dd

the

mridal o@hip

!rcductiv
in

s.$.
I[.
Saudi .o!Dmy. Saudi

Enco@gc Mtiolal and f@ign

5.

irvstmot

I!.Be
Eliools

job oppo.bniris, ccu! optinat .llployncnr of

and

itru. incrding pd epira in@@.

6.

Previd. affor&ble

ed lin lyse c6

to

cirt4

md inv$oF.
s1!ic budget

Ratiomliz. plblic qpndituE

ad rl4iate burdds d lrc

by allowing rhc Fivatc scclor ro fD@@ rhe provision, op@mn

sd

minl.@ce
8.

of sone

swic.s,

av.nua tnDugh evenl iljtru6t3 $ch s rbc proceds of panicipation ia &riviis ro be pnutiz.d, rh. fnucial retu6s eming Eom g.eting coocBsid nghh ald ihc rcvmud
gcncEtcd

I!ca. govtuar
ton

p.ivatizinS parl

of rhe sovme she rn

som.

EcoMic Coucilt d..r No. 123 of 4Blt423 (2002) 6labtishcd r!. teehrk oflb. potici.s rkousl whicb O. afo@mtioned objctivB wiu b6 resliz.d talbg into &@ur inicgrity and non-duplication of th*e polici*. Ir is nolwonty 1h!t th*e policis ai6 ai privatiarion of prejccb sd prblic *siB, which e adcqur
by rhc Sup@c

Tle priv.tiatiotr stralcSy

iscd

for pdvlr

scctor ?anicipation

md opd

c@p.hnoD, Funld&m,

priwtialior should ld b dp.lding l[. rclu. of s!$raiMbl. dirEr ov6[Mts a wel 6 @gdan of dl padlly d ror.lly privarizcd
.d.tprise
on

o@ftial

basis_

Tn

privatiation sFareg)/ dbs at hcitiraring padicipalid of foeign invBtnctrr in oMcship of prcjftrs ed typ.s of prcductive acrivitiB lo b
pdvatized in line wnh

nesres

regulaiing such panicipatior. The

lral.gy al$
to altow

f@es or 6uiog @atireu dcv.topn@1of

thc 6@cial

MIcl

opponuitid for doF .imesrjc aDd forcign inv.stt!6r atorg *irh prcviding hor. ch@els for atlra.tiotr of saving3, lurrhmoE, the priEtizatior sratcs, stE3s6 on e$uing suppon for ncw inv.stm.nb ir ordc. to prcvide dpblmot opportulitiq to @tid6t @rpowd, nbc Saudizarion ar.s ald Pav. l[. way for national |@powq rlining.

|Mlowc. in a fan nfud wh6 thc {ctull rquicrcna of !.ivatizcd etiviti6 fd cxc.ld the cMdt lwcls. lt abo calld for rh. dl.blishl@l of d Nlolomu cgulatory aulhdity ro d*l vith s@ial, rguldrory and $pwisory iss@s wilb r dw ro oDs.ry. @smq rDtc6ls! slch a prcvisio! of qultity afiord.bt. s@ices. Thc !tr.t s/ also calls for cEturion of inn$tucrunt prcj*rs aad pbric faci|iti.s i! ordd b d.lcnhe rh. f.sdbiliry of rhcn Fivrtizario! along wirl
naintaidng tbe role of the government in lhe provision of sonc cssolial

Thc rtle$, als

calls fo. ldrlrsline the situation of

Th. primtiation sr.icS, drablishcd a ldies of jnplmnt rior polici6 s well as ncheisos lecBs!ry for rcalizins conomic efficiency. Forcnosr

ll6e $slEndinS er lddirioMtgo'm6i ftucing of ptuj@rs. rhat havc bcd apprcvcd ao. p.ivarizari@ Excpiio! to rhis wi[ bc timir.d 10
ahong inv4trnmrs tbat de absolutly nec*lary d well s ro tuldig of n.int tree rcquilencnrl. Anoth.i componcnr ot rh.F Fticic! ie io ihc fifficial. .cgulnory dd olEEtiotr l sa.n$ lo prepde lhese prejers fq pdvniation

diw

whil. ofrsilg for comp.drion othd govetmdlon d pbjats slard for privatiatior On the othd bDd. thae lolici6 !lr6s on ddcloping m.ch&is that ed@ on-goirg incone ro rhc govelmdt aob privatiz<t

Foj..t, ia addilion !o cshbli$i!8 nc.lws rlc6slary !o .D!ur. addluE Etu!, to dc gortt@t fm Fivlti'rdm of Fblic .cFi...

lr-!'!rr1trt,L.: ,! r ! 1.!t-!!!llr!:U ..s!\-r,tr. d(rhg Ihrll,lltnu! I'hns (.rl ( { trrt Pri!{rt

1!!rd

fl,r

r'rh rlm l|tr

Plr

Thc S&di

orkcl pFsrs

busin$ss. It lies

ch.ll6gc dd opFnuity for foEign at the head of a tatgd CCC ruket, wirh meis having a
trortt

higl dilposable ilconc. The larg p.rc6t4se of youg Saudj lopulatio! will litcly substdtially inc@ ln. dcl@d fd a wi& tugc of 6ffua gdds

sd

prcdu.ts. Ac.ddinS ro UN, moE rhe 45

pmdr oflhe

Sludi populatim

Tlc .rcb{ge ate of lhc dotbr ha b..n fxcd at 3.?5 riFls to rbc dolh si@ 1986 qd prcdu.b e. Buslly inportcd on a CIF bsG ed @ sraldlrt foduta exist! for deledi ng on @k up ftls or preducrs. Itre Saudi prc&F
ba$aining

ad fi@drg

brs b.@bc

loding @Bi.tc6tid

i!

p@bai!C,

cspenuy tur
@turc

inv6ln of lh. @Le!

nr goods

ed EFst ordd.

Duc to thc v.ry

@nFritiv.
comp.tc

{h*

US. Euopea4 md

ns Edr !rcduds

aga'$t the olhr, above av.g !al.s, swicc dd cBrotuer support imponlnt faclob i! wiming ud minrainirg nry clic e.
Thc Ki.gdomt

comcEial @giorj aie divided inlo thrc. prindy mlers of W.stcm Rgio!, wirh Jed.tzh 4 thc min ottmrci.l @re., th. Ccncal RcSion witb t[e epir.l criy ofRiy.d\ sd the E4rfi trovitre wh@ ! Lieh concdtat'on oioil aad g6 irdustry busiB @cuB. Moy conpaDid inFrt
g@ds for thei. owd use, or for diEcr

of rcLil outlets 4d e\cluive disrributo6hiA

rsLing the location md lh. nMba ihpoiant fEcror, Although th@ is Do rc4uircd6r for
the Saudi midsiry of

et*

Com.rc. pGfm rhrt alt sch

mng.mdts bc .xclusiv. with Gp6i to either A.ognphic @gion d prcdet line a lMy Saudi compoies @ &tive in nmreus ptudtrct tinB.

Adv.nising is

Bpidly .xpndinS businss in rh. Kingdon\ which sp.nt $380 niUion in 2000. Most compeies now ch@s b advcni* in a widc tuge of
a

@dia, ircludilg TV, ndspap6,

rid. mg zi&s, bi boards, dd

lradc

prcmotioD cvtrts, Mtion.l fesrivats, atrd sw.epst tcs dlawin$ in mals

dd

Pri

idvcnisilg is .leo iryortali. In I!@t y.d, tuy ma8aan s navc appeftd on the Saudi na*et, th populal anotrg then &e At Majanab, Al

Newspaper advenisilg

h cdied our in local English ud Arabic pap4. The l6al dailiA lublth.d io Ergrsh havc ciEutatio$ of betw@n 20,000 dd
50,000

@d<

Arab

N.*

(Jcdd.b); S{!di

c@rlc

(Jed<r.!).

Ttc ladile

Anbic newspapm hlv etiotrwid. dbEiburio!

70,000

o.t

circdaaion of btwed

Al Shlrq Al Awsr! Ok4, Al haFt, At JsiF md Al tiya.h. Uo Al Qu is ri. otrcial sovclmdr @*sfsF. O{!d trAEFFs have lowd ciEdation erd ar tio6 onty rcgi@l disr.ibution: Al Bjtd4 Al Madie. Al Nadwa, ud Al yo!n. Amibd publi.atioq thc At larba.tisi somnic &il, &cu.s on hsins is!a.
100,000:

6d

Buiness Lrws in Sudt

Anbit
Saudi Arabia"

ore a @npey las dccid.d @ th. qpe ofbuidess prch@ i!

it mut abo bc aw@ ofa ruiety of

bs

rhrt Egubrc rbal

bBi!63, including

labou lav, lax law, ald intue.tual propeny law. Thse laws ae !U cutM{y n the pners ofbing rcvise4 s pan ofrhe goverm@1,s efo.G to ,tEact

f@ign irv4tmdr ed p!B@ ib aonomic deret@runr g@ls. Lesrl S}'3led b Srudl

As

Anbit

Erioc, tL. nwblMi.l soM. of bw in Sludi Arsbi. is rhe Isrrmic L{w (tbc shdia). Th. sh&ja cosisrs of lt. Holy KoEA alE teehiDgs of the tropb.t Mulmn.d (the Sma!), ed the MitirSs of legal
Islaoic

ir oi[cr

Sevenl other

sows of

law ehboraie on th Shda

rclatioB. Royal De.rc.s &e rdopred by the Saudi prelid brcad n s for . pa.ricuL! a6 Mn s trre

ed govm om@iNl Comcil of Minjsres dd

tabou rclaiios.

govm.nr prcvide norc sp4iftc Fquilmdt!,

Regul.tioB, onen issu.d by

ag@cics, claboote on

l[.&

ruls

ed

!.ompdy nay hiE ed th rlm of thc dployD.nl. A codpdy should p@ed @utioBlt beforc t mieting or reiicring the ngLts ofd dployd, cvcn ifprcvidcd ir t@ of rh. individu.t conFact agemdls. an mploy* ce sue th. .nployd bcfor. thc pEtimiBry
Comince for tbe Set menr of Lrbou Disput s. In 2001, rhc Milisterial Coucil apprcv.d a Egdali@ allowine &rt6 b fom t bou co@in6 itr compu* tbat @ploy 100 or noE work6.

Saudi labolr hw dct.mines whon

saldi Ailbja dos nor rax pso.al in@me. saudi

eligious rax,

cirim

arc $bj@t ro a

zrkar, 2.5 percent on rh .er worrh of lh.ir wo*iry Nets (nor ir@De). Non-Saldi .Dptoys d wel s oDlmid e Gquircd ro
pay in.one rax b.s.d on

hoM d

r[. i@m. dd @ings

of rtEir

bune3s.

CHAPTER-6
TRADE AND COMMERCf,
Saudi Arabir is the l9d largest

dponcr and th. 20ri largest import

hrter

in

world Exlons nov EpB6i all .@!onic s4ros. Toppine fte lbt of cxpdrs to sone 90 couEie e per.ochdi.al$ ptsti6, n hl goods, coBr.uclion @te.ials, dd .lectical appliucd,
the

tui,ly duc b gendoB govMent ir@ntivs such s rhe prcvision of lorS.rdn iniB! fre loas dd $ppon !flice! &d facilitia. rD addilion, chmb6 of omcrcc tud ind$t y in ihe @jor ciri6 &d Esi6 proEotc @Im@ial
is grewirg apidty.

di Anbia's

@mftid sro.

ftis

is

Th*

@ sore 584,000 lictued

tora1 invcs!d

Kingdon, Tbcn

i! @Im@ial &tiviri6 in rh. epiral is *tinar.d st morc ihd g54 bilioa

involvd

6m

Tle

s@tor is

ov6en

6AGIA), which
Fmces
SAGIA

llv6rndr Aullority oII.E print cnrr.prdeB fr. coslltin8 &d $pporl

by Ihe Saudi Ambitu ccncEl ot inveshent otportuliries.

ad publishs lilrs
tuoucd pla$

Ii

Novcnber 2005,

ab@4 including in CLilr, tI3 Ulitcd Shies, Britah ed Cdnany b atFacl invdhar i! infi"5lruclE prej6ls
io op! omc.s

piiv.L sctd in co@eEe is subsraatiar l,lvlrc conptu@ a@oul for soG 48 p.t6t of th. Ddotr,s CDp of $2,A_82 biliotr Th.y
Th rele of rle

m@facture, dishibub

od sel

doncsdc products.

rriwL

companis atso h.ndle

@r

idporG of

@tuud dd

&d thc bull of ile .xlorrr ofnon{il prcdets Sludi A$bia

20 export.nd impon
some 90 count

n.rlts in th. world, md.xpons of non-oil is av@se doud six billion dollds pei yar.

products to

Fcig! iov6tn6t is al$

wdld

gtuwing in ihc Kingdon IN.sto6 fioh aX ovd th

joining Sodi partnd ro $t up

p.liticd, @nohic ed s@ial .qet suppliq ed srat8ic ScogEphic t@atio!.

Or April

vdtue, atF,ct d by thc Kingdor's sr.bility, nod.m bt.aterurc, i,exlmivc

@ia fd forcign inv60o6 itr rlc Kingdom by inEbd&i.g a nw law giving foreig ilvsro6 tbc dgit ro rhe me b@tiG. inentivs dd gulmtcs ofrrEd ro Saudi individuats ild comp&i6, lt also dlos foEi8r inv$ro6 ro om prcp..ty d G{ 6iate.
2000 Saldi AEbia rudc it The tutuc of ih

ll,

comftid

s*tor

is prcmising. Saudi

Asbia's mDbmhip

in fte w'IO boosts

comftial

activiry

Aportuniti4 in globol |Elct! of f6Fad. &ne $.t S{udi Anbia h.s

Fovides Saudi poducts with mrc A,otnd posirirc dev.lophdt is rle formrior

sd

ud.fi.ro

wirh scvqil ocighboring

Natio@l

ed r.giotul

@onomies eound ihe

mrld

egad wirh qh othe. rbEugh lade itr g@dr ed sdi. rrefer of r@bnolo$f,ddFoductioDcbails,Thci .rcomrc<b6of f@ciat@r*cts

bftoding ilc@jngly

is ale .xpeding Bpidly. Such intcgnrio! offds grc.r.r opponuity for pople 10 t p noE and leSq mrkets mud tbe world, md so irc@s 'rto borh thet incoms and then ability to cnjoy all rhar tle world .conohy b4 to

Tnd. Inve.tD.lt rrd Butn

ss

OpportutridB

OiI @

disaovdd in Saldi tuabia by U.S. gotogisrs n l9jos5 rtrhough ldsescale producton did noi beein ufl afrd world Wd rr. Oil wearr! bs

made Dossible

6pid .corcmic d.v.topm.n! which began

i! tue$ i!

rhc

1960s and accel@1ed

sp.clacuLily in the 1970s! trdrfoming ih tjngdom.

Saudi

oil

Bme e r!. llgst

ed
exports
ro

in

fi. wdt4 dd the 6utry

l.ading oil p.oducq

exponr. Oil
75%

uout!

lte wtd's fo. morc rh& 90% of rbe

is

couhy\
sd@r.<l
Mor

dd ncdly

b. 260 billion
95

ofgovdnlr Fvous. prov@ restucs ae trel4 .bour o@{u.nd of rcrld oil ltserc.
produced on bchalf

ller

!@ent ot a.ll Sludi oil is

of the

Saudi

Cov.@cnr by rhc pdGratat

b4oning
i.he

girt

Saudi ARAMCO.

In

Je

1993, Sdrdi

ARAMCO .b6orbed Oc at le @kcdns

dd Fnnins

coopany (SAMAREC),

l.lg6r tully integFted Oil Comldy. Mqt Saudi oil dloris movc by rdk r ft@ Oltf i.minrb ar R ! Tdu dd Ju'ayDaL Th r@ining oil *ports @ tralspon.d via rb. .ssl_w6r piplinc acNs i[c
world,s
kingdon !o
1he

Red S@ pon of yanbu,

b.i!g significur irv6Et@i by U,S, srt Ewpean oil conlsis to ddetop non-Nociatcd g6 fields in rbrft sepaatc partr of Sludi Anbia. FoltwiDg fi@l idhnical lgtu@rs w|l! @rccssio!
ro

mjor

n*

gd iniriativc ptunis6

awardG h Denber 2001, da.lopnmr shodd beilg in 2002.

shlp risc in pcrrcltu rcvmuB il t9?4 followi.g rh. 1973 AnE Isrel wd, Saudi Anbi! bed one of rhe fda(-grewiry 6@odes s rh.
Due
1o

vorld. lt njoyed

subsiedal surylls in its ovnll t&de wih orhd coutris;

oports incMed hpidly &d dplc govelmelr lt!m6 wc rqilabL tor ddeloph.n! defer$, 6d .id to orhd An! dd Isldic @brri6.
But higha oil
atrd

priB

led to dvclopn,t o{ morc

oil fields @ud rhc world

rcded

woddwi.le

oElmprio. Th. cdi, b.giming tu rnc mid_ l98os, B . oil gut, which inroduc.d o elemo ofplmilg uccrtainty fof rhc
global
a

i611inc i!

deade, Saudi oil productio4 which had indc!!.d to at@sl t0

milliotr baftls
1985.

(t/d) duing l98O-81, drcppd to rbolr 2 nillim i. Budg.tary deficits dveloped, ud thc govtmdr dr.w doM its forcign
day

asetr. Rqlonding to 6@cial pressw, Saudi AEbil gsvc up its role

thc
a

twing prcduccl'wi6ir

OPEC

in rhe sllmer of t985 a.d rcep&d

a

prcdlcrior quota- Shce then, Saudi oil poticy has b@n guided by mintain @ta ed q@1A s!,c. Howevr, bgiding

dsire to

fe.d the ch.[6g of low oilpnccs. D@ to. combi!.rion of faci66.1lc Est Alie e@mic nisd, a wm mn|er in tlr Wst @usd by El Nino, and e incr.a* in non-OpEC oil prcdlctioFnctund for oit slowcd rnd pdtcd oit Fic dom by tre lba
199?, Saldi AEbia again

i! lat

S{udi AEbi.
OPEC

ws

kcy

phy6

in coordi@ti.g l[e

$..efin

1999

MFig! of

ud o1h{ oit-pmdsing counides lo nisc r[e pric. ofoil to i|s hjghcsl level sine rbc culf We by @ging p.odEtior od supply of Frolelb. Ttat sde y@, Saudi Arabia 6r.blished thc Sqprcft Ecmonic Co6.il to
formulate and btrer mordiEre e.omnic dcvclopncnr potcies in order acccr@re ioslnuri@t dd bdNrial Efm.

Covmt

Brablbh.d in April 2000, the S.udi

A6bi.! cae6l lrvestrlor

Authority kr.ncomgc forcign dircd invesrnc

signd a Tndc

i,

lhc coutry. S.udi Anbi4

Inv6mdrr Fsaewolk Aer@mor with tbc U,S. in July 2003.

Tht@8h 5-y.& ddelopmcnt plms the govcmnmt

ha

soughl lo al@ne

itj

lctol.u

incotu to ratlsturn is Ftatively uddelopcd oit_bs$d er@ony Dto that of . moden indtshial srrte phite minrAidng tb. kiDgdon,s
Fadido&l

rutons. AlthouSb @ononic plmc hrve nor &|.!.vcd all thcir Adls, the @nony b6 prcgcs.d npi. y. Oit wdlrL hr3 incGad |!c lrandrd of living oI not Sau<!is. Hokvq, $gniticd!
valucs tud

hlmic

rEFdltion gotrtl, b^s sr.in d rh. govelmcnt,s ability ro 1@ce tudhd

of living. Heavy dcpodence on petrotM rcvdue conrilus, but itrdutry dd .8ricutturc nov r.cout for a ldgd sllE of@olonic activity. Thc Diturcl b.l'ee rhe job s*itk of Saudi gndud.s and tbe nsdr of the piivat job Mk.t at all lwek nroiG 1[c lrilcipal obsiacle to eoenic div.Bifi.ari@ dd develo!,ndt; abour 4,6 nilio! ron-Sandis e coployed in rhc aorom,
mpmvemenls sondard

in the coutryt

@donic r.sts primily or oil Fvm!6. ls cru.te oil rew6, mouting 1o 259.40 bilion bmls, d csrioalld io be 25 Dccat of the erld's hoM Bcn6. Irs @tu6t gs qdB at 2OO rriuiotr dbic fat @ 4 peedl ofworld Esfles. ft. av@ge daity ourput ofojl during th yd
Economyr Th Saudi

@ud 7.09 nillion bd.l p.. .tuy. The lEr.olcm secror !@outs &, 78 pct6t of tord rcvctrB, 3?,5 ledl of dc cGs DoD.slic producr ed 88 peFcnt of dpon frtugs abotr 4l p@6t of rhc cDp is gc!@Ld by th
2002 wa!

Tlc Kirgdon, ud.r

polic/, bte u.tcrtaken !o rcdrce its depcndence o! foEign lrbou in kcy edoA by presesivcty rept&iog qpaeiatc wo*6 (.rcud 3.6 Diltion) by Saudis. Duilc l[e l.!r few rts,
bcd inroducitrg cheg6 in is !?dc, iNBEat .nd sxard regulations lo make iccll & arFaclive inv.srncnt dcstinarid !s atso to lerc the wry fo. its &@ssion to the WTO. The Saudi A?bie cor.l hvesh@t Autbdity (SAGIA) $t up in May 2OOt previd.s ..fast tracl' .pprcEts fo. invesbn nt il ditrcmt !ecto6, including sftilg up of too p.rc.nt foreigD
Ue Khgd@ ba

its -Saudizdon

Majo. agricutual,

ilduiii.l ed nin.Bl pmdetiod @ a follos:

Ag.iculture D?tr6, g6iG, whar, b*te, nile! sorgtun, po6b.sr pujle, s.fuc !44 to@tc! puDlkid, onio4 c.mts, mtcr rcloE. nelon..
gnpd, citnD Auils, lish.ries, livcsto.tq v.g.tdlca.

Itrd$lda:

Main inibihi.s

io thc fcld ofctud. oil prcductioa pdroleun,

relinin& b8ic pelr@hemicals, cemenr, coBhrcrjon, fertilikr, plrsric! ic.

Mio.nb: Oil,8s dd
EXTERNAL TRTDE

gold

M.ln lte63

of

E4orts. Perroleuo, pcbochcnicsls, llasrics

M.ln P!rt!.n: USA, Japa4 Singrpor. Ftue, Soull Kds, N.llqtddq uK ltaly, Bleil, spain, Tailu

Mtlo ltem of Imporbr Livc arinats, vegcrabld, foodshrif, b.vcng6, lob.cco, woo4 p.!er, rc{i16, hachiDery, ttulon cquip@nts, tubbd, anificial Bin, chmica.ls, p@ious s!on, cffi! el4rj@l appli&c.q gt4$

M n P.rtreir:

USA, hpa4

cmey,

Singaporc,

Fnnc,

Sourh Korea.

NcilErlrn&, UK Ilaly, Brazil, Spab, Taiwa4 China, Auralia, ed rodja

Mrln OIC PftoF:

Kuwait UAE

Bahmin,

Eg?t,

Indoncsia,

lrd,

Jordm, I<azatb$an, Sudr,, Tlrtey,

kbdo4

MataFia, Motueo,

OlM, palisra!, e!sr,

INVFSII|'ENT CODE

gove@6r g.n@lly encomgca foEigr di@t bvsrn@! partic arly in the 6e of forcign inveser@t in joinr vcnre wlh Sa!.li !alfr6. To srimdar. Arercr foEigl inv6rndr dd io sEagtba {E notr{it
Saudi
privale saror. Saudi Atabia recenUy revisd irs 3o_yea._otd inystrnent @de .!d is h rhe pro6s ofrcvisinA it' f@ign corpotu lax co<t..

Tlc

Invcstmdl Aurhority {sAGIA) sFca rs rhe pnEary Saldi govl@6t body for rh. iddrili@rio dd dcoongetMt of
foEiga direct i!v.stm.nt. SAGIA i3 !p@1ed ro swe as

The s.udi AEbian cen

nl

@.{1op-enop for

bBilB

wcll, Eplacilg rhe mulriple F@its t@ a Eiety of Saudi govl@ot bodi$ e c]mnrly rEquiEd for nw vtrtuH.
li@nsin8

Thc

gov@t 86 itl pehcing powd ro @.o@g. fdigr iarGhor h

ud laid uda th. Peac. Sbicld .lefse prccun nt pbglm, th Saudi gortrlm @h.d e a8'!d@r wirh Andic.r @lrictoB 6r .blBee joint
1985,

dne

nvestrnenb equivalmt ro 35 pEnr of the abo

progm's

v2tue. British

dd Fmcn dcfci!. t@

Equim6r!. Ofllct rcqui|tl@ts @ likcly ro rctuin conponmb of Ejor dcftcc pehlseq ad h.re b.r
ofst
incorponted inro olber larSe Saldi gove@.nt cdtncrs.

[.v.

Ooly Saudi conpeis or

and distribution activitics,

citias, or ttosc f@n olhd Cdf Coop@tion coucil (ccc) @hhiclt My ciJlmtly om lud or dgttc in in @t Ea<tiig
Sinilrrly, onty joinr vofin6 wilh al l131 5 I percert CCC oMeBhip inr@1 aE pmin d 10 cxpon duty_t to oth.. CCC

Saudi

Anbi! .b

nor hav.

duty-t4 iryon zoa6

or

At

pons.

l ts

hcgu ro

p@n tlashiprnst of goods thrcugh its pons itr Jeddal ud Dalnt]:@ Th gEatat aorcign invBrnhr in rb. kirgdon k fobd in a rclat d sror p.lrocbdicali. ScvEl Djor
Saudig to build world-scalc

@tiotr

t oit cob!nic, have p.rrncEd with

pet@hcnical plalts.

TRADE IN}.ESTEMENT AND BUSINESS OPORTIJNITIES

Mrjo. Forelgn Conpmta rnvBtlng In the Kirgdom Nmdou iotcmtio.,lly movned compsib bave inv.st d in the Kilgdom. Such tuv.sbrcnts trv. csolrd i! tbe @lion of th. opobiliry of @nufactiing hiel-qulity prcdrcrs. ft. tist of such compmi.s inclDds:

Shcll

Th. Ki4dom h5 ! Sied.rds ColMision lhal

sp.ci6@tios

issucs intemarional
io

dd

sraldd.ls. The

co,tlisi@ ha corrribltcd

ti.

im.cssed

qualty oaqriotrsl produck $&ugn Inc addng oflic@ pno. to lhe of inlemational tade ndb, As a E$li! nosr Sandi prcducis clehlty v.ry conpetitive &om a qu,rity p.Epetive wirh E!ep6 ed Amdi6 ptudets,

hdslrial pLnr! l@atcrt in tre K.gdom e mory rn n4t bodd i$t llatio4 in th. Egio4 ln rt y* 2OOl, th@ wd 3J66 3uc! irsralhrions,
rcprcsenrng i01al iryesrne.b of following

us$ 65.3 bilion. The facroriq

are

h ite

induri.l selo6:
lql!!tq|r| sdor

0d Son Dnnts Tdtil., Radv-dde Ctorh6 .nd l,arh; rimbq rnoutrie ma rmiorEffie
Food ShnT

514

ctrcmet uauuiimo prsiliircaui BuildrnA M3trj!l. Chia CcMic &d cL6s

P.p.. hdEhe, pnntiry;;;d

puii;ri;

221

125

fln,lMsc.r hdrb, Mehine bd

Olhd Miscellm.tu

EqdDtmts

t5
89

Tr|l@n ud srodce

fol.l

24 1566

S,udl Noo{tl Eportt (sR Blluotr)

1991

25.tX

r98
2000

2t,11
24.30
32_44

zml
2002

S.udi Notr{il Elport' by ltrdultrtd secton (SR

ron)

l.hochmicah
Orditurv Mchts ald Rldcd prc<hcrs Devic*, apomruscs ald Ere.rical Chcaicli lldBrnes ed Rd,kr prn/m

200r
l3_45 6.18 2.04 1,04 t2_20

zvn
1J.68

Bq;;;i

5.72 2.54

r.l4
13.@ 9.36

7.98 30.69

t2a4

. . . . . . .

M.ro. Comp.hd!. Advr.og6 of Coop..t6 b$.d tn S.!rI Anbirg:

Modem IndBhial

Pldr

Hish Qulity prcdlcts cmlErible pih InicElrio.d

hdrsdd

Prod@B Coapattutc

wii!

rhe Ewircnlmt l

Prct .rion Requimer&_ Low An !.eighr

Saudi

dd

port

Sdic.

Chlrgs.

hqk

bavc

Vorldwd. CornFrjriv.

pric.

Availabiliry of Expon CrEdit lindciDg ajd In3ljmCE Availability ofRaw Materiab,

' n, s."dt F"dtt

Det"p .d

a-a *pd Eo.M-

_ z.,5.

Petmcnedc.lP: SaudiAobia's p.h@hmidls dd b.sic mctah ptuduction is @scd by the'Sludi Anbi& Bdic Indusaid CoDoEtid,, GArIq. Its
opennos
arc orgmizcd nno six

priMy buire$ loits:

l.

B6ic Chmicob: olenB, orygcei.s (alcohols ed cth@) . ard @ntic, p.ilrry blilding blelc fd dorvut@ D.t@hdiet! dd plastics prcduc.d 6om ntunt BsF3 .$@iatcd virl cmd oil pro.tuct'on, Pnncipal dowr!tr.m predlcts inctu& ethyt6.r n rh{ol, hcrbyl tcdary b!ryl eihcl (MrBq, p@!yt.n , sry@., benq p&uyl6e, pyolysis sarolitrc, indlljrial cthmol.
buc.di.rc,
and

burcE

2,

Intenediat chenicats: .h.mical inrer'ncdiats, fibB, od linclr .lpta olefB u.d G ingEdidts fdr luuf&brilg oomdqm
Fr.ochcDi6ls, Itincipal prcducrs &e @nc ed rri-.thyl@ eb@t, purilied tqephthalic &id, etbylere di-chloridc, c0rylene hcmot, di_ @tyl phtb.latc, @ustic soda, &d vinyl cltdidc no&ncr

3.

Polrolefw: SAB\C is rhe world\ fourrh tds.lt prcducef of polyolclic rolycthyltu and polypmpylac borh u.d b rpc u pheris pftductr n lufetuE. ftoduction includa borh high ard

PvC an.l Polyatet pnly.sbg (*d

in

i! t xtil*);

polyst,@

(u.o

isulatioa irdutrial p&ta8ine, ed dilposabl. curlery)i pobryinyl

dd Fct sing): ud mdmi@ (used in adhsiv6, laninar.s, sufae coamg!, m noldilg onlouds d vcll as b thc mdutactun of carp.q texlil.st boulcs aDd ortd p&iogitrg, ad houchotd ur!rib.)

chloddc @vc) (u!.d

i!

piphg, wne, @btc, bodcs

" yd!

/,.bb @

s. b t.

uddt! Fatsrotd.

t jt,2ut tcd

chsrxd E

Pdncipal prodlct ouFuts inchdc polystrme, polrryilyl cbbnde, polyerbyloc terghlhrtan dh, poly6ld fibds, .rd mtdjna
5.

F"/lt

wdldt larggt produls ofllE s wcl d a b@d tug. of ritroe6. phosphlr., d.t conpoud fenitizffi. PrinciFl Droducts ec dMoni4 w, phosphale dd sulturic acid.
rrr otre of thc

6.

Merabi thc lalgest hdlfactuM of sr.cl producls as we as fN alloys i! the GCC aid is .,le dgagd in olfshoe arlshm
prodnction holdiigs in Bahrin. principal prcduc$

@ noq

hor

dd

cold roucd st@], rcinforcin8

lluminu. SABIC t

wirc rcds, rcued @ils, md likewisc qagcd tu l! pro<tucrior of

br,

polr?ropylcnes and polyerhylqes in Cet]@y &d itE Nethrleds. Establishcd

lwmq

in 1976 ro devetop Saudi AFbia,s vat hy@ceDon SAIIC is orc of the world's tdScsr pneh.nil
a 7 pcrccnr

st r+_r5 wcu a5 one of the l&gest iDduFiat coopeiq i! tbe Midde Esr It i, a 70 pftdl-3o pdc@lpublic,pnv.rcmpary,

compmlcs-holdilg

global Ddket

boEIry
Jubayl,

FDduction acrivities
two

@ ooy @icd
on ll)c R.d

atnli.led corpanis, frost of which @ looled

b, lrsnca in th. .d1em potr d,

our

tLotd

ba3d in
a

y6bu

Dalr1ll@. SABIC i3 also

parrnd ia

tbc

Sa ud olc n algi@l joinr wnns jn

With total spital irveshnents in iB bsic ildurris @w app@ching $30 billioo, it is tL. follldr Mider Compdy in roral @pildiatjoF atr{t rod.y

ra*r B ln r l! n *r

hrScst pct o.hniclls, 3d lartcst polthylere, and 6d largcsr

polJ?ropylde @ufactlrcr globally.

position in poducing gly@ls,

lt abo @mbd& a sigtrifitut wdftt m.rhdol, MTBE, md fqiili&6.

Mrjor joint vdtucs includeJrr SADAF,

YAN?ET md
a

50/50 joint

verrw wirh

Shell;

rcMYn,

boih 50/50 joint vcntures wilh

a

Eud

Mobili SHARe,

50/50joinl ventue Mth Mirubisbii and SAMAD,

50/50joinl venture wirh

Taiw lertilia Cmpdy.

Smc $8 biUi@ in
add 20

irv6rrn6b ovd rh. dt half dsd. G shcdulc<t to biniotr o.ric r@ of p.r@hdical prDd&tioa @pa.ity, Bising rbc

Iw

Dlion s

@ul

ioial Aom

iLe

p6dr

45

hiltio!

merric tors ro n@ty 70

nillion by 2010. In Juq 2005, n am@ccd thal ir eill fl@r $6 bjllion shes to udMit capacity exlusio[ and in rul, 2005, Saudi Amco aod Sumitono mounced plms for . mjor p.rrocbmical f.cility ai Rrbigh.

Mi

Rsowes (DMMR) has identificd 1,273 sits of p@ioB mllls, pritwily gotd ed sitvo, d{t t,l?t site of nonpFciou neta\ $ch 6! @ppe!, zinc, nickel, im4 lq4 bauiD., ctrmc,

ng: Tle Depury Ministy for Mine.al

llmun!

md

mgGitq
sigDifdr com@id pomi$.
Of

Of t[csc sits, 64 show

llos

in op.ari@

in 2003, Saudi Aabia ptlduc.d 228,194 tucB ofgol4I0O,OO0 0@6 of slver, 900 t@ of mppd, bd 3,000 bN of zinc. In aI. it is .stih.tcd ro
po3sess 20

million lons of gold oE. Saudi AEbia's

.toloDite,

hrd nirnl

delosits, iD

tm, irclde benblile,

f.ld!pd,

gh.i.

gtuile, enphile, gypsun,

limqtone, marbl., phGpbai6, @l( wool,

sili6r*, rantaluq ed uolites.

Cologicat studis huvc litcwie ildicatcd a sutEciar

d.posiE potorialy cxlloftbtc for rhc
rons of phosph.le

!I!g@
ar

of pbcphac

ndl

mvcstn nc ofup to $2.5 bilion lo Gxhct

t@tidr .lquirirg & dri@lrd @E &e 1OO nillion

IOO

,!6

alL.tdid aF! yilds prcjctd at r I nillior ioro.

in

uL

of the @ntw6r

'@

wirb

mu.l

" ,6)ffi,.#J: 9:v .i,!r\ i*;,#i:3n!#.1*

Ph

Fa-9

s.'.d

1^h4M.

En;RlB

*eot

Strdi6 aie b!v. @qt.d o!.r 2rt0 miuio. ros of bauirc oc betw6 alQain ed Ea'[ Side April 2003, f6jbitiry dd D.*erin8 stultiG bave ]m o4oing ai al-z3binh baun posp.ct. Irv.stttr s r,\E @ *pele4 to
$3.2 bilioFincludjng

1.4

nilior

ron

alui@ E6rdy eit

620,000
targeled

tos alutuilM rn.ltd.eb h.ving a tifc cyctc ot25 ye4. Alorbd dcvelopmdl rite i! ZaBhsl's vsi 2.7 niltjon ror oagn4ite depGits
2O,O0O tons

tbat

wil mually leld

of high-8Edc elecEo-tused

@gl6n,
1hn

InvesloB

ir ile

mining sctor

djoy acllsiy .xptoBrion riehts withh

qpblalo los6. The exptomtim l@e is valid for tiv. yas, rcn wabtc for d a.tditi@l fu ya6;
onc$ios md ctu
obrain cxcluivc nining and whilc nining

t66

lsr

for 30 ycaB, rcnctrlbt. fo.20

ye4.

To date,

l,lo0

pospers blve bcen lic6ed. Dr.enrty gd@rtrg $l bruo! in

R@s.

Pore. G.D.r.tton: Tbc MinisEy of Eldnicity &d Wara,s 25 ,r.r el@riiferi@ plar calb tur US $ l? biltion j! capt l inv6tDdt ro inc@ total antu l pacity Aom abour l0,O0O MW l(, noc lhd ZO,0o0 MW by y@ 2020, Equiring nininlll| adoal invBlnnrs i! qcse of$2 billol Fur@ p4p@hw aEkcl detud is cqully m!M6t l_ Io 1999, sm 80% of r[.
Saudi pop ace bad

|ccs

to ct6Eicity, By 2011, rbe Dtooal

ro

"Saudi

Eletricity Corpohlion" (SEC) has prms

To tbese

!ow.r

.[

of Saudi A$bia.

m&,

in Novembcr,200l, Saldi A!abi!.s Suprcme Ecolomic

Coucil

c@ied

'Elcrriciry Services Reellaio.y Aulhority"

pan

of! cdtiNjng
ubm{ling

nove
1he

b comercialie

and restructurc thc powq grid_includhg

nrctions of poeer gderation, nansni$ior, ullimte ajn of pnvatiztion

dd distrib irwnh th.

Wrter

surcs *p.cr d.eu.ation to rcmin ! tujo. indusry in saudi Anbia for smdri@s to com+enh &. gov@nt ptading io buitd 16 ddrriDtior f&iliris worrh Sl4 bi ion ov6 U. rcxl t7 ya Fsssing r
Industry

conbilcd olacity of 2.1 nillion clbic merers of *dcr per day. Thesi inilBtivq brd of n@cssity, d indusny soulle Oedicr tbar u new Mra

dsalilation

pmj.ct

ibpl.mdtd, wale. shottag* will r.ach t|@ thn

fn
With

million cubic bctc6 pd day by 2020.

l!.

Salin Watcr Conv.Gion Cortodtion" (SWCC) now

Btjmring that

the @tio! will ne.d to spod $53 billion on warer prcjers tbsugh 2020, a new

d.imd, tbe ..Mitristry of El*rricity dd Waid" holds rcsponsibiliry for d.v.lopirg thc @uFy's turN waler res]llc. Aeodi.gly! il ir row dcrclopirg r..Dlional wat r plan,10 afl.act
ln ordd to meci bugeoniDg consuher
turcign investoB into rhe !.ctor. Th Minisry cxpccrs

tt

plu

ro be

i! fiDl

fom by

2006. Thc

ctrlldSc

is ibposins

in ord* to mer eJqcLd debdd

grcet for MGr, thc Saudi govcmar witl harc to invet me rbm $60 bilio or $3 billion pd @ur4 ia syslcdic inA!.st uctud d*lopDdt ovd

water CoDv.Mtion CotPontid (SWCCF*hch 0v66 rhe lation s princilsl hma!.on$mpfivc watcr sodce, ..desdimrioq _foEsts
118
that d.@d fo. dsali@red watd witl ise by 60 pd

silin

cdr ro

lO.7 tunlior

obic

nerels pr day by 2010, b.scd on

liters a day. To
tbe

average

tu*i

thtu ned, ii will build 20

coNmption of 300 desalinatiotr ptdts dd inqse

capird

pd

pipeli! neteork to 4,000

kilorct

rs ar

14.4

million

oa tnv6Ilmr.

spacity is 2? ddalimtion ptants-23 on tbe Red Sa md 4 or the Abid Culi-wifi a btal d.ily d6igr cap.ciry of two milion cubic Gr6. SWCC projdts the cosr ofnew ilvsln.nt Equircd to m.er desdimr.d water
Prcsent

rtemd by 2020 sl 953 billion-wn.ur Oc Supme E@mmic Coulcil 6ti@t6 tbe invcst-ncnt rcquirmor wi6in rhar priod to b. g80 biUioF

making thc padicipatior of foteign inv.sios both

atnactive and r nec.ssary

oprio!. Cucnt invesr!nts

ir ongoils

prcj@ls tot l $?.3 bitlion.

Telaot@uLrtioq: With fou! Eljq vS.{T providds, 6d 22 llrqnct

Sflie

Pmvid.r* Intetuet sdicc 4 rcll 3 Ligh A.d digilal lubsibd liB @SLs) @ nadily aEilable lo previdc *pi@ ro e *tiDahd moe tbd t*o
million uelB. Mobile phorc

M ly .srimted ar abour 32% ald Inimet ar 15% of ihe p$pccdve ffitet allowing mpk mn fd
@kd
p.ncbatioD is tunrrc erowth.

Colcwedy, th. erion's p.6dal coEpurc! lDttct is grcwing at a nrc of orcr l5yo pq y@ dd ils nobil. pboft pocriiion b pojebd to

ilclac

ro 60% by 2014,

snici!8 ovd 20 bilion

slh..ibd
tele.omnicEtiotu

Il

May, 2001, the

Slpmc

Ecoaomic Comcil adopted E

policy cffcctiv.ly d@glrating sr.tc mnopoly of rhis !.ctor, seturd @jo. tcleom or@ior, Elihad Ettitalat,

PMMI

to il. a

w4 gtu\A t25

y@tiffie

to

6mcrc.

Mbz

oFlrilg @ th. 900 M[z dd 180{ baDds, Irs IE &E spddilg for i!trstDcnr alde b .xpeled io
GSM oldadoB in 2005

exc..d $4 biuio! od ils

2005.
20n7.

llo

osding in ocrobd,2oo4 ltr.icr.d $13.6 bilti@.

A thi.d GSM tendcr is als in lle p.@.s ofbeins otrered beforc the clos. of

Adul

GSM Mrket

Eveles

prcjected to lpprorch 58

birio! by

Equally ponisirg martet Opputuniti4

patatal d$tid
@tworks

snch

Armco

rhar

mlving wirbin govc@mral dd $ek stale-of-ih-an khnologies iq

dd

opeFting system to fscilitare integntion of comuication

proc@s &ro$ buincs line!. Ncrwo*

n&agda!

dlta

vehoBir& ed

rcb

hostinS

withh thc

sdic6 @ likcwi$ in d.Md{d orhd Oppomuiti6 dirt nor! Faditid.t @muiqrioB malysis, daig4 co.tol, &d

b.ining sbs.ctoc- Wirh rhe ns. in popularity of tufo@tio! rccbnologi.s! Sandi Anbi. has also b6ome onc of rbc rgion,s @t lucarivc mdkets for

rctwo*ilg cquipnnt dd @esing computu baitw sottMe.

norbcill

oft of &e strongcsr ed mo$ pFfitable rlbin tbe Mid.sr, ojoying cmbiled thar a$cis .xcaded $170 bilion in 2004, 20 pei&nt hieho rbd i! 2003 whera! bek prcfits grew by $3.92 billio a 59.7 p.t@t itrc|te ovr 2003. Wirh
Srvt@s: The Saudi banling srsttn remaiB

@Dbincd caliral

.x.ccdiry $12.5 biltio!. iogethcr hish liquidily dd arple !rciits, rh. b.nting *ror h,! rbrired yith rhc cr of 6c eomny i! l[e 2003-2004 pdiod.
Dow

dd t6@6

Brnking Sator: Th@

in Saudi

rc

Anbia-ld ft llc Culf Inv.stne Banl of Baluain. Sincc

dlowable fdeign

tbe 1,200 btuch6, op@ring Saudi nljo.ity-oMcd bdk! ed onc is r cCC b6nl,
I

I b.d<s, with ooE

lat l9?Os. ihe t@imun equity in a Saudi bank has b@n 40 peE .
th

Iou oln.r GCC-bNd ba!&, EmiFid 86I lnt m.tiodl (IJAE), N.tiout Ber of BalEia Natio@t But ot Kuwd! .!d Musl Bdk Lotd Iic6G to
opd c i! {E
Kingdom ald

E! i!

rh. po.cas of

a6ing

lhen doo6. rn 2003,

Oc Saudi Anbiar Moncrary Agdcy (SAr"{A) atso grnred D.uischc Balk lhc

fist forign (nd-ccc)

PARIBAS,

btubn8 lins. in 20
likcwis. Eaivcd

yd.

ttr 2004,

HSBC.

dd

JP Morgaq

bdriry [cNs

Slo.k Elcbange Tne Saudi stock mrkct, with bore rh@ l2O joilt slo.k compaid, is also the Mid4t regionb hr8$t in $solute (.m _ DoE illln

tEbl4 the sias of thGc oFEring in Klwair and Eg/pt. Ildccd ire capit lizario l$titure 52 p@!t of tbc lot l within .ll Grlf 6Dt y @rt B. Val@d al abolt S306,4 bi[io., it3 alitrlizga@-ro- cDp Etio sr.rds at l2l pct@t far gqrd $d rhoe ot mor n@ dcleloped .quity o..tcls.
D.d@tratidg
520

Im.it

p.r.et gErd hlge 95 pftmr gain, foltowiig a simild

ble r@t gtuwth, ir! vat@ ar th. ctos of 2004 ws thd n ws at rh. on*r of 1999. h 2004, ir Egirid.d a
?6.2

!@nt inclte i! 2003. Ar th. saoe lime. collelive profi1s of fims listcd grcw 45.4 pdcmt in 2004, h 2003,

standatd

ntings

& Poors RltiDg sdic* .trmed Sodi Anbi.k sov@ien cr.dir al 'A" for lotr8-te@ forcign culMcy risk drd "A/ for leal crllqcy

sysLn cNists of fou principsl @6poDats: rhc Saudi Adbie Morctuy Agdcy (SAMA), its dtral bolk s eI s ag@y
Saudi

Ai$i!\ f@ial

Eponsibl. ovcaiglt of aU irs ituoutry 6rdcial scryiccs<olm@ial barlc; gov.mmtally{Med s!.cializ.d @dil imtinrdons; md nm.y

16,2003, the Sadi Cabind fomally cndosed utiotr\ -Capilat Mdkels kq," phich previ.l* rb. .cquisit lcgal ed cgutdory t3t)wo* for
Otr

Jue

rt

invsdnent banking

ed

a morc sopbisticatod struch[c for

th.

Saudi sto.k

Mkt The hw cGates a fomt, indcpcndo! publicty hcld stock qchdge ar wll a d indcp@dcnt rcgulator, rttc .rc.pirat Marker Aurhdity"-whicn witl
deyelop tbe st@k oartet, pror@r invBiors, iorcBts, a|51|'c

dslilgi{d
aunort.
sharcs

i$ue licelB to lotr-but

rading

f@ial

qdoly, &ir id@Edisid s ftl s

dd

listings,

lle Saudi @nony ilcllding llc @tior of panial svirgs &couts in rhc @ufiy s rwo pnsid systeN is cqEtd to both g@dy t@st sto.k cxchaqc @pialiatid bd rlafom into d .rc! mrc impo.ranr d8i!. for doromic grcs,lt d w.lt.
withjn

Forthcoming

recldted pnvatizrjon

ln nid-July,
ised by

rcw brokcngc nm vere thc C.pital Mdkets Althori9. pE@110 thdtr n e .ppli@ts for
2005, regdarios for sr.blishins

aets-lergcodt licls oui d.Dosrut

Sl3-3niUion,

paid-i! @pilcl of tu

ls

rbd

AREAS TOR

I]\\'ESTMEM AND EXPORTS$

OpportuElll.t exftt b tbe fottowhg.n.i for iovBllr.trr

Appret llc
i! th.
next fcs

Saldi apparcl

mkct

ofUS$850 nittior is s.t to qlond

,!4, dd rbc Fdpets for tightweiSh! we[{odsrruckd app.El fibd sh d @ton, poly.srer bld&, ed cotion o. s k rbr
wonert lingdie
2.

ard childrcn's .lothitrg @ good.

Conput.r SoftFrre

!d

3.rvt.e Th. S.!di

nat

t for coEputes

ed

F.'phdah l!@iB thc t&gsr ir thc Middle Elsl dridtcd .l $228 dillion h 2001. Thc apidy qpandilg Int n.r pdi6 wiU @!e

fd halw@; soft\@ drd n twod( inGgatioD d{t up8rads will dsure co irued gro*1t for scv.nt yds, Indim @npad4 dgaged in softwec *porB sd hddwa.. l@!l!ctw @ nakc u. of the o!4Drturiti6 in Oc Middlc E6r in goml ed Saudi
subeidiary @r*1

3.

Edu..(oo ,trd Ahjlltrg s.rr,tcB: Ar in@ing popul.ron e.t reed for skilled wo*e's denand 8rclvth in rhe miling rcqujreDmr.
Cooplter ad IT lraining

in grcat

delmd, Indi& compais

such

NIIT and A?rECH & alrcdty oFEt'DC in rhis fi.Id. Thh i5 aotl roon for cp8ion of.ctivitiB of rbc qisli4 ptrtB .trd scoF fo.
n e .nt'arts
itr this

t@_

Medlc.l Eqllpnetrc Higher budgt ry allootio! for he3lth sctd md new hcdth p@j{ts, exptuion and ercwrh of existing hospii.ls u{t

clid6 will
and

provide

d@d-sugc

for oedical squiphdr

fq di.grctic

lhhpcutic appuri6!.

't GB y H..t

p"h

ffi"#r:i

rxH;.:'"y'#:y

Bar* tuvt

paat ah

Ere oa@

Mtad haBEat Lna^* E,rce's^dn ryqtu.hE tuzus "

5.

Pb.rmic.utic.h: Ihc Saudiphmeutical @tct is thc targ6r in lhe Middle E6t With tbo grcwing Saudi popularion who dcmtrd inprovod
hcal[caE, delhd for phmiccuticat lroducts co[ti cs ro irdqse, fte S|udi gove@n@t hrs altocLd $294 Dillio! fo. medicire i!
2001. Thc

@rtd

@tly

is of rhc o.dq of

ovd

tl

billio4 of whic[

moE

sbMd Deepn lhc string.trr srudard! of .dty into fie phmacdricol secbr, porotial for groMt *ists for Indid compmiA in pFefiption tlruss, g@dics, OTC dDgs ed hdbat produc$, if pBu.d vigoreBly. tr my b. mr.d tbat bdd rh. cxi*ing
Egul.lioN mcdicitrB ud phmaccuri@l producrs .r. Eol admitr.d ro
ItE Kingdon

ih

98% is i6port.d liom

Mirisry of Hc.lth. Tt. appli@tioB supportcd by rh. r.qui..d ccnifita ddy lcSalizcd by a Sa$i Anbian Conluble h the tpplici s asr, @ exmjied &d th. mpls malyzed bt the Minisrry of Halt[ ro .i:se thal tb. sahples eEspond !o tb. epeifi@tios. If rh. MinisEy ir

uds.

prio.

rcgislltid is md. with

rt

*lbfi.d
6.

witL the qDlts.

li..@

is

isucd
nEJk

INu.rNe Sedica: Th.

erowing rapidly in both coop.ntiv halth ilrllmc progm l4id out by rhc H6lth rosllm@

r is chdging ed health and auroBobilc insum@. A n*

Saudi

isl@ce

Coucil EquiB conpania with lre 6d 500 qpati.tc work6 10 providc hcal6 ilrsll!!@ cov.r for rhcir dplorrx. Thc rcw Egulatic s.l aD mu.l itlsime prmjM of 966.67 ps pcen ro e tMil)M of $66,667 pd pdor mully, wil! a dedulibl of 20 pcrcdr Oncc
the plan is impl.@1ed, thc

mul

medi.al prmium aF cxpdled to

ris to ll,8 billiol Th. @ iDturlr@ m*et wil dso bc cbdgirg de to n4ly d,rin d tbid pdry molor v.liclc im!m@ rgutationr arding n*ly 6 dilion 6,

Alio Prt3 td S.ntce equtpm.trr Saudi Anbis bas the tatgsl @teq for bot! nry dd Md cd, in rhe Middt. E sr. Tbe sp&e Frt! @k t is .3timted ar US$655 millioD ir 2001, cxctudine tis ed
Ongilal Equipooi Msuf&tureB, larts. Bnt rprishg auto,pd$ I@ufacteE ed supplid in Indi! might fnd thb a promisile rurkct.
8.

Ric.: Sludi Anbia inporls .tl ol ic ric. dd India dmidres lh..ic.

mk l in Saudi Asbi4 whd. toral ice inpons ws valu.d at $3?9

nillion in 2000 ed srimared ar 3394 million in 2001. Othd suppli4 ofricc includc P.&istaa Tt6iLd4 usA ed AsFari!. Saudi inrort s

brv. b.gu to iryon bult ricc borh tur do@dric nErt r ed Epon to Anicd &d o|[d AEb couhi6. India stil n cds ro cnldEc irrt

9.

lnlt dd vegchbld: Tn King.toh hs a siabt de@rd fo! Aui6 add v.getabl6. teal ptlducrioa has no! b@ able ro t ? p.@ with the dl@d, ard so impofis of tbe prcducts e qpe@ @
P.oe$.d
retuin strcn8. tacal produclion @cists tuilty ofdatca. Tb.
sizc of rbc

puc$cd

&uits

dd

vgcilbles rna*l is valued

2000_

a1 $345

nilliotr, wirh

irlo|t! mrtl lll0 nillio! i!

Olponuides erist for Indi. to

10.

snrk foo&: fte rojofty of fle

betwccn Oe

saudi populatid bing

,!ug
rc

ags of

15-25, rhc tocal prcductiotr

of

snack t@ds has

i!c6.d

laGly. Maikcrs for qultiry s@ks

ltill

exist, Sw.eta foods

pEfcftd S.nmlly dd eain mrk r a(rc nd 4ily in lhe Kilgdon. Thc Mka siz tur s@k foorb is $timrd ar S I 15 nillion in 2001.

ll.

Alr Condltlorhg ud R.f.ig.ntlob EqlipDe.t: Tlc bo! dry cli@tc i! rbc Kjnsdoo is ideally suir.d for grc*r! in AC dd rcftigdrio!

equipm.nt
6nd

nrlk

t,

estibatid

ro

rc&h $ I bilion in 2O0l. Ir

is

losible

ro

oppori'sitis

io this Darka fo.

Indiu oftpr.ncN.

t2.

Elecltlc.l Power syltedlr B@.u of . apidy dpondtug population dd .r mbitiou irdshialiatior pla!, Saudi Asbia is one of thc

B for lpwd gdcatiotr erurnr eo sdic. Thc Saudi Miniltry of Indanry ald Bleticity's 25-ytu cldEicity de 6lls for ll t? bitlid in 6pir.l iNlstnetrt ro ilt.!!e rhe Kiqdom's rod powd gen mrion capacity ton 17000 MW pd yed by 2020, lndiu t@ufeteE il the clotical ed cLclronics
sator will fiDd C@d oppo.britiB
13.

world's mon aftictivc

ndt

bft.

Ml ng rtrd qlrrrrils polerN: Saudi Anbia is divGirybg it3 eonony and d*lopncnr of nin ..l rcsourcca is me of ile 0rrul
Tle Arabis Shi.l4 a Scological faturc rhri suet hca along rh.6riF Rcd Sla @a$ @nLirs subr.nriat depooirs of p@iou .!d no&pEi@ md,qts md olha minazls. M6t of tb. fodation hns bco nalpcd. Foreig ilv4toB @ offftd 6x erenplion, long r6 cxtracrion righrs ard otber in6riv6 io ilvdl o. Fr.blishjoi v@nu6 ir ihcs fickts. sone ofthc min Dioilg p'ojccF
tbis resard

ded

i!

. . . .

Al

Jlldid AbiEl

Pbosphal. Prcj.ct

wadi Sawavinlron Orc poj@t

Az

Bdit

D.porit

Kbdiguilrt Zi&opF D@6it

. .

Magr6iM

Mral & Pora$im Chldidc

Aluinh

SdAr.

Oll R6ens: I! 1424125 Q1Aq, SAUDI ARAMCO yas Fsp$ibtc for maraginc 90 oil liclds ttrughour thc Kingdoo ilcludin8 r[c Red S. aEa" Motwd, 6v. oil fil& md a g8 fi.ld b de Pdtiti@.d Ndral Z@. c udq tbc rcspo.sibility ofoihd oil @mpalia whiL ([.n poduclio is sbrrld betw@ tbe Kingdom od Kuwait. The prcv@ xtncilble crud oil rsNB in ile ndds @8ed by SAUDI ARAMCO dd tbe othd conle@ia mout d

Th* tqd6 cdsriue atout t qlet rofr[. world's torrl Bws narjng Saudi A?bi! th. ou ry wirb rh.
ro 264-3 billion

bels

itr 142425 (2004).

I[8esi oil rsw.s in th wodd, Fufthemore, rceNe o{ es, includile .lsocialed (di$olved and cap g$) dd non-sdialed 8s tor.led 241.4 nillion standffd obic fer by thc dd of 142425 (2004), rhreby nltiry rhe KiDgdoE

tbe fourrh LrScst

b re@ ofg.s

r.3d6.

Explordon: Duing the pqiod 1409 0989) ed 142122 (2@D, SAUDI ARAMCO\ cxploFtion etrotu achidcd $E$ i! thc Ccmzl, Wetm bd

Nonld P@vi@, wh@ rbe fEl oit fietd w discov.Fd io I{ ut a@ in 1409, folow.d by . trubq of oil sd ss fiel& in lhc Cotral pmvi!.. in 1410, which conlain lery seel supcr lidr @de oil. Iurthd oil discov.ri. wee Dad. in 1416/l? (196) at Usllal4 with a op of sociated s$ at Sbibla!, Abu Shib.t 6d Mulryh. I! rhc Eai.d provirE, @tr-assiin d 3we1 g4 ed cond@t s weE discovded ir t4l4/ 5 ( 1994) in lh. DeKhuff
|

,ouf

s w.lt s 3wcd non-ss@lld 8as in th6 UibmaniFh am of the chavar field in Jouf rcsdoir sbadin nch
in Hawiya! a@ field

lwNon

olch.qd

orrw@t non-aso.idcd g4 w$ discovccd

i!

l4l9/20 (t999).

T!

ld-a.ss6iatcd s6 disvc.y wd @.tc h l4l3 0993) wh6 SAUDI ARAMco dii@v@d sd or rhc Rcd Sa c@lal ploin, b.twetr UDluj dd Al-Wajh, dd abo discovmd oil in MidFn a@ or O. ndth@ lan of th.

iat

cct. A r@ wlio, gls ald @ndeNis w@ dhcovqEd in l[. lam afu. In l4ll (1991), o qplodrory wll in Ar,J@f t6sin rcialc<t t!.
R.d Sa
cxi3rocc of @nnat 8.&

pid

SAUDI ARAMCO rcatizcd

slre

itr its fiBr

qploFtion .fon i! thc no.th *tst E

The explontion

rgid
resdd ofpEniu oil

prcgm

is ddigtred !o l@k for orher

dd tro!-Nociard ga

djsrbg oit ald gaj facititiB. As pan of its sF.t gy to achiwe hoE pofitable pedu.tio, SAUDr ARiMCO sig n.'nrry ieds.d I D si$ic auEyitrs in l4l2 (t992) to |!@
.r@tively d.liMrc
rhc

in rhe viciriiy of thc

bouda.i6 of rnoM

cerciB.

Eipeline!: By thc .nd of 142425 (2004), SAUDr ARAMCO wd opeBiing odly 25,200 kilodetcs of crudc oil &d ss pipctincs. The Cory.ly conplerd a vcry D4ivc grid of piFlind b ralFd mdc oit, gas, drrrnl

cd liquids (NCL), cord.e&s ed cfincd prcdlcls. Thc nd oil piFlirc s)sld h.$ports fivc type ofcrudc oil toh the fitds tocared in the slheh,
trorlh.o and ccninl producilg arels io th pldts for !rcccsing aid thd for qDort E tbc sa Frts of Ju,ayMh Md R4 Tuu d thc 41eh codt ad Ydbu o rhc w.sr.m ccr Thc sFtln dso rras}orB dudc oit ro doo.sric

rcfMies. Thc Ma$cr

cd

Systco corsisrs ofa nctwort of condary li!lincs

ud

t an$on sou gas ro Uthnqeyah, ShedgM

is

$liu

Enoved

ed gN is rhh deliv@d

ud Bfii cs lldts, to local siomcs.

whE

As pan of iIs stratc$/ to Edr@ dcpddd@ on rh. p.od&.d qu.nritie$ of asEld ga ad b IEr growinS domgtic dd.!d for gu, S.{.UDI ARAMCO is inplcmdfng ahbiiioll! pta$ ro bdst ir! norssoo.Ed g{s
prod@lion tbDuSh

. Fojer wLich involva .o$ttuctiotr of re g4 p@esing pldis a.d aboul 2000lil@elcn ofpip.line *nic[ e now h Oc dsig! d.t 6Nrn46d phrc, Ir is mricip.icd $!t tlie pmj&1 eiU i!c!!@ tb qislil8
@p&ity ot tbc

Maid Cs S]st n

by rtour 3900 Dituon sr|lrt rd

dbic fdr

per .tay (MSCID).

Itr t4l3l1414 (1993), SAUDT co@tcr.d !! iDporra!! prejer to ^RAMco inc6e ih. peity of rLc l:oolsn rons Ealtwet codc oil piFlire fioe

3.2 MBD to a

lwinw

of 5 MBD.

Tli!

pipeline s)*eD

c@t By Gs Plrlt w @iving ald !|r)e$i!g.lFoxiEt ly 100 MSqFD of 5u ga frotu fi.I& l6at d in the @rt, to inctle fu.| gs $DpliB to JubEil indulri.l city or thc Anbie CnE co!!r, ftjs Y3! F.c.dcd by th. @bplctid of . 137-b! long ald 400 MSCFD piD.line fd t !d ga cdin8 n@ Abqdq lo Btu gar pL!!, In 1418/1419 (198), rh. FEol.u podlci hMiEeion piFlilc Aon the Esrch Previ@ to Riyadh w iMugMre4 sith r li* to Al-ll.9.nd mthc. to Q.sid 6vdi!8 r tot l did.@ of 851
wiih Y.dbu @ rhc R.d S6

E srd!

lFvi@

linb Abqdq in 1416/l4t? (1996) B@

l.

For

dtry &d dit

visa rquirenmrs sce

Adx-4.

2. For Bonomy

PIu,

Invdtmclrt, T6dc

R@w ed R.guLri@ s

CEAPTER-?
RESOURCE DEYEPOLMENTS IN PAKISTAN

P*kt!!'s

S.ctor.l Strtu3
on tbe achievemnt of self+rtEciercy in

,rSricdt!roj Thc rhnst of pld wd

bsic fod it B and iDprovetuar in prcdetivity rhmugh eficior @ of inpuis and d.dir TIF fm6 v@ ro be previded lltu@tirc slppon !d6. R6ceh ed cxtcrsior wE ro b sfiogttmd.
Policy

mslc

to iDFove agriculnml ptuducriviry

.!d

id.ome ofthc

6md!

e.E

inhodu.d.

A pddndiviiy Enn"@t prcgtfud

(pEp)

w
sd

Ituched. A rcli.fpacloge or oubranding lo@ wa dou.cd. Libdl cr.dir facilitiB Fcrc .cduc.d, The fmds weE ale providcd sdequat rctum for
thcn pmduce itsugh support pnccs,

orda to b@st the diDn of tuirs

oD

vcS.tabl*. r.bltc of

25

pd @r

vs

unouccd on Eligir

mti@al

6ic6,

Conprchtuivc prcgtllms w@ abo

plm.d

for atlorstatioB, mrcBhcd

ruagde

@8e mmagddt dd Gouc. @sceation,

Fi@ciar ouday o! rgriculr@

Rs ?.552

billion.r

l9E?-S8

Fic6

agrirrlt

pd.cnr diliarion. Ttc sub,eidy d fenilizcr wa! Rs. 4.97 I bittion agd4t l[c pltu a[@ario ofRs, 3,3 billion. Bsi.les re public s@ror devel@Mt oulryr 1he pnvab se.ror
inveted Rs. 5l,6 billion ar 1987-88 pdces

th. PSDP aU@tion ofR!. 8.167 bilion indidtiry

9j

i! tte

agricultuE,

TL. 8rewth nL was 3.8 Fcni.SsiBt lhc ptan rarg.r of 4.7 pMni TtE
shordrll
1988'89

wa nainly

du ro the setbdck on

ecour of devrltatirg

floods in

odtable iocr.!s. in 6nor lro.tuction duirg lnc lld p.riotl. tts podetion incr@ r2.8 niltion bate in 1992-93, blt laler on rt i:B.d ro 9_l mittior b.les (tre lo floods ed lef curt vio!, tloweyr, on |! basb of btat five yd outplt targ.ts of 6fio4 slgarc&e,
1992-93. Thrc a

ed

potato

d.r

onion werc ex*eded while tbde of whdr,

.cbieved to the .xcnt of 99

pft.nt,

90,5

mize dd .icc wc pden1 dd 83.9 peMtrr rup4tivcly.

ws exFri@c.d in lhc obut of noF 6diti@al oil sceds, g@ &d npBddr ed nBrard The overal grc*rb pdfoI]@ce of |ic livestock $b4ccror ws 5.8 lcMnt agaiEt rbe r..r of
On the orhd hald $bstddal shonfall

M.nuJ.durlng:
att{ibuted

against the rarg.i

lErcdr pwmt a ycat The mtir. shodtalt Aon ile raq.r is ofE.l to thc legdsalc nduleturirg sctor which could ody .nain !

Tn vlt'ond.d

in

tuufrctuing incMsed

by

5_9

pcj6l agaist rh. |.lg.r of 8.0 peEcnr Th sbon frl s bc .trribubd 10 law ad ontq situarion, infr"sEetural 6ne!"irts dehys iD rhc comissiding of nw pojars, non avait.bility of Rrp nalqiats ed a wtdgrwth 6te of 4,9

Tbc Prodrctior rargcls of

ttm cottd

clotb,

mio. tyB, $8e, soda dh, nric sod4 cdron ttuts ed bu$ wcrc &bieved dd in a fcw 6!ee cxcc.t q

wa expai@ed in the prcduclion of vcg.rable ghee, cdGnf .itogenou fe.tilizd, srel biuet, rol.d sheels, ciglrett s, tE!1or3, Dspcn, bic}lLs ed p.IrolM prcducts. Crewrb of Igi|Eidg ed @pital good! indutrie ws fd b.tow lne exF.lrtions,
while shortfall A

!M

ofRs.

10.0? billioD

w4 alloorcd io vdiou public CoiloEtioB in th!

Most of

dd cEdo. of nd ep&iri*. pl@cd prcj-lr w.c @qltd by thc dd of rL. 76 Ud.

for BMR

tuDf.cruilg cto.,

itc

Fi@cial ulilization uder the PSDP in the trdlflcturitrg saror @hcd ro ps. 6.352 billion agaiEt rhe sr8ct of R3. 10.07 billio @fl@ting 6j p.Mnt
utilizatioq Out of rhc ltitianio! of Rs. 6.ii2 billion, R!. Ll86

bilio!

w4
Rs.

utiliad tbblgh thc bldgtary .t v.lo!'Ml prcgEtlw ed rI

@iring

5.115

bilid ton

Public

CdpohriN

Pros@

indietinS t2.0

p66r dd

51.0 pcrcelr uriliation of rhe buda.r{y

dd dpohre |!sow6. i!
thc mdufrctu ing s@to. (at

Agaimtilc invcatne
conslant

targel ofRs. E?,5 billion

pnG oI 1987-88), the pri{r. irdutrial invstmcnt .fuut d ro R& 145-3 billion ar 1987-88 pn6. FoGign lrivatc invstuar in r[c tmufactlilg Fcror e6 Rs. 2? billion rgti6t the r&ger of Rs, 26 biltid at
1987-88prics,

Mietarr: IlE Sa@th Pltu placcd gmt mphai! or cnlargiry the prcituction ba. of min4l *[or thelgh Elid .xp.sio. of lool ed f@ign invdhar
DuiDg lnc ?d
started.

Pld pqiod dife..nt collabontire dev.lopmdt pbjdts wE TLe prcjcb bave helped in the rraining of CSp, PMDS ed RDC

shtb ?ld dl@rcd Rs. ?.0l2 bitlion (ps. 3.122 biltid A.n de budg.r 6d Rs, 3,89 biUion ton l[e Corlontioi! PreC@c) for rhc dcv.lopnd of mineral sabr. A, momr of Rs. 1.597 biUion (at coiriArr pric6 of 198?-88)
The

ba

utilizld againsl lhe budgllly pbvisid of Rr. 3.12 biltiol R& 0.625 biUi@ ba ban uriliat agni$t lhe rargd of Rs. 3_89 biuion b itc public corponhos prg'ime Beid6 l[. Pubtic sc.tor, priv.t s6ror invFtcd Rs
0.903 biUion in Oc oincral secior.

bd

E drgri

ExpcditioB developneDt of indjgtuB solltg, conpEh$ivc dcrgy pncilg policy od 6B.natid of o..gf wft lh. min idgrdi@c of

Oil dtraction in oe coutry bas inc@sd ftom 44,684 barcb pd day duing
1987-88 to 60,000

b@ts pa

day

iI

1992-91 agaitut rh. targct of 76,000 BpD

showitrg 79 p.rccnt

.chiwn6t Aboul2l? {lls w.rc drilLd dring

tbe

ple

pcriod agaist rb. Orgc! of 375 sbowing 57.9 pet@t

.chjcvamt ofthe targcr

1200 MMCFD 10

As Esadr sas, th. Foduction

(av6sc) inc@d Aom

98j

MMCFD. About 700,000 new gas

cm@tios

w*

ptudded duine the ?ri

LPG production indicating

ws only 303 roGr'.by only 59 pecnt achievement.

agai.sr rh. ptaa rarSd of 5t g ro!s/&y

isrrll.d qp&iry for pow.r inc@s.d {ron 6?94 MW to 9?86 MW. Nuba of i!. addirio@l vilage cleEificd re 1?,447 aSai.st the pld roSd
Total of 10336 showitrg
159 p.rc@1

achjevemoB, A loral of2.7

?6

millid

n*

.lccric

omcctiols w.rc provide.l duing

ple pdiod.
a cmpEhdlirc biniotr *as ovisgd i! th. pt n.

Rt

.l

D.e..lop^.,t: Fd rhc dd.topde of nEt

involving

e!!,

presme
Ior tlis

outLy of Rs. I 12.2

c4trlctcd udd rhe @yfamto-tuket oadi pro8tue agaiGr th. pla4 targer of 8500 KM. Und.r the l@ple'! llogtunnq 1850? sbcncs rt rjlg ro diflalot s*rors w@ apprevd duilg $. Fio<t Aom Me[ 1989 Dpro 66 AugNr 190. Sinilfty,

purpose abolt 9000 K,M. roads werc

hdd

rhe

Tmer-.-Watar

PreeM.,

iniriatcd in

Ocbbd

1991, abour 329?

schemes conprbing

tual

.oads, repair of sch@l buildings, sred dninaSc,

es!

Mrd $r'ply, villegc electrin@1ion, health facilitia, comuity @rt y..ds dd mutruction ofbridgd cic, wfr lppmvd upto Juc 1993.
Undq

gnv.

@l

cduqlion, about 9?50 DGqlc

dd

18900 primaly scnook w.rc

co6trncted aSai$r tbe target of

R!, t5.000 nosqu. dd 31152 pdrlrry sch@ls. Bdidcs, 3780 pin'ry dd l9j0 niddle rchools eE npshdcd !o niddle ud higb lcrcls Bp@livcly lg.iisr rhe &g.r of58j0 priDary and 27?5

Itr the
against

Ml
r[.

tslrh sub-sror,

1650 BHU3

6d

106 RHCS

re

e&Stisb.d
ard

PLn taracr of t882 and

t2t

RHCa. Undc. rbc

nEt mte.

sditatior preg.me, 20 nillion zddirional p@uLtion

watei agaitu1 th ra.eet of

e*

snpptid

drirbng

3l nillion, sditotio! flcili1i6

wrc pmvided to I I

milior
10336

additioDll p.ople agai6t ll|c rarget of t? milion, ASdnst rbe targ.t

of

vilaedabdis, 17747 villaS..hbdis wcE .tatrin.d stowins 8chiryd@t of 169 pcl@r

Reeiahal Dey.loph.it:
developncnt

pld e

lhe a]s wbich ee ietudcd in the rcsional ad (absir, Northm Aft!5 ed tbe Fdequy

A|4 whi.h sh& certab @motr g@physi@l t@rion dd eommic c[letaiiti6. DuinS rhc pte psiod, .lfutl of n!. t3.2 billion al I9E7-EE p.ic6 l@ ltilzcd showing utilialion of 66.3 p.rcdr R!,
AdDinisLEd Tdb.l

bilio! wcE allo.ated for Azad Kdhnir again$ which mouts of Rs. 3.5 bilion w@ urilizcd, Northd A16 *ft prcvi&d Rj 2.? biltiotr our of
5-2

which Rs. 2-05 billion eeE trtilizld. Aeajist

all@tion of Rj. 5.j binion for

FATA

dd

FATA./DC

e uounr

ofRr.

3.2

bilid r@ uriliu d.

Ttuspon & Cohhunicatiod: Thc Scvnth pld orFd fof the rcbabilitation of Nets ed a moderr exlmiotr i! the ca!&iri6 of thc Roa4 Railmls &d

ton sLwrors, Ttc Pld dvis.g.d irpmvtmr in ,aiyed rEfrc

RailMys

ro

ed

shon

lad in

1992-93 rhrcud

dl@ting long lad neighr Falnc

to RailMys

dd

shon

l*d faftic !o qdj.

roads

higLMy dvelopn4 shilpitrg,

Ilduction of Drivde *ctor in cotutrurioA domsric aviation servi@

ed telecmui@tioB @ aho avisgcd. Rsurfa.ile ed @inrlMe of bighmts od d.v.lopndr oflon f.cilirie fo.onraiM r".trc w@ ro b. hdert kn. Bcaides noddizine K.fuhi shipyatd and @ginilg wort!, po$ibilitics of dcvloping existinS rivd dd ldd n rporks for inted @vigatior Aon Port Qain io Kalablgh lnd lllorc werc lo b exDldd.

Major nilwayt prcj@rs corlptetd duing th. ptd iDctudcd Le@otivc F&rory at Pjsalpu, Ifulfactldng of t58 pasdger c@he, rccomisionhg
of 3? DE leos, ptuull:t@r of 5 DE
298

lM@riv6 s w.lt 6 Rlit @wd of

KtN. md slc.pd rcncwal of357 Ksg Freight raffic, how.rcr, did lot itrclle FiDdily dlc ro op.dtiml jneffcidcy.

ftc

hi8!w.y eb{ator

e.! giv6 . mjor rtur N.tioEl High*ay

B@d

(NHB) wa 6nv.nd inro a National HighMy Auronry NsA) @d givd reser poweE. Amory thc mjo. prcjets, wo* or ile upsFding .ad imprcvenent of rt rndu! Higtqy (Nario.at High*"y N-55) .s rh. atredic North-Solth link on the W.st Bank oftuvq Inds ed duli%tiotr of53? KM

of Natioral HighMy N-5 undd tbc Fouirh His[way prcjet ftnd.d by

'woild BanI

rhe

ws

acclented. A sieniticmI dwclopment eas the laeching

d.relopn nt budgct nan ly 'Mlintcnance Backlog Rcduction and .Resurf&in8 md Srbsitedns, preg.am*. Th6c pojelsi prepsr! to ove@De ll. tmbtm of slo.arg. of
undcr

minn!&@

of

oricDted

lbjccls

th.

miltc@ce tunds wde tintuced by rh. World BdI udd rhc Trampon Sectd L@. Eiforb to idusry pdvale sqto. i, [igbwy coGirucrion did rcr
@teriali4, Wo.t oa rbe noroMy brsE! tat(El5tafubad w.s initilcd, about ?329 Kru of new bads were coBhuctcd ad 823? Krbs of qisdng

lte
Fisb

oa-going

prcjer of tdt esiD (pber) *93 .ldo( @Dprct d. tldbou &d the Mhiport vse also codplct d.

cw.trf

Itr

civil Aviatid, rwo mjor p.oje.rr viz, rcw

Aft.a.tical comEuic.tioB ed conhol (AC&C) sysraa wcF @D!r.tcd dd old mway ar Linorc Airport up8nded for AirbB A joo 84 opeatiotrs. Tle PIA &qui.d fou AirblFs A3IO.3OO,4 Bed lotro ! 27 Airclanr duing r!. ple leiod. Doe$ric ttific @icd by pIA f.ll sho.r pt|r of
rhc

imin l corptx d K!@bi dd

|.'rSd while int rmd@al r'atrc r.ctor Ms ildBrd in

6i.d

hy it

de.ded rtc

plan

targ.t

kiEr.

Airlin bsin6s.

Thc insiallation of 1.128,000 Dcw ietephone

I,150,000 rcw lines, indicatilg

liqs wa

close ro thc ta.gct

of

&hi.vmcnt of98.l pa@i privat &ctor which ind!.ted in r.leoll]lMi@io6 or Bnih tade ad Tlurq (BLT) bgris iEldlcd 500,000 r.l@hoDc lin6 duing rbe ptd Fio<L T&T D.pa.tocn! m

@!rcnd

into Pali$an

Tcl@muiqtio!

CoQoation (pIC)_

An invasltnet of I{s. 26.654 billion

provincjal Public S.ctor

(.i

1987-88

pricct in th. F.d.6l &d

dd 8l. 39.569 biuion for public Scror Corpor.rion wE mde agaiut rhe pld dlooiion of pr. 29.2 biltion dd Rs, 32.30 bilion Bpdiivcly. Duing lhe !,le p.riod Ri 27.368 biltim ed Rs. 2E,?86 billioi tr?s uliliEd for thr Fcrt ql ed Provincial publi. S.ctor dd public
Co.pontiotu progtllMa. Utilizrtion srood .r 93,? pe. cdt ard 89.12 pd @t iD tbc Fcdc6l Public S@td dd rtc Pubtic S6ror CaDonrion ilspccriv.ty.
Thc ov@ll uarlization

9l.3 pcr ccor.

IrnAatut astl Dtulztga

Dlri.g the ?d Five Yed ?lm dri MtiFloggirg dd satidty

ProSann|. ws

conrrol

gih

a hieh

priority.

Wdl( on Ch.sm tught

Rcbrbiua$on Prcj@ls

B.* Cotl on pbae-U dd l.r

F.cdd C$d

udc. ral6. Abolt 5,500 nrbewels w@ iDsirUd o! mtal bdis in the pnEa. 3eior B6ide, My snall irig{io! $h.c wm .x{utd. As a rsdr, 1.53 MnM lddirionat Mter, iFiganng addiri@il
cultiv.blc lrnd of l 012 nillion hecu&s

b.@e aqitable.

To conscre irieation Mre., Irigation Syst n Rebabititarion ?roj@r.I, Cobn rd Watr M.egeedt ad On-Fm Water Maag@cnt preglllrms

w.c inl9lcndre!.

The

Co@d

Wat r

M6!gd6r ltoj*r &d phlselt of

tb. On-Fm W.ter

M!$gh-r

(OrMW) ?rog'allj]G brv. ben conpter.d

erl

Ph6e-lII doveiail.d with !ba!c-ll. thysicll ac@mplishmqts included dovati@ of 10,000 w.td oN6 dd tdeting pEisly 128932 dB (521?8

About

ll

SCARPS ald a Pilot SCARP

T'uirior pmjct

in pujab bav. at$

bc.r cotrlllcL4 which woutd prct*t 2.13 MA (0.86 MHA) of disdhos

A sun or tu. 21.5 biuion (at

1987.88

dO

wa3 utilircd

duins

rhe

7'i pr&

a8.in$ rhc Pld allodrion of Rr 28.4 biUion rcfl@titrg ?j_7 perc@t utilizarion. Uriliatiotr of ADP alloorion hd, howev6, b.m estinar.d at loj pGGtrt (ar

Tte Min goals of the sc.ror weE io Fomolc Oo(hrctiviry lnd coflelirivens ir aSdculiure {nd indBtry, md io .nhdce rb. .fficiacy ofrespon, ddgy,
health

ed

othe. sato$ by

giing

boost to tcchnologi.al

&velopdar

etrods

Thc Sevenrh howevet

Plu

cotrld not achivc tuUy rbe

Tehnologt, wirh devetopnmt plas

ed

grarion of Sddce ad ptuductiotr s.atos. S@e pEgB,

in inprcving the idEductue equiph@t dd other facilitiB in iBdturi@s tike rcSI& pc{T, PCRWR crc. so@ pot@tial rcvnue C@ed{ng pnj@r have b.n sLrd by MO, PCSIR, NCTT, CAMB, NIE, PARC, HDIP, NIH dd SUIARCO .rc which is a b.pMg &wds elr: f@cilg ofacrivitid of S.iae & Tdhmlog/ 3ftto. No anra.trE mcnrive
nDdc vcrc gryen lo
thc

ws

lriE|e

scclor 10 encoMg

invotnot

in R&D_

pregn'm 88? schols w.re *nt .broad fo. highcr studic! leadirg ro ph,D in hi_tech fi.16 lo ove@&e lle
devetopmcnt

Urdfi th luhu 6ouus

dartt of thc rehni@l comp.ren c. DuinS Ple pdiod 262 lhcn snrdies whilc 252

shd4

coDpleted

r.tucd

io Palisran,

su

of

Rs- 2.25 billion wa8 allocatcd ro Scincc

ud T*hnoloS/

agaiBt

which lhe sd@ted expenditur. is Rs.

l.6l billion

(at 1987-88 pnce).

IITJMAN & PHYSICAL RISOURCES DEVELOPMEM TN PAKISTAN

E.luc.rion

& TnininA: ln

1987-88 pricca rbc tor.l

19,0

4mditE ofduori@

s{tor ptug'?lrrl@ w4 Rs.

billion ag.iD$ thc pbD a[@.rior of R3. 23.t1

bilio!. TIN in .sl i@ th. ov@ll nmcial .:p.trdituE hrs bed 82 p@4 or lhc Pkr dl@tio!, Cob!.qlddy th@ bAv. betr short-Als in the
&hiev@cnt of pbysical rargct. Somc of l[. inporrart policy initiativ6 preposd in lbe Swath PLr could nor b. illPltui.<L At pri|Mily ldI,
about 21,000

pri@i6 ed

I3,OOO

nosqe rch@k q@ Gi.btistcd agaisr

dd 20,000 dosqu. $h@ls. BDildings *de c@hrrcd for 16,500 sbdrdts scb@ls aSdEr r!. t rg.r of 20,075_ Abou 13,000 cla 1006 v@ addcd i! ric .xistinS priruty sh6ts agaid
rhe tatg1

lLe t rg.t 0134,613 priD.ty $h@ls

of 8,750. Abour
ar rhc

3.

I nitlion .ddiriorrl .bitdrq (itulrding

sgainsr rh.

1.5

oilid
milid

gnb

l@ cm[.d
.d,Citio@l

pdh!.ily Lrcl

ple

raryct of 4.6
32

(hcludhg 2.7 uillion gnb). Major r..so$ for shodfalt of about

prel|

i!

ile

cdolm.lt

d b. anributcd

to soci@looi. fsctoN

rbar

inlabl

fMjlics Aom s6din8 Uir ctil&cn io rhe sch@I, bigh dopout rate &d non-cMctnenl of conpuhory p.imuy scbooling lcgislrtior
lroposed in the Sevnt!

the lov income

Ple,

Duing the Ple pdiod, about 4,201 prin.fy md 2,600 middle sch@lj w@ npgndcd lo nid{Ic dd secorda.y lcvll agsinsr rh. rdget of 6,500 prjbiry ed 3,?00 niddle scb@b Ep.ctivcly. B.sidq ll0 nd high shools wm

clsss p. add.d in norc rhd 168 Fmndary sh@b rspectivcly. Two Diltio. addjlioMl stldoB wre mlled at
stahlish.d, inr@diat

s4oddary level in classB \ar-x against the tarSt

of

l.E8 miltion.

ID

q@titrtiE te@

100

p.@t

of thc .mlm@t rrScr

ha

bd

&hiaed

bu1

mlch cnai6 to bc done or inprovi4 qudiry ad r.tevatrc. of s.condary

ro t chrical od v@a0onal stsm. Twards rhb nd *ort' weE sr.rted on *trbtblrndr of 29 loly-tebdqn4 dd only 4 of then wft @nllcred. Wolk on th ltminile
studoas

SoD. hdMy was

md. toqds dilding

iBtituijos
The

is

expat.d

10

b. @bllclcd duitrg ih. Ejght plan.

S.vot!

Platr pdiod also wiine$d a

nmb.r of initiariv.s of l|l@grial

@turc for ihe accelcndoa ofducati@l devetopn nt, Th6e includc:

Edu@od Foudanoo wm *Eblnbcd for ctromging lbe pdv.r. *ctor's palricipatio! in ln. .dablislnhr of lew .ducarion.l
institutiom
oD

non{()m@ill

basis,

lrniol&ty

in rhe

.ur.l @N.

2.

TIE "T@.d-.-Ward" prcgme ws tadch.d. Undd l[.

p@glllmq l.eislatoB idodry
i@.diatc n*ds of ibc p?opte at the 8a3em1s Lvel (inchdiDg, most plmilcnrly, eduedoo) aid develo! prcj.ts fq inpldsrarion {Nuc! nomrl chadclr udd ihcn
lhc

J-

Forcig Nislan@ for educ.tion sdror ws Dnte avlibbt. to ttE

prdi!@s ov.r ald abovc thcir nomrl ADp shaFs.

lay scales of $hool tclcheB r@ upgndcd by orc srep, dd ihc upp.. a8e linir for appoinhor of pne.ry scLoots Ecn6 v4
The

5.

Thc Social Acrion

prcgm. (sAr) s

lau.le<t in

1992-93 to

acelmre inregded developm. of s@iat sdtos_ Basic cducario!,

hcluding pnnary ducltior fiscrion

tircracy

dd feiatc .duMrion,
prcgtlrma

fom

the btg.sr oopoenr of t|le S@ial A.rion

jt

arrri Acaist r! Pld larglof 1,882 Bsic H.ali.l unit 1,660 uirs w@ st blilhed rcfletin8 88.2 pdar rchi*ndrg t05 Rural lldlrb cdteB

w@ $tupagai4i th.larcctof l2l

50 Urban Heal6

E .cting87.5p.rcot&tiev.E6r,

onty

Caid

Esai6t the targel of227 werc *bblGhed.

Agai6t the r,rg.r of 16:52 Eospirrl

b.<ts, 12,006 HGpiial bds

mit

17,528

doctos agaiGt the iarger of 17,535 wc@ added. Ag.inst th hr8.r of 800 dcnth4 and 10,240 NN*,7?5 D.nlisrs ed 8,?6E nMcs wer achyed.

SimiLrl,

21,259 p&a-medi6 .gaiGt tbe

brg.t of 35,950 e<t 26,635 TBAS

aSdBr rhc raig.r of

27,150'4tr.in

d_

16.8 million

ano

43.3

Chil.t6 wd i@uikd agaiNt th target of 18.8 millioo, ud nilion Packcrs ofORS rgliln ibe ra8cr ofj0,4 oilion packeb

Firdcial utiliario! of R!.

10.0

bilion udd PsD? asaid the aUmdioa of

Rs. 12.8 billi@ for hcatr! seto. is abour

Woh." Dfulopn nt: fte Mirisr.y of Wotun Dcvlop@N sponsored a vdicty of Mall prejels fd vo@n dcv.loln@r in ellaboEtid wirh F.d.rar 6d Provincial Lb. D.partb@t5 &d NcOs, Tb6. !rcjels includd comnunity/whre centB, dispesari6, eye uils, Sjhc wms, oay w

ce.r4i

working womcn hosrcb, industrial homes, trsiritrg @rdB, w6ter $pply schm6, womo @!.stiv*i .tad farah/eME, tcgal dd cdras, cEdit schm6, Iitc6cy/.du@rion cdtd, tib@i6, srcagrhedrg of f.dale
du.atio.ayt@hnical institutioG, gont-in-aid for woma prucM3 md NCO!. Spcial ucdii flcitities for woma wcre arrllgd rbbugh rbc Fisl

Against the

?ld

allocatiotr of P.!. 900.0 rrillion, ioul

uliliation

i3

$timarcd ro

be R!. 648.493

nillion (d

198?-88

p.ic*) indicatig

72 p@@r utiliation

Poputd.D

@.1

S@i.t Plarning:'ft. min objeliE of Populatid Wclfin

the SeMtb

Pmg@e duing

Pld w.s fcnility Drlag.lmr by hlutary birt! inldals md birdr pd6ti@s tlrcugh Duti-sionl a.tivitia s w.ll s mldd & child halth sFt o. Public, priE., NGO and 6@ial s!o6
w@ irvolved in s@ice dclir.ry.

Bin! prcv.ltion largl for Scvcnth Pld ws 3.17 nillion. Tlc preerllrm acbieved 73 pelmt r..gets by prcvenring about 2.31 oillion binh_ Th.
forcgoirg birth p@vdtion Ms .chi.v.d by $rablishing 1,505

wic.

ourlcb,

iNolvilg

3,168 public i.ctor hcdrh ouU.ts

(f.dchl dd prcvilcid),

580 ourtct

of @o-Govelm6t l o4rniz.tjoE (Ncos) dd 5,mo Tndili@t Birll Anddaft (IBAS), 2,500 R.si3rd.d ftivlt M.dicd Pra.dtioD6, @d 4,000

H.t@s ard Iloacoparb9 Tb. prognefrc abo dtablishcd 6?,000 !.lc poilts i! ftc c@l]@id mcdi@ydng sro6 lbrlugh tte prej*i cntirt.d
"Sorid Mnrketilg ofco rac.ptiv. (SMC)".
The Scventh Plan povisiotr for ihc

progamc \rB R!. 3.535 billid dd i,otal PSDP allocati@ amuted 10 I{s. 3,040 biltion at 1987-E8 Fics. 'fte
ar carimr.d
86

pregme how.vs, utili4d

100

eour

of R5. 3.047

billio

which i5

prcdl orde PSDP ed

an4

pcrc.nr of&c pta!

dl@tior
or rb. S.v6tb

Bdfloynat

Ma4awt: lniti.l .oployD@r prcjdic

Plar ildioted $bsbnt'ral iicrcslcs

i!

uncDplo,ftDt in lhc fom of opca

employndt .nd udd G6plolr6t. In viw of low cbdiciry of

.nployfudt witn Gp.ct to CD? trcwlb, rtc ?le dptasiat p@oli@ of

rcl$ivcly norc hbou intcnsivc

leios

10 atl4iat the ipedcd

uncnllolDnl pBsws. For tht purpos., ihc Sev@tb Plar postulared a l0point rtdeey expected to g@@te 6. I million job.

lbvirioB of ilc t0,Poirl Stare$/ c.nld et be @d. .tr ctirc duilg tIE fiBt tbG y6. Scrcal frcror! l@ cloBibL fd rhi!, !i6!
Mort of the

thft es sde

rtc pFp|Erlon of policie ed projds. S4@{ poliiiql ddelopnac illibilcd @lriruity of policy ard dv.lo![@i prcgtue; T!ii4 EdEri@ in rb. fcign stld prchteit udertiti.g of !d prcgtzm.s. Ehploynor sinsiid dct rionrcd duiIa tte nst l}ee ys,
delry
Accqiling lo ough esri@1cs, .boui
3, 122

i!

nillion additionar jobs veF

ftltcd

agaid l! ?d PID taet of 6.1 nilliol! refldinS a!o[ 51,2 pcrccnt

fd 6c d.rclopllnL pDg"]]rc D rnc lDtrpoE s6ror, !g.i!st which R3, 1.0?4 bi io! d 41.8 pcenr *!r! ..rudly slqt lrw nrilizarid i5 midy duc ro ret t&uces pcilio! and iEplddtatior opabiliiy of Uc scror.
Thc
d Rs. 2,56 billion

Saath Ptd ? @t

C'ltnrc, Sports Mtt Toatum:

appoach towards prcsemrion of

m.

Syenth

pL!

foUowed

iltcghtcd
likc

c nld d.vclopncnr

covding

!I inpondl dimcdsioN

cllrul

hcriiage, histodcal

ed

aeha@logical

B@ch, culuril

hilrory otbropolosf, ads &d cnto ed ar.hnecrrc. M.jor portion of pSDp dloclrion pmvided for MonMdrs. Th. mo!iiu of euid<-AzaE houlc

ftlivs blilding ph!$ I w@ @mpletcd The physicrt wo* on cGlructid of 2 s!6 uchcd rd@@ 3tagc sbiL gl@d Mt r @t ot *dt
strd

of Mohdja<hs mIlll]MG broush dom rh.

Jabba skiiDg

qla

leyel to

l0 fr Mstro

twn *

@BEu.Gd. Wort of

Ktinh Nltioat paik in Sildh

wlr rd ompletion. Thc coNructi@ of n w norels ar Ch@ Sai&, Sb!, Khlzdr ed AFbia w.r. .onpt.tcd by PTDC. Bcaids, xlosion wort at ihc
cxistirg notels at Skardu, Zianr, cilgii. BeslDD, Khuzde

dd

Texila wcr.

also conpleled. Morcove., road sid! facilitie! ar Brcn on I(XH wcrc colmss'oned. Atr uom! of Rs, 74.64 nillim w* spnt fof youth
.leyelopm@t ptuglrl@e. About 85 youlh the coutry

stiu dcvelopmt @!tas all ovq

dd the youi! hostcls si Qrcnr, pshaw dd tshmbad *E @plcrd; a E6rt stadiM .t H6itpu B at o .6ifutcd. Sioilarly, n6cu g.ud6 ar Lok viEa, IslanEhd w@ cmpterd ltowvd, rbce wa no rorth-while pbgB b rb. @drlction of lDrematioMl Cod@@
g.ll, Clllnrel Hsirag.

dt

E !i Mulraa euctra petblwe md S.hwd Shuif

ed Natio.d An Galery, itlur! M.did: The Sevoi! Plan aincd al.{pmdbg lhe colmgc tbrough 6dio md tel*ision to the entiE population, The rnajor conpleted prej@1 duiry rh.

ple

Japese gmt of tk. 50? milioi alo govdlrl@t suppon of Rs. I 19 millioo. Bcrid6, tccbaical ed pbdlcrim f&iuri6 at K.funi, hhoE &it Islm.bad TV @te6 w@ also @DpLr!d. A
was tbe 2"d television
a

cbe)cl udc'

lor ahitablc fo. rhc ndio sub-stor. As r r6ulr shortmvc Fr6mitters @uld lot bc add.d. Onty ore 2OO KwlV{W trdslin r ar Kluda bmwht a siablG ar.a of Bahchisran Edd Edio @vBgG, Morcovq, rwo nev sall poycr rnnsminG ar citgit ud Failatabad and
adeq@tc nuds weE

village broadclstB at Sibi, Chirtal and Abborbbrd rcpla.cd 58 old ieleprirtd,

wft

addd Bsides, A?p

ed

modemized lhe news

sathailg sysien,

Phficsl Pl.bning & HoNirg The 7d Five Y@ Plar aim.d ar Fducing gap betw@ de@d ed snppty of hou6 EEllair wa given to rhe povbion of holg to rIE stclcrtess dd row a@m. cftlps and !@ri!g thc baic n cds of drinLing m&i dd
pbviding

wdg.

dd tuiarion facitirics,

Agai$t the ta+et of dev.lopMt of 650 rhousdr ptors

lhoudd

plors

w*

dveloped. tn

@l @s

2,9

milior
rarget

allotlcd to th low incone shcllcrl.ss agaisl

r!.

larget of inr'roviry the living conditio$ of Krlchi rbadis

achicvld ro thc

petqr As Egads rhe ptovisid of ster supply^lnirltid faciliti6 itr ubd al4, the larsets &h.v.d w@ 85 pddr (wt r) .d 60 pd.e Gcp.nse) 6!edvdy. In rut:I a!6, 50 p.|@t potDtsrid b4
dlcrr of
80
access lo

wat r sulply

ed

17

p@di

ro

seitad@ Acilities.

Pb! whilc enrh2qrirg cxpedilg etioul pbdEtio! tbmud devetop@r of physi.rl llsr)lft f6lici6, n6ls dd n{-"s.ry p.o8t!lu6 in ddd ro D.omor. Ed ab.m. Seill W.lf@ *dic6 for bctcllhr of rh. physidlly, sirtty ed a@onically hddiEpp.d poput.tion in the outry. Tt Seist W.lf.c prcgnmd hlve b@ desigD.d in c qy th.r they htp to hadoniz. th. forc.s of scial chege dd offsr rh.h sdvse rcprusioN caued by !o$l
dw.loFncnr

Soclal tv.Yarc: The Swcnth

n fd h.tping l! irdigdt dd p@ t!m!n.d in opdti@ Tbe poticy !o folow a @ltrnontivc cffon of the Covctu.nr ald thc Nd-sovftlMr Orger.ri@ (NCos) i! imptcnc .lid
ad Ushr syst

pto6B.

Zrlat

ofs@i.l W.lf.E ftoslr||'rlc $s 6fd!cd.

Alound 300 Social W.l&e hstitutioB wd 6tablis!d duinS rhc plan pdiod. Thcsc inslitutioa inchdc 13l Socisl Sflice iutitutioru (33 lcddal &
9E ?Evincial)

in

ldiou fict& tik chld wel&E,,bul! rclfrr!,

womd

wcll.I!, @muity ddelop@Dl pnicnfs wel&ft, sLff wclf&., wclbr of th. .g.d Er.- lr abo incMcd t69 inni iG tu speirt Gducrtid ed
rcbrlilihtion 3dic6 fo. rhc dieu.d pcls@ (99 F.d.nl dd Z0 hovifti.l). Tt social wc|faF s@tor ws lrovi&d u dmr oflts. 0.?94 biltior arairst
which

&,

0,602

bil[@ w6 uriliz.d.

'wllilc the grcetl targeir w@ lot rchievd, tte oveEn p.donn ec wls htilfacrory, ODP Cre* !r 5 p@rt a trd. agricutE 3_E p@dr dd @u&cnrinS 5.9 pecnr llvcshtdr in fxcd N.ts doutilg ro Rs, 682 billi@ qcc.d.d the brg.t of Ps 660 bilioa dE ro a sugc r

FEc

invdtn@t, which .xca.lcd Urc ta4ct by 19.6 petlerr, $bsanrjd advd@s wrc mde in ph,sical intast$cturc. Cs lroductiotr ircr.ed 34 pdc@r dd
powr Senenti@ by 44 percdi.

Rul

ele.trificario.

target 18,265 vjlhgeyabadis werc clcctrified

10,336.

wa wetl alead of the conped wil! rhe phn l{ger of

h tle 6Dl

year oI the plm, a Social Acrion

?rogMe

eas taucbed to

addrcs th stubbom neglct ofducarioo, h.alrh, Ntririon,

wlra snppty dd smitadon dd popularion plditr& Th. f@B of rb. pngl"lr@ is or mm6 ad @l d.vlopmcdt. Ir mphsies inpbved detivry slsttu md
e@ter p.nicipatiotr of 0&

MI

comuity.

In te@ of n&o.conomic 6:ahcs6*, p.do!fuc. ar th irr.rul dd qr.mal ftdt @ not upto tbc n..t. Th.ld.lof fMt &dcir tw &on 605 pdor of GDP ir 1989-90 ro 7.9 p.rc4t of GDp in 1992-93. Thft B a Epid buildup of do@slic dcbt which i@B!d ftom Rs. 290 biUi6 in 1987, 88 lo Rs. 605 biuion h 1992-93, a niffi imgc of rtE SrowiDs dcficib_
TIE ddelopndrs in thc Middl. Est .wt

Esior

in J4&, Eu!!

ud

A]die
wsl

h4d

e ad]*e cllel
in
32.2

on

b.te*

of

paF.!rs. Ctncnr a.@t defcit

up Aon 4.4 of GDP

wa adjut d by

lcn

7,t p.@nt in 1992-93. RrEe valu. Dt (cMut.rivcly) .g.iBt thc dollar, bur rne psition
1987-88 ro

@ined urlnEble, panicululy

during th.

culf crisis.

Th. siructwe ofpublic cxpcnditurc dcpiclcd r sbin to &e @Doraie scro, Tte hvestrMr by prblic corpoFtions wcnr up fron Rs. 49.0 bilion to Rl. 69.8

billior in 1992-93 in r*po6c to lsgq auionomy dd dclinling iiDn rlD

'Ite

w.nr ilmugh a pMds of d.rcgllarion dd libenlizij@. F@ign dcbsge egulati@. sdctioning prcc.dws for indurial uils md
@onotuy

lolicy rc d.cgulaLd ud lit idircd. Pri@ .oltots wei! tlm\rd rnd rubdidic,s redEed Ttc prccss ofEtioldirirg rrrjtr $ntnrE w$ $.rcd.

t!&

Scc!fi x'ni.[

opa.d ro Finb ilvcrldell' Thd. ii.ludcd po*!! t@dtio, reLcoriDEioti@B, 3hippi!& .irlilca md e4ort of rice ed coron. pam[.t to lhis tvo ba*! ed 63

q.r!

bithdto rs..rcd

fd pruic !.cla

re

ii.ll8tid uils

scrc

Fiktiz.{

! lit lyiob.@lid

Ttc pr!c!*r ofdslgll|rid dd privrdzdd cd i! th. Eiglrt plm.

CIIAPTER.S
SAI'DI AXABIA AND PAKISTAN
POLICIES OF COOPERATION

Tbc KingdoE of Saudi Anbia is thc pi@dils Illoic $aa in lh. cod.aporry comuity tlrl upholds th. prilciplca of rhc gloiiour Islruic
@atiani@ for Fguhting rb. rLrion3 bcrslq rItD govm. and lbc Sovdncd lnd $ r E $od foi b.navior i! borb priEl! &d public lif..

Sldia'a

POIJTICAL SYSTEM

P.ldrbn: Poud..l Eld.nrr rld Ettllclg P.Ii.t ! pt!@ts . p.rticlLrly diffrdll ce fd p.liticrl .!rlFis, ber@ n ir o id@logicrl sr.t . AD id.ologiet 3br. & mt 4ily lad b.lf io cdlpdi3odl witl ld-id@logicd sbrs. Th. Flitiol sylt d! of Midol%icll sbr.s pmc..ds sldg secukr linca.

rtc id@l%icsl stsr., by

the(lfoG,

coltrl

b to bc .!.lyzd lol deoldilg to rr".ditioDlnDdd bur accordiig io MFid..l dicboloEi6. Th. idal ofth. p.rf.cr IslrDic st t!, tu $t fortb .! . 8ql b. &hi4c4 bu! thc FlitiB of r!. curut poliricd sy$ctt In.kc fd blic coDr.ldi.tio6 eilt rh. id6l, pmducing p6p.tu l .o.nict iirstio8 {d vardiog th. @utry'3 poliric.l ilr.gFtid.
dodg

it

pred!

oc.l lind. Sml . lystd!

?oliticd dcvclopnclr tb@tub ofto fdl ilro $rf@ r"po i! srudyilg th. politics of sh id.ologicd 3t t s. Otr rbc politi.d sorha. t!.y 6nd |@1 politicrl plnie, E coBtituiid, . pdimdt wirb rwo loucst rcrin8 a.d

Sddl

clcctios

all tIE viriblc ltNctuB of

Wcsrq! dc|redcy. On

&bilcd aDlysb of th6. rturuB ir tu llo @rcludcd thlt r d.noq&y ap!rcaching ]l/cstq! 3r.ndlrds i! pEscaing in ! n@-nrc$cm courry. Bur
sucb

!ttitu&3, inllicidy d .rpli.itty, hlvc

& inblilr bis b-!u!.

ihcy

alsMc

thai Weslem political srutues and inslitutios a.c lhe g@ls to \rhich all coutris nEt rspiF. Such studics, theiefoE, irhq iSmre or the uaware of
tbe rcle of

idh re

aleMtivc polri@l rality

srroDg

aoug! ro ltrrci

order

i. ud4rand

ra&slant poliri@l stsrer onc nut

f$l

srudy how
s

Ue @l deviar.s ,ioD rhe iddl. Tbc r@t colrexr @ntaiG rlc cout y

follq fcudal and clpbtut td two s.ls of teeth, olc for cating ed tto othc. for show, is rcl'a
trm
rhc

h.ritrgc colodd potiticd ord6. Tb. pltistad povcrb .An

hE: lDliti.al paniB thc

dd

or!r W*lehized srruct!res

&.

rhe

stow t.th, brt

Fd ierb e our ofsighr Wbo, ttd, re @y sl, @ rhe rc.lpotiric.l poE-dolilcB in Patisld How js rh. politidt ed eomnic poec.
dbEibut d a@ng rhm?

mrr

straLgis ilo rhy

Be ro acquirc this pow.r?

their political rcsour.!? Tte dsw6 rcval lhc polirical srrarificlrion of ?akisbni siery inio fou tiq with politicd pni4 otr tb surfrce, uddLid by elil6, sr!.tuB od slsLni
What
Palist n contcxt, politic.t padi6 @ orgmiaiiotu for ri entdc@dr or cxteuon of l}c inl.61s of thc powcr-hotd6. On thc s4ond levcl ar. rhc

Ir

powd-holdq thcm-e1v6, ilc elirB in rhc poliri@l sysi.n_ The, dist wi6in
a

plunliry

of@

.xts, two which, ln.

sicr.l dd r[.

sp6ri.l,

clcvdr bR.

Itr rhe socicral conrx! rhe dtirs .ie related ro O cUhic $ci,l srructuc of Pakkt n. h rhe spatid contxt w 6nd fie dichotomy betwd tLe reat systd

of

prcduetion (f.udal

dd

capiralirt

ed

tbe ,id.4l systm of pbdrclion

(Islmic).
Thc i,h@rerical

limc

of rcfcrcncc rcsts on rwo proposirim.

IiEt

eycry

loci.ty

vto de govcmcd. IXe umbd of l}6c rho govd, rhc potitical or8&iarid dd thc politicd iil@logy difd from stat ro srdc. S6ddly' in .v.ry siery politicat powq is itilTdlali.Iy
dht'ibuted tu L!. political sysreD.

is divided into tbos. wLo govcm sld those

'Political eli@s' ale rhe power

lossss morc powd posirion!

hold6 in
influcnce

the body politic, Tbcir drembm

dd politicd

il6

the noFctitcs (the Da!ses).

'Cov@i!8 elires' @ speficatly thoe. wtGe

llMbd

c@py Eurldiratire

e6 ftc .politicd al@, wh.G r[c govdil8 etit4 @ conedlatd ed *hee mt of the potitical de.ision-@king t k s plae,
i!
rhc political is th.

C.bir.r of the lakistali

eftd gov.m.nt.

C{vming lit s wde loqrd rhEugh lists of govmd-glenls, prire tujllla dd C.bind miDbrea 6oD August l9?4 to Jdu!ry 1978. IAe dapatioMl baclgrcdd oflhcc joidng rhc @ral dbilcrs m red.d s lhe prin. ildicstor of thc elite g@ps ro which rhee Im hto!g.d. Wt@ t|@ tn6
the on occlpation

hvolv.d, thc mlin s@e oflivetihood

t l@

doninei occupation.

Thc politic.l migi6 of tnee clite grcup6 re r&.d fron thc Mug[.r (t?ditiodl), Bntish (olod.l) dd post-ildcFrdm (@cigdr) pdiods orrhe
hislory of thc
safegla.d

$b@tined (se l!blc). E&h of lls soup souglr lo its oh inlcrs tbrold rercisine power ad potirical irflumce in

4ptpl<sL";c,* .J"tit"

wi; p"t*ffi-

E@rdr Tn. dala

indicate

llat s@e ctitc gtuups, suh s th.

lmdownirg &d

pofe$ioaal clites, n d greater rcperenrlrion in tLe Fliti@l dem thd orh6 hid- Thr! docs mt n@ssarity near rtar rhey exercis.d grarcr povtr d

innudc.. Agsi4 rn.

orgeiation d

8ov@ing clird dcp.nded on dEn $pIDn bdis a@ng rhc niddlc sro6 ald rhc lt],ls_ ILN
t sb?: ne c6.
oJ Pakxt,r

poE of U.

faraa. oow

Oe militdy

ad blrealcntic

elir.s .xmised nqe powr

ed inflrcne

rhe

lolitical systcn bca!* of thi! colonial rldilion dd organiario!, The pow strnct@ of the ?atislani politiol .litcs olstalljat as d@ic!.d in thc

Tt@ @ lwo basic

both of which

ttpes

ofrlato

hip op@re wihiD thc potitisl sysrq

!c ed

to mobiliz.

over oth.B, Fi.sl, lhd

r.$!rces for x@ising powd d infllM@ th. ienponry Elalioships fomed tbrcugh
Horizontal

honm

.l

and ve.ticrl

aliuEs.

atides tinl

ctite grcu!6 wiih

othd clilc groups, rbile vertical aUiec ti.k rhe elirer wirb thc nd+tir6 or |)A6. Th. pEliticsl elir6 ale.t! fom $ch.llituG, bur ar no riDc is r!ft

.on!lt.

uit,

b.rwee all th. .lir. groups. tt*

allimcG

fod.d rb$tgh

pmcesse such

4 coalitio4 codprcoie, codpdon dd

coEcction.

Sd@dly, th@ is rh.

!@.at

rchtionslip btw@ Oc political eUre md

tlcir scial stucru]c< @ial vdi$lc of tnc potitiel sysrcrtr. I! patisrlli etbnic oots ce bc sigdimi, 6 $ercn ortq $c[ grcuP3 lhrclgL vatic.l lb!!g6 fotu d wirh iE oM crblic greup6. Mulin wortd is th. nonehy- Ar one tinc lhc whole of thc Mulim wortd ws dividd ilto rhc AFb. p6ia4 Tuililh dd Mlgbrt .rdpi6. Ovd th. 6lui6, nci of the eqic dj.ilt gnGd dd f.ll udd cotonid domi@tion. I! rh. po3r_6toni.l ph&
in ihc On of thc old.st

politiql islitutioc

nmy
Tn.

nw stlres have

dr9.4

inctuding

nuobr of

.ry

nonarchiB.

&.t buir6s eliEs s wcl d old coendive 6nit6 6d tribal ctie6 hd ofrcn ben Bpou-bte for rhc $ppr.$ion of delt1od{c dpEsi@. TLe grcup3 b3v. Idt lh.n
ded

!hc.

systcn ofpowd iD colluion wiih rhe

eppon bda!$ rhcn @omic ed poliricst l!n aludc.s with th nondhi6.

pciriG wF ohrin d ilsugh

In the

ldt ruor! mo@hi.s nust dc!6d

the

lEagth ot 1h.n populdir,

mong llt. maiser. Mosl Muslim monarchi.s ftat have bm unable ro do this (lraa Ubya, Idq, ES/pr) hlv son bctu lwctt awat with the.be of wiou

fo@. Orhq harc selt ro slrclgihcn rhcir pceirio tuougb cugiou legitimcy (Moc@, Jordu). poputaiity ud rugioN legiim.cy h!v. ben the two stabitias of tbc no]@hy i! th. MuliD wdld, whil th njlilary md hldic forc* h.v. dc.g.d d ns @io chltrms6. Tte military, Emoved fie nonftby in Egypl, kaq ud Ubru. Th. ptac. systdtr of po'E bas thcr.forc, whft it U:s swiv.4 udergon coNid@blc idtul chdg.s i! ord.r to s6hi! its sEuctuE,
populd politi@l
Ore rcry itrrportdt indi@1or ofthc srlbiliry ofpotirical syst.m in

mE

Eat hd bcn iheir Dolitic.l legitimcy. No powd cu *pecl io enjoy pohical s1ability wirhour tcSidhacy &otu the people, Polirical legiti@cy is co$id.rcd cruciat b*alsc .rhc no6r $a!lc $r'pon wiu .Lriv. Am fte conviction m rhc pdt oflhc m.mber rbri n is righr ed prop.. for hin tc' a6ept dd obey thc aurhdiriB dd .bid. by rh.
rquillmnts of rhe Esine... tbesc obj.cis d contoming to hb om monl principls, his own kse of wh.r is .i8ht dd prop6 in 1[ potitic.l sphft',

$! Mid,alc rula, rgiEe or sov.End h

ed

his luppon

'not contingcnt on sp.cjfic

induc@is

or rcwddr of

;y

kin4 .rccpl in

the

v.ry long

M,.

DII-ATER L RET"ATIONS TleE @ nfuy exdpls of l! Si!di-?.t coopmrio$ tnar .m not coveEd in thh snrdy. Howvr, I would b rying ny b6r @ covr s nen
I wolldbeworking wdqspac. @nltrai

be

!.

Anbir - prkhrto E@!ooi. h&ncdo! I1r rhis cb.ptd I sl'alt f@s @ it ns which e b.iry rnd.! b.rw@ the two coulries $p6ialy AoD ihe Saudi Alabia, oil dd palisldr, rice, Howw... I
A Dry l@t rt S.u.tt

f.lt

ihat norc

icd

need

to be idenliiled to enttuce two way rrade bctwd

md Saudi Anbia djoy . clo$ rclatioNhip l@ife*ins i&.tf in sev.ral sphfts of inter-strre &rivity!'. Thn positions on lh Anb-trn li
Pahst
conflict
On thc

ud

on way! lo

rc$lve it

so close

tbt

rhcy

cs

be caled

id@ricd.

qudi@ of the sMity

she

6lmd

vicw.

ftb

culf dd Solrh-Wdr Asia. thcy bDadly @ ako b. eid of tujor ilr.madon l isuB tik
of thc

Af8hmislr4 Bc!id., the two courics sh&e a comon ugc to uphold ed pmmote Isldic solid.riry ed br. e prcminent pan ir c@deling rhe affaiB of th Organi$tion of Islamic Codfc@c (orc). L.sr blr @t 16r, th. tr! @Mtri6 havc fch ! s[ug Dcd for rclaric of ilic..dcDctrd@@ dd rE
coop@ting in

cuhnl, cononic dd ssuiy MnIs.

srug hftbnd IsLmic tics sie rtc carior ofPatisbr i! 1947. ftcn bitar.ol ELtioB @ quit distiaSlish{t ba!.d o munbl ud4tanding ed coo!.6tion for th bocfir of rhe two b.orhcrly peoDle ia paniculd md rhe &sr of Isldic p.oplB h g6.6t. The bh,labl rclatioN ha positivc jmplcr h @rdjn4ing pciri@ toelrds r tunbq of i rEtion l issB, sucb d thN of Afglojna!! patestilc, At_ QudB Ar-Shicf (Occupid Jerusrld), od K.!bnir. wirb Eg&d 10
Thc two

6utdB

ar. linld wir!

?aKstan's position rowards Oe ]raqi o*lpatioD to ih. Stite of Kuwair, it was

cld od mci.l

lositioA s Palds|!! con.teme<t rhc lnqi irvaid &d cdlcd for uc@dido!.1 withdnval of thc l6qi f(rc non Kumit FurtbmoF. klistan oniribur.d bt sding forc. !o join tte I .@ti@l @alirion fo@,
whjcb su*.edcd

libnring l<uwarr fiom r6e lzqi o@uparion.

"

aE4o.uFtu rLd'dt. sqaLa \,.

MbtelatFi s, atw. tNrL* o! DtotuE s@d. s&a-pd lDtd.F o1-ua' rMoB @.d 'nb\ to, Dtpto\o x 4!1o tu sa/d6 prydd h 14o,c 1.4s44 br. ahd

Thc Kingdon @dinatcs

ed D*6

consultadon with

ed

th. Repullic of Palisr.n Kahm4 wirhin thc work of rle lslmic coDfedc*
well

panicularly with

tL lrldic @utri6 h rh. 6e of Jamu ed

ar rh sul@it tcv.l as

th. &iaislerill lcv.l, Boi! Scldi Aralia

for

dd

Pakista!

ncdrbcs of

ile Isbmic Cota.t Cnmitte.

Kalon, wbicl e0! fomcd by lbc IsLnic Conf@ne for FoGia) MidsteE 0CFM), i! lhcn coordinatim @ti!g, which wa held in Nw York in Rabi'a-ulAwd 1415. ehich is ale @morisd of Nrgcr, Tuk y i! additio! to Ih. Gocdl SdEt iEt ofrh. Orgeialion ofih.
IslMic co.f@c. (OIC). Tin low thc is$ of Krshnn ha iB inpacr b rhe Kirgdomt rclatiorr *ilh hdia, since U. Indie cov.rmd is qunc esnive

to

dy resolutis

Ihat blued co.cdhing irs condclmrion with rcgard to

thc

Kshmir, 6peially

rc$lutios of the Isbmic

grcup.

Irr

lades of rbc two 6ur.id hive conlriblled a g@t dcal ir shdgthding lle bilaleial ti.s betwer rhd. Ije nEt top lw.l viit w mde by rh. lrr. King Fai*t ir 1966j rhc cmd s sEdc by the Latc Ki.g K!.lid in 19?6, lle rhnd by th. CBtodid of thc Two Holy Mosqus, the Late Kilg Fahad wnq h was CmM Rince in 1980,
.x.hanged oIfici.l visits bctwan th followcd by th4c visits by the pr.scnt Cljsiodi& of rhe Two lroly Mosq!6,

Kilg Abdllrh wh6

(2004),

he

w d$ Cmu prire b t984, 1998 ad 1424Il

d
)427H (2006)

ed lis @ot

vi3it

ato ssuhg ch.tg. of lhe

Ki!8doh, In addition, imponel visii was hade by tha Sludi CrcM prince, Plincc Sulta! on Pabi'a-ul-ArMl t42?H.
L is obsded rbat th. bitsrcBt reladoN btwd lle Kirydon ofsaudi AEbia

ad thc blmic Republic of Pakisbn, is growing ldt ar rh. vsiou nilitary dd poliliql sphG. Mo@vd, rbft is @pdtion b.rwan Squtti Anbia dd
Palistar at thc ccononic, i(ndriat dd clrlrunl 6cld! eit it is gbsilg hcd.singly. Parricularly ir tm! of th. Saudi capital oow towdr p.lisran.
Funh.morc, therc ue hu8.

nMb6

of Sddi slllddrs, who e EMying in

rakis$li uivdsitis. On iis pan, the Kingdom ha! fillfuial sistanG ro ?akistan whh.va rccdcd.
Eall
sone t*o million peopl. &on
the lasr l4 ctrtuis. This is
across Saudi

contributcd gme.ous

AEbia

!d

rhroushout ih.

rcltd

gathdd to perfom ntulls at oft

md llc

single

sFr o! Es1\ Mrtdo\ q6y

yd fd

hoM a

rh

rbij

which b the

fitu pilh ofhlan

ndt significel tuil$lation

of Isl,mic taith

od uity.

Tle aFangme

ritu ofKing Abdul Azt Dn Abdul R.!!M Al-Sau4 ihe fouda of ihc nod.E Kjn8dom of Saudi Arabh. Major pmglls wc(. introdrEd ro el]!W ile !.cuity &d
s rhe

ofthc gajj bege to imptuve dwing

safcty of the pilg.ims, ar well as thcir well-being and @bfon. Si.ps wcre also

takcn to erablirh

feil j.s dd !dic6

oespoftarion.

.ined !t imprcving houing,

hat1h

ce, s.dhtid ed

Muli@ torlly undcri.kc the pilgrimage in ese, rceive ! wM ercon or thei. aival i! Saudi Anbia dd e providd wilh thc dost @dcm faciliti6 dd .fflcior sdic possible. Wirhour the di$acd6 tblt th.ir foEbaF h.tt
10

cotcnd witb! today's pilgri4 ae fte. lo

foG

solcly on th E

irit!.t lslFct

6Gid.R sdilg the gucns ofcod.! hdor, md d.di@r.s v6r narrEwd ald nradcial reso@s ro Ue prepd cotrduct of U pilgimag. Ovff ft. pst fou d.odes, it la lpdt bilioN of dolts to.xped the Holy Mosqu in MakL,t sd the prcphcfs Mos$& in Madirr4 s *e[ d dtablhhinS modd lirporbr saport3, roa&j lodgng sd orhd daaiti6 and sNica for tne pilgrids,
Saudi AEbia

Tbc dlblishmenr of lhac Thc Kiogdon

hciliti6

by itscr

dc

nor

.BE

I s!@estul riaij.

ba

pur inro plrce a vast orgrnization 3upepised by th. Suprc@

Haii Cobmitt., which rcports ro tbc Coslodia! of thc Two Holy Mosqu* King I!!d Ibn Abdut Aziz, wro raditioDdly is in Malld duing rle

pilgrimge. Flming for acb y.als pilgri@g. gdeElly siads ar inc corclwion ofthe prcvioB onc dd involv* cvatuii.g veiou lrogllm @4 if Dcc*!ry, iftlducidg stcp6 !o iDprovc dy sdice rbat js dc4cd beid

On tb. way from J.dda,h ro

Matt tr along the nodem sup*hghwly, pilgrim board orc of &e fleci of l5,o0o bud .tsisled to rhc Haii. Tt!5 vasr cm@lre of v.hjclB aplroaches Mina, em! fou nil6 10 l!. nonlM6t of M,Uah,

wh* n4t of the pilgrim e hoNed in rhe thousds

$ar sfttc! to the tinia of Mitu Vall.y,

of air-conditiond tenlr

Wdkilg tbmgh t[is wsr .ity tb,r bs

dars a

bd

Grdlilhed fd

u.

for only a

t*

,@! the pilSrim b sf!k by tne orddtinds of lb pLc.. Food is pr.parcd in hnndrc.b of kitoh@ sp@d tbmughout MiD ed dist ibuted
Im&d tbDughour rh. tent ciry. Tberc &e hun.tFds of 6cdi.d ctinid rhd supptmr the hospitsb in Mal}.h dd Amfat, Se[iry pdsomet dd t aft. poli@ guide &d h.lp pilgriDs. D6pit the cld $gB add nMb.r.<t rewq so4 pilgrirDs, plrtiod.rly lh. cl.lcrty, rmd to gcr t6r 6d n cd stu|'tre flding rh.n td|s or groups. Bdls of&lcpho!6 are locatcd in a[ lll pilgrimge sitc!, alowilg pilg.ia io @kc di@t itrtetuntional c.lls.
Evcry yce over a

@org rhe

tents_

Tlous&di of drinldng fout

is

ald wash ara,

ir$ed to takbt ri larioMls to visr Sauti AEbi!, ln the yed 1427!I. Saudi Ar.bie Erlbssy in ktgmbld dd Saudi Co6ulatc in Kar&hi, hdd isued sbout 600,000 vi* f6 rucir p.tist tri,s
visae

trlf nilior

Enrtolren!, , Uonr, Hrjj &d vilil vi!& Saldia Ahbia Houcs nce 250,000 paltuhfs ed lh.ir famitics, whitc durine lhe
nontr of DulHijah, Kinsdon Eceive ov*
150,000

Brorbcu, $dich inclu& :

plcgmies fo.

Hrt

scaroN.

govm@t dd p@pL h.E r gMl syDllthy ed Espect fo. lh. P.tttd gov.@6t dd irs popl., it M b. sa in rlc ti8h of enc a6rlc tow.(h ach orh6 for qdPle (i) Kine !.hd sqr a bis Eli.f in Mech-2005, to pakist ni p.opte for thc cfferas ofthe fl@tls in Bal@histcr. (ii) Saldi govelmdr issed ils inlrucrion to all@ate US$ IO.0O0.OOO for
S.udi AEbi.

lh. p@pL atrcied by th. cltth qurkc otr Octobd 2005 in rhe {o@ of Eli.f goodr 6 wel s at bridg. wilh patjltan rc .s!.blisbed ro tlrsport a nwc q@tiri6 of bhdcq terrq food iLo!, dEdicic ed

ot[.. Eli.f

y.qlippcd fi.ld hospiral, which wa set n & lh. db$r.. a@ ro previ& on thc apor, mdic.l rclief lo th d1b q!..kc victis.
goods.

I!

lddirion, lll.y sar nodtu.

(iii)

rmucine e imcdiate relee of SRJ00,000,000 for MoBruction of sch@ts, hospirab, rc.ds! &d othd infraitucrus in rhc a.tL qu*. .fi@rcd !E ihFugh Sludi Dd.lopnor Fud
King Abdullah Bin Abdul&iz has isNed a Royal dec@
An exensirc Saudi
to

(i9 (v)

tctdbio! aDlai8n

*a

rrunch.d on

.r iBrlctid

ge|cBt. 6Dds f@ qrtlqulc srickd t6ple ofpakisra!. In addition to llar |!e Daics whicb weF a[@rd for intemarional food program for lhe yd 2005, hav b.er all hedd ord ro be dishiburd amng the alfetcd polL of thc .ethqul@. Also tbe Saldi Dcvclotmat

Fud hrs lovided addirio..l of SR?00,000,000 niUio. in soft t@ b.!is fd Palis.rn to nud 1[. d.velopmt lsga4 fo. thc coDing fivc
yca6- Th. Saudi D.v.lopmclt gEnie Saudi

Fud

atso

e4Ncd

its

eiliDgtr*

ro

dpon! for Pakiltar *ithh rhe linit of SR500.000.000 nillim to be 4@iatcd vith Monstrucrior ed rch.bilitalion wdt

Sludl AIIDh
Tb

rd FrNllrl

Drpt0mlcy to rlc U!|l!d

Nr{o!!

(UN)

Unly.a.l D.clr.rdoo or,,HuDu Rlg[E..I]N" ft. discurrio! lurourdilg thc Univcnal D.ctdtior of Hl|l@ RiShts ar rh. U.it.d NatioB previd.s . uiqu. sbdins poiat fd s inquiry @!.dilg IlbD ed rligiou nbcrty, Iis i! $ bddc of rh. inrlrEti@l n n@ of thc .liscursioq and bccaN @ibj! adiclca of rhc D.ctatalion sdd6s &c issc coeecd wil[ rlligioB n .dom dir@dy - norDly AnicL 18, which p@vidd for th. righ to A.don of co$.ictrcc i! thc choic. and ptzclie of r.ligioB frilh, itulldilg tlc dglt ro chrtrg. on 's ligio!, Ir ws tL. Irst Fovisid lhr
8av.

ri*

to disgrctMt b.n'@ rh.

klhic

stal6 of Stldi Anbia ed

Fir3! ir is appolriac ro m1c r[. .pgoval da 6lhu!i!sE, wil[ which &. pGsibility or ! U.iv@l DeLntion of Hlllm Rie[t3 w vicwld by

d.lcgn6 to lh. Unild NatioN i! 1948. A! onc inidt dp@r, il qr! 6lair W.srm powcn !,ho qhibit d sEb drlulilsm - norabty c6t Biibi! ald tbc Elatur R@s.lq fd dro?lc, com.o(ed o! lbc d.cuEt i! lec of iB poGotial .. s M.gD Cam for dl pcopte Pdbrpo tca! pr.dict2uy, l[is alhaialtic t !&dcy w ale q@plifi.d by d.lcglr.s th @ti@
Unicd St
tca.

outsidc thc

W6tm cielc

of

supdF96, 6d c@

by

rbe too o!-W6tcb

ndy .ll tho. pMicipdti!8 dpr.sred sM. bop.s for b. doctftlt od th.n s4c iL1 rh. world vs Miri4 to ba. r[. t@ org{iali@ !pe}. It E fch r!|t i[c Ulivdl Dc.LEti@ would bc p..r of !
couti6.
Indcc4

rmri@l co$.rutr\ cspecidly chtcd to the.fo@ath of th. Sccond vorld Wd ed a rc!.*!.! cE. ofrbe pligh of oppBs.d p.opl6. Thuq rh. htin Ahqice prnicipdt' spokc w.lt of th. Dc.t Etiotl a. did r!.
ocw int

repcdttrir$

tDm

T.is|! ud !.vml
.xpBcd

of rhc Middt. Eesr.rn counics. Fo.

*d.tioB did $ in Gm of 3Fifi. prebld Ebtcd 10 impl@ntarion d i!. q!*riotr of @ti@l lov@ignty
tLc no3t pan, dosc vho

r.lativ.

to

$ch m initution l docMctrt.

A diffEnr

A$bir replesdbrive , At the outlet of the comittce dh.utsios he comdted lhal the dnn of the Del@ti@ bcfor hin was blsed largely oo l! patim of
by 1he Saudi

st

ofcriticisn was soLrndcd, albn

qltioulx

cuhre donhel in
of

the

Ws! pancm frcqu.ntly at v&ide wirh lnc

panm

cultw of Earen Stats," Thc son of difiicdty h.d i! mhd woutd beomc appeot io the disaion of thc bsis of hu]@ nshE (Aniclc l) ud
ulti@tcly of rcligiors Ub.rty (Aniclc l8). Wtb

cpel

ro

tums,

Del$tion ried to the pos*ion of rc!$D {!d @NiDe, le lointcd our tlat io sy that all hrl'@ b.ingr *cc .ndowed with tEon and coNicncc w4 1oo bMd a statmdt o.e lhlr wB mt. hd hd never bm true. Morcove., the words 'dignity &d riShis' used in the 6st s .n@ w@
Mbigt|ous

'hich

rh.

{d

bad

difEnr meaninsr in diflerd coutris.

Th. st tenent in ArticL 18, ehich indicatcd thc bdic EEdo6 of huru cor!.ien . h Eligiou tundq ys abo rroubling to Sddi Rcpr6dtarivc,
Thb

oGcide rc @Bt led in thc anicL q inctuding the d8ht to chinSc otrc's Eligid Hc request d 6at thi! anicle be uode4 dgutug th.1 ii qould o!.n lhc dmr to p$dlrisn dd
particularly

$ boae t

cdon of

politiMl

w6i<cn wr- ?dhlps

dirs.nblirg a biq h. &@ statcd th.l lhe

ponio! of thc anicle whicb rrcogtad thc delt

Aedon of coffcierce
asked why this

alr.ady contained r.h. rishr to chhge onc's.eligiotr,

dd

ridt

thd hrd to be slated

so xplicitly, In thc

.nd

the ditrculty, Naording io

Barudi wa th.1fte ngh to ch.rge onct Eligion,

l*t

for

Mulim, Ms
hin,

.ot Eoe!i2.d in Islmic law. Mosr of the IsLeic coutrie

agrced with

a tbo* Ep6dbtiv
MBlim, ycr who
vored

whcc Mtion @nlaiftd large Froragd of fm rbc povision, vft 4tig.ted by rbe Saudj

dpnsdativc fd betayiq lleir coBtitudcy. Nov, .lBarudi's c.np6r9 otr

.nd oth* istus (tLe riglts of

1his

rcm.4

for

cmple)

ar not surprising, giv@

ih. lit ane

chapter Indeed, the Saudi rcpresmladve's

olsct of this s|alements swe as m irnpoltaal

citcd ar &

eu@ ir Piscrtori's disNio4 and s.rj| to h. csi$@t witb r[ id.. tbNr Isl&ic dltuE i3 oppoed roo nucb of wblr is sicDifi.d by lh. ooftd of
hurutr riglG, in Flation ro W4tcn

dltw.

But thc Srudi delegation was rc1 the only onc to cornent

o! rhc Rt.tion bctwan tle provisiG of Ani.lc 18 6d llld so 6r s th. @mitte hdngs d tte drat Dd@d@ @ colcde4 de hil! to @tie sy sigoifitut div.rg@ ton d diegffidl wirh tbe S.di Feit@ ddg rh. IslrEic @uti6. But wh@ rtc DeLntion c.@ b.foF rh. c.ncnt Als@bly for . fin l vo&, Pal<isrrr's Moh@r.d Zrtubn l<ir! @d. a vdy inr.i.srins

$rldat

or the

ise

ofrcligiou3 lib.rry. Itr.lc64 at cdrgin poids hc .pFats

io hlvc intdded to clalleng. alBmdi diE[y, Ar tbc Eo.de harc ii, Za{ruUah K}d said that:
'?akistM wu

e dddt d.f.ndd

of tledom of though.

dd beti.f ed

of

tb. Ac.dors lis&d lin Arrictc l8l. Tb.r! could bc m d,oubt or rbrt !oi!r, eq if llrr qu6rio onry had a potiical r.pe! rh! delararion b. had jus! EliL

tu l!. lrlist !i d.legltio! rhc pmbLD btd ! spdial sigifrcece a so@ ofin atD.crs involved rhe holou of Lla$, lL
would b.vc bed s1frci6l. Blr

th.n fell it ncBsary th.

ho a

explain hjs dl.gafi@.s point ofview otr the subject io

Assnblr

it wa

poinr ofvicw arising oul of rhe leching of Islen'.

s.rting thrt rL. Qu'@ is rLe yord of Co4 @!tio.d: 'Now it sl d rbat @ilhcr f.irL mr

il

could h8e an obligaio.y cbd..rr.

ro

lt. palisrali fonisD mirirl. .rBiae wticlt gaE birtb to Thc elm e4Bly sid: .t r h. wto
ch636
ro

ch@a

bcls,

beUeve,

ed

it fonn.lly corde@d nol lack ni$iorry relisiotr whcl @liq on peuuarion, md whicb eogni2$ th.
dght oI convdiotr for otbd faithj

disb.li*., 6d of fairh bu h}?o6isy.' IsLq, hc !aid, k ,

wbo

disbetiac.

sane

for

iB.lt

In clositre,

ad

?akistani deleglrion *l}uld thdcforc voE for Anicle 19 [sic], would asp@t no limitation on iB prcvhioN.,,The Dol@rio! pased 48_0,

'th.

with ight ab3trntio6 (inctudine

Sldi Asbia)

If Mr. B.ddi'! staleDoc @ ro bc cxpoo4 gi@ rtc lirdtw citcd atov., Z.hnbl Kbant e cei,idy no!. In view of tuh divdgae, whar is thc

oftcr

vicw of

Idm ed hlll@

riShb

eQ.ciarly the right to fi&dom

of

@Ncien e and Fligion? Al-Bmdi spoke on lhe bcis of ktanic taw, vhich &mrdilg to nosr @outs collaitu stricr pbvisios for thc pui$nelt of

th6c vLo chr{g. ih.n digion (i.c., toD btam). z!&![srr Khar lrso ct io.d to bc s!.!ki!g .utborirativelt citing rh. Qu,m s lhc wod of cod.
Sucb div.rgcn(.

of opioon poqdes
ro

. hqe

oppomuity ro .xptoE

Lh.

relatioBhip of

kl.E

to rcligiou libny. For ir suggBll tbat, in

sp.rtilg

abour

"Isbrq" il
such

is

!66ary
l@d to

sp6i8/ which Islan is udd considehtior To takc

udcBardbg of r[c ctation bctw@ I5tm dd hllmr nSbtr th.! is borh Eoe @m9tcx dd rich.r th.n b.e b@rotuE b@n appEciated in sholuly or pq,ulf litcr.nrE,
me i,nfl@e. ot Ihe Spitu oI htau, &ontirg to Wilaed Cotwel SmitL ws nor s Srclt n tdN ofits dn d rcad.Ehip udg hdie Mlstirts. Ilweve..

c@

*ill

rcFchr.rire ofr!. lhinlinS ofa la4e goup ofMletiN atid in rhis c@tury, pani@hly rbe niddl. cts. H@ ir is cjr.d ro iUulEtc ih. attihde, which Jimah dd ottd i! hb circl e@ to have sharcd, lhat thft is nothing abolt Islm tbar is iniDical to vslu.s of irdividul tEdon or iDsritltions of rcligiou libsty. Indc.4 @ording to Zlfaslla! Kbo,s tcsiindy. Islm prcvids a foua.Ltio! fo. $ch vatB .rd inlritlnidi That is,
4e

mlo.tart

of @us!, klad

ehd

it is rigbrly bd.rsr@<L

A very nponanl step

ru

fos.d iow{& a stiU clGd Saldipakistani rclatioNbip tatcn h Argul 1967, wbo lhc Saudi Mds&r of D.&ncc @d Civil

aErio!, visitd Prtisra! ar the h.ad of a luge delegalion of Saudi d.fec qpdt& Al drc.oncluim of this visir rhe t{o.NEies sig.d d agrcenol
on

bilateEl @op.atior in tbe licld of dcfcrce. Ttjs

dile tI.
ailvis
w@

asrmr wa! dsisnd ro Ssdi def.n@ epability. FoUowirg thc agr.aelr, pakist n

ot

ro thc

KinAdon ro h.lp

dFnd ald doddiz

Saudi

Amed

FoM. Th. nunba of

Faire in P*isran's mitilary rsining i4rtin|ri@ also incrc4d coNidmbly. A y8 br{ tLis tectnicd .@p@tion ws
Saudi

b@dded to.mbrace th licld ofcivil sviatio and itE mrio@l airlin6 of6c rwo couin.s b.gd to colaboFtc. Ir should b. @&d rbsr O. lgrcdent otr

@pdlion
in
a

6,s

d.f@ folowcd dE AnElsd.li wd ofjuc,l967,wli.h od.d for rhc Anhq

in

Th Indo-Patiste \{r

of

19?1, and 1hc db&le

of csl plkisru

wft

ttaD@nc xp.rience for Paktlan. Saudi Anbia slood by p.thran duiog tbi,

diEcdt !riod. TL Saldi covmcnt 6d popte cxcndcd noot ed Mterirl aid to P!&ista! wboac inr.mriotrd pGitio brd b..! ltlvdstcy
afl@Ld folloeilg rhe oililary adi@ in rhc lhm E$l pakisr.d. Saudi Ambia rcfriscd to rccognis Balgladesh util thc pakilran cov.lmlilr gave the go

*@d

signal.

It

also ext(ted tull diploMtic backirg to pskisra!

rhe

xrremely diffi.ult Dc8oriarim it @nductcd

wih tdia in tbc Aftmath ofde

upre4ddt d ror. i! rhc inre8l politicat cisis in ?a}!slm in 1977, wlm it trid b mdiate betw.@ th Covernmnt i! loK ed thc Udit d opposirion which ws caled tLe palislan Nati@at ArIa@ (PNA). RclatioB betw6 Sardi Atlbia .!d patistan .oarinuat @ a stotty cole an . rhc cbog. of govcmdr in p,tisa.! in Jully,lg??. I! fa.t prcgK i! dh. d.EloplMr of b al.Bt @pdadon 6 nrtd @eld&{ Mth gca&. sness coniry b b. I.id oD i.telogogical dd polriol atrlitid betwc@ itc gov.lmal of thc two couhi6.
Sddi Arlbia play.d

Saudi Arabia

ed

Palddnn slood by

ach olhd in tincs of scls

has

bc6

p6ted
shock

on

llllrmu

ocasios. Ir novcmbo l9?9,

e .v.!!

occudld which

ffil

wve

all ovq the Muslin wodd. This v6t w3 rh occulrtid ofthe

goly (!aba by .mcd cxbmisb. Presidor Zad IIaq voied rhe .dap corcm" of ihc Pakisran @tion ed 4$r.d the saudi Gov.mot of ,ll pGibL [.lp i! drdirA with the situlrion. Followirg @oB rbn rhe UliLd
$!tes or IsB.l h.d ! bdd iD the K@ba cpis<le dgry crew& Ld by sru<t nts of Isl@bad Univ.city attacked rh. Am.ric@ Enba$y on 2l Novmbq,

ma.ked il ed

ofrftd all ov.. Pakislan whd the oeupatioD of rhc Holy K@ba *t! ovcr. P6iddt Zia{lHlq wdl10 tuydh on 24 Dgebq 1979, stortty !n r thc crisjs dd.d in sadi Aibia. King Khalid thrnt d rh. lEsidenr for th. dccp mc@ cxp6sed by rtc people ud Covenhmr of Pakislan on rh. Hotv-Knaba
set

it afiE. Thdrt!

giving pFyec w.rc

incidlt. situilsly whd rakisla, faced a crilis @uscd by ire Hijackins in March, l98l of P,l,A anlne fist to K.but dd th@ ro Dalt@u, p$idc

zil{t

Elq tMed o Ki4 Ktilid fd hctp, asking bim ro uc his good

of rh. OIC to

offic

d cbaim

p$dg.B, r[e c@ ed rh. hijacked planc. King Khalid Bpond.d by aswtu8 th. pasidat of his intention lo rlo dcqlling po$ibl lo Fy to ger rhe hdt g$ fEcd.
thc

sE

Ft@c of

the

Sadi Anbi. ha ber sta.lfsr

i!

iis spporr ro

!,tistsn

on

ft. Afgei$.t

and ba cxrodcd ir stEparhy &d suppod to pajdsl,! b fachg a gnE 'sec cnsis. Evd sirc ihc Soviet hoop6 invaded non-.tiF.d Afg6dsrd in D*edbd 1979, Pakista hs ben ie.d wii! a very diftrcult sitution owing not olry to a n* rbrEl from a sup.rpower but ats duc to the trnod,ou

impcd by what

is rhe

biggc* Etirgrc pobt.D

6cMtd.d

by

dy @utry

at

svrrl occ4ios cxpres.d rh.i solidariry wirh pakisia! io its jut sidd on ile Afgmisrd i$u.. In Apd! 1982 DiAbdou yarui, ihc Saudi lrfo@tio! Miaisrd, duing hir virit to palisbr rcitcmtd S.udj
Sandi
have on

leada

Anbia's suppon for Pakislan od del{d lbrt rhe

ad "hmublc"
natcrial

st

bttr bad adopred e ..jusf, or tbe irsu. Saudi Anbia ba at$ lat ga@u

$p!on for pbviding cli.f to AIgd rctug..s, T[c $846n cobirg ftom Saudi Anbir is of in4ti@bl. vatu 10 Pa*ist n in its ellorts to sdr t politiql ktlem.nt of the Afge crisis. In rent y6 Saldi A$bia ha! .!@ed e inporl&t rcle in rcgional !d inrenatiotul ltrajB. Apet Aon b.i!g dc of thc gand 6@i.l gjer of Ldry &d botdilg rhe o6c. of clllmt claitrfu of thc OIC, Saudi AEbia ba dcrg.d N rhc tading Anb pow. Fudher, a oae of ile bigscsr donos of aid to lhe T!'rd World, ir ias acqun d a grcat I*@9. in irr.hario@t fotlm. ..Above alt, ib sob.r l@de6lip bis 6ircd ile sratu of thc couEy a r gi&t dnolg &c cmcrgcor
natios
otr which thc

grat porcrs look wirh rcs!t

and

aw."

Apart ftom rhc

bilaiml

conrext Sardi Ambia and

cepeEted witb cach othq

lakisu! bave closly in rlc Oig&isatiotr or rjlmic Conrel@ (OIC) ,cl

Thc cdvdgeoc. 'ntemalional

ofnuturt

inrelegr ard a wftte

ude.sriding

on

egiout dd

affaiB, esp@ially such causs

the

patillllid

rtilggle against
a st e|gth

Zi@in ed Al-Qu&, baE ldr ih. S.ldi-parida! .qudon dunbility tbrt bvc fa p"rallch dywhft in lh. *drd.
Saudi

ud

Anbia hls cortinEd on a stc.dy coEe in rho world vhm n atso h.s suplotcd Ihe mcdiarory trorts mdc by tati$n! at rhc iNtalcc of sevml Isladc 6uui4. Bot Saudi Anbia.nd parirt'r @ depty @ncded .bour
drc

d$96

of djsuity

il

tne

Isldic

World

ad e wiling

to

Dat johr

.forB lo avoid th.

aSgravation

ofLL cdsis,

One

ofrh. pulosa ofthe visir to

lalad in D.@Dbr, 1980, ws to sek pe&etul wat for Bolviag rhc cdsis facing thc M6lin wodd. In a joinr @muiqE issucd ar th. c@clui@ of thjr visn. rh. r\I/o ladcs "dprBs.d lh.n el!@ .oncm al rbc dctcrioating sin8don in lh. Middlc Ess! s ! Esdr of I$cli
Pakishn by Crcwn Prince

ntid$gerce ed affimed ttat

jult dd lstidg

peac could not be natizcd

t nirori$, in Padi@ld Al-Quds Al-sbeif ad th rcsolurion of rhe imli@bl. MdoMl riglts of PhlatiriA! p.oplc. Borh sid6 aLo cxaired in de h rh. g|!v. criris tbat hld d@lop.d in r[. cgion d@ ro lh. cdtjlu.d f@ign nniery Fl!.@ i! Afgsislan- Raaling tle rclevut Gohrios of rLc Isbnic Confe@@ of FoEign Minbld ed th. Uniled NarioN ir panicdr th. cddd Al@bly
witholt total Israeli withdawal ftom all occupi.d Anb

eolutiN of20 Novdbd,1980,

to withdnw its Eoops

the

tvo sid.s cliled unon rhc Soviet Udon

ijl@diar.ly ftom Afgsistan. Thcy .bo Fitaltcd the basic Equisitcs of . politi@l $ludon of rhe qiris and th. .tio! of D6sry onditioc for th. volEtary cru ofAfee Fntg6 b lllcn hoG in sfcA

N.vcdbl6s, ?akistarrelatioNhip with Slu.ti

to lhe fomcr in @uraing
factoB,

Ara,bia,

ws

s see

of sEngrb

llc dBbbilbing eft.t of r'o impondt Egi@al tMdy rhc fdmd Sovi.r pr6dcq Oc Nonh W6rdD bord.r aDd th.

IndGs.vi.t5 Ftiadship

Tuty of t97!,

wtich brougbt in i5

6B.qud6

for ?akistar The

clo* rclatid$ip betw.!

wat disftG Studi Anbia dd

Pa&bid "serv.s notice or lldia .nd Sovier Ulion (at that time) &ar athough Patisbn my mt b a mlch fo. .ith.r onc nilird, it has a powdtut ,lly wirh

olomic sd tDlitidl cl@. llc cofl ofey aiact t[B b.mcs higtd rh6 it bas b.D i! 0E pq *t@ P.kist$'n only Aicnd ws . Chin lbat *

hililzrly rdmlizd into i@d@ by th. fomd Sovict Union., palisraa reeivd lsslmB of Sodi slbp.0ry rld slppon in the l97lwd {itu r!di.. on 6 Decebmr 1971 4ta!r6r issucd by ttr Saudi Mbi!.t debrnded from United Natio6 & ucquiveal @trdcnDtid of agaBsion ag.iB! pakista4 *dich it $id wls r flagml bsch ofthc ttN Fieipl6 dd in conrlvdrion of a[ int @tioMl las ed Dd.l @d6,
saudi Anbia also exhdd irs tull diplonatic suppon to pa*i

,r

in

the

rcslutioft ofport-wd

bs,

Saudi

Asbia ate show.d a trlrk d

ilte6r ir

pMpts for thc iro{rovlmr of lldepa&rrar El.tio4. Duin8 Ctou Priocc Fanad Bin Abdul Aziz\ visir to pa.tisrd in D.ebh( t980. rhe
rbc

Prsdat of Pakistan briefed the Crown prin@ on rhe progrcs &hiwed in tbe

lotrdi4tion of t[. situtior i! tbc S@th Ade rcgion ud of prl.jn r'! cosisldr .fforts to promore Aiddy Flaric wilh rlt irs neigtibous otr rhc
bai5 ofthe mivrs.lly rc@gniad pnnciptcs of svEign, equtiry, r.sp*t for @h othq's iddepelderce ed renitorial irtcgrity ed non-i dIe@@ in ach

Islah.ba( for d whdul.d n .ting wirb l6idlnt Ziad Hu{. Cahin poliril @Im6r.to6 b.v. atFiburcd the opding of &c $bsqudt IndG
Pakisrd dialogue on a no
bring abolt

Thc Saudi FoEig! Minis&r Saud AtF.isal visited Nd Delni in 1981, drt aticr hi! 6@ting with Indim prim Ministr Ms,IndiB cedhi, fld 10

paci, to rhe forB Mdc by Saldi Anbia to unddt&ding brw4n the two rciglbo8. ,,WlEt iL srudi

sc4 ro bav. ulrdcrsiood ct*ly is rhlr patjsran,s vonh s a fr,tor for rben om *cdty @urd b. Ed&ed gqrly if @r lottatiad alrogarld by dy
signifitut sems fft ro say that if the Indio leadcB wd. hoping $at in rehh fd Ildia,s eppon to tne Anb caM Saudi Anbir would agrle b dnb!@ iisclffion p.tisia4 bur rbe hoD. wG mr
actiy lrdo-Pakistei hostili9.. Thc
tumUcd.

&d pakis.tr ba led some qultrlB ro qpBs th. su+iciotr thlr taljsraD itrGndr ro phy rb. US lrcxy in th. C,rr alongwirh Saudi AEbi4T!. Saudi dccision to hcb finance pakisrr!\ Ms pwchse Ddd the 3.2 bilion doUa$ deal with the Unitd Srate! .!p6 10
Coopcntion between Saudia AEbi.

hav. strdgtLdcd this suspicioL Th@ baE also ban

It@r Epotu m tbe hrcmtio.al pK of a $hd. b *jg! a sli,l divi.i6 of patill!! tbps io rcinfoEc Srudi A6bia's med diglrr i, ce of d irtcmal uprorng G qr.M
ah@i. ThcE laye b.cn accuation fron cdrain quarrcr$ of a Us_i@pirc.t dove to crc a &w $curity plb for rhc Gulf to reph@ Uc fo@d ..rwir-Diltar

policy". Pakist tr brs .ll.gcdly bcc! substitured for

rr.! ald

EpLccd as th.

ecord pilld. Saudi Adbia ed Pal(tur.n h!v. doicd thd rb.rt is ey straregic oilitary coopcotion betweer lhem, although both coutrics adnir rhat th.y {to
oop@i 'in

da

of tnining".

Sardi Anbi.'s dcc!

is

in[Br b

PatisraD,s

swival ed !.cuiry s

a viable srat

. wel-boM fet. Apan ton othd rhjrgs rhe vdnat .vidde il llc fod of stltmdn on thc uord by S,udr l*dks is ovwhdmjng.
Orc

$c! imponet srltemar wd udc

(the

thd) Srudi Crcm

prin@ Fatad

publicly daLred ilst Saudi Anbia coNidd il! @iry ro bc ricd to rhrr of prkisra! dd &.r "my intafcreDce in the ift.oal allriF of patdstan would bc ouidqcd
1980. Thc

duing bjr vi.n to rsriitan

i!

Da.mb.r

trile

inlerf@ncc in or itrjuy to rhe Kigdom of Saudi Asbia'..

Evfr b.fo. thc outbEt of rh. Itu-tEq wd lh. Sovicr iDsiotr of Afgmisra. rct d 4 a cat yer in the MID of Srudi-P.tislan ratriolship, Both Saudi
Ambia
Soviel

n hlve Eeeded $. irEid 6 bfilg lynFromatic of exp|$ioniso. tud since proj4tion of Soviet ?ow.r is s.m io have a
Paj<ist
a

dd

synbiotic rclationship with

Dv4roo 4

vcry g6vc

Comuilr4 tnHt

both rhe

Islmic couriB gant th.

Milirary c@pdatim eith Saudi Arabi| tro1 only brings .@nonic b@e6t ro Prtjstaa n is also a sowc of psychologicd satijtacrion in $.r il is s4a ro hive a b6h in thc Irlmic couecrion, pakbrd t4ls morc sE by

se.ngdoing rclarioG wftn d@ddibl. pow ourside ihc Sdrh Ada *tting. Th. felli.g of suiy n.dec.d b@@ patistlr is wcu al@ of
io Saudi Anbia, I'}E US ledcB havc oli.n q,inrDal stabiliry of saudi arabia.
thc US

comitme

CHAPTER.9
Sirdl Artbli El.d.trtoflot mtiodl RclrtioB Th. S$di Kilgdon wa @pabl of change lesu*,
minirEiB wE crcat

ir modmizcdi

n*

d ro tulfiII nw tunctioB. Th fiBr midsrry !o b catablished wd that of F@ig! AffliB in l93O ad oi!.B foUovd hrer, Th. MitrisFy of FiM@ ws cratd in 1939, D.fd ald Avittion ir 1944, thc lnlcrior i! 1951, r{g.icdrr, Comuiqrion ed Ed@ti@ in 1953, ComeM, Industry dd Helrh in 1954. rofomtiod, labou ed Social
Aflais Th.
in the 1960s,

ed

Justice in l9?0,

nd

middL cl.!s Oat energld

s.

Butr of nodcrdation brd8lt

far-

rcaching

ctdg. i!

Sdudi Anbia. BcfoE d S.@nd Wortd Wd rhe Kingdon

did not bavo 6ough finalcial ruouces, dep@ding mainly for its incotnc on

rh. wqtd It qls hcld roecrhd by t!. pason l lotrltia of the wiou rribes lo Kitrg Abdut Adz Al-S.ud. Th. lading clN6 wcrc th. pri!@s, rhc ribal shlykts, rh. (Iam dd th.

tb. pilgrid vho

csc

Ao@ all ovcr

ncrchmts. Tle discovry of perol and

h. Bnlilrt

incras in th

@uty\

income led 10 the cEarion of a ncw midilb crss. Thc Eal

iryact of this

feh duilg rhc tarcr 1940s, who rbc elat oil E@c coBidElly xccd.d lhoF rceiv.d duing the pr.-wu pc.iod. T!. niddt. cla$ wd therefop 'the prcducl of nod.mizliori ed tau.d a $dden hugc dcfed fd stjllcd dd unskilld labou', espaialy i! thc @utietion ed oil
b@mc

lek of profe$ionally trained Saudis ws @np.Mrcd by foEiSr skilled labou dd prcf.$ion.ls. By 1949 rboul 5,000 forcignd wE @ the st3tf oI Ihc Anbio Aneli@ Oil Compdy. By 1959, OEr. wE foriy-fou S.udis do.8 lhc adio. stdf, dd 3,000 dong l[. .ilrc@diEt staff. Th. &trsd
Thc

for sriued Saudi profBsiomls i.crcscd contiN@sly, but tbe Kinsdom had !o

dtuds of modmiz.rion, In idailting dE n* middle chs, ttc d.nb.Bhip of wfuu prefsions in rhc gotu@t, milir.ry ed bNi!6s s&roB - irchdiry tt)@8.rs,
of

dploy ilolM&

fiftigrw

to kep !p wirh lhe

techlicis, mthenaticid, ei@rist9 and lasye. AII rhcs &e chdcleri4d by then rclib* m *culd, non-naditioDd sles of
adfrjnbFatos.

tloyledge, wbi.b sepcd

such

1o

dilringubh

I[d
md

froo orhff hiddletevcl gllqps,

d ofthdG, rzd.rq l,ndomd

rll of wboE

nad a r?diiioml

Obje vd

of th. S.!di

Dipton..y

Th. prieiplq of rtc Saudi Srrlc policy wcE ba&d on 6e Irtdic rctigion since lbe @li.st phdc ofthe i!*ptio. of Saudi silre. Thc apintual iBpilniior canc ftoF latc Inm Mob@l bin saud in I158 H. Il cmtinued to.dh@

b l}n

olt its seco pbae uder rlc l.ldership of thc late Ill@ Faisal bin Tutld, 4 w.ll a duilg rhc thd p[e phich is rhe 6 ofrhG foud.rofrhc Kingdom ofsaudi Anbir, rb.lat Kiry Abdul Aziz (M!y Anan GBnts him Hk Mercy), who cst btthed rh. Kingdon@ in l35lH
corsFndiig io 23d Sptenb{
Thtughout th6c
1932,

policy throuSb

pb,s, boli lhe jnrcErl od qr.ret poti6 q@ bd.d on rne IslMic Stdr'a a! lrime dd mjor sode of th. l.gislatiol Ir @ no soQtuq silce ile Kingdom was honord by Alnighty A[ah to host the two lolidt nosqes i! Mal*,! Al,Mu]lmb dd Madiu! Al-Muoq@!, both $cEd citis thal A visircd muly by d4t a nillio! Mlsli4 toh a[ ov.r rb. world who com. b pe.fod U!]tm!.od tlrj. Th. is no @ury i! th.
world,

ytethd
do not

ir ha dipto@tic rlatiotrs wiih the

Kilgdon or nor ftom wh.rc

pople

cooe to pdfo@ Utuinh

ed

Haij.

" h.

Rryt tntast ofsqldi lnbio.

hhMtht oti\ qqdit d k yarkshr

u.s.l.

Thftfore, tho factoB of stability ud @sistancy of tbe Saudi fdi8n poticy

ofite rcvetatiol ed $e sp.i4 of th. Isldic religion obi.h is fouowcd by noE rhd one biliotr M!sli!6. Ttis ba b.d stated by HRH princ. Naifbia Abdul Aziz. Milisid of Intedor, rno said "the Saudi policy is for rhe swic of Islm dd Mutims.. H. npbat d that the Kine.lom puB it policy sd irrcBis for th *ryi@ of Isld md its fouowF in wdy pb.e bd at ey ii@, cv6 if tha! @ rbc accour ofits oM irr.Gti WhiL th. Kingdon inll@.nts rhn polcy in th. s.rice oflslarl ir is td rcl to int.pcn ir rbe inrml affais ofrhe o&d
rh

dqivd Aon ihe facr thal Saudi A$bia is

cndle

Islmic coutrics, HRII

or

0Ds orhd @!-lslmic couFies with MBrim minorirics.

eid "S.udi d.ision is bNi@lly .thical in mtuq d.rivrd fron thc tol.ru Istmic bti.i SloriG Islamic vallls sd rhe wondertul ktmic hefitage rrd this is evidcoily dd cl@ly refl@icd in $. slheE of ilE foris! policy,.
TIE Soyiet Udon

Prir

Srud AI-F.isal, F@igr Minislq of S.!di Anbia

ws

ahe

fiBr counry
a rsult

i!

th wodd rblr @ogtriad rhc

dipl@tic rclarioN wE *tablish.d betee@ rhe 1wo coutris. Howevcr. the inflexiblc ComDist tolicy of opposiDg rcligiotr md cominirg nr.scG agd6r rhc bdiw.E in 8.@rrl dd Mulic in panicula$ rbar bn vi.iid in rers of lholsds of MBtim, which led to eeap. of n@y of ttm to Istmi. courri.s, inhdin8 Saudi Arabia. This drad.fitl poticy tudc in. Kinsdom of S6udi Anbia sevd ii! diplomric elario'! with tbe Sovier Union id 1938 at tblr tme lle tirsdon s ! mall turgirg 6ut, Ml! Ery tinit d .c@nic dd 6@i!l
qap*iUtie, drl in . dirc n ed for sFong retatioB with bi8 coutd* tit th. Sovi.t Union. Dqpitc a[ 1[at the Kingdom editiccd it! posibl boefiI! fq

Kingdom of Saldi Anbia

ln. seMce of Islan md Mulim. {.RM. Ki.g Abdul A?iz Al-Saud brd i[ci deeribed rhc Sovicr UnioD a a .outry ih.r va et btisle<t on wnB prbciple and ba! oo fds. a6.bdc foudatioE &d o& d.y ,o d cdlailty
collapse. His prcdiction eEs

infilled iD l99l whm rh. Sovict Udon .ottaBed.

'mc

Isluic lrilciple3

@ which Uc tjrgdom

sllblilhcd @

rocholi{

deAite tbe

root pt@. AmbNadc Ab.lul Ralna Mob.md AlJidai.a', itr htu b@l -Sadi
FoEign Policy Thc CoNtant Pdncipt$

ru.reB

politicd stom

ud qrrbqu.tc (Irt
tbe Practice..

dd

*rot

..lhc

satidt
thc

fanes of the Srudi

Rdibiliry in

policy hnvc ddeloped

uttd lh. n*esiti.s of

coBrancy

int Mtional policy, it hrs

ber cbMtcrizcd virh ir!

d wcl t!

doniEt d eirb @d.que vdiablB ed d*lop!@t3, wbjcb n k it dillicuh for tmy @utriB in the wortd to cole win tn. fdr developn@ts wiiioul comprcnising rh.ir fiEddndilt principl6, ro th.
world

m(lary to thc auccc$ acbi*d by tlc kjngdom line 6d again. On the b.!is of the a!ov. wc @ srlt. rhrt frudrhatlI basis for rhc S.rdi f@iAn policy f@6cd on &vdl iih.nqioB ilcludbg tb! folowilgl Flutly, N.dond Dlnnstotr: To !rct .r rhe holy plsc.e, pBwe rh Amb md ldmic lMitagc, hig ighl thc .o$tlletirc @riorl tndirim, dd to
obtai! lLe n@..s{ry

Itr.6 fd

!Dw6 to dcfcnd its

tditori4 .!d sfuurld

it3

$codly, Gulf Dtnenslo!: ftE najor .sublishnent of th Outf Copmtio! C(fuil CCC, i! l98l dd lhc Kingdon'! srrolg conviction of tho joilt cdf tutr, ud th. com@ goals of iB mcnb6 ourrics in .ttdition io rh.

ncBiry of prot cling s@uity dd

3tabitily

i!

this srar.gic rcgion, wbich

po$es6 ile la|g.st oil seNes ot th. world.

rdly, Adb DlDddoq The Kiigd@ of S.udi AEbia is de of rb. fouda of the rr.guc of Anb St t s. Mlritra &c oc@iotr of ttc 5d Amiv6ary ofthc Esrablisllbdr of th. Anb Legle, rlc L!i. King Flbad bir Abdul Azia saidr ,.rh. Kingdon t@k pan b the lablishMt of thtu t aguc,

b.@w of

pd.iv.d by thc bic B.R,M, Kjng Abdul Aziz in galhdilg thc ruks of lLc Anb lrd Islasic nlrim ed sdr oDt rbci. diF.m6 &d supFd the I]@h of tbc joint Anb ald Irtdic,oit fd rhc
its co$tant principlB

MBlin Umah ad iB intcgriv _ Thc Kitrgdon p.nicipa&d in wd of PaLstine in 1948, a supponed Eg}?r i! Sucz w in 1956, .ts supported E$/pt ad Slri! in the wr of 196? ad rblr of l9?3, whd ir s0opped punpirg oil dd sot sone of ils treps for rhc dcf.@ of Egl,p! Sti. and Jod&. Tte Saudi dipl@cy play.d . dccisir bt. ir dding the civil wd itr L.beon by agi!.ding l!. TaiefAgE.mdr in 1989,
good of the

T!.
tcld

Srudi diplo@cy pby.d

oDe

of irs grar6r rcte, wh@ thc Anb

slmit
by rh.

i!

Bcitur itr M@b 2002, a.!opr.d

r[. p@. iliriaiivc !rcmr.d

Crem lrince AbdullEh bir Abdul Aziz, which offer.d pa@ ro rsBel agaisr told withdraMl ftom thc oupicd Anb lnitorics.

FounNy,Isl.Dic Dlmlsion: Anb6edor Abdul R lnd Ar-Iilaia., i, bi5 book "saudi Forc8n rolcy; Tbc Coffrsr principlcs and rhe p@ricc" wit6 ''the IslaDic netbod oftbe Kilgdon is a conprehe*ive @mpl @r golr6
its intc@l policy

wcll

d ia dtctut Flicy.

It rdoprs

lllrm

frirb ed

wy
the

of lifc ar a

Eelt

rhe IslaDic dincBion

b@ncs

Nb,kablc pilar in

Islami. exteml policy".

Wilth thb @ntex! dte KirgddD $pponed evay Mulin sue ad !bov. a th. Palediid caac, in addirior to the orld Isl@ic issua. sEh s rb. disour. btw..n lndia ud Pakistd ovd Jamu ud Xrshnir, ih. Soviet occupstio, of Algheistaa the civil ws in Boslia ad Hdesovid dd Ko$rc rcgiotr, dd

dd

lbove the opprcs.d

MBlin ainodti6 .U ovd

rhc

rcrrd

As

r lwL

nost of &e notr-MBlin coutris of rhc aorld, wh.thd bis o. smlt. .E tm to mk s@ tbar th.ir mni@red Arb6$adoE lo rhc Kinsdm e ofletanic

Indi!, Pbililpines, Sirgap@, Cde@n, Chrd, South Afri@, wcn ltaly, vhich is a Carbotic Cbrisrie odlry bld .plDid.d twie, . MNlim anbasdor b rhc Kingdon,
thc

faith, such

dd

the nBt

.c.rstir.d dba$ador of

Euop6

Union to the Kingdon ws

is an

Mutin

Bndsh, who mdesllnd! rhal

Islmi. eli{brity

.s@tial el.Dmt

in the Islamic

diMion

of th. Satdi

f@isn policy. wb@vd daly&s rh. Saldi dethod in daling with the rrlmic solidar y issu.s, will find unique chdacrenstis that dc strongly lintd sith
the bistory of
hdilagc

tle rclisiou upbnrgbg, inretlatud sttuctue ed civi[rn

nning

ofAlsald

Afril,
in rh.

Thc corcAt of

klmic soldlriry

modd lisrory

is a@iatcd with Al-

Sa!4 dft.r th. catlblish@t of thc Saudi St le, ud rhc uific.rion of r[e Kitredon udcr lhe leideBhip of King Abdul Aziz Atsaud. Thi! IMh @tilucd witb co irutiotr ofhi! sotu on dc !@ ocrb@.

wtdmr l[.
rl

cotucpr

oalsldic eliddity

m6rid.! h

rtE modm hisrory,

nst

bc as@iarcd witn tbc cforts oI At-Sdud in srrqgthcnira rhh com.pt

at the

lev.l of Islanic UnEai,

Saudi foEign policy

objddB @

ro

@jrr.in ils

@iry dq rc lEruour
An! dd Isbsic in&Brs,

lcilion

on thc

Anbi& P6i6ula,

rtcfcnd g@61

!rcnore solidlriry among tslqmic govemsrr, dd nrintain coop@riv Elalios wifi othd oil-!rcducing and najor oil-coEming couhi6. cou6y ptsy! . lr@iMl ed consdr4rirc role in thc Inrdrtiomt Md.irry lun4 tbc wortt Ba!t. and Anb ed hlamic f@irl dd dcv.topn@1 sistance iBriturio$. Onc of tt ldg6l aid donoB h the world, ii siill givs $me ai.l to a.mbq of AEb,
t945. Tbe

Saldi AEbi! signed the UN Ch.n r

ij

Atio4

aod Asian

coutria.

Jeddah is thc h@dquater

ofthc SccFi{ial of

llc

Orgmiatlon of the htamic Conl@ne dd ir! subidjary o.g&izarioA tbc blanic Da.lopmd Bmlq foun&d in 1969.

Menb4hip id rhe I l-ndba o?EC.nd i! rhe rchli@ y {d MnoDic.lly ori cd Adb prcducd g@!p th. O.ganiarion ofAEb ?.holeM Biportitrg

Couti*

OA?Ec-facilitares @ordinriion of Saudi oit policies with other oil,

e4onitrg gove@dh. Ai ihc world\ laditrg dponer of Frdcm, Saudi Arrbi. has a sp.cial inrast i! pr.sning a srlble dd long_tm @k.t for ns

vdi oil rsoees

by allying irself

wiil

be5lrby W6n m

.@!omi$ which
@ted lo st

@
rhe

prcret rte valE of Sludi

f@dd

asets_ Ir een
sharp

Elly hs

bitia

wolld oil furtt aad Ei.d ro

rbdqrc

prie

[ovms$.
cris
&d suppon

Tte Sadi

Cov@nt

tEqucntly h.lp! m.diare rcgio@l

i!.

Isncli-Paleridd p..c. ogotiltios. A cbqter m@bq of r[. Anb tage, S.udi Ambia supporB rbe pcirion rhrt tsn.l dsr wil[dnw tbn thc LEikJrics {hich it @cupicd in Junc 196?, G a.cordiry to Unitcd NatioN
Rcsohtio! 242, Saudi AEbia supporb
a

pe@tu1 rcsluriotr of th AEbJsFeti

@nfltt blt Eier.d

the CaD! D.vjd a@o.ds, ctaining tbat tL.y would be

urblc lo aciiac . conpehe4ivc politidl sotution ib.r would ms@ Pal.stinim .iel$ dd adequtely ad.tress the status of J.Malm Alhough Saudi Anbia boke diplotutic rclations wirh dd sBpodcd aid b ES?1 in fie wakc ofc@p David,l[e two @uEi6 rcn w.d fomd ti6 i! l9S?. I! Mann 2002. Crcm Pri! Auulta! oF@d a M dle Esr pec. plu a1 rhc amlal
sum'1 of the Anb
Ldgue

in which

Alb

govehmdrs ofi-eEd rho@l

El.tioro ud tbe lccurity of tsel i. exchdge for a tu[ tsn ti wirbdlax?t 6om all mpi.d Anb ltu ls, l@enirioo of e ildcpdd.nr palBrinid srab wior Jerusle@ a ib capital dd ih. ctum oftatstinie Ftuee.
In 1990-91, Sludi Asbb ptalrtt

impo.t&t rcl ir the Oulf Wd, d.v.loping

!a dli6

and inl9rcviry disting

rltti@hips bcNM

Saudi AEbia

ud

wc61 orh6 .oar.i6, I{orevd, tbcF de

wd

diplomtic

dd nnl&ial

@st!. Reladotu b.teeen Saudi Aftbia dtl Tuisia, Atgdia, dd Libya .LidioFted. Each courry had redlin d sndr folowjlg l$qt invlsion of

KuMit bul callcd fo! a dd ro viol@. d@ ilc &ptoyMl of co.tirid rrFps b.8e. Rclatc berwM rb6. @uni6 aDd Sludi Anbir h.w
rctuncd to rhen

pFM

statu. Saudi

which aprcscd support for Saddam

thce countri* Husei!'s ioBi@ of Kuwlir _ ydclL

@tations wirt!

Anbirt

dd Sqdct* swdcly srrain d duridg dd i@.di!t ly aA.. $c war. For dxMplc, svr,l ltundrcd rhowd.t ].nais w* .rpelled fbn Saudi Aabi. .fte! rbe Cov@nt of y@o moucd i$ p6itio4 lhu
Jo.daa

eedbatilg
0E

*zL

.isring bord.r dispuic. S!udi-y@@i clationt .speialy ir of thc 1994 Yerrn civil w, lmin Flgit. 6d of sigtrifi@r

onl@
dd
@d

!o 1h. Saodi Cov.l]@.i. Th. Pal6tilc Libdrion OrSeizati@t support for h.q @$ n dndcial aid as wett a god Etarioc with Saudi Adlia
other Culf stdres. Recdrly, rhougn, Saudi Ambia.s

.clatiod wirh Jordu

tle Pal$tnie A!6onty bave ihprcve4 with pmvidirg sistance fo. tLe lhlerinid Aurhodry.
Duing dd an r thc

rbe Saudi

Covmnr

c f wr, lic covllmot

of Sludi Anbi. povited

@l*.

f@d, shlt.r. ard tuel for coalition forc6 in rbe

rgFn,

In his

sl.6h

in rhe

(N

rhc

tu ihe thr@s of rcgioml

CbM princc sajd thlt dary p.jn of rhe world @ dd ethic waE 6d dispur6, sd natioml &d ttibal

bordd p.oblcm and coniicrs. Contronlation betwa mujalid@D factio.s is

stjl EginS i! Afgbmttaa ptv.ltilg thi! cmry and its pcople Eon @piry the fnits of libcu$oa fion f@ign Mupari@. Th. pcopl. of Che[nF @
sDbjeLd ro sba&s of oppBion

ed viot@

iD which

lMy llllmc.l dd

iu@6! victiB pqis[

prcblem, Thc

r a Bul

of |bc domi@6 of {!c principte of Bing

force ovq th oprion of negoriarion

dd pd@irt eolurion of iL Cb@h@ i!$. of the Pakislmi-tndie diqure ovd tamu ud (,sbnir is

stil

md instabiliry bct*@ lm nciCbouing coutri6. Tlis lads [s to rcqucst tne two pani6 !o dfti& a nwimn t.vrl of &lfa

$@c of t

sid

ed resolution ofthe @.flid rhrolgh mgoriadoB i! accordece *ih the coluiioG of tbc Unitcd Narioru rhd gmt i! Fopt. of t.lMu dd
.ol
Kasbmii

the

eht to self{elenni@iion.

The

isss

such

Palsthe

ed

the

Anb-ts@li @nflicr, wirh patlicular tmu

on Al-Qlds Al-Sh|rif

E$t is dso h.vc

dd the cllmr status of rbe peace procds in th Middlc gtur @r(m to rhc Kitrgdom of Saldi AEbia. Thc Kirydm

Ishnic n.rions h lbc id.Mrionlt al!@ Irq, AlSbtabt q Somlia Sudd ald C}?N, ir additior to Krshnn, rhe Facc p@cs betw..n India dd Pa&isrdn, md tnc prcblem of rh. Gtuee* in r[e
voiccd about

ha alMys

l[.

Itr Flation !o
stand of the

J.rsald &d r[.

co.stilcrion of Isacti scttlmdlr th@, &e

wbich
city

it

Kingdm of Saldi Anbia is one wticl is @mplct ty cl@ dd to hN Sivd xpBsi@ n&y lims- fte Kingdon d.ploB dd

condems all actions in

Jdsdm

which

ft

ia @nfli.t with thc BtuE ofth

ud

w'Lh the

legtlmle

righrs of its amb lElulafion rbeEin.

It is ihcEforc

cs!.

ial that theF should bc

o{rdidtio! &d inr..liE6tion of

Fsitiv. Cood inr.nriod in ordd lo eeldte the pm of brilgilg about ! jBt ad .omprchosiv pa. MoMvd thd should bc d abaftl.mcnt of Focasti@iion and delaying lactica so rh.1rhere roy be due
atl efort! wbich bav.

lh. inpltudtarim of EI*dt Unjrcd Natio6 tuolurjoG for th. etun ofih. @@pid Amb lardr sd for the *rabtishmdr of. p.latiE sta& with J@slcm a i5 c.!iral.
s@pe for

Frcm lbc vry begimine, Saudi &abia

hls ban

ba $pFrrd ed d.f.nded rbe Palestinid cause dd cstinuA to do so, ridi up n U prcs@1 da, Thar @ue

dd @ntinu* to be ar llc ce F of ile Kjngdod's @n crc. S{udi Anbia ba.Dlh.dud at d..y opportunity rh.t thc p.se lought is ajurr md
@E!E[.nsivc otrc bosed d Unir.d Nariod lslutios &d m i !tutioDt law, a pacc vhici sd:lB fo. thc Pal.sriliu Fopl. all lhcir dghts d rhe
b3sis of

rsolutiG 242 dd 338 which

.ffm
rhe

rh. rielt of

p.ldtinim

to

clf-

deieninafion

dd hnli withdnwal fton

occqied Anb rcrdro.ics.

It war on this br6ii rblt $c CBrodia! of thc Two Holy Mo6qucst Kirg Fata4 wb@ hc wa6 Com PriEc lrucb.d hs initiarivc whic[ B ldopr.d in

s.lrcEbd 1982 by &c 12tb Arlb Sllmit C@ftu h.ld i! rt Moloccs city of Fa That plrn e4btucd rbc ncccssiry of IGli troop's withrtnw.l fton all 0E occupied Aeb trirorics ilcludiog Anb JesEtcm ud thc
establisbndl of TItc qudtion

e ind@dddr Palestinie 3rab.

ol Jetusaleo, b tbc vicw of rh. King{tom of Stldi Anbia, reltttcoE thc !.ry 6s@@ ofthc Palcarili& de dd thc cot! of thc AnbIsE li dislutc Ttc tutE of ihc whob pa6 pto.* &pcds otr th. sy i. wbicb rhb qrdtio! is dall win
On 22 S.ptcnb.r 1996 the

blr.li

Authoriti6 opaed
occupicd East
10

th

ud.iSround p6$ase Kingdon

cl$c to llE Noble Ssctuary in

Jtraln. Tlc

disprlcb.d thc Deputy F@igD Miri!1d

ldrricipat

j!

thc UN S!.uity

coscil d.b6
ody 8nv.

on

lh4

dwcloptr@ls which rbc Kingdon Esdd.d

6 mt

i! &cre16 blr d a cld r.!ct4li@ of Is".ti irt ndoB yith rc8atd lo tb. city of J@rald 1lt4 w@ ro mft for its Judaici2.tio {d to
.ctivitie wiilrin t\ Noblc Sdcnrary wirb tle .in of clini@tire ih Anb Iseti pBdr in J.Nal.m !d giving a cloak of t.gitimcy to Iseti phE. Th. positih of lhc Kjng&ro of Saudi Anbia s and rcmai# rhat ey slulio! !o r[. qudtion of Jctuld rut rate inro !@ur ihc fndirys of i!&@doDl bw .ad .bo uN ScuityR.solutioN252 dd 267 whclEt .ro Jorllalm
then d.srNctiw

dcoug. d[rnisr J4ish cl@dt! to inrcnsi&

Tte Kirgdon of Sodi Anbia eivd tbc atory6t @dGco.!! io dl the rceluti@3 ol tte Islaeic ConIffie Oryaniation rclating !o th. is. of laleetim ed ro .lrualeb, the latd of which folowed the ctose ofrhc kLnic
SulMii Confcere
hcld in

Isl@bad in Patisla!.

Thc ror.l S.udi aid io thc Pdclrioiu

s.,

whcthq @ lhc

Sovc'@ot (rh.

mjd

pair) or on rbe poDular

dq

oitci.l lml of is of lh. orda of SR 7

brUion, eqdvalnt

b US t.87 billion doltai!.

Saudi Anbia is anorg

i[e

targesr

sinele

6nnib os ofaid ro tbc Pal$rinis Aurhqity,

IAe Kingdob enpbais.d Fgardirg l@.t's faihrc to iod.mr lhc .R@d Map' to pace, Thc ini.oarional omrnuniry, rtpBdted by rhe euadel Comittee, which ircluds rh. Uniicd Si.t !, dult uge

Iwl

io tiv. up to

ir

co'mtuenls to

impl.tu
i!

rhc Road Map in

6dd io achide a just dd

compEhosjve pace

rhc ..8i@,

The Kingdon of Saudi

Anbi! hs Eaffm.d to cotrritru holding the me positio! ofgiving Buppon b a just rld comprch.Bive peace which wil brhs o end 10 olpBsiotr &d whicb will rtun occlpied Arab latub 10 l[L om p@ple in Patstine, Slda dd ribaDon.

of srudi Anb4 pBidar of Palista4 Pwe Msh@f, .xpascd hi! grsr app@iarion se rcIgdoa,s c^n.nr.Eblc @nooic lssisrslE. !o bis coury ovd y.c !tro @Nslat sppon in rhe s.mh lor pae in Sourh A3ia rd lh. righ of rhe KabBn p6plc for seri.rminatioa Borb thc ladlits disBcd bilatcra! Fgioml od DEirs a vGir,
2003, ro rbc Kingdon

Je

intetudotrrl
The

isB
had

includilg Kahnh

and Patesrh..

netings wirh thc Cutodid of rhe Tvo Hoty Mosqus Kirg Fahad bin Abduluiz &d Crch Princ. Abdullal bin Abdulazia rhe Dpury Prenid dd CottMndd of the Na{onal cufid. h rlF meting Mlh tt6 CmM Prirce. the pr$idlt hld discused bilateEl mnrs and ihc latsr ddetopn@r
in rclatiotu betwe{ Paktut& md India wirh sp.cial
the

pr*iddl

Efffice b

lhe Kashniri

isue, the siiution in lhe Middle Easl aid Ue "Road Map' for pe@ betwa

talestinitu ed Iselis.
Afgidistan, Ilaq ed m.trds rclating to Oe Orgeizali@ of Isldic e@@ (olc) &d thc uirr of th. MBlin erid wcF ale disss{L

Molds,

co

The

pr$idflr

briefed fte

Crcm

Prince oo rh.

proqEa for rle

tal}s

bctva
of

Palistan

ad Irdia ed urdatb.d

emltior of thc ocd for dty lgtutid of

patistatr

lbc

iss

Xsbni!

tbrcWL !.gotiarioc. Thc Crom Prine supponed .tro.is

for rhe

lellrion of aX ourrraodinS isa6 t tr@

od I!di.

ircluding tbe lol8{tarding is!u. ofKlshnn lbrou8h dial%@.

Tle Kinedom also supponed th.r l6qi Srir. msr

tlE

be catablish.d

&cordilg ro

*iI

of its

oM

people, so th.r

peace tud

b@ony with

i!

Inq ce puue its hjsroric rcL hd live io .cighboN.

developn nis in rhe
rhe ptans

ln o(ler to lhe

.mine

ihe

crcnt

e4

rhe

turr

of r6q in
rhe

aftd@l! of ihe war, sd

fiat re dzM in tbis rcgdd

2003.

Kincdm of Sardi AEbia to hold a mccring. April

Ttc Kingtld holcd for

@ly erlblbbmdr of a b@d+ased dd tuIy rcp@dtative gov@ot in IEq, in a@dee wirh a @tirurioD lo bc agEd tq@ dd Eti6ed by lle p@pl. oflr.q; e Inq living in p@ yirh its ftighboN, and etpedrg all .$tirg int @rio@l dd bitatcEt lrarid dd agrcdeffs,6Fci.lly{ithisacighbouF.
Tle mairy afimed dEr rb. lbqi pcopt. sbould adninisrer dd gov@ llcn couhy by tbruelvs dd ary xploitation of iheir natuFl rcsws should b.

ir

confomity wilb the

vill of

rhe leSitimte

Inqi govcmni md ils popL

ed teritdial

integrity of I$q.

bcn daircu rbn I[.n Etati@ with rhe rslmic Repnblic of Ir& be bN.d on good tr.i8hboulils, Durul E9e! od no!inrdf.lt@ i! @h orhel3 irlddl .fris, ed @.dopritrg la@tut s 'lfu o 4!p@ch to lglvilg dis?ure bcred rwo psrrid. Th. FfinEi lobtd of the l[r blanils l@r.d b.tu.d Lu &d rh. unied AEb faiFtcs sriu
The CCC stat s bave
co6ritu16

irydie.nt to .Lv.loping rclatiotu i!

rhe rcquircd

|fud.

Saudi ArEbia at th Uniicd NatioN Plartom

Th. CrcM Prtuc. Abdullah bin Abdut Azt, tbe D@ury ptuia ed Cotlrl@dq of lhe Natioral Cwd eid th.i rhc KinSdom of Saudi AEbia js colmirt d to .dtribut to thc succ.$ of thc hmeiry. Addrc$ine tbe nN Crcq Prince Abdulla! said ihar wh.n c63id6ing ctreeting chrngs in th stnctw oflhc Secuiry Coucil, ce should be rsken that ey id.s *poued will not infring on the turd.b@bl @le of this body. For exmplc, the
lroposal lo exped the

nbeBhip of thc Sd]lri9

Coudl

otr the

ssmptjo!

of equitable geoglalbic Eprcsentarion

my

not n@$suily lcad io lhe dBircd

Mults geognphically or polirjcaUy, RccoBidfiirg the rielt of vcto tbir ij availabL ro the petru.rt mcnbq whil. ek owl.dging rLat ir My b.
ioposibl to achidq will nor bdcfit s s mlcb as sEivitrg ro linil ils e agaict prEvioB reolutios ldoptcd by thc Nobly dd ap!rcved by Oe patEdr remb.. srat6 rt h$ls,

Seord: eEr.r cffdr hut b. mdc to copLsize rh. rcle of the Unir.it Natios s a mat r, dd lot only a psctud, of pc.. It hls b.d pmvd berond doubt that d fldevou to pEvor rb. @llfue of cortlict is Ilm thb .rcning efons sd disiparrs .dc.gi.s to plts; psce folowilg thc dplosior of thc aitu.don, Mdy of l[e c@nicts nop nsins ould hav. bcen avoid.d oi mitiSaicd had ye xnd gurer effort io
vDhl costly
prevent the escalation of

ed l6s

fi. crtis

fiar prcccd.d lhcn.

Tbird: th @ons for the lack of stability

dd s*ufty,

ev@ in th rcgiotu

w!rc pace ba ber nadc, arc anriblhblc ro r} facl that ta@ in ceiain istanc dd ude. particuld cncumtlnces is inconplete beaue it t ha&d or elencnts or opprclsion

ed

eercioD isread of right

or .emnt

sd

jusdce. Focc

sd

oppEsion cmot 4lablish justie

pc&e,

Folrtlr

lhe adoptiotr by ihc Uniied NrrioDs ofrhe topic

ofbl)fu

nghs, wbjch
1993, is

dst'ined ir rh. hl!@ ricrs @nf.@4 h.ld in vi.m in april

appEiltcd dd comadcd by us. Ir is unforruatc tbit itc il@ of hl|lfu righls is onm ucd d a m@$ ofprBre sd. tool ofextonio4 wittr lle aim
of achieviog cdlaiD polilical

ad

c@Domi. inrd.lrs, We egdd hul@ righls

not on.

a gift to

Mn&ild from lhc cr.a!or, md

gntuitouly gtuid by om

Ul)lm

being to

eoth.r

Stlcb

hllM

rigbb cns! in ihc

Mb

of w.ry

hlllm

civilialion, @d

nor a nonopoly of one culturc.

lt h ab$rd

ro inpose on

individul or a scicty rigbr! thal arc atio io its b.licfs

Finh: the

or principls.

ir

towetls globaliation thal we support and ddoBej is one thar

pronores

clomcs moDg altFopl4 @d natiom, md .tpddr lhc pmsp.cts for cooFdtion, We lDp. rhar ihe Udted Nati@ will r$pon s in sraadjng .griEl a globaliz.riotr fiar reulrs itr tLe hegnony of llc srone over thc wd]q imascs $e @lg of opp4ion dd exploiiatior of etioB, ed f6L6 bjuric. ud incqulity in intenatiotr t EbtioN. We paniculady wd of thc mifi@rioc of ubridled globdiztion dd ia r a d lnhrElh to vioLr. lh. sov@ignty of srab ed inre.fft with 6eir inrdal aftaiG ddd r vdicty of pErcns, Gpeidly ion lhe egte of h!!@ nghb issB a stabd ..rli.r.
hlps foster

lirlc betw4n culturB dd

Si{h. n is fifting fo. tbc Unitcd Narior ro adopr rh. call for etab[5tjlg cnrt'ral dialogue dong mtions ud lo d.dicare p.rr of ils aim6 dd eEort ro
cxdiDiDg wbal ach culh!. his to oflcr by way of @nhiburioB md
rclatod to

id6

ile

concpt of hurEn righB. W.

in

dic

qe.d of a fomulr lhat

cm brine togeliid the uiv.Mliry of such con cpts &d rh. inportdn@ ol
rcsp41ing those things rbar stc sacEd, lhat no

cultw

tu

djrloso with or

Tle iniroduction olc6t in structunl ard orgsiarioMl refom

to

trnde

the

perfomcc of fte
in the cumnt

United NalioD .nd

.e. Thd is, howcvcr,

ircrGc its e6scy @y be ne6sry a fim rcality tbat cmot bc ierored or

IIe eid pith rcs!.ct to thc Srriu rlclq *c @ 6nd no qpt@rion for irs faltding, mept for lhc contilucd inFri.sigcncc of th. Isacti sd.|rrlMi, dd
ns hck of intcBt

ir Mling

rh. &quir.mre of the p@e

pjl).* Sft
with
rhe

r*esilate
prituiple of

Isdh
ldd

Mtkltawal ro th. ,ue 4

tirs, in ecorddc.

for pac..

In the Ambim culf rcgion, ille

Inq-lEr wd

continued ro 6Cc for

exraded

pdiod lftr the adoption of a

Seuty Cou.cil rcsludon

cglting for cesation

of hostiliti*. Wd betw@n thc two r.iShbounng @unhics slopped oiny aftd

tne two p6rties Es?onded

ed

ruboittcd

to the prcvisioo of

rhe

albmddond qolution. W. i! the Asbie Cutf rcgiotr, ho*da, m stil suffding Aom problds rcsuldnS noh rhe Inqi govmt's lack of firU
adhdeee to its cotmittrdts io thc SEuity Col|rcil solutio$ tblt w@ isued fonowing ldq's iNasion of rh. Srar. of Kuwait io 1990. Ibis t&k of
a&@nce ba used @ntiNcd surcdng fo. rhc blorberly Fopte ortraq as r lNlt of thc @lonic blockade and rh. co itrucd u6|li y of La4k intentios roward its r.i8hbou, *,lich b r!!trtrDed by rh. thrarming
Itnsuage ued at the highst

ldeb ofrhe k

qi

ldd6hip. r[. popt.

of IEq obllh r[eir

The Kingdom of Saudi Anbi., wilhing to h.lp

b.sie The

nadi, hs $ppod.!

thc &v.lopm.nr ofthc

ploe@ ofoil fo. food.

Kilgdon ofsaudi Ar.bia, likc iLs sistcr nrcnbG of the Culf C@p@tion Co@il. qcrtl rhe uitN1 .tfotu to srlcnglhcn pe@ ed slabiliry itr rh.
and ro crcarc rn cnvironm.nr

Anbid Gtrlf rcgior\

condeik

ro @momic

developndt @d &li1fuI coop.ratio. among neighbouing stsr6_

In

ooth*

ares ihe KrSdom of Saudi Abbia, which

i! v.ry nnch @rcmed

0E

wilh irture reldtioG mong thc srii6 of thc Egior, @Didc6 th borda ircaty
signd

&d alified by tbc Kingdom of Sludi Aobia Dd its reighbou

Rclublic ofYcncn, logchcr with thd signcd wil[ rhc aisrerly Srat of Klwait @ncdiry ofBhoE @ contiguos 10 thc fomd ncurrat an , s iadi@tive of

stisgctiotr

lop. Thsc two sigrifica e.rclts modcb to be mularcd in r6olvilg bo.dd dilpur.s

dd

be co&idcE{t ar

ed @n0idr brqm

dd lmld conilicc @ Gpetcd in M@6 pdrr of th. contioo! espeialy i! ihe lloh of Afric., which my eeqbat wouds dd .xpand the circle of miscry ed povaty. h this .onbxt, w cout gsily oD
In Ani@, figblilg

t! wisdon of lhe lad6 of tbis gral contift ro give prcmiM@ 10 th higlr inlerest oflhet coutie! and rcsolvc dkpurc thrcugh peacotul ma$.
We

sad\Cencd ro

lmd

tt

t rhc dispurc b.r*etr rh. two nigLhou$r

Erira

dd

Elhio?ia,

ba wolvcd

into a d.v6r.iing

wd

rhat

hs tiled tMy of 1!.

yolng

!6pL oftte

two @rio6,
aDd

qposed the

i.tlsrru.tu

@d. rctugc6 ofhurdr.ds of itcu&, ed 4ononic cap6citi6 of rbe tqo @uiii.s ro

d.srructid dd @tc, Wc rheEforc @ll otr

laitid o rue a sue* ofde te ple plepud by rhc Orgdiz3rion ofAAi@ Unity rhri c.lls for atrhpli@ of ftgod4tioa b ordd to siop rle bloodshd &d avoid rbe Mterial dd monl lose sBraincd by both sid.s,
rwo

rt

In a

nearby a@, th Sonali probt.m

is goins rbrcuel a nmbd of

devclor'netrti, nosl notably, O. convcning of&c recorcililtiotr conf*nce in lhe Pcpublic of Djiboud. W. wetcone th. poliiive Eslits of the conf.rme, whicb included

lle letion of

lcSislative

dd qecutive

omcials to

std

the

couay on tbe road

orda

pc&e ard Eonciliation. Wo hop ilat lbe SoMli l@deE yho did not takc pan in rh. Frcc @ntctuc. join the pmss @n in

fo Sotulia

to rcsMc irs prop.r

6d cdsr.uctirc tulc h rh.

Arab

ud

Tle goretmor of thc c\rodi& of lhc Two Hoty Mosqu.s dew16 a g@r dal of .[6tid ed inteBr ro t[. cfiois tatgding etinin tion of wepoG of

lla

destuclion

in lh

Mi.tCl

Est rc8ion, includbg rhe ADbid Culf,

tbsugh $ppoll ofthe end.avours ofthe tBSue ofABb Stales ir Mordece wirh the relutior i! its lolsr rcsion calting for Mting this sitiv. pan of
the wodd

ed

a@ fre Aoo *e3poB of Ms dernciion: nul*, chdiclt, biologi.al. Itr ttis cT@! *e .r. very @nfu.d .bout rhe cddlucd

rcfirlal of Isful io a@e.L ro the nucla. lm,pmlif@ri@ rsty, dd its mintd@ of its trudd preg@ oubid. ll. s@pe of idterotio,l .@rol, a

sihEtid lbat @Btitul6

sbE

rhlor

to the

s.diry

of the

rcsiol

Tne Kingdom of Saudi Anbia

ha grdt.@@m for issu$ of itE dviD@or dd lhe ftc*sity 10 prelect it. Il hr! sccordcd this toljc a lronircnr place in irs itrremal a foFign policies, considding that safegurding hul@ tif e

closely Elatd ro thc

sleuding cnvireMcnlal dd

climaric

co iti@. L

thi! @ntext

the KiDgdom h.s

elleiivcly p.nicipard h 6ifffi@s, symposir

ed

idematio.al aedcics Elaicd to thc cnvircmenr md its trordtio!, i! a.ldiriotr to being a siautory 10 lucrou i .mtioDl @ dti@ rcbcd ro

Tbc Kirydom bclidcd rb.t rbc objdrivc of scbiding globol

@enic balde

ad

cen@ting the

pill6

of conprchGivc dmooic developbdr

&hieved only by @nlinued

@ bc colleriv. efron bscd on rccoitid ofjoi

rcspocibility low{dr ihis i$u.

Ir nnly md sndgly sppon the principl4 of the nultilatenl rade rcgind with the Fdnework ofthe World TE& Orgtuiatioq rh. d@bts ahout thc
equity of Ois reginen

mobriDg in thc ciEler of those coNtrie rhat bavc

10 bb.

s|&ltd ro f@l th.l sb4 of l*dc bcncfits @ @ntinuing

Wirh thc

pNgc oftine, wc find lhc gap bctw..! the rich slai6 dd thc ddetoping srrrd dd irclaing, epeirlly ir th. fi.lds of du@tion 6d te.holo$,. The havc dc.pocd lh. hug. diffcMcs b.rw@ the ydst dch6 of tn.
&veloped wo.ld

ed lh.

povary of rtc dclclopjns

c@rri6. tA rcrrhsourh

dialosue ba not achid.d rcsulB 0,it .onEibure ro

llmeing rh.

gap wilh

nry

to

&hieviry de dqnd cquliry.

th.otrgh suppod olthe

ndevoB ofrhc League ofAEb Slates in accorddce wnh lle 6olntio! in ils lolsr scsion calling for mkiry thb s@itivc part of the wond m a@ Ae froo vep6 of rus &srrucrion: rel@, cbmical,

ed

biological. In rhis resp.aq we

@ v.ry @nemcd abolt

the

ilucd

Ffraal of Istul ro ae.d. ro rhc nuctca. !o!-pmlif@ti@ !qry, ud i6 mintcn,@ of irr nEle poge ouBid. l[. sc@e of irttution t @nhot, a situtior
rbar

@Bdntt

siou

thErl b

1nc

s*uitt

of tjrc Esr@

Tne King.lom of Saudi

f6 issB ofrh. dvimmdr dd lh. Ncssity ro gotcct ii- Ir hs accordcd this to!,ic a proninent plec in ii! inlemal @d forcign policies. considding th.r efegwding hMd li& @ clorcly rlaled b de sMouding cnvircmcnbl ed climric condiriod. In
gEat conc@

AEli. ha

h conf.M@s, srrposia ed int@tio.al ag@cies Fbtcd ro rhc dvi@M@t dd itr prcr.ction, in additjor to behg a signarory ro numem!! in1@tion t corventiN rEtarcd b
this
Ihe

@ntet

Kjngdon br! cfcctivcly participared

Th. Kj.gdoo beliw.d tb.t

rt

objdrivc ofacbiwing glolal eombic bda@

dd cmaring
acLided

the pillaB

of @hpEb6siv. @tronic developocdr

b.

o y by condnud coUcctie. .lion

ba*d @ eogdrio! of jobl

responsibility towrds this issu..

It tully ed

sEongly slpport thc principles of th hultilareral tnde

rgiBh

rit!

lhe tanework of Oc Wodd T6dc Org&iatiotr, thc dolbrj abour ihc

munrilg h lhc circls of rhos @uries lhnt hav. startcd to f@l thar shrE of r.adc b.n.6r @ c@tioilg to ebb. With lle plgge of timc, wc find rhe gap bctwc.n rh. rich srarca &d rhc dcvclQi.g slale evd in@ing, 6p@ially in lh. ficlds of cdMrion ed iecbnolog/_ Thdc [*e depercd rhc hug. ditr.t@B bctwa thc %r nch6 of thc
equity
are

ofihb Feind

d.rclopd wo.ld

ad

the

pov.rty of

dialog@ ba not &hiaed rcsults

coutria. fte &.th-sourb that conhibnr. 10 ,,lrwing the g.p wi|[ a

d.vcloping

t.

vicw ro &hievilg the d*ircd cquatiry.

turblrd Rebtio!! wlrt Unled Sbr.r ofAmcric, Sandi ABbiat uique blc i! thc Arrb !!d IsLmic wo.tts due to it5 possion of wdldt ltg6r !!sds of oil ad its .t atcgic loclriotr make its Ain,r.l,it imporralt to rhe Urit d Sratcs. DiptoMtic Ebtios e@ qlablisM in l9j3: tLc U-S-A obNy opded i! Jcdt I in 1944 ard Dovcd to Fjyldt h 1984. Tle Jcddal ehba.cy bccd. A U,S, coNbie Mtuvbitq a U.S. co$tar.
Srudi

oDenedhDhalnnh1944. TIe Unit d Stat6 dtl Saudi Anbia sh@d

comon

concm about rcgio@l

s.cuityi oij exporrs ard inporr, and slslaimble dwlopmor. close coGultdioa btw.a the U.S. ed Saudi Asbia bave dveloped or rlemtion2l. *ononiq od .levclopmcnr isss such $ rhe Mid\CL Esr pacc pt@s ad shded interqts ir the Gulf- Tlc @nlinued availability of eliabtc &w4 of oil, psrticuldly Aom S.udi Aribis, I!@i!i importalt ro &c pMldity ofthc Unitd Sr.t6 d w.ll s ro ENpc ed Japar. S.udi Ambia is olid thc l@ding souce of impon d oit for rhc Unitcd Srrleq providin8 abour
20

!m6r

of iotal U.S. @dc impdrr

U-S-

ir Sodi

AE!i!\

p.|@r of U.S. @srqtio4 Th. braet tr.ding pa.!!q od S&di Arabi. is the ta.g6i

6d

U.S. cxpon

ndtet ir rb.

Mi.ldl

E$i
seuity Ehrio6bip @ntinu6 to

In additior io eonomic

1ies, a lonSshnding

be impon@t in U.S-Sludi rclaions. A U.S, military naininB nisio! stablished al Dhdn"n in 1953 pbvids tEining &d $p!od in the @ of
w.apos ed olher secuity-Elalcd s.dic.s ro the Sludi and focs The Ulitcd States ha sold Saudi Anbia nilir$y aiE6n - l5s, AVACS, 6d UHdcfeG woponry (plEior ed Hawr nisil6), ,mrld v.hicl6 (MlA2 AbI"@ tanll ed M-2 Bddlcy id&try fishtiry vebjcl6) dd
60 Black-hawb), air

otbd qdpDdi
in

'Ilc

U.S-

Amy

Corys of

Etrd@B ba b.d . lolg-cm retc ir

the

nilit

ry @d

civilib co4ttucrion

acdvirics

Kilgd,on

Tle Gulf War od

c@p@tion

Opderion
the U.S,

IEqi F@don demorlrr.bd U_S-satr(li

'n op6tioa. lor drDllc,

i!.

aleas of cultulal ac@modatio4

a w.ll s

in mitirary

odfi! Iebbiting th. coDsuptio! ofalcohol ed *fiilg guidcliG ftr oft-duty h.havio. dd aniE. Saudi Anbia Momodaled U.S, culte &d ir mitirny F!.edjc by allowilg U.S. sdi.c aoncn to *tuc in lh.i. wied tu1.3 rbrcIghdt lbo
mitibry
issued

g@enl

kingdon-@jor sicp for

tne U.S led

higbly patd&chal seiety. In Augut 2003, foloping

w!

in taq ia

MNh ed April2003,

United Srars wirhdrew

it!

trools stationcd in Sau.li AEbia.

rcl,li@ eirt rh. Ulitcd $ates w@ !!lin d .na &c Scptdbd I l, 2001, r@rlt attack i! which t5 ofthc auicid. boDb6 w@
Saudi AEbia's

kjled 35 peopl, including nine Anencus, in arFcks al rhrc. houing conFunds for Walms in tuyadh, On Nov.mbr 8, t@rtis.trdckd eorhd onpoud houilg turcie! rc.kd &ob uinly AEb @urid, At tast t8 !@ptc, ilctudirg j ctit&d
died

Saudi citizru. In May 12, 2001, $icide bombeE

i!

tbis .ndct,

dd

nc
is

rhd

l0O w@

bjued

Clll@ily. Saldi Ashi.

ptuviditrg

inpodet pa.her in tbe cMprign dti-te@ris,

Nisi.lt

military, diplomatic and

foocial !fuas, Cout rteffiim

cMliti@ bctv..n Saudi AEbia

rhc May 12,2003 toDbirss in

dd

Unricd Slal6

i@.d

signifi@rly and

tujrdh.

Econonic

rld:

Saudi AEbia pldged $too

nillion in 1993 to fidd

boo4 shce 2000, it hs comind $307 millim for eistucc 10 thc P&l6litriur pLdgcd $230 nilli@ io devclophr ir Afgbdishr It also plcdg.d $t billion h qporr gll,futcs ord $n ll@ b ka$ $133 million in diEt g@r aid, Sl87 nillid i! @nfcssional t(m md
re@mtruction of
$

153

nillion h xpon ftdirs &r Patistan alhqu2.te Etict

Tle viial importance ofthe Kingdom of

Saudi Arabia

cu

be judgd

by

t@y

Ilnt
sid.

it is a brida.

b.rwd th. W6tm

wodd

ad Asirs.

Wnh AAi@ od

dc

ed lro dd S@th Aia on rh. inporla lndid O{ aro.

orhd, ir b in tbe niddle ofrb. scdtegically

govlmot sggBis its signitico@ to cobp.Etivc politiB ud ro dd.lopm.ar srndid g@Flly. TL onty Mtion 10 uc r ecEd s.riprft, @ly r[. Holy QnEa s a coisriMor, it is
Se@ndly, Saudi Anbia's uiquc fom of
adjusling

w.ll io tLc mdilioG of !h. twdry-fftt corury whil. $lr.ining iB

distinclivc

llldic

idmtity.

Third, EBon for

rt3

1hc

sielifituce of

Saudi Anbia is

lle cruci.l inporlaee of

vdt p.lrolcM

deposits,

which.dd moF political dd.conomic vcight ro

PGtrolcM prodution

c@l6

a condirjon of

dw.lopndr in &.

@ntcxr

of

w.lth ..Llr
Kuwan,

thd

povtry. S&b devetopnmtal afibarce is shded only by

Uritd Adb Enintes, BNI'i?i! ud Qarar. Eowevcr, Saudi Aobia. ir gcogEphicAlly ed aomnically a much biggd srne in tbc Middle Esr wirh

tu

gqtfi@noEjc

potcntial

Fouibry and dGr inp@tan[y is rh. facl tblt Saudi AEbia is th. EtigiG focB for noF tbd 1,000 DiUiod Mlslim aU ovd the world. This.@ot be
ovdl@k
d, cspccially

whd il

is FAlizcd

i!!r

Islrm to MBIins i!

! wlv

of life

closcly int rnvined witL d.ily living.

TLe

Peduuld Shj.ld lorce of aboui ?,000 coflenss uil.' non al Cutf CG

op@tion Coucil coudtris.

.!,pqi@rcty 75,000, Tlq b a plmilit ry Fmtid FoG (app.oximtcly 10,500) dd a National cuard.
SrrEng6 (2602)

The Royel S|udi

Nayal

N.*l F@6 ft..t ieludcs fou Ai9tcs ed fou @.v.dd

Avixio! fors op@t6 2l mcd hcucoltas, borb 3tip rld 3norc ba&d. fte @i! @Ql bae e at tuyadr (He Nav.l Fo|e), J.dd.! (w.r&m Flcer)

ed Julail (E$tem

Fleet).

NaBl persodet in

2002 tobU.d 15,500,

'nctuding

c\lmr

@mbtl

uiG islud. F-tss, F-jBq

Tomdo iltcrEcltos. 'Ibe Air Forc. rubEd about 18,000 pe.smcl itr 2002,

at op.ares 432 @nb.r .ircoff in dl ed

F-5Fs.

Tms&

lriL

ajl@ft

Tbis

s.tnt C@n'"d % 6mdy p.r of rhe Amy. I! trfarto-dr mistc baftdics dd b.d s sEtugth of | 6.000.

2002 n opfar.d

Tt toi.l 3tr6gtb of the Nationt Ousd eourrld ro rp!,rexi@t ly (75,000 a.riv., 25,000 trihol ldi6) in 2002.

IOO,0O0

ISLAMTC REPUBLIC

Of PAKISTAN

?.rista! has ile qodd,s .ighr]-teg6r m.d f@6, all of wtd @ wll_ rnind dd di$illined. Hopcvd, budg.r cosrlint arl @ti@_buitdilg.turi
bave

rtucd Pa&isnn's nomrl bbGl raiains r.opo, wbic! if

d e6.d,

will watually.Ifet rh. olEArioot @dil.3s of the .m.d f@6. Lit wis. Pabst n h3 bad d in@irgly dimcul rirc tutuai,ing then.gi!g fler ot

U.s., Chinese, U.K.,

&d Frnch

cquipm

. mile

capabilitid have expanded siSnificd y, limit.d stuct'oN have sigdfidtly consrrain.d ihc aovcmenf

induri.l bdc 6scal c$uces @ vdou

the
s etrorls to

nod4ize

Utrtil 190, tb. Uniled SraL6 prcvidcd nilihry lid to prljsta! ro mo<r@% s cmvhriorl def@sive qplbitiry. Th. Uni&d Srar.s altMred a!o!t 40 p@at

M-EioblNblc @dits fd nitiLry plEb,s, rhc lhird-largBt pbg@ bebind Isd ed Erypl. Tte lt@ind6 of tt aid prcgu wc d.votd ro @mdc sislane. Ss.rioE put in pta@ h t99O ddicd Palisbtr nfihd milit ry sisran@ du. to rhe disov.ry ofilj pog.aE lo develop nEl* wpoos. Ss.iio.s wcr. tieht &d folowiry pakistan,s nucltu t sts D rspce 10 lldirt May 1998 tcsrs 4d ihe dlirary coup of 1999. Tte everr! of Seprenb* ll, 2OOl ud pakistar,s quick ig@nedt ro suppot tbe Uniied Saies l.d to a waiving of rh sDctioc, dd mitiraly asht !@ reshed prcviding spor psns ud eqdpment to e.nmce pakijtar's
of iB aisratr@ pactlge ro

catacity to police its w6ien bordcr.

Ir

2003.

United stat inlen& to providc palhan g3

.id ov6 Oe trdt

y6.

Prejddr Buh mouccd thal bilion iD e@odic &d miljLry

Nuclqr WeIFB: Patisr.r bcgd ! sFr wapoB pregm. i! tq2 ro @cb p&ity with India bur *rs Gnicr.d du. ro US s@tis A@rding b rhe Stockhoto tft.mriooat Pc&. R3c4h Lstitur., it is etnoated rhar lakist n ba neufactud .bout 30 to 50 retru w@poN. ln May 1998

latisbr dicd out si ncl@ rsts ir apoe to lrdir,s tlsrs @lid i! th! nontL Prtistlr kroM b navc a netd eapoB !rcelulr., has not Biglcd
ConpeL.dirc Nuct@ Te$-Bd.Tsty, which is incld.d to bring about a bd on ey cxplosions.
rh

Amy snldgth N s20,000 (2002). rxR w@ ale 292,000 peEcl i, pamililary uiB, Nario.,l Curd, Ironrid CorF sd pa.ldlt n Rmga, Amy

r.sw6 nubd

aroud 500,000. In April 2004 the

@y mou@d

tur_back

Chifta. digin iftludirg ovcr 2J50 di! b6nt. ra*s. Ibd. is & lir wins with fircd-ving aiEmn ed 20 anack heticopt B.
M61
is of

motld .qliptMt

N.vy
Thc combataDt flcd inclurt!.s scvcn
.oidget

Ftwl-buil di6.l

s!br@ine$,

rhE

sbb.ti!6

for

spitr'm

dctiv.ry aad cight d_BririBh nigares

lbe N.vat Air wilg opentes six conba! dEmn dd trilc mcd h.licoprB. Tbe prircipal Ev.t ba. ed.tocb,ud @ ar K@bi. Nald phtrel in 2002 ror,l.d 25,000. Tha! is a Milc fo@ .sti@r.d !t 1,200 p.Eoful md ov.l

, ir Foe cd inio bciry oD l4d Algur 1947_ It ts its hadqulrr.B.r Pdhlm dd is o.g&izd wirttu th@ sn.bf@@ s&16, i!
Th PatistaD
rhe

noflh@, c.trrEl dd

al Risalpu

&d

6NEy, Tbd. is a nyilg @lLg. d.roBlticd ogirc.dng ollege a1 Kodgi C@k.

sourhc@

aB

of

rUc

Toral str nglh in 2002

8,000 An

166 conbat aircEtt

dd

45,000 D..soNt.

Equipndt inclded Minge

[Il,

Minsc 5!,

Il5s,

q$

dd I-7s. It@ ecr

rm.

rcsdists.

P.}15!.! Fo.eig! Poltcy

Tbc fotcign policy of Paljstu faed

!.vd

cnsis,

.@ii!g

from a

n!i,b.r of

of which, is rhc cbege rblt look pt!.. in rh. Sopoliiiel position of Patishr. lr gcn.6l. udl l9t Plkisran ws a @uEy
facIo6, rL. mosr intort of milion, it
150

it

lct har

of thc populario! alolg

wil! half of iis gcosFphicrl

Edt s wel b.cm. only ole of tbe W.slcm Ari& @enics,

a@. It
l@ded

ea

borh South

Sonrh

Wdl Ad! bur ir

Thc othd

mjor inlortdt facbr in thh cdsi6, which ws playing sig nmt rolc iD lhc forcig! policy till rbar $mq ws th. nlblldt IelaiioB wirh ir3 big neighbor bdi"- Th* Elation! wec brscd otr svral b.toB rhrr cau.d ihlr@e colj.efu to the ta&Bhip of Pakiirar Mosr inpqtrldy lhc

Massiv.

hslility dd disrru$ prcwilcd

ovcr ma!ry

ycd

bcrwe.n

r[.

two

countica, duing which three

lm

i@k pl&e (two of th.n

be@e ofK$hnir

dirpltc

1947

ad

1965, the

tar wa!

ir

1971,

in which India h.lped in

dirintcgnting Pakista!

ed

csr.btilhitrs Bsshd.sh).

hdid ecuFrion of $@ tabsr.ri

rcriroriG, such

s (ahoir, &d

contiluos rLllnd of Palistr! for rhc 5.m rditorie h.vc pur dditioid p!!s!E or th. Faigle rel.rionsbip. CoBtri 3ulpon ofhdi. ro thc opp..ition Pattuidi g.onps ed the lane. is plaing rh m. role with Egard ro rhe India! oppornion. Policy of amaments r.e between the two rivals, wjlh
padjcula

rcfer@

to the dcsiE for rcquiring lerbal

nnct.s w.!poc.

B6id6, ilc e.@mic probid thlt M bcirg faced by paldsr.n w.s |!c la.l facto! in tlc qisis of its forciga lolicy. Sincc ir is a !@. dcElopjr8 @uirr, witl a &ficir of $2.E biuion i! irs FNde b6l&c. i! 196 wbich ie@c to 8.1
billion

2003

ed it finthq incqed

to $13.5 billion in 2006.

a

Th.c

is no

doubt thar, |he bud@ of

6dg)r impotu phyed

mjor role

iD c@dng rhis aids, which by

dencit.

Tl.rcfd, it rmins alw.y! in a diE.eed for exteml

rcbte ro polirical objeliva_

ed l&9. @y t$dy, if

we hlL alour

in pbbl.b!

of Pati5taat

dr.nal Flicy, tlcr b

inlcnal probl.n, ehich i! !.ving

. 8E t imper d

irs foEiA! poticy, phich is

th. conllict for ruling by lsLs or in orhd words n]l|y inpt.dcnting rhe Islmic s,srem. D.spne rh flcr ihlt lh c@try hs bcd .srablish.d oo
bla$ic b6h and its coBntution star.s 0ut the mjority of irs dlizm ue i crcst d in Isleic sltsten it dd caling for that. Ho*evr, ebc p.rbt|li l6dcB @ opposirg fd the etc of tlE rulr pop6! a wcl as for tb.ir om

B.foE pmccedirg nllhd to uorh.r pojnr, w should uderli! th. fact tbat the statcgic imporlance of Palistan to thc Welrd coutdes dd p$iculdly ro
the lJnitld Stat$ ofAme.ica, educed aftd tte disinlegation of Sovict Union

r gdml ard Ealem Europ. in prnicular, ltid to llese dwclopme s. ud

paniohly duing
the

@ of

!6iddt
i!

Flie'M's
had

relc in the egi@,

Zi.-d-gaq, patjsru ulcd ro phy lhe prcrEriry rhe ilt 6ts of Uc W6r ed to
tide in rLe Egioo_

prcvclt thc cxlrsion of ihe

comulbn's

Ib sigtrific$ce

incr.acd fidbq and th. Sovi.t hvasid of Afgbmisran, it play.d r mjor rol. ir suppoting the Mnjandea, till rhc withdmwd of rh. Soviet fo@s, Howcvd, its st stegic signifi.mc. dctusd,
not only slopped exteding

ey

of which rh. USA hs Eilitary ssbbn@ to patisran, but slso rcduced

s a e$lr

4o@nic asisiaM aoD $ 500 njllion to g 280 niliioa E a @s4ucnce 'ls to Pakirnn's @nrinurid in pmuir8 ic oeld proA@, palilri! i3 !g.ir

kcd to plry a mjor in ay secuity arosdcnr! in the rcgion. we cr! 'ole sltlr@ie thc tajor nDdaftdrals of thc Plkjstrni foEign policy r! foum:

Fudrmeltrl.

of lhe forctgr poticy

To nrMge ils conflict with India, considding irs rival nighbor is bigger in sia in iem of tcdtory popdarioq nilit ty, @rony a! wcu s its aslintion

to ir'losc its conrEl ovd rn vdioB mlrie of lh. $b.@rin@r To slEoglhd bilarail ti6 with r[c P@pl.t R.ptrbtic of Chim, h@ce, it ij lhc coeeBtore of Prkilrar's foEign poticy, .oNidding China h th supFrting factor ed the powd that b fei.g t!. Indio policy of doniration h th.

To strdgtL@ rcllrioB wirh the

couria

of rt tslaDic

wt4

in

co$id@rio!

ws srabtishcd lo b. e Istmic st t , to mpowq thc Mulim of thc subcmrinot io fi.cly pdctie then !.figioB ub. To b!'td diablc ti6 Mth thc Arab c@iri.s in g6@t, ed Mlh r[. Kingdon of Saudj
ofthe
tnat Pali$lm
AJabia in paniculd, nor iodulging in th. AFb digu&s.

ld

To strqgthn relatioDs wilh the

'Ilird

World

couhi$, wiil

spcial emphlsis

or the ffcedom of thc Tlird Worl4 wbich is srriving ro Btlblish . jusl ncp *!rld .@mic ordd tbat oN[.s fan FiB ftr rb. F* tut rids, lrll EL!dul6 thc hugc deba ofrhc p@r llird World coueica. To forge cordial rclaiios vith ihc supd pow6 dd to achieve tbal by Mintainiry loli.y of n@'ligntun! &d fawr rlos powcrtut 6uri6 r|)!r llcn potci4 d w.l!$ited pirh rb. .rucisl @tiomt iriGls of patistaa ud
abore aU to @intain

id@adoc. md so@igoty, &d o$r imponblly not b allow inledcF m its inEmal afiak
of ia t.niiori.s, To

uity

plNe

g@d ncighbodsg poticy eirh alt @rby

ourri6, 6pei.lly wit

lrtu ed llc C.nrit Asid R@lbtica.

Prtilt!! el.bBrd ir

t99?

i[.

506

mivcBsty of its stNblilhmnt

as

rdrEic @uEy aftq a vry diffculr Dd Fi.frrl srruggle ld to s D.rornar slaladoo of ile $b6rtiMl. P.ltut nb had wificed nor. rbe Ditlid
mdty$! sbout

Pati!Ln .t d.vdtating impact on th economy of ihc

bA shltelslcas. A pan &@ lhe probl@ &@d by ib inceptid tbrd! was wm ibposd otr it by Indi. whicb hld
12

nilid

P.tbta! is licirg

nu@E prcbl@

tuly_ Ar !h. ilt hd no!! inctudirg r[. tlg@tly cxplGire

sec|rde dd .lbdc dis?u16, patticutdly in its .e-@ial c.pit t Krehi Mo@va, thc mii.daFd sart of hqtility wir! Indi!, which mti6r thc two coutica to dl@tc d in@d d.f@ budget dd to rush rowlr& t!6

alr!).lMt

path in

fd

of

e iB@!.. rono@v, Tle n$t

slu)rMikd s:

iDDon4t Drobtm

that uc bcilg frced by ral&tan ca! be

. . . .

tllditidal colllicl wilh hdia. wbich is mriluire for ser@l .Lqde dd led to ibc *!6, r$ion srill disrs b!tw6 r[. two
The

Elhlic ni@ritis, i.a MarEjEn Aon Idia

con'plieic
dr

dd

Afgh{isran ste

iltcmal potilica of pattura!.

T! Econ@ic i$ue nuthd complicalcd by ibe dinililhing of rh chitt nc$ ofthe oveea lolisr.ni hboa, being rcptaccd by rh. l@al cdu@t d dd iraincd wortfoM, Tt iss ofK,sbnir, which is a iditory djlputed bctwc.tr prtbt r dd !rdi., Pfisran dtrol irs nhd p.rt Indi! @ rol! llc ttMiling p.n India i3 @t @dy ro @nducr af.@dum to der.@ie rh. fururc of
ihc cgion, while Patjliu imbrs tblt it i5 d inllSst plit of its icmbrio, HoEqq, th. ctfon! of rh! United Nations @ stilt conriNine
for lindins solurion to thi! i$ue, which

cllB @.d ctashes betvd

aoE dmc !o tih., ,ft@foF, pakbtan wers soe. prognss n ngotirtioB yirh India befoE nrtha sftIgthdjn8 ofr?de
rh.

ts! cout i6

The sEwtuR of the Pakisrmi potrDcat s)srem

Tr.nmrtlotr.l l$!..-P.kft trD

Confid.nc-buildiq neaslE eutiolsty hav. bgu to d.n$. c ioB ovd Krshnir, panicularlr sirc. th. O.iob.r 2C05 artb4u.*c in dE Fsioq

K8bnn no.rtb.Ls reMitu th. sn of itE world's tatg.st .rd nost nilirdiad trribnal dis?ute wirh ponions Ndr the de f&ro .dmjnistratio! of
chim (A}iai Chin), India (Ialmu snd Kashnir), and pa}jsr4n (Aad Kasbhn and Norlhh Al@); ttN Military Obswa crcqp in tdj. ud pakistan
(ItNMOCIP) ha @intdned
d@s nor

! wU gmp

of

paek@!6

sincc

lq9:

India

Chin in 1964; in 2004, Inrli. ed Patistd i.lritut d a .6cfE h (ashbir, &d in 2005 rsroFd bus scryie a(rus rbe higbty milirari4d Line of C@6ot. p!jris|,! hA
tatrds to

rtcogia

rlkisran's ccding hsioric

(abat

talo it! dbpute or de inrEcr of Indiab buildirg the Bagtih$ Dm otr th Ch@b Rivcr in J'mu ed Kaslni. io the World Bank lor dbikstion md in
gcncdl tb. two srates srill diautc tndue Rivcr Mter shding; ro d.tu$

tcdiotr

dd pltpsr diesioa o . @itift bobdary, in 2004, Indir &d ?al$t ! Gwrycd a portio of ttc d,rput.d sir c@k 6tudy ar llc 4oul! of r[c pjm of Krtct; Prtisrani mps conrilu. !o show the J@gadb cLim in lldiat GujMl Shre; by 2005, Palislan, with UN Nistdce, hld cpairiared 2.3 nillion Afgld rtuees ed had sd.n*cn a ceNW lo cout the aroinilg
million or nore. n@y of whoD

mincd

1hn

oM

ch@sin8; ?akis1!n

bs

snt roops inro.enoie ttibal arca! ,o c@trol rhe border with Afdanisbn &d ste@ o.gdiz.d t norist or otha ilt.C ciN-hddd actiitiq r.guL. metings wiih Afehn and Coalirid luie aib ro tslvc pdiodic claibs of bound.ly .nmacbndE

Th.Inlg S..rcl
Changcs

for Foretgr Po cy

foEigr policy sc a cou.quoce of charg* in its intcmtional dvitum@t, fte "nN' tdlisial my prcvc betrfi ablc tb6 l[.

in a

coutyt

pbbl6 of ddodl jtrr.grity dd iddrity. onpli@tcd by imdcqut idomarion.

old
1o

slE

the

Tt

ralk js 6rthcr

Fo.clg! PoUcy ud Pohic.l D.vctoDB.lr Prtislan previ.les @ outsLndiDg hlornory

b.tw..o sdly ncglccted in both political d.v.loprn nt ed foEign poticy studica. Tt inledational dviromrt iopings on a si.te h tluy ways. Alt lrat s b.ve
tbc

fd d.iyzilg tta rcl.tio.slip fo..ig! policy ed potirical dd.lopmmt, d app@ach thll hr3 b.d

L!t

of "coping wirh the

wo(l3, all

ilr.m.tioMl .nvimetrt' to M Raili Koth.ri,g afralcd, for bcnr or for woe, by qtem.l conditioB od
rhc fom of

.vot'

Ext

dal eisra@ ir

.(r)tmic ed Eititary .i4 @y'

uldd c.rt

io circubsralc.!, hrrc

bdBinblc .@squdq.

Tt. rclitioBhip bctwed

foEign poticy

ed

political dcreloFn Dt

5.m

ro

b.

afled.d by the lev.l ofrhe devclopmcnr ofa shte ed irr .@nonic srlbitiry.

Th. natw, pcsdnliry. inaScs dd bcticfs of the 6ur-yt top l.ldcrs pbfoudly aFcct par@do6 of opFrrDity dd iDn@ tbc vry srltcM.n d* .dvet g.5 ald cGrs.

PAIqSTAN RILATIONS WITII INTIRNATIONAL AND Rf,CIONAL ORGANISATIONS

Pdfttlo .!d tt. sAARc

Tbe South Asid Assiarid fo. Rcgidsl C@FBtioo (SAARC) ru esbblilhcd wbh iG Ctdtr ws fomrlly .doptd on D..db.r S, 1985 by the

IIa&

of Sratc of covrmelt of Bdgladdh, Bhula4 India, Maldivar Nepal,

P.tislar d'.ws $tbfacrid Aod thc fa.r

.@ivd by mme4

lb

gowing arbrtjoD

b.bo

bcing

al6

rbar

fav@

rhc poor srch

s c6di6dor

ofpovdryr

wt&r of

ed child!!4 haltb, agri@lne dd .ural dw.lopndr crc, wc @d 10 adopt Pngbal'c approachB which dc se4itiv. ro our circmsrar@ md gcared to rc.lillic obj&dv* if w, de to a.hieve thc goal of gionat c@p6tion for progrcs &d prospcriry h the Fgid.
The E@noDlc Dheosion

firb

D-8

D-8, ako knov!

I!.loneria,

Dvelopios"8

is

coopentioD among th followinS

almsencnr fo. dvlolmdr mbr coDrica: Banglr(lsh, EgJFi,

!a,

Malaysis, Nig.da, Saudi AEbia, ?akistar

dd

Turkey. Th

m ro ioprovc dcvctoping @uiriq pGitions h rbe edld 4dont diEBiry dd cHtc n.w oppDnuirie ir trde Flatio.r @tecc
obj@tivcs ol D-8

participalior in d.cisi@-E kinB at

lrc iote@riotr l lwel ad prcvidc

btt

Th. i.leo of .oopmtior brwei mjor Mulin drycloprS couEle w6 nootcd by Dr. N.deti! Erbarq llc folm pri@ MiDisr.. of Tu*.y dui,g a Smi@ o! "CooFation i! Dcvcto![Me, betd i! Istanbut in O.iobq t96_ Tle eroup mybioned coop@riod dong @uris ftom rcgioB srr.lchilg

fion

South

E.!t

Asia io

Atis,

Rcprcsdrarives fron Beglad.sh, EgWt,

Indoneia, I!an, Malarsia, Nigdi. &d

patii.n rre&tetl rh. S.niu.

The D-8

m tumlly

erablished

ar-

a Sumi of IIad! of Sr.G/covd@t

itr

Irranbd h.ld @ l5

Ju.

t997.

Tbc lst&bul D.claslioq sdoptcd by t\ ilaugwl Sunnir @visged iryroving dcvcloping @ultia' posilioD i! r[e wodd .onomy, divdirying

ed c@tilg nd olporhbilie i! trrdc clatic, dt&.iog prticipatim ir d.cirio! rDling n the intenarional l.vt &d prcvidilg bctrd slandrrds of livirg to l!. md$s of the tlmbq coutrics, o rhc objecriva of the creup.
Tle p.lcipal orgd of ihc D-8
Comilsiotr. Th. Sl|lmit
of
is

thc

Sllmi! rh. Coucil dd D.

lh. slpEnc orge ald is cmpoeld of &c H.ltrt

Star./Govtuot of the lr@bd @urrid md is coovdcd bi@ually_ Th coucil @npnsd MinisteE ir-ch.tge of loEis! Af&i6 sd is the politicat
deision-@king orgm. The Comi$ion
is the

deturivc orgu of

the D-8

sd

n oDlosed of sdq ollici.ls

@I'llMicarion

turrie. To $psvilc rh. pbvilior of sdiB !t ihc netitr8! ed to 6w u etficidt

lppoinicd by then @p6tivc

ool8 |r@bq

slaas, a C@rdicting Unit haded by

Er@trtive Dncctor has bc@ .sbbtished

h lsianbul.

Tea sdtoft havc betr id@1i6cd for c@pndd

dd prej@t dcvelopncnt by the D-8. The. s6ro6 bavc ba aw.rd.d ro difl.mr n.nbd @uftis to c@rdidt etion in th.i. om .t sigatcd sphc of d*GlopMt s folios: l Es|lblishmor of m Internariorat Mdteling dd Tnding Conpey
(Ecypo.

2. 3. 4. 5.

workrhop on Poverty Allcviarion (r.don$i').

'mnsDB

Esrablishra of d (IE!).

hdsri.l ed Tab@logil

Dar. BanL Nerwdt

Establistm.rt ofTat trt Schmcs 0|rsrlmce), ilcludirg betwen d'c compuiq ofD-8 (Malaysia)_

joi

vdnles

Coop.ration for tne Dv.lopmcnt of Inlmd ald Colllat Aqucult@

6. D6ign, DcvclopDfr! Pmducrio4

ed

Merk ting

of Agdohnl

Aiecft

Crurlcy).

P.ihe Minister of ?akisran n tb. foMtr D-E sllmit u8.d th D,8 mtio.! lo grv. !o tbc .conomic &tivily by moving badc bari4_ He gav. a 'npetus six-loitrt plin to turrbq enb!@ co.op@rioD withi! thc gDup. Ttlc pLn

R.d&tior bd .liftiMtion of rlrifrs 6d pan-trrifs, bmmizarion or sr,rdards dd siolplfi@tior ol cwton pq.drc, Gsrmclbding of hsportation and comuicano., proyision of .fford.bl hmltbcft, .xpeid or co-op.ration itr des of irf@tioD r.chroto$, dd bighd
includcd:

ud st cngildilg of rbe lltanblthosed D-8 @ordiErim mir To cxpcdit itr'llddrlrion of lhc ddisiotrs of D8 @uhiae' |tdr (Ichru)
leming,

3ulmt @ting, l0

mi16

wiU bc h.td. Of

6.s., hti$ao will hNr fou

E onooic C@p.rarion Orgdtltion (ECO) is a ilrd-gov.|motal Fsionat orgdiztion qiablish.d in 1985 by tran, frhsrar ad Trl*ey for tn purpos of sutaimble socio-e@nonic devctoDnnt of lhe McDb.r Stars.
ECO n tbe $@crso. (RCD) which

orgdn don of Rcgional C@p.ntion tur Etuin.d acriw 6om t964\pro t9j9.

DeveloDo@t

qpardd 0o inctudc sven trw nanb.R, nm.ly: lslanic Sbtc of Afghdisra4 R.pubtic of A&ftaijs4 R.pubtic of
1992,

lle Oqeization

K@ldstaq Kyr$z Rcpubtic, R9ubtic of Tajikisr.!, Tuh.oista,

and

obvisly tror tlmin unaff@t d by rhis ras.fomlion. Th. winG of li.cdon bl* .cJN cdF.l Asia dd rbe Cauc6l' t! thcir bid !o op.n up to the ouBide worl4 dd s a tuifdtari@ of dEn uge to Birc rh.ir
This @uld

egid

histonc affrities with rllc peoples of lh4 patiste and Tukcy, th. newly_ indepo.lcnr Replblics of Aabaijd, Kr2a}l6i!n, Kyrgl ral, Tljftisirl'

TulDqistrn

aDd U2b.tistrn

soudr

ECO.S mcmbship.

Ttey

wft ddity
toD
a snuU

adnined. Af8bmista abo fouowed sui! ECO rhu! traDfomd trilatedl e.liry inro a mjor grcuping of tcn Mmh.tsSt 16_

The a\pand.d ECO covft.t a tcritory of @rc lbd 7 nillim squG kilo@ter! - ilreNely ricn in natuFl resorc.! including oil ed es. It mb6@d ova 300 nilliotr teplc - hard vorting dd inbucd ,ith gMt

mlrcp@@id spirit Tt mulld rcbrioN of Mmbd_Star6 cxud.d hdnory dd .o.diality. Tley all posBsd ihc rquisite polirical wil to mte ECO .

Tr'e
rLe

Orgniador defrn.d rhe lmg t.m p4pectiv. ed sectoEl prionrie in fom of rbe acrior plcttc Qu.ia pld of Actid (1993), rh. rslatrbul
(1993),

Ddla..tio!

dd

thc

projst ori.nrd Atbary Oudine platr (t 993). n wd

rcalized ftom the ou6cr rhat objcctivc! could be tutfiu.d drty

if

a besimiog
b

wa rEd. &on

th

nD&m.rtab. In Eco,

the

nDdandrals

*rE d.6n d b

r. ii. iii

D.velopDmr of hansport Facilit tion ofttrdc

ed commiolion! infrastunrci
r.solj]G.

dd inverhqr; ed

Eretive

of the

Br.erry

Mih rhc idorifidrioo of priority aras, the t sk or iBtinrlion_ buildilg was begun. IE Tbird ECO Sumir H.ld in Isl.mbart in Mdch 1995

Sindldou

B&t, ECO Rcinslme Comp&t ECO Shipping Cosp.ny, ECO AiL ECO CuhEl lnstitut (Thnn) ed ECO scicncc Foudation (kltuba.t). TIE rwo

witn$sed the signing of docments pcrlainine ro Six ECO t $lirutioB tud two rcero@i .rugmdl3, Tbd. includ.d: ECO T6.t ed Dvclopnor

agchats

rbar bive

coft

into

.f6r

@, ECO

Tt$ir

Thde

Agcrctrt

and

Astlddt o!

Simplificarior of Visi prcccdues for &c BuiGsme! of ECo

In

1998,

duiry

rhc 8b ECO Council of Minist

(COM) Meling, rhc

@ucil

dgn d the Chfrd of ECO Education lnsritute b b.

at

blisheit in Turtcy; a

Mdomdu of Undntdndins

on Co,openrioD Agstut smu8gliq md

Rord Dd R.ilmy Ltnks

lle seI of prioriris, t cmendou rttlorion hs b.6 devotcd ro the dcvclopmt of physical irtzstluctuE_ Th. prcjei{d.l&d At lly Oudine
In line wilh ?lan

lrrllpon dd comunicari@ infrastrucnr tukiry tbe ECO n Ebq-siats v h dch othd ed pil! rh.
thc itrrpodecc of a modm

udNors

oubid. wdld. Ttc Pla @visagesi

a) b) c) d) .)

rocb ro rnvel Aom on. dd ofthc aSion to rh. olhqi El!@ion dd int.gdtion of Mtjon l oilway nclwodc;
E@blilg Expdsiotr ofai.

com4ioN
coudrigi

io comect the capirak and

*h

mjor ci1i6 or

ot

ile

ECO

Exp@sion ofport

hciliris

ro

hedL e,boE.

r!.t

ofthc Egion; &d

CotulBion of bilatEvnultitat

dl agEm.nb

wirbin or bcyond rh.

rcgion to &cililale such rransporr i&luding @ces thrcug!

!w

bordq

ed tuloF

pos$ $.1

my

bc

Bt btbhed

Thc olhe! Fiority ea is rade facilibtion. In thar @ntdr, I MoU m concluded tu 1992 atlblishjns a pEfe@lal Teitf Atus@ D.rwh Pa*isbr, ban ed ftrtcy. It prcvidcs ftr l0 Fenr Eductiotr i! tritts on r
list ofspcfic
rcduce taril&

iids.
dd

Withjn irs fr.ruworh it is bcing ddavored to

gldualy

non-tariff bariers

well

xped rhc lisr of qomodiries

lo.

pEf@tial ir@rn@t

To supplme.r the eflorts for trlde promotiotr, tpo important

tbc ECO

Ttsit

Tradc

Ag@rr dd the A8!E lMt

Buine(so
of ECo

i.stundrs viz. on SiE?lifiotio! of

@nctudcd dudng

vis PMcd'G

for rbc

courtiB rc@

the 1995 BCO Sujmii ald entercd into fNe in Dccenbq 199? md M@h 1998 Elp.ctivety. Thc .stablishbot of the Tath dd Develo!,ncnt Bank in

Istalbul &d rh. Rc,inlufuce Conpby in (ec[i would povide nfind inpetN to ondcd inF. dd incqgioDAt rrad.,

E!.rg/
'I!c
ECO egiotr is

i@ly

nch in .n rgy

rcewe--ranicutrty oil od

96. Thc .xtraction and efe.rive uritiation ofrhcse rdou@s holds tbe key to reSr@r progrqs ed prospriry. Sreps biv. bem rak n ro con@trratc rgioml

co!@tion in rhc fi.ld of det8y by pl@ilg a trctwo* of 8s &d oil pipclilca ed iltrcomccrio! ofpowd griG.

An6 Sclrdbd ll, 2001, patisr.!'s prenindcc within lhc br.tution t co@uity irqeed significetly, 4s ir pldged ir! altdce with rtc U,S. in tne vd aga'rct ldor and nade a .ohnitmmr io rhwsl tftn$ cnnps wirtin irs oh bo.d6. ltistoricilly, palbtd btu bad diftc$ ed volatil. rclatioN wirl Indir, l@gstandilg dc retatoB wirh CbiD, dlajive sccuity dd eco&dic int@ls in rhc Ambid culf, aad eidFmging bilat 6t rclations with thc Uoited St 16 dd oibd Wstcm coulrics, ad ha qprcsscd ! stroDg
dqirc for a sraue Afghdjlta!_

Ihc la$ sdeEl ycars, th tndGplkisran rclario8bip

Epp@bmftr ud @n1lid. Priae Minisrd Naw Stdif movcd ro FsMe ofijcial dialog wirl India A nmb.r of n etings at i!. f@ign scc.ctary &d primc Mre.ist lcrcl look plae, wii! positivc afiospldie bu tjr{. @Ier! progB. Tbe FLtiotrehi!
betw.eD

bs vca.d sheply Ana d<iDg offc. i! Febnury lq7,

mprovql lDrkdty

wid hdi& prin

Minisrer Vljpaye. nsvt.d to

rjloc

for a
tbe

sumit with Shrif in rebrosry

a

1999. Thqc was coNideiabte hoDe 1hat

me.nrg could lcad ro

breaktsough.

Unfonuaiely, in spring t999 intilrrabB non

the

la*istd

occDpicd posirioft

o!

rh. .cmore, @utdnos &q of (,$nir nd Kdgil, rh@tening thc ability of Indh to surply ir, fft6 i, Sirchd Cl&iq. By dly srllmd, Friou Sghling tu.d ia tE rrail *cld. Tle itrfiltFtoa witkrcw folowing a m.ering betwco prim Mintuid Sbdif

Indie

side of thc Line of Conrol in

dd p*ist n w@ patticul&ly strained duing rhe 1999 coup in Isl@b!d. TLeq j$t wrs afd the Septembd ll,200l attach on rhe U td Sr.i, m atiack on India's Pdlim@i otr Dadb.r t3 by a suicidc bonbd 6u1her lrlhed tbis
Clin(on in July. R.tatioN

ed Peidat

betw6

India

Th proslEcts for ben* rclad@

Jdury

?004

wt n a sl|mit

betw.6 rndia dd palisra! impovcd in @ty n aing of rh. Sour! Asid Als@iatid fd

Regio.il C@pdtion (SA RC) pmin.d tndia,s ftim6 Mini meet wii! Presidot Mulhmal
Rel.atoB rirh

.. V.jprye

lo

Afgnrlbt n

Following the 1979 Sovi.t iivaioD ofAfgh&ista4 th ?ahstad Covmcnt

lbycd a vilal rol in supportilg the Afgbtu Bistarce novmcnr rld Asistilg Algna dtugq. Anc! thc Sovict wirhdrz*et in Fcbtu ry 1989, prtjsr.4 wirb @op.ot'd fron th. wortd comu ry, continued !o povide di.Bive $4pon lbr dhplaced Afghes, In 1999, DoE thtu 1.2 oillion rcgisrcr.d Afgh&
retugas t.mined itr Palistaa Pakisr& ws orc of
thc

t@ couhiB

ro

rrostc

Talibu gor@D.nr ofAfgtdtur.r Scpremh.r t t, 200I euscd ?.ki5ta, to 6scas iB rladou witb the Talib4 ,ceine dd suppon the u.s, objerivd in Opdtbn Eduilg Frc.doo to rcnove ibm ftom powd. patisla! Ir! pnblicly .rpBed ic alpporr of Afghdjsian\ pGiddt K,ai ail ba
pledg.d
$

100

nillion in support for Afgheistant r.cosrrucrion.

Peopl6 Repubtc of Cbh.

ln

1950,

Pali$d

wN! amng rhc

fst

coNiics ro

t@gliz

(hc ?@plc's

RQublic of Chir'a (P.RC.} Iollowing rhe Sino-tndiar hostiliri$ of 1962, Pahst !\ Elrt'ion! with Chiu beme srrdgd; liacc thd, ihe two coutris
navc

b.6 egubrly

cxcbogns
prcvided

aAtlm.ftg CLim ha
Palisl&. Iavorabl

hidlwel visirs eeutilg i! a ftjty of eondiq dilirary, sd lehnic.l ssbrarce ro

Flatic

wir.\ Cbim have been a

pilh of pahstar\
by patista!

foreig! policy. The Pcopld Republic of

chid

stroogly supported paldst n s

oppositid to Sovicr involvdar in Afghdisa.n &d a a rc8iolal cout ry.id1 to India &d RBia.

p.@iEd

Ir.! .!d t[ Anbl.!

Hilto.ic.llr
wilh

Cutf

Pa&istai hes hld cto6c geopoliti@l

dd cuhnsl,rcligiou! lilragB
th

Im

Ho*ever,

rraiN in thc rclariotr$ip .ppcsed in

l.!t

d@de,

Plkbtad &d L"n suppon.d opposing

soroc Palistant sup@t

factic in lhc Afghd

conflict, Atso,

Llnie slpport fo. thc snriatr violacc which hA plagucd PaListaa How.vq, Flario.s b.twd th. t*r .ourri6 t v. imprcvcd sincc 0Eir opinions ro{ard Afehdisran lave conv.rgcd with ihc falt of ile Taliban, dd rle rwo couiris have agB.d ro ptEy a col4tive rotc ir rhe
I@Bituctrd
|ne

pc.s

of tla! Egioa, BolL

@uEi6 h.vc otrGld.d

they a..

rbsl wirh

moval of tb. min diff@cs $iich serdrred thm,

m th. road

io strohg md lasring friently r.tation!.

Palistar ba prcvad.d nilirary

to rcinfoee irs

p.@d.t b snEgthd
io the

ODlf{ratc dcf.E6

dd

oM stuiry intersrs

e4

U.lt.d Strts ofADerlq

ftc
U.S,

U.itcd Star6 dd Patisnn dtabtishcd diploturic Flalios

194?_

Tt

agr@t to Dovid conooic dd nitiLry ssis1!n@ to lakisrar ed rhe latrqt parb4bip in rh Bagtdad PIC/CENTO &d SBATO srMgtha{t
&btions betwtu rhc wo

mtim. Howcvd, ilc

U.S.

sustdjion ofmitir..y

Ildc?atirbr wd gen nlld a widspud feeline in I'akiltaD tlnt rle lJnir.d Siates ws nor a rctablc aly. EvE tbough $e United Satds spdded Filirary Nisra.@ lo both our.ics inwlv.it i! thc.o.nic! tbe susFBion of aid af|4ted pakisru nucb moE severcly, Coduly, relatids inpbved ald et6 w..mewed in t975. tAe4 i! April l9?9, 'fu the Unitcd Stai6 or of @lonic sisra@ ro patilraA .xepr food dsisllEc, as requiEd udd rhc Symington Amddsdr ro thc FoEig! Ass'!lm4 Act of 196l, du to c@m about patisld's Dnclw po&m.
asisbncc duing the 1965
Thc Soviel inksion of Afgrmis.an intelest of ?akista!

i! Dcenber

9?9 higbrighicd rhc

comon

ed

rh. Uniied Srsrcs in perce and st

Uity

South Asia.

'n dd pakthn rg@d on ! $3,2 bilion nilirary dd eoDonic .$islr!e rrclFd aircd at [.tping prtista! d.ll wir! th. hcighcn d tbrd to sccuity in the Egion tud iE @onomic dcvctopmmt needs,

In

1981, tbe Udtcd Srat s

Guiry co@ms dd ac.lpling ratislant assl|!2lB rbat it did not ilrcnd ro coEtrucr a Nclee wapoq congrcss waived
Reogdzitrg dtioDal
resFictions (Srajnglon Amendmeni) on

njtilary

assistance

io patislan.

rn

cout i6 asrc.d on a saord nultiyu (!y 1988-93) t4 binion .co@mic d.v.lopmdr ad seuiry Nisrae pregre. On Ocrobq t,
1986, the rwo

Mmh

1990, how.vr, th UDitd Star.s sup.nded all

nili|'ry ssistanc. &d rcw

whicb Equned tbal

eoromic rid to Paljsta!

udd

the Pr6ster

Ai6dnd!
.or

ihc P6idd

cerrift amualy rbar p.kista! ..do.s

,csN

a mcr@

bea sev@l inciddrs of violde asaiBi Ameri@ ofiiciab,nd U.S. ni$ion eDlloys in Pa&isran, h Novabd 1979, fat . trlm6 rhat rh.
I'eve

ftde

Unibd Stalcs hld panicipat d in rh. scim of ihc crud Mcqu. in M@q ptuvokcd a mob ait ch on lhe U,S. Bhbassy in Isldmb.d In 1989, ihrc ws
atbck on ihe ,Andicaa Ce d itr btm.b64 wh@ six patisrrds r@ killcd ir the m$tu with the polic.. In M@h 199j. rwo Aqsi6 cmploya

ir (nlachi were killcd dd o! wouded iq e athch on the honoicoffic. shurlc. In Novmbd 1997, fou U.S. ouncssD@ wet!
of th com ate
brulally hudqed wbilc beins

d.ivd

ro

wo*

in

K.nchi.

The deisim by hdia ro conduct nucLd

sts

ir

May 1998

ed

pakista!,!

@tching

BpoM

scr b6ck U.S_

rclrtj@ in th. Egid, which brd s@

r[e s@ond Clirto! Ad$idsFatiol

lacw.d

U.S,

Govcmot int6t duing

Tte preiddtial vbit sc,bcdlicrt lor in. fi6r qulnd of 1998 ws posrFncd and, ud* the cl.m Am.ndno! sctioG Grrict d the prcvti@ ofcedirs. nilit iy sals. cconomic asisi&@ dd lo@ to E 8ovment. TIE Ocrobr 1999 ov.nlroe of ihc dnocatically cl6r<t Sb{if govmclr EjBg.Ert d
.ddition

r!. F@i8n Appop.ialic Act, which ilclud. rc3rictios on forign nilitary 6@ing dd .cdonic asistlec. U.S. Covcmmdr ssbiance ro laktra, wd linitq<t natuly ro
Sc.rion 508 of Etugcc ard courernarmtics

l laya of setio6 u{da

Nilt

!cc.

RelatioN between Patisrd

dd Irdia

hav

a disput d terilory divided by

a.cr*fe

foudeEd on the issu. of l<4hni.. line n gotit&d by rb. LtN in 1949.

Oa 2E May 1998 Patisrrr cnnicd olr 6w nuctrlr r6rs i! ihc dseru of Balochistan in qpons io India's &sis e&tid itr th. ho.th. US pnsiddr Bill Clinton invokd setiom blt pakisr.n subkqeotly cuid out ! lixth test

WiU 66t stcps towad! a ndtu !gl!mm! rL. USA mcd mosr scri6. On ll Jue, following Idia,s .xaple, ?akistd .eou!@d a utat al
modtonum on nuclcar

ocbbe. 1999 the nilillry.lticl c4. Pwe Muhdaf, &iad pok in s coup, dcnlDwing llc .t no@tieltyer@&d gov.ment of ttin Midsr4 Naw@ s[arit nE cou!, vbich lasr.d
te61s.

on

12

dimis Cd. Msh!@{ ftom his position a my chef of sbii Ttc fomd pim. nilist r ud Lis s@ior alti6 qd pt c.d udd hou. .ct &d rutscqna{y lut od rrial, Naw Shrifvd foud guilry of com!,rio! dd srcnced b lifc
the

l$ lhan

lbe

hous, Ms l.mched atcr

pnm. minisrd

bad

tri.d to

inp.isoMcnt. TIe coup mrked the lirst tine in hislory rhat bid takd ovQ e &ffimcd nel@ poer

miliw Fgim.

Co.fwrcq is d inrd-govm@tat orgmietion Srcuping ffty*ix $ar6, Th6. Slar6 dcci&d ro poot rt.i, lsulq togalhd, enbinc tb.n .fods bd slek wilh on. 6ie ro safgNard tbc int Est ed ensE tle progres ed vetl-being of their people! and th6e of orhd tuli4

Tle O.gdisalior of

llldj.

The

diablbhed in Rabs! Kinsdon of Mo@co, on 12 Rljab 1389rI (25 sptmbs 1969) wher thc f6r @ting of rhc lcldlE of rhc Isbnjc wodd lcld in &is ciry i. *de ofrhe climiirl aM! on
wEs

O.gdidtion

FrFrzr.<t

21 AuSur 1969, by Zionist

J@alan Itw6 i MNlir!6, fae tbis bind ch,llagc lNnchcd in i[. hoty city ofAl-eds $ d@ io Mulins of rhc worlddd againsr tb. MGqu of At_&sa, tbc filsl eibta

lmdts agaiost At-Aqsa Mosqle, in oc@pid .cd in ordsro d.f.ndite honour,.tigniry,nd flirh of the

dd thhd holist Strin. oflsla4 ftat the la.les ofrhe MBlin world, at their SdDit in Raba! scized that v@t, wtich b@tgh abour m,ninoN Mtdwidc
@nd.lmri@ to rhid( togalto of rh.i, q)md ae art Esta rn fa@ rqufied b oveMmc t].ir differcncs, bite tud lay rLe foudaiioD of this of Slatcs, tbat is, th Oryeisrion of tbe hlanic Confd@ wbich lbcy arusld, ir alelute priority, witb libcrari4 Jerudd ad Al_ Aqe non Zidist oc@pariotr,
The OIC
rarge greuping

w6 nulualy

a8@d upon by

Slllmir Cotrfadce $ts

hetd

Mulin Couhi6, in rlc fiBr Islanic 22-25 Se?reDbd, t969 in Rlbat dpital of

MaliE govlrrlM|l

Mobcoo, conp.ising 46 star6 al the $ne. Kirg Abdultah At_HaI3n Evals lhat d( thc 6d ol &c Confe.dc., a D.cturio! w& .iged to thc cf.ct tt l would

lmuh yirh ! vid to pm@dra b.tw@

ln@clv6 cloF cooFFtion ad nutual

coopiation in the cconomic, scientific,

dsista!@, They vould.l5o .xt.nd

cdtual ed spiritut fi.ld in the light of IslMic tchiDgs Furrhd, n ws d@id.d ro hold e Isl.Dic FoEig! Miristc6, Confeercc ro qotov. wlys tud mcds of inpl.moring rh drcisior of the Su@it Confqeca As r Esult, the OBmization of Isl.nic

Cmlftrce s6 fouitcd vftl

its

C.n 6l Seluid

in Jdda!, Srudi

Aft]ia.

Th combincd population ofOIC is ovd

de bilrior.

The OrC aynboliz4 the

hop6

ed as?ihtiotu

of Mutibs, who woutd lile io k@ pac. with the

.6r of

hs speific objarivG hdrioned h ic Ch6. Tb* objectivG e sw.al but the pmmobl @e is to promote Istamic sliddiiy tuotrg jts n nb* slat s, Also the OIC lim bwatd! cdelidaling @opdrion do4 mmb.. star i! @notuic, s@ial, cutrMl, *i@tific sd othd
the wo.ld.

Tl|

OIC

prodetiv. Ii.ld ofhurm .ctiviry, Th6 OtEeiation

is aLo

elimi.ation ofraciat seglgatjoA dis.nniBlion and rhc

comined to rhc vicisiMes ofcoloniat

ods. lsld

ssltially a $pEo.dd, w[ich birds hMity rogcth.r od l[. adhqsu of rhis frilh e yovd into one eltity rr.Noding alt baEi6is

g@grphiq lireuistic or dcial. Th. Isldic World m ftaSmdted dd atomilcd to eN ibc vcsrcd int@is of tnc pow.rs! vbjch dcemed i1

elp.ldidr

to

dode rttc col@tiE foEc of iB mity.

Tle OIC i! involvd

. . .

invatr.nl, 6 . Sthgthdiry hune re$les dvelopmot snrll e<t ,rcdiun dtdprisa, nmcial s..to dd @nonic !:lea.'mr
?.omtilg.rossbo.dqinvcsrlEnroplDrtulics,
T.ade, techology snd technical co_opendon

c@lidg eonohic c@lerari@ to prcmor. rra.t well as sciGe@nooic d.vetopncnr thrcuC:

i!

dd

sizcd

progam

Developingph)isic.lintrlsrtucrte.

TIc implmoration of the Srllcgic pld ofAtiotr (SpA) wu .do!t d !t the ?s Sumn io 1994 ro shcngthd e.oromic dd com.rcial coop.qlion a@lg
OIC

nenbq

siates. The S?A had

10

indurry; cocrgy dd niningj foreigD ia.lq r-esrbrr ad @.i|]mi@rions; rouisnj nolcy; bs,ting tud ceital flos; t cbroloey and r.chnical oopcBlio4 Lum rcstrc dcvlopmdt and cnvircMmt, Howevd, the paniciplrion in de implcd.ntation of rhe prcps.d pmjmtr of the SpA EmiB voluEij' for

including food, ag.iculturt

'dcnrified dd rMl developnnq

priority @as for coopmtion

Thc OIC is coDposcd ofthe following

tuin bodi6:
Hca.ls

ftc C@{d.&c of Xscr dd

of

Sralc

supme alutonry of the olgaja$m which yqB b lay tlown rhe Orgdialiont poliy.

Ite

Conlerncc

of Focigo MinjsteB, which nels o&c a yar

exmine r prcgr6e Eport on thc ituplennt tior o{ its dccisioG ra}e! wjthin the i.aD.wort of ile policy deEned by the Islmic Sumit
Thc

fin@ Comitrces wde

aB

s.r

!p

rhar

concdncd wirh inporta.r is$es,

Afehaisrd, Bosnir dd Herzgovi@ etc. Tbe nwbd of iBtitutios iNolved in the achievddr of rhe Oryeiation\ obj.ctirB includ. rwdtyqe culruEl, $i@tific, doromiq t.g.l, Fiqb,

seh

ixose rcgarding pdestine,

a@ci.l,

srEns, &chrical, educatiool, vo@tional,

infomri@L soci.l md

hhe-affliB iBrirurioB.
onparnnmlalizd

Th.se wce categonred &ording to rhcn positiotr

witLi! the filDcwork of rhe OtC (rhc pa@r Conpoly) &d wcrc inu

sleiali4! iBriftrtio6 {d alfiliated insiitutioc. ftd. h.adquartG havi bem distiblcd MolE u. vanous blmi. capilab ad .ites which arc acting for the acnevdert or tleir
inro subsidiary org&s,

sspinriods in the s.ni@ of the lstmic Utrmah. The

mjq

bedquarr.n

a) b)

Islanic Developrcnt B$1, IDB, sirDad

Isl@ic s.iarific EdncatioDl

sitnatcd in Rabati

ed

i! Jcdd"b C\ttunl Orgeiatioa

ISESCO,

c) Isldic Fiqh A@.LDy, situr.d in Jedrt l d) Igldic Univdiry in Sa, (Nid.y, capital of Nig., .) D g) h) i) j) k)

tur

ruch

IslMic univ*ity in Mbali, KaDpola (epitsl ofused.) fd English

Islmic Univqsity Kula LMpu Gapilal of MalaFi!)j blmic Univ6iry in Dh.ra, Brlglad6h Islrmic Iatitutc for Scidce ed Tabnology in Dhaka, Balgladdh;
in

Islamic Stais B.oadcsiing Orsdizatioa in Je.tdaE

IslaEic Inte@rio@l

Nm

A8.ncy ir Jd.!at;

ed
s4red in

haloic

cdrd tor R.edch, A.t ud cultue, IRcIcA

In rddidon, ihe list of obsrvcB Sral6 e: R.pubtic of B@ia dd HerzsoviM, Cent6l Africd Republi., Replblic of Coie d,lvoiD atrd TlDil"nd Wtilc M6lim Comunid se: j\!!.jsb Comuiry of Kibrii add
More NrtionEl Lib@tion Frctrt.

Irhoi. Datopodt B.!k6 Tlc Isldjc Bait O.edisstid @

coulrics
has

6rablished on

Dqmbd

1973

dd

both

joined mmbaBhip orthe

bdl

in

pE@c

of Declanton in rhe

CoDleI4 of Fi@e Miaisris of hurlin couEia.

Gpintions in the scrvicc of

lle

Islamic

Utlmh. The @jo. hadqurtes

a) Isleic Developmcnr Bank, IDB, linBted in Jcddtuj b) Llhic Scientitc Educatio@t ed CdnDt OrSeiztion, ISESCO,
sinatcd in Rabar;

c) d) .)

lslmic Fiqb Acadey, situt d in Jc.l,.t!b hlamic Unive$ity i! Sry, (Nidy, capii.l or Nig{) fm FMcb Islmic Utrivcity in Mbali, Klnpala (.apiral ofustud!) for Etrglijh

f) klMic Univdity in Ku.ta LMpu (qlital of Mdaysia)j g) Isluic utriGity in Dhata, Bdglad6rq h) hl.ni. Instirur. for S.i@e &d T.chlology in Dhatr, Bbstaddh; i) hlmic Sut s Broadcsting Orgeiztion, i! Jc.ldal, j) IslMic Intemrion l Nq Agdcy in Jeddd; sd k) lslnic cotcr fo. Rcsach, An ud C\lnrc, TRCICA sated in
In
addirion. the

li!1 of

ob6dd

St res

er

Rcpublic

of

Boe,ia &d

tl@sovina, Central AAicd Replblic, Replblic

Tliland. While Morc Nari@l Libcdiion Frenr

of Cole d,lvoiE dd Mulim CoMitics de Turkish Cdnuity of Kibris, dd

Ishnlc Dalopnnr Bork6 the lslrmic BErk Orgeisatio! eas .srablishe.t on Dadbqr t9?3 !.d bolh cmtr,ct ha joined nhb.Ehr:! of rhc batrk itr pNude of Del.Erion in l[. ConJercrce of Fi@c. Mi slries ofmlslim coutrics,

Th. of
of

hldic

Dcvetop@nr Balr (tDB) is

D i!&mdo@l fredal isliturion

of Intcnt issued by

catablished

ir pNhc. ofthe Declasiion

U. Confftnce

!i@c.

1393H,

Miaisrm of MlstiD Courtics held in ,eddlh i! Db e,a.tdr cdBpondiry to D..dbd t9?3. The l!.uguEl M@ting ofrhe Bosrd

C{vmo6 took ptac. in Rajab t395t{, cofts?onding to Juty 1975, ed rh. Bek M fmlty opo.d on 15 Stawal 1395H coresFtrdirg ro 20 Octobd
t915.

Th. purpcc of rh Ba.t is ro fGl.r the @mEi. dcvcropmdr asr soci.t progrss of medbr courtri6 ed Muslin cohmuio$ n nor-ncmber

coutne tudividu.lly a welt 4 jointty in a@rddc. yith

Shdai i.c. lsldic L.w_

thc

priaipl6 of

Total erporB of goods aDd

sFic6

of ncrnbd coutrics h.ye incr.astt Nl$olt

firee-rolds liom US$ 295 biuio! i! 1990 io US$ 765 biUion in 2004. Mataysia (US$ 140 billion) ed sludi AEbia (USJ 132 billion) w@ rE otrty 6uiri6

w'rh e4orll above USt lO0 bilior in 2004 whitc, al ih orhd dtcn, Ouinea-Bissa! (Us$ 98 mjltion) Dd Cotuoon (US$ J9 nillion) had expons les the US$ l0O niltion eacb tu 2004.
Tbc irDorts of g@ds

dd eryiB

of the nnbr

o!!tti*

doubld &om US$

298 billion in 1990 to US$ 595 bittion in 2004. Tu.tcy

ud Mabrsi!

in 20G4. Mltarsia ws U @st oFn econony in 2004, foltowed by Ba!.aii, Tutneniltan, md MEldives. N*ly two.tlinls of l)hbd @uEi6 hnd opded up O.ir @llmy or*b oe

rop inlorteB of goo&

rc

rlE

sd srvies

.xlol.s of Soot's ed scFicer suoass.d the corrcapoding impo.ts, Mlitrg lhe mcnbd coutne a eroup ofner cxpon6.
2000_2004,

d*.d.

(19E5-1994)

ed eorhq (l9j-2004). Duine

ftc Gm of tradE of n mbq coetrie .s a grcu! have flufilated ovd r[e y.a. At .our.y Lv.l. &d 200 L b 2002, only I I odbd @urrid @dtd a improvcmdt in tem oftradc.
Int:-lDB m.mbd 6utd6' tl:<rc, ehich m bc pturi& for n..sing ir. dtcat ofcmleBtior.nd intcgnti@. [B rccordcd & upward Edd duing lhe period 2003-2004. Tbe prcponio. of IntriJDB mdbr coutrie, I]@hlndis 4porls i! loral dporr! Eched t3.j pd cdr i! 2004 tom ll.4

pe..rr in 190. Simitarlt ih. sha. of inE -IDB mehbcr @u!r.i6,

@r.hedise impoft totat impo.rs incr.s.d to
16

p.r cdt iD 2004 fion l2.t

h t.m of dirccrion of dadc, rhc sha of mcshadi!! cxporrs of IDB ndbir @u ri6 d a goup in rh.i. tolrl m.rchedi& .xpons to indusbiat coutris
ba dropp.d fton
62

pd

ce

in l99O

!o 52

pd c6! in 2004 whibt thc she to

o +iponing coutrics hrs ind!{rcd stiShtly tDo 5 pcrc@1in I90 ro 6 Fr cdt itr 2004. simjlaly, &e shar of .xporB of rDB dDbq\ .oulri6 as a 8rcup jn tbeir rolal cxpons ro non{il ddelopitrg 6utt6 rncMed
subsbathly aon
27 pcEenr

in l99o io lE per@r ir 2004.

In rcdru ofdiretion of impo.ls, rh shrE of mchardis inFtu of tn nbr @untie3 as a group in ilek roial nerchddise imporis from indushirl crblries dDpp.d &@ 65 in 190 ro 45 p* i! 2004, while th.ir sb@

p.e

dr

of

ince$d ton ?.5 percar in t990 to 9.E p.r ce in 2004. Sinilrly, tr she ofndctadh. ioporb ofm.nb.r mutri6 4 a group i! their rotal n rch&dbe iblorr! &on notr{il dcv.lopjng
hrs

imporrs &om

oilaFniry couiri.s

@e|'6

iDc@$d tDn

24

prcol in

1990

10

47

pct@r in 2004.

Thc ah&. of conc.ssional flows (ofiici.l

aid)

d.v.lo!h6r sistane e.t ol6ci.l in lot l rcr @urcc tlos to ncmb6 @uEi6 deli&d aod o !rda.

in 2004. In paniculd, in 2004, olly 9 nenbd @unb6 rccivcd concsional aows abov. US$ I billion tmcry

of 88 p.. ccni

in

t990 to 59

lcent

AfelaislAr, Bmgktesb, Egypr,

Iraq, MozMbique, Pahstaa

tal6ti&,

Itr

tIm oflDl,

the following

billion of FDI ch h Paki$.., Sudd, dd Tir*.y,

US$

recc,.(r morc ihe 2004i Azeibriju, EgJFt, Kaztlsla4 Liby4

medjbr @uhies

sdd

Tot l net ind.inA of IDB C,oup, up to lbe cnd of 1426Il, Moulcd ro US$ 1.4 billion. Of this figuF, US$435 diltion w.r. lpprevcrr for rbe

Mulim

comuftties in m!-tDB

ndb., courri6. the conpositiod of tolat nct

op@rions

ftucilg
59 pr

of IDB GDup

e4 d 6ltows: Trutc fin&ciog

ep6ent.{t

opcnrioG 40 p.r ccft (mainly thrcugh t@i leasrg, and im1lltnent sle), wbilc special dsisLnce opdrioB ac@ui.d for

@!q ordirary

iituing

The Wofld

Br*,s

Devropment

. . .

ctioB (WDI)

Ai8rcgate data for IDB

@ cirhd rohls d wcighted

calcutard

rvd86,
aftour rir

No aeigEgaie

v.lu6

if Di$ine

dala

6d!

obsNatioc in a 8ivn yru. ,{gcgates of ddos e calcltaled d weigbtcd av@g6 of tLe 6tid aing Ae wlue of rbc ddodinaro G wi8ht. Mosr onh 1h av.6g. indicoied for IDB is wi8ht d according ro rie relative she of thc
number of

lbe I thnd ofthc

couh4 o

grcup rotal for rhat

indieroi Bi!8 cxpondrilt trad fiu.tior

ue&ts

AggEgate 8ro*1n
Thc rcaulring

6t*

calcutatd

growt

raies

Efl*l

lrile

nol Mduty iniEnced

by.:ccptioul vah4. Exept wh@ spaificaty @rcd grcyrh

vaiu4

d6

of

@mpdcd non co!3ra!l pri@ s.rics.

CHAPTER-TO
CONCLUSION

|[is c@luding clzptc., I frud rh.t Srudi-Ildo Et.tioE, @mpdcd wib Saudi-lok rclations, do* not Mlch in th. *olMic spcr, b4ase elmdts

ritb Iidid sj& rhd pa}isLa d! to tbrEc llalm: invBtmdt @!stio4 ad trad. dcvclopn trt Ir h !@ cL&ly rhal Saudi bwin6 scror havc atrorg rui ed thi.t mrc r.liabt. i! b*in.$ dealilg with Indi@ as compared to pat isrartu bldn snd. S.condly; lh. potitical sr$ility in l!di! is noc tbm b pakbran. Ttirdlyi hdia ba . wiery of .@lElilirc ptuducb ar lte@blc pri6 itd p,lisLtri
o{.@noDic relatioG w@ weight d boE

ArbMdublla\

onc of

ny

eoals of this

s@h

crudy

&mptishc4 wn@

bsine ed rrdc @m|Niry ro build up c@pfrtioo b.twe! rh. two coutrica lbmgh D.di. plmirg s a brgct to
be for !p!.oacb by cboine a pronincnl

in corcluion I sugg6tcd rtr. PatbLnj

h,d chosilg ILe cditor

Ambn ws. Neventd6s,

llc

ndi. peBor fron Saudi Anbia. T!y tlam I giv. to llcn &otn dglist Ncsprpd,

c![cd

m &d

lold ioc abour lhe ilvirnios h.

r6civcd with a cornplctc progEDme mde for bjs visit to differar scclor i! PakHaq srartine ftom nrnufacreE fom to boug.tul plac6 in pakisi'r fd

would alio suggcat thlr Pa,kisr.ni

then p.oducts 'trhoduc comp.titoB in rhc S{udi

Sardi Arabi.
both the

indsEialist ed aericuhralilrs should rggrsively h ordd i,o comper wili ihe globel

D'*.r
had rradiliomlly njoyd close brethqly ris

dd Pal6trn
bad

ad

lbidile inreicsr h @!b otber,s wity ed stability enn convcrg@ ofpositioB on D6t of rj. rcgioD.l dd iltermtiout ise

ourtics

Th. qim rehrioB b.rw@ th. r*o go@.nrs ard pople of rhc t*o couEis prcvid a good bais for tutrhd dbdcilg c@onic @p@tion ed bilatcBltade. Saudi AFbia dd Pakistrn bave politicat, socidl lld economic rclations, Tte Ki!8don ba ber rh. tdg6t domr ro pakbbD od al$ pmvidce eat labou Mket eho aE scnding hug. raninaB for &c coulry. P&btanis mtiture th. thi.d l.rg.st .xpdtri.r. worklorce in 1n King.toe, behind ihe Indi@ dd Egyptitu. Ofthe 4.7 nillion cxpaaiat civilie workeE i! Saldi AFbia 778,600 e takislanic.
And nucl@
*.nario, vh! Cov.mn6r of pakista! w6 s.kilg mtu 10 Bisc fo.eiSn r.setu s Saudi AEbia helped patisrar by prcviding $600 nilliotr inlcrcst ftcc loe. It na abo dr.oded Oil F&ilig (soD ro pa*isra,'
tcst

ddt d.frutt thMr. p.tista sughr Sludi hclp to meet Ihe ilt mati@al hadc Equirtudts ed Ssurli Aabia .g@d to previd. oil on tle&rcd paFfrrs fd rwo y4. Th. Kingdom hs ofl@d
1998, ro hcb

rnq Mly

rakisla!

n.ting rhe Equirchcnt of palist

rErker f@ pcrcchcmi.al, codc oiL Efnd lEbole@ prcducb, $lphu, iM dd wid. mgc oforld predu.r'

ftldi

ad volue.
decision

pnvab inv*to6 bav are shom irlmt ir s.ning up tu oil Efinry pow.. pliDts. saudi Arabia ed plkbt D hlvc drabtislcd 26 joint

Saldi bueins p@!l bave qpBed th.ir stishctio on lhe of the Palhtdi govtuor io *t np spccial comfti?n cou{t! in rhe

@utry to de.l with ey @mocial disputo btwca the bBiness p6pte of

Princc Waleed, on. o{ rhe nchst ncn in th woild, a global invesror md philoduopbt hs pltu d to i4cst in rwo loLls itr Lahore ud hldabad

of Saldi iN6tors rc t(d r,o srrd joidr Bturls eill Pakktdni coopdi.s, Saudi invesroc qn avail oppotnnitis by inv.sting io
WErcas

I tMbc

ql

s6tc, lele@tr\

louis4 ba*in& ae.i@lrft

and

sdi@s

sccror in

mli-bi]lim

dollar Sedi

hvdlncnt ercup-Al Bddara llt.miioDd Croup

(BlG) is s.tting up

opeBtioml unir in ?akistan with

aim to exploe
intercsted in

buines dd Flde pGsibiliri* in hid-yieldins deas. Th BIc k

filds

lite fmce, tcl@4 infomtior tccbnology, agri.urtw,

s*icq, i.Aasfrciuc, rouis ed sdirl selos on .
targd

n'@Lct't i!9,

scalc. Th. BIC is mc of In. Saudi Anbia, fo6dd by

Lrgel buins @ngtotmrcs in lllc Kingdom of P.i!.cs Al-Bmdlri Bi Abdll Aziz in 1980.

To boosi corcmic relatio4

lrinc Minisid Sha*ar Aziz

vilired Saldi Ambia

in Febnury 2005, Prcsid@r pry@ Musb@f visited Saudi AEbia in Ju. 2005. Kilg Abdulla! of Sfldi AEbi! visit d psLi$a! in F.bnury 20{6.

biht n! Fgio&l ed ini.ioational hsu.s. Both sidd expwd rhil det dination to itrthr strmedEn the .xistitrg Sandi-Pal &iendly dd brorherly rlatioB in an sph@s. Bol! couEie also sig!.d 6v. &@r& ilcluding fou la@IMts dd on6 MoU to stimuldc mp@ri@ in diffcEnr 6etd!
esp@tj includilg

Duiog rhs. vi3it! thc Ladds dis.uscd

.ll

ld6 dd thci. vi3its ro @ch orLdb coutrtry rcflct.d, rhe high level of Flfical omihlois ed mimiry of
Frqudt codultarioB btwen
lop
viws whicb will nor onty strdgthd ihc bil.tent ElarioB bul also @ble rhe

i!.

ledB to td.. ..w iniiativB for Goturion of ttc pal6ti!! is., c@.diia,L cffora iI Uc fl8br agaist tc@riM ud bring bEm@y to r[. MBlin wGld

I 6rDry

bcliev

dd fto@end

evolvidg a t6g,tenn

Dehdbo

in ordd

d.al in a systdatic trDmd with ihc hurdt.s, Inp@ving thc bsircs 6rmnh@t ad to enldce rbc volMc of Fade btwdn 0t two @uti6, it
wodd b.

rea!ry

io

prcmG

rhc

@noDic inremcti@ ad p..!le to p@ptc

I have tti.d to a$wer lh tollowing qucaliotrs tbrolg! ny stuoy:

l.

WLI

the

min hwrtld in Saudi-pa& @Domic

rtationship?

2. How car

O!!. hurdld

nnovcd?

J. Wh.t ie tic iripod ofglobtir.tio!

S.udi-p.l Etitio$bip?

Ttc odSing politic.l cbrlLdg.s

.d by tbc Mul|n wodd aft6i!8 Slldi Anbi.'3 Beosmoic r.htiolr witb prti!ro
P@plcofPltirtrn b.rc

@io

u!

!!5per.!d.fi.ctio fo.ln cur.di& of t[c t6 Iloly M6q!.., KilS Abdultd Bin Abdd lriz. Ova @0,000 Prtiltali. vilit Srudi Aribi! for p.rbiollcc of tbii .nd UDd .vqy ,@. PiLlt n .!d Saldi Anbi! oupport acb otb6 .!d r! !!6b.(3 of dr. Oryuiati@ of Illrnic CoEri.3 (OIC) od eortilt fd lrllstbdiog r!. @urc of Muslim U|!m!" Bor! rlc couri h!rc coEptcb bllMy i! |lluilg rhc g.opolirical poblcd! id.n!!ioo.l fonDr.

{.ci.l

tov.,

rld Prlin d bwc bccn al ilc forltmt of iottn ddrl qrr $drn EliSiot$ qr@iso .!d r.doris Th. S.rrdi tarbltiD @ddca
Srrdi Atrbi!

&dodle r cll$c wDict i! rgiDn ttc r.acbilg! of our pacc-rovirg di8ioo" Bolh lhc couotics bclicv! rtat btrn is a Etigior of p{c. ud [rrmny. Ir fdbi& vioLec. Ir i! lgrii$ dt a48 rbt briry .ny h.m ro u. tEoccot
D.opl..

pna.hcs rolailcc, dmut a.coEsodrtior md

caqislalca

Guid.d by thesc klrEic prirciplcs S.udi Arlbi! r.nri$ co@incd io cliniD.L tenoris. TL KiDgdan hr! dpB!.d iB fidl ranlllB @ coopcrrl. wit! .ll iotdi.lioD.l .tr$B io cdrb.t tdMis Ir b.lia6 rbrt ir sould t .&!. pdpctnoB of rcno. dim.3, cb!!. rhrn rld t*c Lg.l o-r{ .griBt dl.D wiihid ttc p@.pr! of Lllei. Stailb .!d KiigdoD'! irrdtrrtiout ed rcgio!.l oblig.li@ a w.U $ bihritd .e<r&

thi! r.g.rd Sddi Anbi! ud prtirbn tu .to joi .frois io .oDbat t rorire in dEir qnurriq ,! FU s Fllsuiig dioiod, i! O. r.gios by D.tilg | @tvdk @ sioing @npl.t ilfo@rio! $out ttc rmris! or$nizaton4 rh.ir frnlcial rcloeB, *ho is spplyilg aB io l!@ ed

who is giviaS bailio8 to than, Wi0bur rbis nawo*

lemns @

@r b.

Saudi AEbia has alrady rak@ a

nmb.r of Mjor ilitiativH ro fiebr lbjr

o@e. Tbe initi4iv6 includc adninisrlrive, 6n@ial a t othq nslG 1o conlain, @db.r ard ddiaic rhis phcaondon. In .dditioa thc KingdoE b,3 rle inrrDduced refom in lhc .duc.rioBt dd @lonic 6l& in
coDtuity
As we
with its pNiri@ in wa. on

r.tu.

know regio@l md glob.l conomic situarion is faxr chdging towd& gred&r inicgdlion rheugh incrcdc in nad voluq rcdudior in
radlB, PTAS (Prcfe@lial Tndc Agrcn6rts), FTAS (F@ Tnde MFN (Mosr FavoNd Natior) srab!, .uly hecat a|msdBr&
(that n yer

dl

AgEndb),
slobalisd@
(FDr)

bc senled tbbugh W.TO), Forcigtr

DnEt

hvBhdt

dd

so

roE @npcritiv. dd EiioN harc oplEd to go for gMter e@obic c@pcratioq Saudi Anbh ed poljlran e atso afi@bd by
on. Mants h.ve b@mc

inBtor Aiodly nviremt wnerc everybody h he ro invdt, s thft is m hindrb in invcstitrg and witL&awing ihc invBbrcnr dout from the couirr. The v6t inveetn nt pN!@ts qisl i! telccomuicatioq consretiou, @gin@i!e.
rhal lakhtan
food pru6sing, perr@beniols, nining

In ny ts.@h work it

$i! loricd

ba

ed mmy otha seloB

in pakistan.

On the othq ned, buaucnric systcm in S.udi

Afrbi! be! ben refm<t dd pmvi<ts ged oppdruiri.s to pakisraii invebB &oe which rncy @ b@fir

cdlerio.al facilirid to Saudi studcnrs in ncdkinc &d ersi@ilg tbat o'!d lbo b. .xicrdcd io lnlmtion Tebnologf, bEilB, l8.ioltEe, foBtry and N@u. cottdriod. pfi3t& tu rts qrdd lainio in

PabstrD is providing

1t field5 of

Tledpotic dd dilglostic sdic6 ed

aiso irain

d@t6, trueq

tEfuedi6

in lhe 6.td of NcDrosugc.y, Csrdioveutar surgery

sd redilr.ics.

Tte positivc ildi@roB

dd stid bs.

of rhc Sludi @&my wiih US

14?

billion cDP &d 12,4 p.rc.nt gro*h Erc d cu.red pri@ tdet &d 4,2 pdc@r on co6Lnt !ric6 ovd 2005 ttg@s previdc a solid gromd for ?fisr.ni ilvcstoB to.st
in

Uishjoi

v@tufts in SaudiAhlid The Kingdon is Drld 38

term ofatF.ctivo6s for irvsrm.ri ctjh!t., olt of 155 @mEiq h.ving a surpl8 orUS $ 121 biuio! iD rhc bsl&cc of rFd. proyi{rs b.igh oppomrnjc!
for Pakisldi invesrors for settiog joinr y.nn{ca in Saudi AftDta,

ldg hhrory of tt!.tc rll.tios but orc bal@o of dnde betwd Saudi Ahbiadd patisra! ha always rcmined ir favoE of Saurr Afrbia wii! a total vol@c of US$ 3,323.4 milio!, including US$ 329,3 mjllioD qpdrs ft@ labtan which did nor Eflcct the ral IDtcntial atrd
hlve
Pa&istar should

Bolb lle

cmtris

Dte

6?cial efrotu to h!v.

noc pcirve sh@ i!

trarte.

obsded rhal irdfods fron Saudi &!bia ed cxpo.ts to saudi Arebi. c@sist o.ly of 4 to 5 itm (s.c tabtc-B and C) for the t{!t l@y ddds_ For isnnce, Pakjsta! exports ricc, spci.lly B4mti, selctive rxtile ire6,

lr

*a

dd auib, footv@, coton ,rm ad tenis. The ibport confined b peboltu ed p.tiolem Foducrs, chmic.ls, ptatics
vegerables

lisr i!

ireG,

fcnilih$ ed l6th{

products (rablc.B

hd

C Amex_7).

ADbi. rad ro riq rarif ed noF tadll bMim, fr.ilitatc prem$on of bilrreFl tade thrcugn incr.ls.d bl@ctioA ircludinS n!q!d qchsg. ofbldns dclcgatioN, tib.nlizatio.
In this rcBrd both taLisid

ud

Saudi

buir6 vis r%imq dd raniciparion io Fadc extibitids. Thc snudi golffidt m ale [.lp ro .@cl.Er rhc pres of pak_ccc regotiatioru
of
fo.

dly

finalizri@ of rh. Frcc T6dc AgltMr (FTA).

Thc

6g18 givd in t btcA, Adq,7 shov rhrt

dudng

rt

ksr24,td,1982,

balee of Fad. h.s &@incd in favou of Saudi Aribia. Arthough PakisLDi qpois ao Saudi AEbia in Msd n@ pRs j.2 bilion to
83 to 2005-06, lh

ircHsc of 5t4 percmt blt duilg th tue pdiod imports ako inc!@.d jlom pp.s 9.1 billion to prb l?9.3 tilion
PRs 19.7 billion indicalDg an

d.picting m xolbilad incrcas of 1,796 pcrcdr.

This

thlt a lot of efrons be mad ro boldc. trade rlation between tbe two couties. Thc .tcMd of patisrani products, tile bed snets, iowcls, t!+auliB! tcnts, emdls clc. is vcry high md wii! a unl

trad of

trade d@ds

.lion of aggcsivc nlrkctinS

Saudi

Pakislali dportcrs

ce gnb

big sh@ of ite

@tr

But ir is to b. noi.d rt8t

Patbtrli cxportcE

should

bate

lmg

tem stdegy

@mperc with tndian goo<h,

Palisld should dlorr qutity

goods at @Dleiitivc

pri6.

Anlia a wcl s ]akisr.r hs at6dy 3Ericd a n w @ of aovclmdt ed private sedor policy plrmi!& to cncoMgc b!si[6s md ind!$ial wror
Saudi

T!@ is cenainly

urgdr !.cd io ov.rco6e rhe knoM .!d u,knoM hudl6, lile bck of info@arior\ r.rifi bsi6, vis probtm dd pdticipation of Saudi buine$Eo in irrd exhibirions held in palistr!. I fimly bli*. rh.t

mnpo!6t of Saudi-P.t rclario hjp cd gmw shongd ,s qnlt of pNling conductiv. policiA ed @novine larif be.E,
ine e@nomic

In c@cl6ior wc

cd

say thai Paldstaak ltrilegic loqrion

ed

invsnnnt

srcaler .@oDic mopeFtion btwe.n the two courri.!. Sludi AEbi. cb rrle the .d@ic rclari@hi! to biEhd lv.ls by cnneci.g @opeErion ia rLe 6eus of eduerior! loubn d.l joint votuE!, whicb wolld b. mutudly b.neficial

Aindly policies pmvidc trcnddou! pot ntial

for

laGlating &e wdderftl iies

ifto vibFnt md dtrdic

eonooic

h is vorth me ioaing

hft

6ar Psk-S.udi Joint E oDonic r.view of tbe existing

Connisid ij

eftl

t'drercrt

for

iD dcprh

el@ic

rcLdoship

.tuI identid@tioD ofnry o4ortuniti6 in

vdi@ fi.I& for nub.Iy b.n tcial cmp{ation bctwa Saudi Anbia ard P.tisl3r rt tas drEdy hcld cighr neetirgs. This co@isior stould b. md hN acrive to eddce rade &d 4@mic ElatioN, It ce h.lp to rcnove hudt6 $ch s iladequt. infomatiotr, pen to p6o. @ntacq M8ing sdind tud wdkhops tud
sinSlc

coqty

exhbiLions. The

mo

cffecnve $ay ro

irqede

emnomic

rclatioc brween l! @Dt ica world bc aingle couhy xhibition in which oedia people shodd bc includ.d who wolld Eire adiclB &d prcnotc rhc
cauc in trerive

trfud. P@otirg louism !.tivirie

wor d b. eorhd lool

vhich etnd teb &quirc ktlowlcda. .bour 6ch odd.

Howdd, I f@l

a lor D4ds lo

b. &rc for pbmdog ti6 betwm

Saudi

Acbia

ud

?akis$n.

'tt@ n ftcd

for pafiaihip

Mulin wo.ld in rhe lakist& ba givfl paniculd imponecc to its ri.s Iom thc drys of Saudi King laisalbin Abdut Azjz,
lhJels facing rh.

coletively @gin8 &. prcsc cmtuy. Sirce ii! im.ption,

with ihe

fd

MuliE wdtd.
Aim&hjp
lcd by

the saudj-pat
1974

ha greM by laps md bouds. On. still rcmmber l!1.

Laloe lll@it of

llc

OIC,

&d how it

prcvcd to bc

Prcmier

Zulik r Ali Bh!t!o,

the bistorical,

i.shurn al, with trkisra! th.n in gomiing a spirit of Mulih sotidariry.

I hoF

t[

S$di Anbia win

eiqE .nd filr.dt elatic b.rw@ palisran od @ ine io gow ed srtngrl.! i! tunEe I lny tlal bofi
rhc

ttc @utri6 fltuisb md ptuGFr wifi

pdeeg. of

tire

md

joilrty pby rclc

lo wite Mulim UD@n in th. chdginS Stobat

sltdio,

wbich b l}e

@h

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52.

Jone, Jobn P!ul. If OLy! SLclr Could

oil dd Islm n&

53.

Te

PEs

fak

Sdndi

Anlia- Thc

(2OO?),

M.anq lC, tunbs

Sludi Anbi!" AFn

I,197.

ta8 Bchrnd in

IniamLo.rt T6dq Anb

54.

M|aa

K- AD! tndBq/s

SoEy S6rq

Arb Nsq l.ddd

S.udi AEbi4

55.

A lbt ofpbducr Esulatln

!@a8.d l!rcu8b rbc

Iitcnd

udq
a1

ICCP ed addirioml www.icci,con

i.forulion cm

bc

56.

A.fiEvcDdr ol Devctopm.nr plrntp@ dd F,glE (22d Lrrc) (r9zo2(105) Mdry of Eenomy .nd plolNs, Kitrcrbb;f s,udr AEbn.

5?

Atuld

Rcports of rhc bi.nltjo.d Mo*tory Fud (IMF) @ Ercbjer ArtugcmdB lnd Ercbo& Rdhdi@

58.

Anbid

EtrcycloFcdia

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59.

H!u..

lcnS F.hd

Abdnt

uiz ar-S!u4 Tldry

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Bo.rd of

60.

Lrcbh!

Pal(i{.n Inverdcnt polici6, tnce.riva & F*ititiB,

6l.Br@Jcl

1995. D6ignc Hqirrg.. ll*ti Narbnrt F*r ed ttc ponrB ofHinodcd R.lr@hnon Mrtdt. Eln R.Don No to6:2G2J

62 Bddwin, tucbrd

E. rd philrip. Mlrrin, -Two wav6 of clobat@rjoD: slp.rficirl sinild!. nfd.mnrd D,If.M6..NBER wolkrg prpd, No
Bodo. Michel. B&ry 3'ch.ngr6 .nd Dousrs trvin, "rs ctob.tizrlion Iodry Rally Difrdd dm Ctob,tiarm a Hud&d ys A8or., NBER Wortiry Pdper, Na 7l95, Juc 1999

61,

64

C!rjh+^M: 9:'flrio.d collcddoi of Fd of ctobor,and T[. Ch![d8. bt T.a" u-.*

13

A!su!

1997.

iD rb. AEb c@Fj6, 0Cmt Ontin.,

B*r,;

65.

Cb.3ld, stij\ TtoE OI!6s ed Doieh Krlg.bict, .Ercnlnic Fi@: R6hrpils thc Fitucid ledr Ahdd rh. wort4" FiMci,l
S61d DlcNion P.pGr No. 4, w6hin9or, DC: Thc wqld B.dq S@rdhq
2000.

66.

C6tu, Niohold, clobllndion md C6erh in rh. Twdti.lh C.ntory,'. IMF Wortjry Papd, WP/o(V.r4. Wshingon, D,C.r ltrtemtimil Morcky Fun4 Chhbcr of C.m. & Ildur.io, KCCI TEd. Dieiory 2002, Covdidg Mdufa.nE !, Exporl.s, IDport6, T6d6 dd Sdi@ S@1o8, Aiss+
Y@ B@l'.

67.

68. 69. 70.

D{rtMr

of

Conil*, covMr

of Indn

D.r. r@idd by SAGIA (As o. ldl21003).

Diplodario Lsritr., Saudi Minisrrt of Fftign @Uedon ofspcilUad Bceh, fiBt pm 1986.

Afais. S.udi Sludid

?l.Diplo@ric InslituL, saDdi MinisF, of F@En Araid, S.udi Sturric! o @ll*don of spoializcd l@rc\ s6ond tan 198?. ?2- Dt. Mohrhd Y!s', fti@ipls h Public lblaliNi Nd Yort Uni6iry,
?1.

Dr,

o!@ Abrh!.bi&,

Oit

B|Mll@y & Ot66cl6 of D.v.lopmb,

?4. E

ononi. Intelligqce Unn (EIU) CouFy Repdrs.

?5 India

Publioation b6 b.o D&pdrd by lh. & Tehelogt Prodorion Divisio& Minisdy of Erkorl Afiai6, Covclmdr of lndia md Andftcn (Anlu ArdqM rndi. pvi !rd,) Je 2@t,

trv. rMt

Buin.s Oppoituilic! (Thh

?6.ln|ndiond Momtary F@4 Inkmrid.l C.pii.t M*rd5, Novanbd 199

77.

Inhationll Fimdd sndldcr (lMF publicatid).

sww.idborc
Roports l93O 10

78.lsldic Developnot Bml Anrul

?9.

2@l .trd w.b. .:

Isldic Calre

for Develop@nt of T6dc

Adul R@rls 1993 !o 2OO2 md

80.

Illmic Ctmb6 of Col@@ dd lrdulry veiG p.!B .fll w.b.ib:

8,

lrwlrl
or.

r.!..A. ol

Ooughs ond

Rdddt

rh. SI@t-H.*tcy

fws,

Tutl.

"Log,po bA ed E&nonc
NBER

wo*r8 plF

hr.G6
No

t'0,

82.

Covmr

Inv.nd r tnfombo cui.t , CcMr (Sd pmfitel Bo.rd oa trvdEnr of Polosh4 Abu* Avc. S(ld c.s/I 6tamb!4 p.k5b

33

lrv6br'6 Inlomlron cud., fuitutM rse(@r prcfiI.), Board of Invehol C.vtuDl of p.ksbn. Abtut Avc. Sebr c_tl bknab.4

34.

hv6b s ldombo Gud.. II & T.ram rsdr pofitc), Bo&d of Irvdhcnl Cov@l of pdillr. Abtul Av., Scbr c-5/i &Ldb.A
bvrors l,IoturioD Or'dq Oil & cs (Sato, pbf .). Bod of rnvBtur Gdr1lllmt of Pa6tu. A@tuk AE, SdorC.5/, ht mbrd, p.}jrl|I.
lDvostme

85.

36.

Invelor's Infomud c!i{h, Aulombrl. tsslor p@fil.r, Boird of Oovmor of patjrlln, abnll Av.! s*ror c-5ir hlambd4

87

lNctur! InfoMon C{t., tnturkr4

Irvathl

Civ.lrmnr of

p!l!b. Abtul

{Sa-lor pofitc), Aod of Av.. scior C_5it tllldb.q

EE.

Govmml
39.

hraldt hformrd clidq p@cr (Serd prcfit J, Bo.rd of |!r6Emr

of

PibrhI' Abtult Av., Scior C-tt btmb.4 p.rBkD.

Kintdon of Srudi Ambri . Hilbry, C,v,tuloD a d D.v.lopmcnl MDfty of Inlomdoq Kinsdon oas.ud, Ambja

90.

Mtus- M- 'why ls t.|nic Bctumis ldpotu/t. R.grh plpd no. 12, Inbfldoul Cdh ror Rq.dh in ll|dic Ecodomics! KinS Abdurlz,
Univdity, J.dd.\
1982,

27,

91.

Moddry rnd Tndrrio4 $G Studi EqutoD b, Fa.d At.p.Fy (pt@

Inmto.rl

Lrd 2m4).

92.
91.

Mini ry ofFinac, Saudj bdunri.l D.v.lop@t Fur4 Aoud R.pon, Orgurdion of lsldic Co.f.Hc. Shdins Colm@ on Scqritic ed Tdbmlo3,cal CoFrrion (COMSTECHI.

94.

P.knh Amud Relod

t984.

95.

tu.

Royal

EnbNy of

Soudi

Anbi.,

tnt(fuio! Om, lccr.dn d jD

D&
At Ufi|g

96.

Rffih &

Dntib(ina, Rendtun

PDblidtion Dcp.tucnr in
oo

Fudrnbhl

of sardi

policy.ld Ed,lldr 9ij.

r

td

publtrhjng &

97.

Rshid S,, An Ase.& ro! Murtin Bconomjst!: A Hhioric.llndutiv. Apprcr-h, ,om.l of KinS AbdwE UDive6iry rJ|(.Atr. Illmjc Eoroncsr v..-3. l9,t, pp 45-54R6@h A SLGrie D.p@t- Monrht, S[i$oj Bultdia Studr Ahb@ Mon tty fuacy.

93.

SIdi Anbr ,1[ grr.

E&er VoI|e q Jdy 2m5 (Comil of $urli Cbmtds ofco@E@ .nd IndBrry}
[o rh. Mid^Clc

99. Sauni

(Riradb 2005J.

Arlbiq, d Evolving Mod.m Fanony - SoDnd ht@rretu. ... lmr8me Oeeotuoe. A C6. stody in D.wtopndr b, c.ne w Het, fh.D. BBin.$ D.v.topmc krb eng. Om Brtlflwa lrduhrl Eners
Tb. Ssudi Flad for Dctophor .S.dr E:pon pr68tu'- 2m< Sbri$cd. E.mdc .d S@rd R6@h ud TninjrS Cdft rtr tsluic Cobri6 Striisriot yarbdt ed wbaft.: }*w.srtcism
Thc Sr e@ s y.rb@tq U. potitiql, rh. World by Br'r) Tum(, 2OOt.

l0O. l0l.

cuiB lrd E domics of

rO2. Twf..q Amir, Monilory & BqiDes M.4 Cdo BS?l. l0l. Tilol Dipl@dc & Cosnhtc Mjssim b.rwa Saudi A,rbi. & th. Intan ii@l Co6lrid, Riyldt 1989. ^tu, IIN. UN ESCAP Sbrinie Divii6: A.in ud p&ifc in Fig'E
(vw.D6cop.ory).

105. LNCTAD Iledboot of Srlti3ti l99O ro 2003, 106. Yow| A,& Studjd in rhc Scide of Islmic Ecdomics, De El_
G.mrt EI-Mdir, Atdsdria, I988.

lA

Comry WdcI , CouFy Rcport r**v_@utrv*tuh

6nI

109.

Do|! ed inlomdon o. rh. b{r tud EgutlroM oa lh. Fumln hvtur Act &d SACIA cs b. l@!.d dDm .lE w.bsic at:
ft

tlp://lw.eri!.06v.!s.

lll_
ll2.

Invdois ld@ion cui&, sdEI & Mdrm Bnrartc (sero. Prcft|.), Bsn or hvatunr Oovmr of p.li,h. ihbri Av.,

Stu

C.5/l lslaMb!4

Prtii&

13- M.jli. w.6 .: hflpr/www.rierd.u ll4. !w&6i.ftp*&q Mc r!l-r D.wr.p@! R.aih4 t@milt tul?/r9t ll5. hn6r/r"s9.ei{ic@ I 16htpt/'w,ern@vj. ll7. Voiou *d.ic. of i hdidr rd drioul ilrftrris vc @ddbd rhins tn. lEtlh i! ddti6 b rt doE @riod
I

ll8. ll9.

World

l.nk veiou publio.ti@,

wald l!frroni@ F@id

swiig

Mtddro

Sol, Afit4 A,n A

Srudl Arrbia: Land of trconomtc Opportuntdes

fd rdi*D8 brls(.d d*dopmftt through pnhriation ij toudcd upon buildtra .ficriv. Dubtiepnv,Lc !6mbps. bdc.4 tbc lfo'sd t621.? billion in Dow mqgitrg Fvirjatid opDoturc (,tcd e ault, qrEEd b 6nrltl@ mlvi.8 vilhi. ib .@ony rtmlr iruEdi.lltx oppon d by ! trgd.d ndter blkd of l@tiv. 6@dal ieati!6 rhar js e.ric'!8. viirh Frbt.@ dva evaE 5lr.M3 i1 $.n p'eal l.vclli m@vd, dpl. fi@iit sollG lppd availdble 10 rchi4c lhc aodk b.seicd.
Sdudi AmbE s apprc&!

- Bliorlia Foniling ir

Ha@, lh. objetivB ofrh @ulryt prjvcrtlliob strat.CJ, @ !o: - dlrcvc n.tioml emomic c+0.ity sd Blobal luterphe 66pcriliv. .bilit; aon8. pnv.tc Fbr bv6dndi; - dp..d dc inbrdt ofprod!.tivc &et r b.td bt pnv,rc cili4i . pDmr. irdjSoow DrErMl of domdic rnd foeigD *pibti . lp3ndc th. pmddiv. crp0b rD6 of rbe Mtjon.t wort f@, wbl. sidulllnuly iDol@ina dploy|Mt oppoinsnie; md

govm@rrl exp.ndinB

lo

EnlE

pubUc

sclft

budg.t

burdd.

privatizltiotr inii ive!, Srudi Aslia EmiE @nnin d b a nE !u*et ccono witb no erictios oi opirat mv.Mr Mdjo, bsine olimL. Laptbl tul.L ud b clom bnv. !l:o ba inptclMEd _ *lt! @rpoEc '@rty h dd hv'n3 ben mE rhd cur in h.ll.

To f,.ili6rc for.isn i Bb4 th. $udj AFbia cddlr tnverftni adnonry (SAclA), a 'oDNtop F.dc dd irydrn.nt pbtutid qld, wa @rd in J@,

. I

Esbblkh th n ion's prival. s{lor ds ! fomst rorcd iD fo qine ecommic .kDdson, 6.r.by rcdu.ms rh. publrc s.cbr rcts b tho,c ot p.hcy-;oluns ed
Afrivly pbmocrn-ouiry

dcrdei bl3 dd &6 bd!6: ud . ReoIlW l poUci6 Md Eguhrory (heg6 dEigncd mGuc ed t@rgtr bv6rmr. n!*in3 rh. @qEy
C.mMdrly, whre6 foFign to'.r patuss

rvehdr

opporrdriB &d dd.lop

r!..4s.y

ro hctt* ed d,v6it 3 b4rn* cLmG @(

hrd previoEly bee. hmi(d lo onty 4aqo or e4liry 3hd.. full forsgn owlcuhiD of Srudi pDperg md hc.rlcd Dqeis ws encdond aphl. 1000 orhd eignificmr ,nhst EfoT, includ,ng mlmg 'n gELr public do tErqmnct ud $.@tinid8 lbc *o*tn8! ot b;st!fu; pl1)B, N smhrl, dow lnd.My b 6fihd prcmoL 6e rr& hd fu tu tr.t

Mcp @kd hdcarm simut@outy Etmn sbnc 6 k[ o foslrd.t@hg B.N..o rh. oD5.r of te99 ud the ct* of fdqwq.2005, rh. saud del m{*; D!E4.rt by ov.r 520% in l88'.gaG vitu.. Inde4 its opiEtizirion ove, dre p6r h. v@s ha mr lhe doubled rBoil.xpon mmgs Mrbrn rh. h. o.riod.

shotuge of sld[d ldt lilor md a tinikd r@l poducrion dcDnd rhc.Fldiv.ly lo$ d oI terfl, produc.n oit ,rd 3c. wben u.d ! k, prcducnon fterbbck!,.Ifod irj rnd,S.nour rdu$.q riS lictu! nur*n cohp.lrrv. Ddpnc

rur.(

siN

aonclllmily, r @r0trch6iv. phyrot Infiareuaur. bujldrng p6gm Eutr.d iD b. @Nru.td oflllE{f rbc-d rirpotu .nd s poB, *.rr. ctahorr. indulid pllnb, d*[DrioG fEeslr{! b6p !k. md sch@ts thrcugtoul 'd@miolroN. lh. codry Ind..4 alErdv by @ midl930c. ovd tSoo b,ltion od b..n sp.nr d urErtu.tuEl d.v.lopmdr 0Dr spamed (ro$ rh. urion
NATURAI, R'SOURCES

fd mE tld

six d*rd6, oil hs fo4.d Saudj Ahbn'3 @nomc .od &jit @doptMr and will lik ly onrinuc io d,. 3o ttr ils fo6...htc @nonio i)t!E typr.lly a..ouh8-for sbod t5!6 of amut Stobat producr.on &d bNbdcaly Iiucturtng b.hrer XeLlsvo of tha' ot fie "Oref,stion of Oit hponrng Sbt6,

rurE(,,qoo. tr@ 4h

beb3 tnc

prvlili4 tud

in

8. y4.

rb.ul 5% of rhc rorld s bat Saud, Anbir tirN6. k aptu& $.n lufrtiv. comerciol polentirlB.
a

g -1" 6.' Kuwflri l*Th.e T.f oi x.krt.ib ru ^cMong4 bordq 6mu8h rhc rur sbpry ede. vu rnorq@ ( li.ld36r i! rh. M d chawd, lqrd wr$'nnc Enpry Qdq iktf.F. r f,cr, rh. td86r lod-bs.d fiet4 wrh 6dMr.d r.drrnhgEsae orabo{ )0 d ion bmch, d d at-satsn,yrh is th. td8ej otflhoe o,r trdd s'in rserua or 6bor It brthon bhts. Nor only e ih6. fiet.ts amnssl b. nch6l.,rbey e.lb amrs d. cbapd b d.rctop bd pbduce rorlns [. {sdt highly @Ep.duv. D rlc gtob.l p.Nt.u ed pcrwbdil trw*rts. PNBsine lo'ldi foMh lorrdr uturr 8!! ts6 5otu 22j lritLoo cubic t*!
mov,Dg wirh d$prrch

q9a!r!v
saldi Mdh0ol (Al-Ru0
Saudi

P*ocn nidal (SIDAD

Ctmic4 CEdc Meddol E$ylae, IndBt ill Elndol, Styrcn., Cau$c Sod!. E$,1@ Dichlorid.,
M'IBE

Nlriopl M.lttuot (lbn Sp! l srud' Y&bu P@chmiel (Yi/TNPET)

Arubisn Pebochemcal lPETROj<lElv{yA)

Chmidl Gnd. Mdtnd. MTBE

Etfiylaq Polydhytaq Etiyldc, Potcilyl@,

Propyl..c. Butldide.
LI-DPE,

Etnytoc
Buron.-t,

Al.Jubrvl Pft ch.miol IKEMYA) Ear PcrrEhmcd (SrhRQ) NrrioDal Pldic obn Hltyo)

Bmc

vilyl chlqid.

Ethvld. Cly@l
Monomd,

polrai.t

saudi-Eur@u PeEoch.hrcat (rbo Z0hil Al-Jlbayl Fertilih (SAMAD)

MTBE, PolvEopyldc

Amonir, UF!, 2-Ethyt Hex!rcl

ftoP

Saudi

Ar$is F.niua
hdstial Fibd

(S^fCO)
(rbn Rustd)

Anmni6, Ure, Sulphlric Aci4

Ambie

Asdd6 (Xyla6 fud BM.), rui6.d Tacpblhdic Aci4 (P&)

Poly6la Tdtilc ChiF, Tqrile, od

N.tio0.l cb.ncal

ldrtud (Ih B!yd)

Al)mni4 Gmul{ Uea,

Slel R.bd, wi@ Coil,

Pho$phr.

sludi Ibn ud Sl..l (HADBED) Notio$l Idurirl Csd (CAS) Itu HlryM Platc Podull ITAYF]
Al-Jublyl Unir.d Pctr@hcmicir (JU?q

Slecl S.ctiors,

Phslic Borrlr, W![ Covailgs, Aniicirl tanld, 86r Bildi@

Rnrldc,

Poly.lhylcne, Elnyl.nc, Clycol, Ol.fins, aid Poly Oetins

'n l.

notioD's omirmm o higtcr .duaro, io cfutc . pool of hidy L,jD.d citias c.pabl. of m&ginA a @mptq tudan @@Dy br ha pasmur @nsst its Dolicy Borh To lne o s, ir ts nor buift.ig!r mjoruivd;fts:

4.
5. 6.
7, 8.

2. 3.

KhA Soud Uniydiry, fobded in l9t?t Kin8 AbdDl Aziz Univdit in Jeddah. fouded in 196?: King Faiel UlivcBity in llD!]mb, loud.d in I9?5i Kins Khd.d UDivdi.y in ,r-Ta it aound.d il t998: King F ld Univ.uiiy of Pctol@ od Minad R@u6 in D[.b@ foDdcd m l96l ud givd qrvmity strn6 in I975: Itl4 Munannd 6id Saud Udv6iry in Riyad6, foud.d i. 1953 md .mrt d

uivdity

lretos in 1974i Islanic Univ63ity in ll-Madinatr, founded in 196l; atul Um al-Qur Univedty h Matkih, fobd.d h l9?9

A! ! cds.qudcli

rdoinisr'al,or, cjvit ud iddBtrilt dgirdins, ddtilEy, .tudi6, nsir. sienc6, mdioin .ftI ,Edic,t eid, ndeorclogy, phmy, Md v.lqinary m.dicinc,

fi.I&

srcncB,

thc

.duarioq

buira e

inshtry ldvmcd d.ad d t m.d t dly in su.i div@ ndhi.ituie $id6, .giculrud $idc6, .!l5 ad rc .r9li.d

avionlmt l
1420

616, ed toE bwdrty t6ffh

is

In all, dreR

$h6ts.

22

oFn io all cirias, DFviding qbc.tio. b@tq

urvcuils ud a .8.s, 6l r@uonrl mhula hdpibls l@rd rcrc$ lh. @hby. Ttc sysh
and

hdt$

ldi6

nE

of cb.rgc.

IBrnldmal irnar@n!. corconimdy pD. idb plic.. Al . dutr, mrioMt ccononjc plming is todry dftchd by rhe Supr@ F.ononi. Co@il. Eslrbtbhcd in Aug6r 1999, ill widc,@sir8, divctsc mmd.to inchd.ll

. rmmtng @nonic Co$d ot Lr.b ihlr ensE Ed D.r c,'jr! jn@n bc'cg: . divG,l'og th. diioDrl mnonic h& ed rh6.b', pubtic Ed Ela . d.vclopi4 e attsdive, podllbb iN6l@nt wimtr@r; . dpodiry l!. pnvrG sr,or,r rcI. in etusiic dry.toplmt rtmugn rnc
pnvrtialion of D@hlats: md

. oqd4
Li*dF.
ro

ptuduriv. .nptor@t opponunirie ror

S6udi

citim.
ippro\d b, !h.

rbs.

rmnomc LMcrr

cnds. lherdio s lrnaDu[m ptM.. m *'ty Ju..2002, b.cme kE @ B

fDts

Supr.mc

devetopnhr goats.

. oefninc oudhrp of cdb F,Bbrrl, b rh. Fivlc m, . F vdiaion ol Botfulrt ih.G in ,our s$ct @mpur6, . illowirA rb. prirl? lebr lo nsugc ud opm cqt.in pubt,c pojRBi . ctuehg pnvot capnd b 6rffi. *EnnSpubticpbJ.crs; ed . cr.itine a pmpnioB invGment dvibmdl vhdcin podDcriv. Dliv.ri4tion
Su@ srdi6

. . . .

lo d,rc inchdei

@Nolidriing th. rcemd .td-Ejciry CohDtur''(SEC):

6mpr!i6 inb tn..Saud llatsciiy

ct-

46blsbnc lh. jod shck Saudr T.tqommobonr Compmy tsTc)i cE nnS a iomr sbck utilibe mpuy tor rhe rdeiit crti6 of ydbu ud
pDootng in.E !.d prive

G Me ab6

a a Rrporl

*ior prdclp{io

an.

$.

ir lM.g.lMr

J.ddrh btmic

6(

!.nn8

up

O$d nled Bll nsorb orlude o 2.mo Ubmft lh. north- south @mEun8,t. xr.njd_mihem ph@phoG mrutr8 o6.p4B ro vir Ho il. Bmydlh, tuy;dh. 'l-Jubat rnd !l-D.lrrl]M: a $.lt s . 600 klomrq **h Egion lE tb' qU @mer Malrrh. ol-Madbr\ J.ddrh ud yMbu ImDt.nMrne |hi! pbjded air qp.roid d orhq .ssidcd bmpotuld pDj4B wi ,quiE. prol4lcd t D.l biltm jD hvennfl 6pel.d !o op.. $ | 5 b'thon in bus. Mad prcja rvolvin8 ni(t.l nnc. phspMre!, bdux&, m.nsm8c. rirmun\ ma riuca dd cakrm c&bonlra. tl billion CCC-wide nil n.work 6 llso bder srrdv

r no<lm hd6F,atz.d *rdy also invorB lb. urs6r d..d fd. modtu t lsmDi@ion infrurutu Sauti Anh, B trow bla3.d hlh $. t .g6! mrr npidly tdwiog ro.kd fr t tdmuMijon pDd@ sd sdr6 r o. M,rrdl. @r, notuB 'My opDotuid6 for .rps on of bolh iB wuld and *n.ks comurqnoN nctworks dd for prcvidins $rJDon scdicB anmd.nt io lhis
C@Dn8

PDrnocEEtVlcAIJ Saudi Anbio s p.lahmc.ls ud bsrc mtuk

adb,m

larc daf|6 C.rp.6rjon

pr.duction s mnagcd by rh. "Sludr (SABIC). IE op6.rio6 e olB&iz.d jDb rix

Ra,i, CreaEak. ot.fm. oryg.nrr.! (ot@bots md .lhdr . qd @tudcs, phh&y buildin8 bloct! lor do*6r6m p.hch.miqls dd pl6h6 poduc.d mh M@ ae !s*i'ed wir! @d. o,l p,od(lbn. pnDcjpat dowr.M esdy* inc]ud. dnytmc, @rhsor, ..rdnyl rdti&y rotyt .rn6" (MrBE, rm!'r]{e stJftc. b6he paruytde pyrotyc6 gMrD., indchrl .lllml

2. hknpdan Cie^iLab. chncot Inrhedre. ,rb.d, and hn@ olphs olofins ld B Dgrcd'cnB ror ruuteudng dom3r.h p.nebmiclts. princDat

runG ed ri{dyta. dycot, pEifed tcEpnth.lrc &i4.l!yl* diF.dDfB cbloridq 2-.rhtlm. b.xfuI, dr-oc.tl phrh.llL. @Buc rod!, dd vbyt chtqid.

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by ?xr..diog m.diuh ro lotrg-t.m

sor

obrctv. or lne S|DF ,,

,J

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o,*" o^o,.

F@igr invetoc !E eligible lo r@ejve tow @st fiDecing for up io 50% of prctd @ts {i.. tu.d 'j*. pE{pMing dpos strd d.n-up *orbng epibl) Alt Io@ @ proedad up b , qimum or US tro6j mrrro; doub md lor. rurtu h ot 15 yff Mrh No y* gte pdiods 6.on u. oBer ot prodK[oo atrd wil! rcparrsr Bchcdute de,Cncd lo mr@b prcJera .reh ows ror tn. prolocr tn qustiod.
'rhc SIDF rbo pep'6 sciodl, ind6lri4 Plmoong mtiout ddtophcnl fmqed q.n: o b.tdc.n indB:ii.l id.gdri6;

ad tuk t

srudid .incd at

o inFn rubeitution: o vrlue .ddcd rtulugh prcduclioni o Foducl cxlon pol.ntial; o utiliz.tion of indis@u roode .nd leBi6l o Mbility ro kbaolog)| tr!roGi; o abiliry ro rbact foEig, jnvBrMr; o prcfitlbilit or inv.sh.n( md o job crqiion for Saudis. Urrr6 ftc gNcmncnr ptud6 wdd. ddoty, olhd tu.Is, !d mqiciDl b indBEid pEj* ar mnind rb Suc[ sd( @nE pEiMll.d sL,ll indBr.ilt 016 rd dlar
Procedur6lBpacthg

Bu.h6

Open0ons tn

SludtArrbh

Cabd Drlt6r E friv. Mly 29, 2OOI, thc Saldi Cov.lr1lMl ftduc.d lhc EiJr prohoo Br.6om I2v.:nd 7-514 of pltrdur vrtu. Mmrbbg aaeBt of rtl sludr rmporr5 r"ll inro s dc*ory.
A.(o'dinsly. dure, whrh uetcul,Gd on co,L iEuDcq Md 6.rsht (Ctt, viru6 or Inpoc { derNery, e now ldg.ty aa!*!.d d $r Jr, ufh rare. A[

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duti6 pbvid.d $d

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rt+

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Tndernark lor knd. najro. drlwnSs, d oda dltinguisbDg tut$ m pbkdd brclsh rsstrabon at rh. .Tnd.tuk Bu.ru , wirhin tho Minisvy of C6@ee !n<t Indsry puswt to lhc .Trldcmek! kw,, whicn v;

l.s,l $-rr.rr

3 :* -':,MubmE4

Thc Sudr l.sct rysr.n B ddiled 6on _ whch foundcd upon rh. . hirina! od of tjtmc t.s,l schold.

i.

0 i,.

d.

tcsd ruI.! or tslm rooq rhe Mcn,nsr or p,oD..r

Th. Mhisry ofJute ocrc 6c S/unidr.rd.d judo.t syscn, bul ENr Mrn's6 hav. comi@ b nne on wirhj! lh.tr juisd,6d3. comfticl r.Brcdd, to, ,6kn4. m 8ov6od by r roml.Com@j.r (_oo. br $llbtilhcd b I s5t ed Bub6.9qUy ehdd. Effelivc 200j, $! Mrrlry bd NlrEd 6ob "Bor.d ot cri.vM6' tulr jssdicnm ovs dr 'hc dtupuld bNdn go!tt::@r!l ed clfu;rcist .nriri6 6 wL

roh

Neimnl.hw B nplddred sd augrftrd by Rgularod plomut$kd frrnisrie. Tho ry4ry so DrinciDat b@rj h(ludr 'rdrvrdur

by

- CoIW& ad lndurry; - Cult!rc dd Inf@rimr

M$icipd md Rurl Aifiirs; Nalion.l Bomomy ed Ptmin& P.lr.lch ed Min6.l RbllB;

Puuic Work &d HoBin3i

TelwombiolrioN & Intmrio!

t r'thbrr Sardi Aribi. lisn d lnc .N.w yo* Convfrrim of t9j8" on foEisn trtihhor a*rds m Ia94 Mod govnmar agencr!, howrls, e gaedry nor *.-** 4bhroo s'lour rh. , p4bz +DDvd ;f ,nc

uHr",ffTl"

ff priwk *b'Eabo i! b b..ten.d. rulq b6.d on htmic las Ahcraly ippt,. arb'rr.toE e mp6tbt. ror r. conducr of bd ngs sd ror aI ai<,i"**ij"i. tr rb mtcR|8red m!trs.. iDdutug app.d6, widin tu juidrrm oi rt . "tr,t.i"ry ii
M@?Erys,arlr&

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The mr.

h.3

mrmzc Nch4ge_!i8k for lh. pnlaG s4ror. sbbre dlt - SR t.745 sinc. Jue. t986

hs Emircd ar, remLnbty

&1da.4i rT slldr sbddr olsMudim" s all pbduigd.n.dd rppheud ot md eNnng conptrMe (s{so,rh. ch{scd qh ^nbiA si!h,

puur qed.rc.

Lb

mrsDN ttrlxde

neon.5

6bndli6 a rcu c rt*

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fomlrrti!& lppbvirS. &d

publ,.hiDS D.r,onrl

'kd.d

shdr& for.lt podu6 od wir! lhcn rEr,!1o6,; oubErion,

E.l!@cLLd hd Fturi!3uif.rbrdrt!rc;
cerdiuriig dltud.rdr ed

|ctiviti6

in{rey dd
8tob.r

bllrmizilg Sddi |r.ndad!

wirh

r[os of FnIGt EgioD.l dd

To d.r., th. SASO b iqEd o 2,0t0 S.ld'{p.ddc .d t,OaO Golt- ri,b .d.ldr -d s rnvdy FrDitr3 FEuls.tiE of hrdtqt of Ew @. S SO b$

Isq - i. o6"i.lry .Fr.v.d srddld. bd Fwi&. .6didd Ppl+ iL 90noAll!fu threugh

Qulity

D.ptr,mr

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i6E

su6.ror oNDe rnd sotq ro virir ctos Elabv6, sd ftr Fdlit hd c[glo6 vn'b visd ror rousm @ issucd onty for rppDvcd bu grcuDs to owDs ors;ed rMmn6, AAon ur spod lisarr.no( lvanabh Alt vBe r.quiF, rpoNtr. cm bk *Eral mooUlr ro prce$, .nd mur b. obhin.d prior ro mvat. Womd vbnoE d '6ldml5 @ rqliEd b b. !k{ by r}.r spoM, upon mtd. Womd hvelilg tutr wbo c oor mr by rpolls@ h.v. qpdjac.d d.hye bctoE h.i!S.Xord r; qEr s. couny or 6 (ontjnue on olla nid,6
vNrcrsro Srud' tuabn 3m* t "O*tr.*O* lMrc.r E on o' phrnal Mina on E r.quutd

E .t.nd EritR.qulr.m.rrs Pepotu r.lid lor d ldr sir run$r dd vis e

Eqund tor 6ry.

Vi*

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Rd&nB wdki,g in SNdi AFb,r gcnc6ly slllmdo rtFir pdrporrs qbit. ,n 'rNr De nhglom rk spoBq (oorully rh. flployd) obbjN $o,k dd Esrden(o p,ms br rc opioy.. ud fo, uJ tmty mmb6. pqdmts c,.ry. S.udi B'(tde pmir Oqam) for ldmtfiaron In d@ ot lh.n p.s!DA.
hospihl6

Me.li..l Lctltde: Baic modeE mdical @ dd @dicin* ft availabt. in s.vrnt si healh C.nbs in Saudi Arrbia. Sdious n dicsl prcbl@ roquirin8 hoslibl .clion &dor m.dical evscu.rion b tbe Unicd S10a cd @$ troulrd,

CurtoD Rtulrtio4: Sludi cGloc audbnriB dloe srricr ftgutarioB @ming ibpdtarion inb Saudi Adbi. ofsuch bdacd ilm s llcohol prcdlcrs, wcap"m ana MJ irem thd is bdd ro bc sbtrry b rh! tentu oihrd. Tbts trtud no;.b,mc EtereB, turnob. porl prodrcB. &d pomgnpby. Srud cubN ,rtd p6rt Drnqd! bbrdl, drfift sh{ 6 6nr.ry io lsb4 ud rhdfoE pbbbit d cb*itN .s!gg6riv.. vidd dy b. anlsrd a@6!ofi, rstoor nuarz$q md r[. '!d ownd subJc( lo p.n trid rnd 6!6.

Crlbtnrl. P.trrlU6: Pcnollia for rbc impo4 mmficte, pos.$jon, md ! oBur'9hd ornlohol or dn8l e wm conqd.d oF;d.6 cM *par 'tLsll $nr.lG.^tus, plbtic rroegins, ud/o dcpoisuon 1te padry ad ;tue |ar tftM3 rn sad anbi' is daa. s.url officiot, tut. Do *c.pdoB. c\do6 r9Lnom d potu of.nry m inoou8h Th. U.S. Enbss, sd CoButd.s CeoeEI hrvc m srhdins in Scudr colrE b obram tmdcy to! m Aneno cdvied 6f
B6id.s d@hol pr.dwrs dd i icir dru$, soudi aibi. ,t$ pbhibil3 th. imFr! c., or posssim or mv r.n dur ,q h.td ro b coor,ry ro da ren.6 or htm (sa

LNrm iK.sdaioN- seron ibo\o. ft. privdc ohdshD of ,.opds h pmbibrd. od dobajc audD\su,l mdii ud 'hpone{ c6ad. Holrr@!.t iorivity is 6tuid.E<i 10 6. . crimin:nrcad[g miE e dllm od rhor @reicLd ruy bc srdccd to ldbire rad/or a p.ie! stac., or d.ad,

Saudr

h. plbk petrc. ot r.tigioE otncr rh.! kl.a rldouSh pnve EBhip on mn-MBIim 3adrlD r pdrDtud. Non-M6Ld s6per.d ;r viordrB ;6c dbrchoN hic be! ixt.d
prcn,b,6

dd!!iti$

do For

pcmr criticBn oftstm

or lhc

royll

fanaty.

thc gov.nmnr

IIow to obldr . bGhor vi$ ror.ign 6uir6snen 8cndclly like lo virit SNdi Anbja io re tnc DB@b of.ncn prod(d!frF rhft Hosevs, pdcdro inrctvd in obtuS [*.* rouoqn8 ln. @ro1 pDccdlE. " "i..
Tnc

.!ry

*s

to

'mp.d.n_lhhugh vBits ro srudi AJab'. b qbbtisb pcenat ,,pporl wirh tb. buyeu onencd *ourd E oun!.lgh lne F&v.l .xptua. tr s bed io obEi! l[e blMs vis tor Saudr lEbn lhlolgh r Saudi 6hpmy wlo dy b in!@r.d i! iqonilg 6!b.
Soo{,s

sln blsine is !o or.blish initiir coniiclr vilh po&nlial Saldi omspondoe Hos.v.i to. soB .xpoM, rhe cdvMbse ol

B6iner vh, c.d b. obtrlmd by lhc foltoetm oetbod, vi!. thbugh . srudl tEpoftr: Th. .ry ut b M bsin$ r ro .!r.bhh Did,t o.@ts wirhjbt rtid S$d: inpol6 rtwusb c{nBpod.oe Th. tilr or irqorrqx oru.,qtev. pd&t o b obbj^.d tln de coDrulid
By this m.anr aeain, rhd.

r.

two wats oi ob|aining vjsi.

G)

prpe u invit rion Llts, vLich st I bc,ner.dby Cb.nbq of Comce &d Indlrry md ,]!o by Sedi Fom8l Minrry. Tt! 6gd o' b,l InstarM b4 io b. 3d lo rh. palrbrd o.rlld.
Tn sdudi @rr'rry *ill
Thc lattutani conpdy

ns io produe dris Lnq in S.udi CoNulat in K@htsaudi Enb6v in Ltmeh.d

(b) Alrmdidr

ln. s.!di @otoy m obt in vi$. T!. FoEisr Midijt / wil *nd rh. orisi..l vi$ slip b S.udi coButarc or Ehb4sy in p*i!&,;y 6. diplomlic b!9. nE phoroepy ofde vis slip lnat hav. r,o &nr to rh. Lkistali onDMy.

By slbDiliin lhis viq stip io rhc cm s.r tb. vi$ sr.d!.d. t4ta thtu,ah

di Cosda,rdEnbsy, ltc

rir&i.ni .onleny

$. S.ud, Embory r htambd/Sudi sith tt. h.tp of l[e F.ddrid ot p&i!t,I C}hbm ot :jonTc^& t'9ury (FpccD, hh@bdxlc cn&$s or c.rhqE/Erpon Pomrion Coucil @tffi.4 Dden 0NUSh Mnid.y of C.drec or Mini$y of Exrmi iF
^It

Bdin6! vsa muld b. obbin.d rom

Poki:t, *A$Nittt nsltrttto A,si:

Culd.lbq .!d b.ructioG l$ud .o XiledoD,3 Dtptob.ll. Mrsior Ab@d Fl.:di.a_Etr|r-y vi._q6'r36d rdd rrv6ror E;ky ro |l. xr.sdob ,o,.r M'Nay d,roE'gn Afi'rR (.oBujr s.c1d) EUcd r oMbs or cortot! md msmcrons ror Sming rhc bB n6hd od lne invdbis 4uy D qsr oqr @ll.rpft iilm rhe m*ioE dedy slho 'lmt.hm6.of @mutrinS rh. MrilEy tn hs Esard,0'. Diptomtic- Misbs of rh. (\abdis of lha Ts. Hoiy vo"q^ L* md a@ e brbw'ng lDstuiotu ud Cuid.lm6:

Repqentatives of toEisn

pup.

11@

ulb6

@np&i6 ed .st$Usnndls, busiBsn n ed 8ror.d vilir h6 ro rh. t\rnsdoo tor mmdi,l

incru{t

r+IMb!v6

of @ar&dns

!d

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cmnma4on or

eqlubng

and invAring pnor

b K@cc of lrh vM

of lne fo,.,8n 66pqni6 ed ebburm for che6 io ingrig.rc .!d ,tudy Siudi Mrtd m &eH In tn.n @uh6 rt lt. uon ed Boer& otchDb@ o, od coms.e m . rh. r4@r for rh. $ne 'nauqe!

Ttc

Rrp@utiv

rsn oc KDgdon t! t@r

hs

ApplirioN ld@mercid vtrirr for bsi!*m.n Ed rva0oE lbar e fitcd virh l[! nisioN by tu by S.udr @mpu6 ed eribr l@E rtrek r@ ipptiqtim ftod Srudi CbMbd of Ldu$, rnd Mjcb h!v. C.@.rc., b. s*epr.d. Bd rhe Bov.m.nr conpda, , e. Srudr Axtjns sd 'ill A!a@, s'l $.6rptui4 h lhjch rhe @ury h6 mE lhh 5o9o ot$. Lopro, r... s.b(, (ro @r n.cd io !ft6t rhu lpDhcdioB tron l!. Cbznhd of
no by 1:1:* .T r.. F.'q "i* eilrtssaud. visrcns of6re of rhe hshb.,rns auhe ,Id rtc lppli@ts @Illl4d ct ffi hs ban ctekcd !eeL::q mun brv. ! mfimbo, tcnd &m rh. crmba or :6c Forcr8n

bs@$ms

Md

DBld!

or de

courrie wbft rh. Kin8dom hs

nd,carn3 be

com.Kidch,Ecrn of |her

vdr

noh

dd ouh6. mbsrie

bsin*M.ed Dv.s6 lnm- 6dmB) *bo h.v. bm dir.d by $dr roDp@6 or Indutul rnd Con1l|r@ chMb* md sho hlvc r.nq: mn b.u coud'6 c smkd ro obbin rua tom rh.tr courie dftrlv
IoEign
6.

vis_for bum$woN 6 bc r$!.d ukm.ly Saudi CompMre, b rhc i4@Fy or r.Ers. Af!i6 or on. of jL brud6 b md,te d b isu.d fd bd h ce bq bBbed or btood Etlli r@tt:fuv [d

Viir Vfs
3.

mn

repr4.nEuvr or lnr @npary Ind,c.cd

b. g@trd ro bdDarmut wiG or do wie of

d ebb|l5hme rns

do

|.hl @nallldioD of dc

:T:T:1 1' " @hDu.d prcgalmerX mchejc!" on8inc.n. reqch6,!, pDr$roFi bsye. docbu, ud othh wm @ nor bvc om*id chnck,, *ho vEjl rbmugh Sordi abpuie

'Ifurlns cmor bc eppti.d o d. p6pte who hit. o'rwrcrj rhcv e ccrur&s, c'itun en,

r{t csrlblihnhr

l'fu "

ro

Monne

srl
D

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to finatj4 ,otu terpoory wo* viss. Indivrdql! sho tb. Ki4dom bav. ro m. thci, apptiqrjoB wirh cok.d
lo obr.in

woA

vis

lhe paaicrpmrs D conl|lm,at cxilb,rm hrtd in Krsdom dd 3F lcq,cd by rhe vinisry of comrce cm bc inrhal, d.b-p6.'ed by s,!di o4eG stuE! otgeizns lh. 1l1nq .'. .T. ror rh. Mfrry ot Co'lr|lr@ omrd crbbnioG onhlro u. ('!b cd b. r@tdr.d ,o rb. MEisEy ofAft.i ,todyilS &d Fo6sD k mr ro tbe @rqd @$ioDs ,.codins !o rhc T.t.gEn NoAfi;n lo 250lDa d'cd trlil1422H. mgondm! b2o/tnoo2 iss.d by H.r. TX. Minisb

I"6l: v- o

r"'

l0

Vi@ tor.ddod{or whom $. hospibb pcmr ver apptrc{im for tinired rdc cin h TsGd inrcmly an.r rh.. onc.m.d hosp,rd ptlsE o I.rGr frm rb. MhBry ot H4tih ob6mns d. oEy of rhc Fiunrd ddloj rhs R vrld ..c@n8 ro orc Gt.gtu No. t2r4t .rr.d l&t t/r,t22H oE p.ldinS b 28/l/2002 issu.d by E.E. Thc Minista ofH6ttn. Visa covdhg omoftrd ed indsrd.l infomtion @ b. ilrued inthrlty by u.i<insdob (nr. Mitristry of FoFs. AJIi!B o &y or iB br .b6) !n; arrs4: thi! sourd b. vrtid .@ir,ns b T r.r.&m No. 2039/2t d.rod zt2lt422H 6@Dondmg u. ro t5llroo2 of H.E. The Muid6 ot bfomolio,

tt.

yf**.:, g1:"qdlg

2.

Valdiry oI 6m.rci.t vs ,su.d b, @dut.re E fd m Mlb wiM ror lom sMlory @oE rhc vie @ h. isu.d ror mE de onc mnrL up b ihEc mnrh! mimM.

13.

Had of C.Bjld S-rim cs Smr oddpl. viril w. limn mbt6s d ml t|m dld orc mdrh f@ -ch visn for.h. sho e 'urmxm u Dc.d io r.par q!i6 forhd p.ri.ds @d for rfie apphqB D6plc ro visrr wbhilg u. conpm'.! and stablisbments fd conhcnngbdDve ns
To.!DIy

14.

r,

Uns Bbuch rt ro o*il3 condidoD, mtrn E cr: visilo' mBr hrv. a vrtid pcpoG rhc vEdor tu Ao b&t b his coury or lo dotha coulry. He Nsi mnk lhca. vhiis on ldit

b) 4

vnibr ha b p@nr . r.trd tm bi. @npmy odc{rins smftixt cnome or to! u$q purp* dd dft of lh. v6ir, od tl|rc ot rt @drpdy o. dbblbhmdl lh.r [. vill vhii Tl. nihc of rh. cohprny or *tlblirhmnr l[at h. will virt shoutd bc

r..rsrng
tne

MroDed on lop of lhc v&

RArero !
kindoo
So 4 E. : hdp

ona silb lt. tdq of @trtrruron by S.udi @np^ny rh.r nurr b. IooM sd bs allllrEi.l l is o m.hbd of my of rb. Chdbq, orcotlftEc d

! .w-no| Lg@. tt/o oa/dt a1R Bi,s_ettuLh

E.orony Fh.r,

lNsrDdt, fnde Rao!.cd

rnd Rlguhriod

AurhB R.gulrtioN .nd Prece.tutu Studi AmbD p6G a Lb-at Frd. policy s[h no q@aEllve o! prie GmcDoN rrporLR Hw.vq. rIft & ! dubbe oa Egutatjo$ dd 'or pc.{tuE govdinB bNrne Md od. r rh. Kingdoh and .dh@ lhdlo .ourd b. vcry h.tptit ror rh6. dr.ndhg bdo bBjn.$ srh S&dI Anbu
Thc l/rn3don ol Srud Anbi! ae@r.d 6 . @Db.r of 6? cCC Udfred Cutom udd atons w"i BanFin. Kuea'. Orr,ll dd r[. UniEd AEb BmjnB s Ul Jarury 2003 b6ughr rhe nhs oi ihpofl duiy @ a uitom t% ob @jl ot lhe nom. w,uh be tLtL. gootu witb rr tot ,40 pd c.nr of rlu. ad.ted jDt.fu y

ee,

@ oqlctaly 6&

of

t rifi!,

$*

AccordbS to Royal Dc@c No. rrtl3 dar.d lO,5.l43O H, con6poD.lin8 ro 11307193?, lnd to d\e Srudi Cou.il ot Miniski! orda No,s6 drred io/5/l4i8E (lzl9l3?), dE fou@ins csioB dulid.t t6 havc b.d h effcct line l3l5/(O8lt (oEpoding b Jdurry 2, t938) . Md orllc basc @lllilfu pr.ducB G dury fr6...8. !ueq, ricci r.q llmsrd cdr4, qdino4 bftcr. rcrA li\ d*k &d n.d (G.rh tioh) t (bbm .luls of 20yo !e rmpos.d on emo npoi.d comnod[,e! fo, $. pu.pot. or pmh.tne 0'. ndion l inthr ndeid . In onnury oD olla n@ r 12% .d trlom oD rhc 6! iBullM ed ltj8br

tG . MmLB of rh. anb t{3k wbo G rigD.1on6 ro rb..a'mr b h.,tGt tu. dd .rche3. rd ro orgod. tusn bd*.4 lh. Arr! Lcrgu. s1!r6 e gMled lpecial conc@ion6. . Inpon fton lhe A4b Slll6 with which Saudi Aahja ns bit e6j rh. l|ldo .g@Lr e a$d.d to ndher ,!d!crj6B of dut

A limicd nmba ol ikru m subj*r b curom du[.s otculocd o0 6e b,!is or noc s.reht or c.pac'ry. 6ds tha vololo. Howdd ih. ror rh4.

R.yil D$e. No. V 56 nckd lo,to ta?OH. coBp.ndinS b Ju. tt, 1087, hd +prcved o.lnteturorrt Btuseb agRamor or ta Jue ,o81, on illr HmDjz.d r oM@rry u.spra eld codinS syrh tHs, A@dng 6 rlr. Mrjj6 of nn'M do Nluood hroDony Odcr No. ]/t30) dlrc ta4Ol4tOH, aBpondh8 to Mry l4--1990i lhc Kingdofr hs b.o imptmndng lh. H,tmn,&d Sysidn nM; ,r/dr4r rH,
mspondhS
ro

I/t/t991.

dc, b $inulat rD*d' M. b. @mDv @mpdjllvc. vid. s Roruiid or rhc Mbin.rist cou;t No ]? 9:d,5 r ro 23 5.2001, r!. br Royar Ddr No. M.., o dd.d s.1.r422, (ftpo' dhg lo?I.,good Srud, Oov.mme Educd rh. curon dJti6 on dt co]mdnn fal m t29o-bd 7qo skronB b 5 Fq wnh .xcepron of lh. -'nd ronosng. with .ffer from 29i

tI,! fr@-.hiry da6i@ e'rds Lbdtrdoo

sd

of

fNl3l

Mav, :o0l.

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ro3 on to

w.bitc.

dcldlci nfmod on dur.s t6rd m dtfftn! poduft, ud m rdvis.d b ou kbriE h@/u44silgkkb.e9E rnd ctjcr d c.@ft61 seri@.

bb:/,^rw.eudiasb6

nd/d.f.utr2 hdr

Inpod Sr.d.rdr & Prc..dw..: Saud Anbis Shd,rdr OrStuiarrm (SASO) romutd6 dnonrt shldsds for i 6'lffib6 d prod(l! a {tl a sbnd.rds lffid *ia[ Gsloey. ..lbnriol! making dd iddniiarid of omDditiB &d Fodwls, neiho& o, s.qling ed
In Nownb.r 1995. th. Slud MiuFy of .{)@ ijut.mrcd r!. h6u|ldd confmity Csrficlrid pogllm (tCCp) in @din rim w,th SASO. S.ASO Flie primrily m inrh.rimd srmds& wbft !$ing Sard, lp.ci6cedg &d SASO sp.(ili6rd cmfomrry is appt,.d ro ajt poducts, b.ri toca y prcduod Md

'hpon p@.dG,

d. to provj& the nE6rary

lnr.DrtioMl Srrndlrds

r!. tccp Drcstll:m, *ort 'ncludins

@B!mr pmkllFn. Alt or lho +prcved SASO wlhin rhc suditG of rt. Orsdzton.

om.6. hs rufonad R.&onjl tim,^C CcnGm b Dc Earshbon pl1)ls. cdry our vqitic.bon ot @ntooiry hd ,sE SASO T}T. .ppD'd limB_ tn $tu N, rh. SASO cobE, Offie eiu rts t quie @dod !.rnpliig ofth. p.{tu lr ud rdirS.

SASO, in addrrion lo counr'

ron:lM

Th pmcedure for

I .

Tt. qpono inbmits I

The CdnFy

. Ilit. I

prodwt!

tuconpey Oe sbipping doc@nrs. If the.prcducts do noi h..t lhe SASO cquiMor!, tie .xponcr wil b. givd a @rpl.l. .rpl@rion of $. dr[c,.nc, tI &..pbbte @livc riion-js nor t 14 oo Caiitror. *iU bc Bu.d rnd lh. Mrn,rry of Conumq SASO EpEdutrvs d |n. rmlotu si| bc ldvE d @xllldy ibe pon ot dby in rhe KinSdom, l[. M,ntsry ot ( ollmE-qd SASO.wilt requ.sr d. s@npsy,ng Cslrfic.k of Confomry. b< chel.d fd rurharciry Dd tuhiD3 d.hils. Anq $rsrirbry ch4tl' sAso wiu s4 a l.rhr ofElas

ro b. rdplcd for Eslin3. prodfb e. nor rsrsl.lcd, d.y wU b. llnptd dd lclEd a@rd,n8 ro sasrj EqMIIHE. AlslruB rhc rerDs md/d itr FbM plod@ sj,ndiory @opruc. G'j|l. . C.nind of Confomiiy i! $ud Tft Cedtioc fiouft

O6t. chphb rlc ncc.*",y rcps rpp-p,,oro ro U" prca*r ,n n.d SASOEq'ircImb ftae 3bps w l d.pao ur!, a*mgpbMl @(!nom {d sbdq u. pndud j, 6vsd b, ! vatd Eguhioo, d w.ll s oc r.quocy Mln whicr lhc prodd 6 *pon d. tr th. Ftrducb e Es,d6r{ o. @uEy ube wr sr up e itup..rion plrr, which my d my ,or EquF
ods-ro

rNperd ud 6in8 ot rbe prcdud ,lquiinS ! cdifidc of c;.nr(hty, qdnn eith ltll d.6il! of rre codrmnnr

obtrtnt.g I Cc.rnote of Cotrforntty !.e B (o|lo*r: hfld Eq@r b $. ,ppoprjaL SASO Couby ome for

A lilr

oflsduB

ttuough th. hicmel at

r.gulalod bder ICC! and addnion.t infomirion

ww.iao.sn

cr

be

ec.sod

WiA_.fe-t fiom Dedbd l, 200t, n.w jr..drd! for th. I.b.ling ot bodif!.d food hrrc b6 itrDh@!.d Th. Siudj Fo.d Sdcry CminaSmctidlty d a d; p@t thftshold nuimn tu dcfrton8 r gdctrc. y trDdrfi; rood, Md 3uppheE choose to d*lm $eir DrcduG 6e of g@icdry modr6cd n.m. IrG un:tl1* ed Ind6ry B qDecd ro @Ddd tudoo r4 otDrldd forVnj;;y oi rh. e of gu-.tialy m{ifi.d prcd@ S,udr Mi,nFy otAgriculM Bu.d nd Esu&uoN
m-l"rbD!ry 2001in
or

. . .

EBlauoo e a follo*: Corpul$ry l.b.linS d Sadid y ,.odi6.d 1t6 fn r[c foUowug pr.d@: E1h eui.g. *s"Ebl". ond dGi caulr u$d s rodd6 rd @di Mb d b&Ly, dunr, mn4$],t6, ch!fi,shw ed 6. h4et of dt iB 9?eiplmtins seod, dd rg.tcllhr,l Euptets sd deoEtd oLdE A hia.Alcnur h.thfr on lI trbcl wjrl thc rqr.Cd6is Cadioly Modificd Pe<ld (sr ed lna sc'd nBr b. cte,ty hda in AEbic.!d r;dbn.d panr.d pmruM y sith an Ink cotor ditTffir from rhd of th. main prcd-ud Es. Go.lcrlly mdifred pbdm or gmdcaly 6gb..r.d poducB dpon d io J.@ /@r. hun b. .ppsrd for @d,qrior r thd @uEy of origh Elch shrptunt md b. !@hpu.d by a hcatrt cdlrtec i!!u.d by r!.6nqnd govtu:r.sd.y ct@ry fl.tin8 lllt de sen.riqlly modlfi cd iryr.diar(s) ed oppDv.d in th. 6uby of disb to bu@ or milEl

epd

of lab.hng for

Btrdquy

mod,fi.d food.

SalhnitarG

. . .

hpod ofgh.ucat h @drfi.d e,tul!. hrdr, .nd dFR by-pEdu6 6 probb,Ed rm.E3ukrom shrll opply ro a s.ntuta y mod icd inporcd md l4rlly pbducd oSricultual pDducB b.B'MinE @ y@ tun lh. dlre rhc' *4 aud
(F.bnury 5,.2001) ProdBE bfl do n;Dd tn.,!q@m,rs ortc EaularioB w nol b. i'tow.d ro 4cr de Kin8ddm anc rhs g'e paiod. h. Annd ed Plor Qffitin. Doarrmor of tne Mintr, or Agncultu qll ,r c GpoGrbrc ror rmptah.nrina r[. ,!artdo6,
food .ddiriva md miioxidab u!.d in f@&tufs

S.n.
For

iirc

additionrt tcblin8

info@

on on

tt6. Equi@r5!

rh. rolowing @y rc @n@rd:

Riyadh I 1471, S.udi

Anbit

Quliry conbol ud lJsp4or Dotu. Minisry otC.'r1llr@ rd |ldEtsv

Sldr nhia

COMMERCT I, DOCUMEMS It.. 9dlmll Equnld fq .n A6bia ft:

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Covmd dpenditure on rhs Nosetou rMsignrfiturry durina th. pitu p|d *n.n d'lru tur rl.\.topl]Hr,[o@roB E,ch.d sR t64.6 bitLon, or 43 pdat or .h. plrn s 6rd inv6hdt *pcndinrc whit. silt ed hetrh
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2o

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5clm- inv4h.d

allocotioB.

Th. .s.v@th PId

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@.rop'rHt stor, includin!

wi66.d .

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u

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Fd$ch-ha dddity dpld.d rm. rh. llln ot rhc tiN trd.topmr phn Ttc nunoq or sMk md 6n.ge fsthng undd cduc,ironJ .roritutioB mra.d tuT r23l Lr ll3e/mt too9j b 21,4J3 Cordmmrt2OO4). D l42irl25 l]:.iupb:^9!boJ': $t@b wftr up ftom .t??2 In D8s/e0 (reoer @ t2,r76 u ,aa,.x^u4, shr. gtrR *hooh inad.d t6n !t ro 13,062 ovq rh. !m D.flm- rbe hbspe ld4rEn c'qen b cirt!. cduarrm Esu[Dd m gD*d or ih.
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TBdr, l.-hrury 08.2005 (t{2 pST): To tbs.ft.! Srudt Minrnd td Cdrrlrc aJld Indunrt Df H6him A. Yr'l@r c.lt.d oo Co':1l11* Mhurd of poLsrm
Hum}ln Alhto! Kb.n in his ofiic at lhc Ministry oI Com@e. Srudi Mjnisld va! Mnpani.d by high ofi.iab fron Saudi tuabia. Minj$d of s1rL Co,mM H@jd Yr Hiaj m do pemt d lnis o6id. 'or

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'It C.mft.

Mirisla .le epriscd rh. Sudi Milisra of rhe djftcujtiq li. P*rstur bsinsmn w.r sltt frcing h 8.fir1g bwjn6 lis od uged bm 6 bor tlb $n is$c io r&ifillG bu
irJ. Khe hforn d ln. S.udi d.t.g,hd rh.r pfisb! lad bhx, tlbcElir.d jk !:d. *'b inc^to*6r briltta in lh. Egon dd ,ihrlifiqt dlty sdk@ r plie. '.glm prhsh hld bomc I safc haven ror compEh.n$ve

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B

trill

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In td 2001-04 rh.lohl bllft oflr d. t s6 p.tnb! 6d S.udi Anbir ru us$ 2127.225 milion, whioh oEtitlrcd us| 3{3.520 dillion dpois im pikist!, ud^Us$^l?78705 milion-rmpotu Inro prtBb, lhu,.gNrmne a radc deficir wont\ p4Erol bd. d.ficn qlb siudr Anbtr is @. ro

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Dencnb8

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I

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'wle&v.topm.nl Borh d!. auh6 doriti.d rh. atu ttt r.t@q intonDrion hhdogy, pos6 sdmuoG hyd.r p.w.' proj4, houinS hvetuck. rood prcc.sing, fiorirulu.,

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prc'pnwE

3ry.mma

Ellir- vbrh wdmnins rb. S.udr d.t.B&or\ F.dht M@k ro, tnqrhcnr & hh!at'!D Dr. Abtut Haf@ Sb&kh sdd pa(istu durins lrc tasr ftr. ed, halr tcadcrshD of pBdcd Cd p.dp V6hrEt ed ft. pcftr offtmc

sbr

by

[,liuscr Zdatu sh JatuLi bad wo, tred hqrd @ mr. lh. ;obry dd.loping @durv. ,dv@nr poticia. L vi* of ou d.rp

trupaR ,PrivdEnd prognn *brch inctudcd posa co.rd ed DEhbuLon rEsgo. KEsq in FuEcrr scbf H ib Binr Lhib4 ::^T11*, 'I:-llTp..
Md aRf ii:l1 (dd hft r.rur *isr.d v6,rh. .nhducrid of D6gd!!on ,q.em Il:'1o, eo lepe ro,nv.d in,n. @ltut*
to0qo

Th. MujrltrSave r se &hi.vco bt PrlBtu rntuusr nro eonomc suouE@q-co6stacy o @emc polrcd dd @Domy on.ncd Ffotu, wbrcl 5% @iomic gmMh aiid r lnod orpd.isrr :Y*_-,_-"::".,T1*""d 'PL Fohgn in Ercbog. re.fra peromu i rprrlt lutd. H. iaid !h.r patB6 offro M ud havins d. b;$ krivq,rr.cti\. od
por,cy ror or lMdhc

pr.c.(.ofrh.

cxismg potdnat d bolh rh., oulD.i, he

qd

.quiry b foreiCn ed j r.lricrion ro irteour 6.ir drv,.lende, h. sad. rn. lw.r Dpnbe{ rbc d.t.8!hon to 6c SDup f6, dubtabDS @rpotu oDcftiiodt_ or[F a scu B ro NEr h firdDs- .uiLbr. lo.!r p,,o.]. toi v..t!B. Ttr ch.illM, B-olrd of Inv6b{r tvt. wlsm naqqj, rh. s*dlry ;oinr Bol
r

Tt.,mv.str)mr oppotuind ilow.d

fy

i vBn ro rstmbd oD s.pl.mba I t, 2OOl rudc by t i@ Trkr Bm Buda Ar-s{d M rdnS ll.n.mbtr of srudi &t.!r!q ! n6 L,!. F.dd,l vmBkr b' hr.hhdon md tn8h4r D'. Abdul Har@ 'Eb the pnnk sfld sh.*n, n.t vatrrg hrlslrn ,tur r ton8 bmc had Rol.d lhrr pot rtu ,s mw a w.lt
Duinr
wh.n in Middk E6t cowuid .v?ryon. kio* pahdm s unoduakd ed uka.rcd co.rdy d bd.kloped coury whrl. tump.ntrg $e occ co{ha slora De'B[houing @Ddt r $. EAbns m EB/D! Sno !!d ,oide. rho lfu ftouah. r c4 b. da .v.d thd paptc rD Srudi A4bii c s. c jn CCC .nd Mddtc bar amtslc! do4n1 kros nuc\ abod de &gEe or devetophmr patilh bs

rh. s,udi M,nG,6 oalh. oveial coDdhon of plritu by resh m rE.nr ys md d. Srldr Anbiu Mintrte said: (ih!l lh. covomr of Seud bujD.fu .wn8 rhc mnic p,.8la mde 6y p.trsra,. l_::,,1y.Y,"T b@h. @tc did.l ror s.udi aDbia od kc m oss for Drdphs or bolh brcthfly MBt,m skr.rt Ag.h, d cs be und4rood rhll econony 'ppriscd od lEdc and dF M0oni( Etom udcturo

Nrv.nneBqrh. wir of Saldi M,nisrq ot Colrrlr].e &d Indubies H6him raDe. b rshhcbtrd o Febru.ry 9.2005 &o hd qrh comme lvtinsh bn of fMrb Humyu arbb Khe ro die6s ,|@ of dunDl ifuc! $cb s b aErrt @c dv6trcN c@p.mioD md @p.Errm in b|fu t&@c dd.topmr Th.

f&sre' turTti

::'jT:-,", bt dln tur.r". T.d od b. hElduccd ro bremrion yur /@E :lch uctiol !o srrr.Fc
Dld.
Thc

r sorr4 incturrds

r4!h b@snd

Co'@K. MiNd rl,o

46lsklolm'|lllb6|n4@t]ro|iv'
I

dppns.d rhc Saudi sbr hcdg ir gdiry bEll4

Mrub oa the dmcltdd Lb. vis &d uacd LiD b t@k db

qhich

m getul bushe vna Ttr< lhd. 6 r Ht n..d for botn gov@nts ro look hrc rB nkmt prccdlru !o ffihur bBrTsn.n .\m o n.w mdiM bums Ps-pr. b Srv. ro ttrem &. chde ofenhocins lhi! Ehton dp4i.Iy *h.r th.,flel ol.v,r r r b&ly dculcd (Educ.d). Th. Com@ MiMta rllo !pp.i!.d rb. $udi Mnise or fi. dimculbB rh. pok bBjDd|m flilt &.rng in 8.nns bu5ilK qs ond used bjm 16[ inb dtu is,ue b f.arire bumer;@hlr'.

turc sa atqoys .l quidli:-b*an inmnu b,('"4 In r. tuo auhal 3."::Ew ds obr*. tn nad Io t@l hro thc dimc,iris :T ". ou( n lh. saud rNiD.39Jm

pat Bcinbmm FqL$

renu

'o

s,o'E:lwoivni.douor{frndooddri0]^dun|u{3

P libr,3 B.l.re
3.207.45 2,928,02

ofTr.d

9,09811
9,570.,16

2521.09

6,7t8 t9
3,392.10 2,127.82

2,t922J 49)6.22
7,338.94

5.61180 5,t40.65 6,724. t8 r0,72568 I2,04?05 13p64.65

8:30.0t
?,t31.89 1,t69 91

B,5n.22
27,19t.t8
29,3t7.41
3t J17.52

8!5202
9)64.12 9:75.08

tt,t20,64
t5,06023 20,218 93 21,U1,a2

4J1a,9l

7!,2|.64
71,791.06

N,0

.49

t92136.97
179,258.19

20,911.t7 r9.709.65

T.btc - B Mrjor ItDe of ErDorb to S.udt

Anbtr

eL{p

brdlc

dicrq nll dc

T.bL - c Mrjor lteDi oflDporb f.oo S.!di Anbt.

r72_9!
23.03

r8.t6

t6.42

T.bl. - D M4orlrem ofExPorb to srudl&abts

!* (B.sri &d dna 4i.ry)

r.r!b .o'

t*

nrpf a0{t4n Fi

Mrior

lld!

T!bl. - E ot lDporl! rtuo Stldl Anbh

P.hl.!hoil,'fi!BiMimu

!4{

PolMryl ollondq

U@ *!d

odrmu we & brp

R-ESOLUIION OF DIS|PUTFJ

BBics El.tim ltorish

rnrmrl bain.s. I'
i

on lI. fou.Ltion ofnlnat ri L ae i, rh. cs. of . fourd dEr nos or rhe b de dieulcs coutd hit. b*. avoidcd if bob tle p61ne! were drd in lheir r.rtu of

rsr

rrendr

Moc( ond $c rm of 6c .3tumd wft ilan r.glhrory a(honti6.

yagu. &d rcr popdly mihmrc.r.d by

Trad.

lc]ft cl@ly dd propdly auriohdr.d by r[e Sddr Enrba$r/CoButnr in Indr Ih6. dl)M.nb lhoutd bG on pmpq tckhad ot rh. @opur6 ad stoutd h.v.
ttdel^C c TML Dbpuk Codaitt *t1t rhe Bdtstt/Contuttt C.n nL Ir. u&,. dbpuc wD up bcl*@ 0 pahj|jli @n ny aDd Saud dlbUshnoq ! omprarr lnE Gg.rd cM be todg.d qrh rh. Cmcid WinB of rh. 'n Ehb6sy/CoNurar len.El The comptaiN shoutd 3,ve aI lne ddrib Rtdet ro lhe dtspur...oprca or dgre.h.nb, uc. dd .t ml6roDdmce Etevd !o lhc c4e

cd

be on rhe

bdis oi irHocrbt. UC The agE.lmr should deFjh.ltc

Ei$asyrcombc Gadl stsiv* iniriiuy r. s.ftL rh. dt|a nicabl. by lirier wirh both ric Danies invotv.d. h iho csc of I non-enh4r!, $; dirpuk triD b. Iwldcd io the Eepqr,ve S:udi Chlbbs of C.lrme sd pddine jcfltoor fuhc. l[c plkisllo @do.,j6 doEry b rDdk 'cftl@L hll b ofrcFn dvic.r'alitue ro fit. r 6. md thc Srudr Adbio SharEI CourG In $'s c6e $.y h've b s.ck lbe b.tp of c Srud t+rt consulbr io pEs..r rt.ir ce rn rhe . o@. Thtr ie ri. hod .tf.ctive r.p tor sling dispub, but shortd b u!.d 4 . 816on o 'nvolve.rDmd'fr Th. FmbBJ/CmubF Gdc,l vr aLo @iv. comphn, agaid patdrbnr cq, rhe coButrr. cdent .d.mpa b nch M mnrbh rntrm-r. I rh. hdd pdt is ar fiut( fte micr * l b rctqr.d b mlccm.n
Thc,

6r0blishint

inlll& adhong6

for

Elilr

rctioD al

lh*

m{r

Ihal$y bBrnes pddiB @ ed by . nnor s.gnn, of rh. bsinssmfr iD s.ud AEbra- Tt'eJ will o'dn to, 8@d! o8rinr cEh dd 6bb.i!h rai$ oncc @!l E eubr6ne4 rmpod wiU b. fird. on cEdr bss bd d.try p.rmenr or ev?n nonp.yihr qpolc rut Lx. du. plquuN !L!r ,ucb hci'Aruc
Som

*ftr of a drpuk &!ing b.hrem I foRig. conpdy bd a S.udi pary,.bc.roRrSn conD.ny sroutd coBds smg dc p0rq D saudr AFbr!, s thal prohc bc Br M6 rhor. f:voEbl.JddF.nr w tc oforc.d
Fudiq. r_t\.

If t dispul. .ris*,

a coapey could 5!. , or utd bc su.d - ia Saudi couns. &a r6ux, n isinpotunr fo' !rcmpo, ro!trd.ubd. b.forc drsg r now poeno.r dBpLt s wiu b. r*tvd. Tlis hvdva rhE. r@otur esd.EnoN. whdns to 4 sNdi a@ o @6 of ol[d 6u!frs, th. of $udr trrb@l b ryF wro D. oBpuc h b. r@lv.d ed th. Dosbrliry ot ,ltiFaion

Th. S.{ti JldLld Sylci Ir AibE, fd rsluhon of dbnur.r. r bdSn @frprdy mighl bov. ro ,pp@r -SNd MroEa tuett orhbmb Il. saudilJdrc.,tqysrcn @NE6 ofborb sed.r;dis dd speiali4d tribruls. Tt. @'rrs dd rrib!&tr my 6cbt ot I onbin.tim of
Th. Shha muB N rhe @urr of8.n.rut tusdrcnon in $. S!ud,ludi(rst ryrGm Sb&i! lLd8e pEs|& ov.r llmfl dy d*pur. utc$ SoLdr hw prcvidB od.frNe Md 6ualy ,ppl, lshb. L.s b .tecid. a cs. Tb.E L, Do tift Imr within *hrch a p|ny nBr bring . h*suir. All deisiom of Stun as ould b. !!,!atd.

Th. Bo4d of Gi6md hs $. erclErc p.wr ro de{jdc dspre ovo Saudr !"ovtl:md dErds dd ruy delid. sonc rlT6 of @irl dispure Tl,. Bord or un*me oery6 0 syn.m of prcdmr Dar,oG of ri. Bolrd of cn.vm6
codd be mDeal.d

dolv6 c.rlls Jjspub b.Nd b6*! ud dci domE. Th. C@ ndotr Comitle !r lh. Ctmb.. of Co@rc. eijb in d{iDS Fobl.s rb.t ei& whd , orc,lrr @mpMy in!@ts b (hhg. @Mddd !968. Tb. pElimnary Cotmn* ror o. smtem.nt or kbou' DBpur.s he.E . mftE rctarcd ro labow ;d .mproy.c

SNcdl olhd tibulals dlo twtr dispuB D .p{i.tEt .4 of Saudi hq. Tb. ovr Krabb D,rloEk i! prjtuity 6podibt. fd .ntftil3 rh. j,,igl1gr of . S&di rib(it Th. Negoriabt. Irtuab (omn.. d*id6 cses mvorlrng Drs or nches.i prcmi*or, not6. od ch.qLes. Th. SAM_A Comine

ArblElrim i! s icpkd prerce for csolrmg dsr{rcs D Saudi AFbra. Arbjlr.lob mnbm ro . rlerailcd d of r'llir.'mts rhlr 3ov4 rh. stocdd of b. la8rx or lnc ob'hbn, sd Evr* of tb. .rhihroB, d.cBid. Th. ctutu of 'bilrioi, lhc ebit loE nnn bc dpd in Sbaia or Saldi comdirl tow. S.!di llw EqliB ! c.trn ro appov. the dbiFalioo aw&d. In rh. c4. of ebitntions *fti. saudi Anbi!. ih. Civil tugbts Di*tomr. 6lbrB dl aditrntion .wfdr. IL. bo.fici,,y p{g mi n v. b pditioD a @ud b 6f@ m albidid dc.tion.

Nr

Mtlo b-'cl4mm' o L.g!l Pm@don for C@l.od Fo,.,gn tnveftMr |nc Mullilardl InvharGufur4 Asdcy (MtcA).

IJNR

PAIOSTAN INVF,SI1IiENT CODE: Th. s.v.lrmnr 6 opq b foE,sn inv.lhftr rd oltm a pack!8. ot incenuve @ dtur rotrrgn rns.oB As otrn mkSsrcd,nv.shdr pdmohon srd.8yi rbe

6nrpE6mM pmsnm ot d,!.t ..doM Efl)m mcludDA ljb.r.liariq pnhdz[on $d ddguhtioD ro brir8 rhc oDomy inlo ! runy lMkl-on.nkd sysm This sa armd c,ptunng rb? p.rduat of $. priv,r. 3ov.'r]md
sme

u.dtul r

pf

a d.feM

d6 a domdic invtun\
pbduclioD, bmting,

sr'$ deptior ot 'he ed bordalstirg.

\lGd rdsti\c ru lrh

Thc n.w Inv.rmcnr Policy

ed

oNauction. pon dcvclophdl ind oFndm,

ih. oit uo hrt!trm, |MMrmg. borel,loun& agricutruc sffc6 &d s6. sd,c.1 sc6t sqrou. uov.lmr-polrcF qdonglt f.vor ,nv4rmd. popdds D lh. .ngrn.dn&/capihl gM I'mur&rm8 s4tor $ar hr\c la4.qpon or v!tu. attdirion dd lo(!l onrdi
Th. 3Ntumas
pol,cy povid rncf,rivB, (otuesionr, md domesc InvdroF @ abo ,! dbbl. to fm.Bn hv.rbts qrrbdr di&rit:mtm A Duebs ot coocbioro, Mh qernpnon 6 t'!m cu6tu du06, sr6 Lx @!ioN ed ! q.n nm d drh.nt, s *.ll s all@lccd r.DaE alion rlcililiq, b.vq ben idnlduc.d b @.ldr. indur.irl d.vd@d in rne cohEy. a @mpoqF schem dnabonrt Indeid rcnes .ngulfins ,nd,;al drsks,

pFsds .qud dGh.nr opptuir,B for borh dorc!\ lor.i8n invsbF. In nes potiq ,Apnt looqr fo,ergr svcsh.or on rcparidbtc rllow.d j poE Cd.drion. l.r@@ujdboD. higbsly

licrliri$lbd ire prolidcd

ilvh.d
ro

3nuli ant ncdtm

indM6 wj6r |A oI its boqd:ry h! bh bucb.d b

Acoordi4 ld Dd Inv6lrmnt Policy, rhe imentive for f.* induriql rcn6, iie tEd. m$ ed dDon oridr.d uill wjl be s 6nows: locd DFItbdL my b. .llos.d pDjan finacirg n &dci Sd. up io ,20 p6qr ot cr+ors my b. ,Iow.d b oon6uc brr @ {blcct b payGnr of dmie hd bsi ErFn of wsc &d o.Rcnv. rcm b. rrotr.d ro brjff eB md d$ ro bondcd tunutitun8 h8, lLryTu or. &n my.bc @kd d p& M$ dn sm 6urcr!* ro;ft,ehr $brd, on ccrlrjn iks: Ini.r-mr b!roId or 64hcd Soodr ;b '@Ds.a",ting mry b !llo*c!i lrnpofl dury dd pmvmciit br q.mpno otr mponcd rehinFy
Th. Bd em.nr slso ebbtbbd

nry

cx.rqton rrcm
momc

ya -u s'et ud tu*atpindi

b qpon p,deins ad.

Tbe

cqup|M renrMy ..d mldir& (rNtudhg @np.Ddq sper p,rts ed p;cb,si mihdi cnt rpn<e< *r-!p in rh. b.. B qenpt d 6!m.I Ld@l dd orovinc;t
'or

ill leddl, povDo.l Md oMciplt r,JGs, dy Imisn .r.h;se q rpplisbte in prlieo up ro '.gulikn5 d4pred t6n h, rhe lo9s.rhe y.r, 20001 drru'u ouErd. ituy. on ,n "rhstu uy b. cfr.n folwd ind.tDjkty: impon oa

l@ti m s folos.

EpZ)

h K@ahi rd No
@npt.F

.hd. iEllulg curio@, dd.t qt . h &d uliciFl Esri .od. wlrdrr"aaL. e.t.i4!6.d Fr..d{r - iAdt {d aFr .do.itde. 6.bd-by t hdr rr!..d!s z@. Asda !..e lol}F..d Mdb @z^! ti q rm F!.d Eraid.. of cfi!|; l00 Fi-t E!.,|#i .d F!6r! ; pEg c Dide tilit b. i!r4@ 6tof tm &!bt 8d6 .4'd b bler .gs.Mt!: rbi. ofqdiDs i! .xlott ad e .ttowrd io re& rb-cdrdrS tu 6i. of riitr E Ebs.itrr ,ryDd of drb jd r|li... b |q o v.b rffid dlyi -d d aa6s h cF.t F..-s d e
md

td.

.|!EbqB,gara^tund.Eitr!Ed. la Ulibd Slr!t_i! t h9,.rli!g dt.d eFigr bv.e ir p.Etu" A..ddi!S to tu ldr@nr Mbidy of l||r'..r.@bF dc.r ft.i!| bvrd 66-tt US M rr.b tlr,t&6 d!b.

@ @@I.u oj $ae 6ou6 w.r gDup6 w@ impotur fo,lb.r in$ituttod or tor tb.tr mo0opoty of modm lsrtr por*rou_rbrs. r@try, mhfle rb. grouDs lhar w,.ktor ac{urc poss oecrsc ot sctr 64 urcup6 rur th.rlbE wi. d pol.[co powd b@e of $.n .orcnic 3!frglh or t]t.n doninction ovd ictilutioN or bd.e of rhe sia of t!.n folowing. Thc aorw ol tbd powd (qu,lityt .nd rfi. .mur of $pDon t9 d mNrq (qutu yt rculd d.mim rh. ttp. 6f rct. rhd. g6up3 pt.y d rlc des,on @kine pm6s | rce trio dhv. po$. tirn rh.ir oymdhip ot rft. rcsoure. (qonohic or.drutshrN.) d. trk.ty @ pLy d. ble of deilron-makins .jire. $hitc tho& wm$ p6E N b!d o t rc siz or r[cir foUohg n mE rik ty b iqdion s Th@ sho h.vc po*e, ir lh. qMtir.tjv. lcN Sd ro b.
po*dturiy rcpBed.d
m

To bddbrd rh. potihe of @domic dcu,od.,uting. ,s hetptul b ldopl a vio or tq rry b$d on irc{<t-3t!up ( ontt,ci MMy of lh. oup: w. m conceh.d wirh Ar m &c onvraosl@nontr .n,eHr gruF, cenkrcd on rhe o$nhhip ol erofd. In .hc pr.Bhurb psjod,

Prkirt*

Th. Lng

Vi.r

/Nsb rqc.

rtc poLtist

ryj.n Otq

inflmc6oaddn,.n<

b Pltrq, d*6'oo,md.ng is LL.ty to b. ondlcGd !r & .&ly s6gE by on. o, mF sfld gbup (brnotu. Eibal chEh, dc.). flre grouF! no, onl, Fovid. tdd6 td c rho repB{r.d in r!. civit ed frliGy A::.1uy b.sG @ nod.mE. rb. dommur siir s,oup d gblpr l"!:!i:Ti:.e mot 18 powe! $hen n@ groups cndg.. Thw, $. bekgtuud or UF mnbd of th. crvil ad mirir,ry jn
b'@uture
*b;r
i3

no*

Prtlfu hr

chdg. @Niddbty ovd rh.

,4.

ddision-inucrcem !c omcirlly rspoNiblc tu n he! lh. pl&ni,g ,or crecubd or eononic p.hcie &d prcsnm Tb.], d. ,mpdrrl. how;vd, d,6. o.y pmrdc polbcd ed amo6i! ln& b.lreD ddBjotr ula .nd vhd tu, b. d*ib.d d dc tarscr popuhbo rn noit mizjls 5cidj6, grelpr mrc fiom r|i.

IlE

d.cBre.-dlumcdg ro rh. de&on_rolfg e.. tn prbsbn nsch.rrmd6hdll!, ubs brofsDnik, od son. aenbeB of!h. middt. clssesJoincd$e d.cision-mlrcs aiid baving iDctioned s indll4a otd..irioN.
Th.

ed @nom'c Erom.

d.bser ssuFl' rh6( suF m d. ,nlad.d bd.itc6i6 of potitial Thcy nighl ryp,cilty fftud.3nal ttuE, r.nm6, tddl* roq. ubb }l8e bbolnr, or w6,t.b ,n 6r s.pKe sec.or s w. 6 !bo!. who Inxu@ 4d mrlc decdotu

F4hdt

ddliDs bea rlt of the Erhd fl.ilatc gDupi.gs. Idr.tut cnployfi of $dge tabor m Mcaon & d4's,d.das d d.c,sonA larC. fmd who s .t{lcd or appoh!.d to oitice occlpie norc fio on. r.aory dmul@6uly, a do6 $. bllHud or polbcr4 *bo is ,ts u l-9'"f rt. d.8 dinqantrlrioo b.v@ 3?l- r D. dccBron.m.tun8orpl@ mry hrv. nlch sDue6 s io rhc or. ph'd oy od lo do w,rh b.$ l[c tm o. pouo6 and be prcbabrliry offi.r rtre,sbon ov.r rime Th. Brold.onrouu ot of (oromc d.csio6 de d.Ennn.n tor polibcdl tero in plnrcul4, ror the Eson M o. dpotui snl Seup D rlc sFry *mr ro minbn lh.n potitcnt p.wd. rD@rm. o.3tuup6 qbo e b boc6r non rhe deirioN lhar a b.Da bld ft
Th@

IadMen 6lluaea,

of

6a.

or

Brrict d ro.rios. *ho fomulaE d dnud@ rtc {rccsr@ bur Dy wE m mi wctd poutic,l Dorq. Ttd rhBe p.nphdd gmup. baoft ifttudc rhe b6.fici&e or,r@nodc poxo6 ir is Bu y b*r@. som. mporrlnr sdion ofrh. potirnized q4rcry * 0on-(.toD s ulnmdy @Nrtus ! Dotiridl lh@r.
noi

ex.@ h rE{torrm 6BUoG fomol cbmct pohllcd D.rilB dd l.8i!l.n!6, I.bd b@ e clrllrrh d hddh6 ed @me. ,!d dv,l qd dtir..y bl@ho6 e

d*'$n

Tt. @.d qdjon @ncos tn. *iy dcuion.ilnua@ pt.y

m0*rn8 pocd Therc Bo typ6 oi ch.M.h rbrc!8h whicb n[udc. i! oD deirrtr naI.B. esbbusd.d poliric.L mbonic, .nd ldnnifrrvc

rhen

br. u

rh.

::T--^o1f:* 61, Ld dr,:bn-hnfnc6 w n rh6e GD.nsibr. fd econonc mrq4. rdrimr chmch for lhc oow

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PROMINENI INDUSI'RIES IN YANBIJ

Royd Comj$ion Jlblil .ad yebu Di6ror C.,@l lor Pbjel!
Public Elatiom Depanmcnt

lttn://M.rsb.6m

P O.Bd J00l I Madrd ymbu arsiM.yah (]'/obu rod6r tCq) Kingdoo oI s*d AE!tr T.t 00a6oa12t.245 Fu: 00O55_4-3963mt w.tsib:

H. E. MOE{MMED BIN ABDIJLAZIZ A!.JOWAISBR DiElor C6c6l for Ro)arl @mi$ion T.l:04-3216t00 Fd: 04,396800r E-tuit dqawb.6m

srudj Aln@o Mobites Rctinery c.mDdy I !d. rsAMItfFl

O. Bor No. l0O/8 yMbu al siDiyab T;r: O4-J9;568

/ re64roj F*: o4

Mr, Khdid KhabouL Exccltive prsid.ni Mr. Ssleb A. S. H,sub.b. Pocu@cnl Md,ae!

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or

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bd

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wirhin ft. conkrl or hinpowd dev.toph{r ud liDt ud h,tuns Se $$ lh. rcquEmftr ol md@d d.v.topror nlnbd or educruon Irad rnd ofsd.nE, sFdule,i-t& lbdatsi.l coucsc ofJubail hs l@hcd oboul t935 hy (hc dd of
l421n5 Q@4\.

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Itrdu .Ll ltd.lopr.li tiI.E tr rt. Xtn.doD Okrlh. pd l[F. da.de, d.Ktopm. p6t dd..vor suc..cd.d m. !!h ins0 1ft be ot pomiqing hdei,t d.v.lopDonr h rb. Kinrdon Tb. bq hr $;e @dry'ry ru nslry lhd hdude sev.El ru(.$tu1 p.@hcmi..L bdiq miningoo or hoshs *hrch bost a6d qu.liry 4d @@ew. DEd(ts $,1 hrv. nude aNdcnbl. @.aibudon b ltl@c pr.druon. ov6tets. &d o,rd.l dFrll'

Meag.mnt ed ttrvelopmot of rh* indutj6 @ undsirton b, tbE gioi udond colporrid, !.ndy lne S.udi Bsic rdudiq CorDddon (S,qBrq; $. ,1e?.9it.co?or.tion (sudi ed n sludi Aab@ Miliry :oud Corpol'on (I',la .dd) All rh6e corpoErion. 4oy a s*bte p.sdon in rh. ddionci ^RAi/rcol @Dody, l.1fu ot Drodmtio0 votume. rhe qoltd repu$ion of d.n qmhry 'n prcdEb od tb. advecd t*.1 ot rr. kchIotos, ,r.y sa b 6.r, c@rd oi d6: rio66 se I tu dB|lrdirs exmptc of s@ of rhe dfvctopMt ds {d u. porici6 th.t pac w fi m M b ,.c.tdr. udeid dd.toD[mr krhin rh. ftuMrk ot rh. rourry s rud.g' b J,vhiry prcdlcron bsc md ro cduc. cxmce 0n cru& oii plldudjon ed d@tu

Bsi. t!d!.Hd Corpor.rrotr AaIC) SABIC*senblis[.dm t]9ortoT6Jwi(hrptudupspl6tofSR tObru6q]hi.b SR 15 brllD'. ot *n,cb 70 p4.nr r oM.d b, 6. Saud. sd 30 pa6r hy Siudi ed CCC tuu[ie citizs, SABIC,S apjnl 8ovffint hs ben ni*4 s n mndy sbDdr.t SR 15 bilio! In addnioA SABIC ei!;iE SR 7.s bilioD c sraruiory lffi, SR l_j 6i im $ c;h ud reh@lo6/ r.&flB, SR I1.9 6illion 6 8en@l rsd.! dd SR 13.2 bilid of rllind cdinE:
S.udi Anbl.D

qro$v. pbgEm uds-blo b, SAatC R coBdad s r 'nd6Er.t@noD nildo.. in rb. Kredon! Ddreirl d.Etopnoi prGE epedly h rhc ha3ic,
The

oov$hr

oomi ea. wrh

lnd suppon whi.fi ublr. rhc hrd@.rboN mcr.I] Frrcuhrly rh. r in to ruimiz lh. v,luc add.4 of ih* mou@r

rcrud pduchon orabolt 42.c mnlion m.hc 6nr ofb6rc cb.niqh,,nr.rn diar chhcd&,letuldeN, m.bts ud potyn.u. ftd.p,od(ts we tuuretur.d w,rho :|:_:*--::"'I ..f rbr.fo[o*h8 anpe6. $udr rrod .nd ser conpoy 1L3*^?'; yudr_ Mcrhhor coq&y GxR^zr)i Jub.il Fqrl46 c.nisy

B, r!. end of t424l?5 t2@41. SAATC @mrtcEd opmriob of 16 *o,td{ts, Ddrh.l onpdie in ,ubrl ..d ydbq ot *bjcb G Jo,n( vonG *irtr mmbonar mmprid sNh a S[eU. Eironl'd Mob,t. MjalbBb Chmc.t.r., *itn

Y&bu P.r(idiatr Cohpey ay^N?6.I):

Jub.it

Conwny KEMYAIi Siudi P.t*hmob CorpMy (SADAR: NitjoD,l Mcrhuol pclrEhdiqtr Corroey (PETROx!|v{yA): umpoy lEN srNA)i *h^pcr*bmicab compey (SHARe). srudi Adbiu Fcnrri2$ cornpet ^Bb'il (5sI u). Nalonal Ch.miol Fdihzer Compey rlaN AL BA\TAU: Nad;n; Pra5t6-conDdy (IBN IiAyyANli N ioDat bdutrjd ce Conp;y (cAS), s.uo c@p..n p.tsmnhcd comFsy 0BN zAIR)i Anba sy hcrc Fib.r comp^6y {lNB RUSHD), &d rbn HrD,M plahc Cotrpry (IAyb crd s^!tc ruo p.rolhmak

aoeh.Dcab.

Jubsil

unikd

conDj, &NtrED).

Tobl l@powd .rDploy.d by SAAIC ed ill ,mldd @npoj6 by thc dd of 142415 (200it) @hcd t6 l}ollsd of yhjch S.udi uro.rls fq a2 |l.tql
11

q..

&:yL^"|

Ddu

F.-l :lj, T zo.u psqr *.r 5 .,1j

ot ln. N.lionrt

'@ur n.r Md m,*{ins @p.Erro. pdicll.jly elln ccc IshaE i1!h. Blbrm AtmMconioy {ALBA) ,l_ adf Arhinlm Ro ins Mi co,leey (cAriico) 6 11"
Cl,m6& TMponins Coettuy. tr,tso

ow

lhin of fi. cndl Pcrebencab Inde6 Compdy (CptC), dd owB 2< pdcd sbe in Eoerg), cornpoy for Jubqit ud ymbu *hict $6fi6 fl6By &d w.t6 rr rwo iil .irie. ta. Mour of sAllc adl6 ot ro 'ndult E@pe,!@hcd 6 mllon-mtrlc bn., whilb onpriss of Dddtdioh beiL rbmiqb;
ode InleffEd,aGri Dolvdlefi n
s, PVC

udD6lv.su.

SABIC i. e*ina hed ro minbi" r,* *,t,o.r*.*,n m@ rbd IOO c@tsle @ad 6. *ald. SAttC "o-*@ntiM ro 3ct &tCitiotut oDporbnjriB aLo ovcGes thdr 6cy tu *nh its 6D eriviricr,

By tt dd !i t42,t45 (2004), SABrC @k{t lod eons lh. wo d,s brgdl pcrreh.mcd @r4aid lc produlon homEd 7 p.ear of *oaa p.rel-il* prcowon. ss( .rpon! kGLbird! of iB prcduclon, wtucb @hcd 42.o rFlrjc @-Dc. SAAIC conrrs of $ c.gl( brrhes u6: Brtic ch.mi(rk: mklmdhr.!, poD okfin !i PVC md potyqrn, tdi ia! od dut! Its dporr! rccch ro mor. thtu 100 @ubB-of rhe sortd s ro ows: 40 p.wl b Ari4 28 p.nc to ltudd]c E$q z! p.'r b rdp. dd r0 rMr b orhs 6u6e Srrdl Adbl.n Oit Compuy (SAUDI ARAMCO) on Safar 4, 1352, (May 29. 1933), thc Saudi AEliu

mc46n asrctod wnh Stad'd Ol Codrp.ny of c.troni. (s-ocAt ). bdic kDk a {CH-E\IRO!r, dd rt. AnbiD Affiitu O,t Coqmy (ARIMCO) noe ws lm.d in.r3t2 0atJ) !o op@k rh. mnc?sion dg. tn Dat fl973), rhe sABIc i,
ligned

cotudt

r.

eqru
ed b

wor*inC hmd ro
r o[
100

FE.nr in

natroin ttuBdom lcqri,ed a 25 ,erenr $uity inbd m dd 3d hdwtry 6s.ts, *hi(b m@.d to 60 p4.nr in | \aa ( I97a)
l40O ( 1980).

rylvcqbr tppbimg romtren ot lbc Srud, Amb.s Oit Compsy TSAUDI ARAMCOT 6 asmc lMcg.nrtod opcFlrdd BpoEibitifie Roy.t DmNo M,t *s su.d l4l4 (r!lt t. tqal), 3ud@ng s disio by ot Mh$4 b n6g. 6b |n. Conrpany, r of lh. KiDSdomt oit rb. Co@t{d Etneie p.bokf producls (llrhbdon tuk.rrng ta.it[Gs. W,rh ih.s. &lded duricq 'nd bccam ,6p.nsibt. for mod ot 6c KinAdon,. pcfttch p.rorut sh{. h ax do;Lic ro;, Dmr*r T! o9-yl" **_oo*. io :',.:y:j,il" d.c6jd NoryT. 'r.n rdEd l4l?sAUDr rreMco * po (^o6d d Mrnr3d_s 29. diEd 22 S.fs
i$ucd.

O.4 Ribf lr

rao9

tJ,

1938r. Rorrt

DeF

No. \4,8

ws

lflli

":*i'h.*:

Uuty 8, r 99O In r 42Oi2

InrmaloMri, Inllgd.d dd u0rou.@mpoy

In lhc

fi.tdofflc,s).

:ITy :lllii. rry @mpmr is mNidoed s ! vtir pivot oiadvued ud hMas.mnl sylltu i4d e .teft or a bro.d tinkasc \ h $e opftrion
j" oc aub6edd pibd(doD T-1* -:hdBtr'6 6 w.ll a lh.su of oitrhnoto6, ud apo( od El.r.d dl)llfuh advlncd Equ@EnB.
;vs(cd

1q!.1R1y:o aNntoB d hsic pr e of rhc M@ @oony, *hEh qhDuB rgtohtr y rd intue otCDp,rd gddrriod of publr
ffiu {d

In 142425 r2OO!), SatDI ARAITCO ws EDonrbt. tm dfugnS c0 o,t ficlds urougholr rhc Kqgdom IncludDs lt. Rd So .E MoMva, 6v.; fields bd .

ga i.ld ir lh.

Plnirioned Nolrat Zonc & udcr de dponsibitiry ot oin6 ojl conpanB while thcir producrion is shorcd bctw.cn tlE Kingdm 6d Kuwd!. Thc p6vd.\tu6nh ctud. oit Ecfr6 in ur. fi.tdt l:)had by SAUDI A.R]\Mm,nd @ oh @q.rrq ro 'murcd 26{.3 br rofi berL ir t42rr25 ttOO4). Tt6. Iffi4 bNtituk rbd o qqs otrh. trorlot brl mdr18 srudr AFbra oe coxay Mb $. ttrget o In $c rorld. '!@ Funh.fuq rsdB ot ss. DcludlB NmEr.d tdrslv.d 's4op gb) Md Dotrenr.d g4 tohtcd 2at.4 ed hton errrrd,abic t4t by 6..nd of I124A5 (2qNr, rhR6y dntrng ri. N4aom d re rounn larget rn rm of 3@ EsB.

DutrS rbr p.nod 1,t09 I t 939) Md t42 t 4, t2@t L sa tjDt A&{lv.o.! dplmrion eflbB ehieved succss in rh. Cahl, Wesrn dd .{onhh pbtuqt $bn 0E Br ol ndd q djscovs.d u Hub m in 1409. fouowcd by, oMbq ot oit ud as ,nkr b tb. c.nud Ptuhe r t410. shicb nhitr vqy '*d Npcr tigbr @d. oil. r!n[n dl dlcodiB wlc md. m t4rdr7 (t99O !r Ueylah.'wi$; cap ot r$ocratcd BE ar Sbjb at. Abu Sbid.d bd Vutcyh. tn $. Eslm provibe, rcnasocrlrd sar ga ud @Dd.NG w.,. dsv.r.d in | 4l&t 5 I r99{) D rh. pF KbutrJouf lts.mir in Hrwiyd aa ot Chl*d 6old s wcu d 3wd lon-.ssnr.d gd in rh. Urhnurya! aa of lbe Chlwtu field ,n Jouf d@o/. Shadrn fi.td of sw..tnon-ssoci.t.d ss w4 dMveEd in l4l9roil999).

Thr fidr mi.Nmd.d gs disv?.y ws nE& m t4ll (lc{\) whm SAUXI axM( o drsvdcd 96 on de Rqr S.a co6ot pt&n, berv..n Unnuiaid At-W h. rnd dlo.diMvcEd oilD Mdyb tuo d 6c nonhcm pd oflhe Ra So @4r. i y@ d[6. gs sd md.Drc mE dievd.d in rb. s.ft |6 t |4lI(t99|),u d9lmtory ell iD Al-Joufbsin B!.lci! de.xisr.ncc ofn.lunt g6, whft SAuDr AMMCO Ealiz.d 3uc$ in i|! fNt cxploElion .fon in th. nonn:eql.h r.sion,
is d6ignd ro l@k fr oth.. tud6 of Frmjln oil dd no0-asialed.sn m bc vrcjniry of th. .rBug oir ed ss f& b;. A! pd of ilr edd.3y.to ebl.\. mft prcfirable podufton, SAt Dt ARAn .O sgn,fimtly hrcae.d l-D *ihjc sb.ymg u t4l2 (ta92) b roE ctfdv.ly d.tiEr. rh;
T1E

qpldtim pFglm

dd. ! ered@ ril h,$d 5u se b udtu.yx\ sb.dgm sd :ei6:!r:.n@ry*he sdir N lmv.d md ss ir lho d.tiv.r.d io rctl
As pln of ib sbucs,

t424l25 t2OO4r, SAUDj AR]\I,CO ws oDrding n@ly tj.20o iphn6. Tb. Comp!.y @mddd ! vd, @rv. 8na or op!h6 to trituDon tude orl. 96. nlNDl s6 |,qu,& (NcL), coDd.$ares m r.rDed podu.lr Tbe dd. oL p,pdm. ryrh tuporl, five lTs ot crud. o,l mm o. nd@ rMtcn in su rd, nodtd od pmdad8 b rh. phE ror prMns -nc ror aDod vi, rh. tnh potu;f l",nr;"h Rs co6r hd ydbu on lb. w.dd coad. Tt. rjtun itb drn$oir oil ro domsrL cnncna Th. Mab cs sysi.n @;i,B of

B, thc-.nd,of

'd

6hl

-d

g6 do ro r.l

b rcdue d.!ad.ne oo rbc Fodu.d qudb of .ssilGd grc"mg domd. d.tMd for gs, SAUD, ARAMCO s

syt.m

implmatrg dbrkB d@ ro b6osr iL! m.-seill.d gs prcdunon fioust a p6J(r stucn Dvoke @mhruon of rso sat Drcc6n3 ptdb od .bou 2oo0 K,rcm.cft,or prptrre *hrch m Do* rn the dei!, &d @Nturion phed Ir B Mudp.red lhll rrs poj4r w, inc@. rhe rube clprcity or lhc Mlc cs
by abou 3e0o

mittid 3todrd

obr f..t

pq dry (MSCirDr.

In I4l1

@ c+&,ry

l4l.lt99Jr SjUDI

kit YMbuo$.R.dSs@er,B, t4t6/t417 ilqs6) BmCs ptatlBs.ivingotrd prcc* ng arpb\ iroEIy 100 MqCFD ofsou C6 troh fie.ds tdokd D ri. loLrh, Dqde toer gn supplie ro Jubd itrduhsl dry on $. Anbru Cut(@di Thb Ero ptE.@ by b. @npt.ron orr tj7-bn tong dd,O0 MSCfD pjFbr. for rb. $u Ss,coquJlc hom Abqi,q b am aa pthr h t4l8/14t9 (t998t, r[e p.trdM
pMucr tuha$m pipctin. fiom Eskm prcvjnc. ro tuyodh *o niugmrer, w,rh a linl ro Al.Hog {d m$s b 'n. e4sjm coveriru o ro6t d$!@ ot

|urmm

AXIMCO conptcrd M ,mpo^m, Foj.ct ro rrftde 1.200-}m loo3 E6/W6r @d. oit fiom j..2 MBD b a or 5 MAD. ThL pFelin. ryncm urk Abqlq ir pbvie

!r s.

rp.h. esh

tiloffi

8rl

SAUDI ARAMCo opfllr.6 fiv. don.drc Ffinei.s ar ,endd, Rabrgn, ymhq Riy.db md Rs Te@ m rddtioo b rh. KDedomt sb@ h Jublt SASiE Ffin.ry sAl,{RII EE4y hr} . @mbiocd pEddioo @paciry of 2 05 MBpd :io ITh No M/1, orMuh,mm r L r4l4 Udy L lo3, nmr.rEd lo SA|DI io_y:1y]Ie AqM( u,hc Esponsibiliiy olopedllng yedu. Joddat &d &y!{b r.nncrjB ald n. r.tud D.hreM pod(r dishhubon n.rwrt wbcb ld6 niltioE ot @Bu]rm.r@ (hc Kingdon S UDI AXTMCO ah. bdm GpoBibh ra op.6nna b. ffi rmimb .t 1ue. R bE6, Dub, md yuoJ oD rc.lr.d sea ro.r( snd R,s tmm Md lu,rlrmon,.d.bl, ; iddiroo ro rhc Cu.r cosr. Ttese Gmmk bdd and rerrc ort, \OL md rfin d ptutcuh prcducB. A! ps rhe -dd. ::*131:g_rtar sk. in romcvonE Ero;6 D ir. Kj;g{,on

:Tl:,:::1 W.U d9 llutdcd

voon K.rncry

TO

{saMRfF)

SAUDI AI{AMCO.

dt Jubail, in oddirion ro

Rlhigh rcfrnary.

y&bu. sAljDl AMMCO Sh.ltR.In.., {sAsREF)

Tb6' R'DftI E

SAUDI A.RAi'@

*: r.1-r AMMco hs t'r6 tuI p.s@n or tubBn l-':_119 r. 14 15 oun. r. r{5,. rn rarT r ree6r, ud by r d.cri;n i::11"1-y o, rm (ohoror Mhds. sALiDt AMMco,cquird perronint scr,l In ,y:1"y dr bl@riB d r.d{hn: vir: ptunin Lubicdjna rwo oir l.ll:l_1T *.p-l rr"x"D -d pcmdjn Llbnonns o,l conwly {pc!oiub.). frlll! yt:.l.:..: r:"dr owr.d nrr Erxon vob,r. rhis mnprd.d rr. ,'_::-il rsSftnon or ritol Kingdom r peuot.umr.fning mddEflburion t&,liri6.s lcu s reaotu . Jod+mhre dohqc Efinin8 llrtEB ,nio SAUDI AXnMCO ln ra20/21 ()000), d. F.ddbn of uiJod.d g&tiD. rbrted for thc [d rim. ro hc

:Tpl* '".g*

rn

h.tuc

\hs d |!. lignintue ofoi.

rboul dcb dooetic FnD.ry.

ftfiriDS mdbEy in dre

Krgdo(,

bricf prent. 6

' R^ T$ rn.R.fn.ry: ft. csp&'N

or 10,000 BPD ot

fl&

tufin.r, sen

on lrrcm u 1360 rlo4l) wr$ , oit. *hile thc pDodrcn (,p,crty cwtritv

!6!& Butu

ar 325,000

BPD in .drilion io 2@

rhoed b6rcr!.f @nd6s{6,

fte ne* urc

caft s p.d of de Etindy *pM!jo, pm,.d war d r4l3 oc98) lhrchy &b$Ds rh. min obj*tN. of lhl Enndy utgEd., ic oNrtilg ln e6ndy ton a hydrHti@ing f4iliq inio 'r m.v6'oD fmility for ir@ed p@dudm fl.ribiti9 in roB of 8sotin ed di*l outpu 6 v.I e podd qurlity, 0nd coGeqnally in@i.d nmciir crms of rlc Eaoin8 poc4!cs.

wbic'r

J.ddo! R.l!:":1!j' Eiiay sd!onsftu jD lrss(re68).srbiprcd@o! qpeiryot12,000 BPD of ddc ort. h hdw.Dt s.vfrtqpu$oD pceses b b.ost prod@lion ro i$ cuffit cQooity of34,OOO B?D.

. W !:ry2' prc&clo mmocd d D94 {le?4) wirh . o!@,ry or l5-0m BPD Ine (,in.ry hs ud.rgd. sdt dp@ion ph4.
briasins rh.lmdltuon opeiry oil ton tlc Eat-Wan PiFlina

lr.OOO BpD.

Ttc;efin..y;buru ir! @&

d;by

. .

y.nbu R.fi'.ty:
215.0008PD.

Drtdv\6

sod.d ,n l40r (1983'. rB prcdlcaod c.p.c,ty 6

Rabist' R41'.ry: r\c t{Ecty wmr m sr@ iI r4ro (|989) s i r nc rorogn prrlnsr 50 ps.dr shrE wd acquiFn D t4 t 99i)

o.peity is 370,000 B!D.

roinchM
tre

pbdmdon

Th. Don6ttc

Jotlwdarr. Retu rh.

Nd EuoD,/Vobit R.fiD.r, Comp!try Lrd. TSAMREF): !i yMbu on ft R.d Sa c@( E . 5CV50 J@lvcnhe wit AxnMco dd EuoD4rob,t, rd hd onffic.d oFilrid in t4oi tAtDIMo . producnon qpdry {rrej ot 160,000 BpD $nr 6tu d b ,B chd kkt or 400.000 BpD. SAMREF F5r6 p.tut.rn hs ben pntut) Cor prcdud
SALTDI ARAMCO r rc rMery, tomrcd S.AlrDl (SASREF): Thc ,tD.ry. l@rd oar. is a 50/50 ionlv.,hm wir Sh. , md comscd-op.rahN m r40J 98rr siih e D,odkdd c,p&ity of lo5,0m D|!"uB fthlcd p.rDleM plbd4 sd cn Djc,t pt jB, . r..dstrk pntuity for !al. d mrcm.uonrl

TR MCO/Si.I R.fb.ry Cooprry

AJ,bnn cutf

:.y : .1"

tutd

. llP.l^jl^Mc_g Lubricr bs o R.'|rrtrs co (L!bar: sArrDr Al<sr u ha r 70 p.ed mt r Lub.rf wbit. Eqon/Mobit ow
oomeno.d opdariaft in
1419,20
(

. 30 Flld lb4. This johr-vah@ ws dblirh.d D t394 (tt4, md @moc.d rB rdrn lub. oit in 1393. A sdd tub. oil reEn.ry. tocar.d ( yanbu,
1999).

I-!b.E_f f!.1oil ion SAUDI AxAMm,s Jcdd.h ed y&6u Efndiq '@ive ed Fitrd I into wh b knom 6 bse ort!, which G.tporlcd. ptulub. ud os.r rcmpuF r |no Kingdom bl.nd suh ort, nb ru@r oit prcdkb. Tt. cotuDd ope'ry of borh E[ftne s a.2 niltjoD b.fttt po yd,. q@!ry

sdioient to covq tbe local d.n&d

ond expon lnc

. il"-tlt-cg 6udMd 3$
t

r6t b d. region.l tutcts. tuyrd[ ud Jub.it. led&h AR-{MCO ord euoo^tob

uld.nurk "pftmin o,t!, biud @; p'@cts aE xkd by 25 Fhl of SaJdr Eker p.htub. btd& dd and ir! prck pru!6 ror rbrd-?'ny npu6, ttl prod4 e Nra&d in mc d; ll 6hb6 dd ln. 6!Doy hs btcndins .nd li.4i.g agEm.nrs alrrrt

Ky.d 'n Rnnse e. joi ly osned bt SAUDT r!qn8 /t ps(nt,ed 29 p.rsr Epdiv.ty. tl prod@ mb oit phd@ ft'r r ior.t Fciry of 6.5 nitLd h6Eb pa yE. l:o]ll-ts iT^b'.idry e'&r n rur* | ru prod(r (dd rhc
,no

rI

o! co. !_1!l-g$ afhdiB ir(P.hhh.): e6E) ed bE ,.ddrh.

n.

@DF'y

SAIIDIAi/rMCO

sun.red @

Co,: This@mpoy M.lbbLsbed h pebrury, d opElod oa lh. KitrSdoot sh& in l[G ot lb. p.nniond anc nonhw6t ot rb. AEbh cutt

GurWdk

D&trlburim: fte $le .f SAUDI AxaMCO 6oh r.fDd prcdkE d rhc @@uc mra lu.b.d 434 5 mi im bmts ud 51.2 mj ionFydoi tudc

urE rrs.

SAUDI ATAMCO

nun

ow 20 mi" drsb rion poinrs D.ddilrm b 17J.r tu.tD8 p.urr ed uiB spDty cfin.d Fldur, to ,6. don*ic Id4 an r; tusporMbn !@.i s w.u a b privac, pubti. &d indlsfirl seron_

l**!!1. om':rlinr voor.: s,nc. th. eEbtrsh4.nr of s^rr jj AxAMco ir tao, jn obje$6 bs bar b ill.Jw cud. oir muSn fhrbodloi v4tE, ro pnvide grar.r mkd ed pri*lhbitiry.slla sd o E n4^rddrdd ncom for the Kmsdor llom rctirjns sd rok dng @e;tiorr @rcd s d ammm bo m* barmc ptu in rhe Colowhs firc intmboMr
:lllty hk='ln 're P.bn c.rponrd *hich ampdy (PNoc),_rhc t.red 6mpey ro,
Ptun
Co-tpotadon: tn-t4r4n5

:.j"Mj1"! Enrniu m orkd lnc '

I

B ft. phitjppD. N.uond o,l EfDjn cdd. ;,r pplipD,I p.ron rctud 40 perem of rhe .d dsbibutrls omp!ry.3 N.6
20

ar4). S^L DI

AJrArm ,cqlu.d

, 40 preDr

@hpt;tio, r hxd drmrbJte b.E. wr. SAUDI ARA 4CO h6 q emibEDr @ Pbvc s pdoi ot L\c Ffin.ry's .rud. oit rlllltl]bk
or

iT!^:"cydtrdd^, ercld ,t , 4pE:d.d r6.roinr- vatoF E6ms op4rry 6!h N,@ bpd ro I 30.000 bpd. tn I,{ | 9/20 I | 9cct, jt !dd.d ! conbtrbE R.romr uit /cCR) Md mkEd rh. p.tuchmcd rukd wi6 .hc cbd}\ric

pe6rro,

pubtic tubsriptron.

t4i84'a (le9s),

(:!:,^E:'.r,t"., Moriva $brpisc h r roinlvdr@ o.e.cn s{uDr I 150 p.reru, ind I h olmMg oD rhe Cutf @ 4cm 6- | of fi. usA. ft. joinr v.nlw owN aou E6ndi6 *,rh :Gr ! bl.l :.er,iy of 880.000 hd tr hs 50 sbng. md didibuion 6r.,s ud IukE.b pbducts uwugh d,jmburrd hrs' tb b6t sslc. otfrobr tuclr
Hcncd
6()0

rhoMd bd.trdlv.

'

2000, SMg yons O,t R.nnin8 ConpoJ, Lld. chss.n ib_!M. b S.O corFdron. SAUDr .cq;,.d . j5 sT-s-I:"c ^naMCO itrrud.d tul(djDs conpa,y Lrd m raet lbar 43.6 ud a | 00,000 BpD RfDdy in lbc R.plbtic of sourb KoRe sy 1997 s-oi-l rnc@ed iB cftua capccrq b 525,000 BpD lbmueh D. oNfkrob ot s tuer ort turing ficitiy d ,B E6rdy in A.tdjron,l upgndB,@ &d d.s pe4qB uill w.E drdtcd j, rbc r.rin.fy lhI dobt.d th. compMy b.rt r ne peuochen@t mter rhrc!8h rle prcdlcroo orpddytdo SAUDI AIAMCO-\a ! @mmd @ :uDpry 90 pqc;r of ihe i'qud. or s4il 3uppL6 bBpon tu.t, to rhc rdoil scsMl ot tb.

S-Oil Cotpuetio,: ttr

vtrh

.*, i ul}

q R{-s

Fcd

|re

Os

r[;.r]

'!q@m.n.r. @cbc mrd oD a ulimwi&

SAUDI AXAMCO rb. $1. EmnrnS ind@hat sheholdcr In lh. @nDmy. wirb an!!l of 50.065 pent of ttc sh@ itu .ntid.d !o vor. d rh.

bais vi, 1,150 btud.d snie !buo6. In l4lc20 (laq9l, SATDI AXaMCO p'lfur.s sbm u S-O wa, std ,utjng

;tr;;yh

h4 t00,000 BpD fun-convGion ctin.ry ar 'M.im ,O Corjnrh, klomcrd *r ofAfi.N. dd SAUDI AMMCO prcvid6 ir wjlh ir crudc o Eqtr'Mftt . H.Uas sugpla Enr..t prodxr b Avin uc b. avrn br.nd lm.dFrghod crcc. vii6t0 Ort whicb Et.!, lr ln.m rdire sdio! lbo supplra mmnc cnd i.r tu h ro major fttuileF h c,qe, sho ,n M sell lhe. pbdrLr d L\. tDtention l lMt r
co.mpuy. H.llas

Ul E 116 ud-/vta Oit: b l4l6 ( 1996) SAUDr A!AMCo lcqun d , 50 D.:6r she in l[c Cdt Etuins @dp.ny Moior o GI.[G) co;6 ud e eci.r.d ruAdng finn AvD Oit. e bdurrjal otlrllRot ed oil
Motot

. 1t-,1:HI..!aor,8 coip.n! (swEDt n E6,r,j rn r.{rs (ree7), f! RUid s pd qt shft in SUMED rb,fqEd b sA uDr A^Alvcd
' Th.,conp&y pbhdc!
15

chdpq.tr.ruuqe "s6pod md. oit io rh. Euopa ro n6e by rr$Ftus $bd4ual q@!d6 of crudc o r,onth. R.dss;u. Mrd'i.fu.e So rbroueh pip.|lne ot SUMED. r!. op@rdrl c.prc,ry of
s

b..mrdohrr Mrt.ritra .!d Inrpod.lo.: tr t42lr4 (2001), sAuDl MMr u @nrN.d to ud6rd. alt ot $. Krgdon\ ,nr.h.ronol et6 of E6n.d prcouBi NUL 4d sulJi!. ddudi4 ourpur 6om $. p4lonod Ntu@l zone. Tic shpdny poduc.d l0 I MB oi LpO. @NEnng of pbpde ud bLbe u zool b,b dorctc
mns

AMM( o m- r.l.d 8lJ er(3r q6dd4 of rc6n.d proddr lmouhne b In z@ m dbon to 51 2 mi ioD betsofcmd.6rl

mdloDt FfEi6 !d t0/.5MBof gehi( i! 200j, jon or{rtu.,[ Mk cd rh. se. qusntjry ,n rh. pP,o6&d ob6( 2.t ni ye, (tOO2). Sod
414 5

vB

142241 t20o2r, vssets ou.d by V. i tnrmronsl Mdnc Con!tuy LrmiEd, sn AXAMCO s rbsid'ary, hsponed on a\eag. r.s nthon bMch pcr day ot crud. ori lo mk6. V.tr a.so udpon d 29J dIiotr baftl! ot ,.frncd p@lm. 6y br..nd or llis ya, V.t c@ lo oh ! ULCrytf fi*! n addir,m io

r@

lupponcd by ode_ Lr*h ch@Ed by vcr, :lcj.-ol lr:1y I'yo on kry^^tuBol sLndnrdr bars. ln l42tl22 l2OOl) SAUDI AR]AJi,CO obbnd ,JU yw @trr. ror mrrog@t hd opeErim of shipl h 0 sl. rh.r
r.hr3
ie

rlifuj

nd

'llec

prol.cr! envnonedt asainll D.lutior.

Ca G!rt.ln! Pmlnb:

Uqtridr: SAlrDt ARAMCO i! 6|md.d ro r!. d.FloDnd! of Bo.ied n$!rl g6 supptiB prcduced D $. B6rd rrcwce b!.ae o wrtt'dertimuon, ct{blc D.wcr godrjoD ud !o Dtrovdc FEI Cs Md NCL ptu<tuc.d 60o utord Ss rlppon mdGElar dddoptEr od p.reh@c.l pioddion i, ir. indutE.l cjri6 ot.,;h.il Md lid ,retd LPC for .rpon. ln pfteirg ntul EB, toxjc bydn!6 ,Yeb!. $trh. !, rcm@ed ond @wdi.d lo yr.ld sjtu ior opod. G.ik! q@dri6of pbp8ne tuLn. ed mMI gsollne _ $. @i, smpon@lr ot NcL _ftb.bs orErd bs.rr,l KiDgdotubs.d Fteb.nidl udei6 U! ltd vch. ro de r.6dr s $rcugb .rpo( a p.l eh.miqh Alt qcs NGL @nbue io bc
prov$'oo

Fu.l

C! .!d Nrtont C!
fd

Dud4

pductoD

41940 ti9oo). propee prcdudon bbtd t2O8 mj ,6 barr.t4 butu. @!d 7o.t nittrd bafttr od Mur.t g@tD. prcducuon ,9.8 ni im

Thc mnplny clpacrty

seprEior ptdB, inctudrg rhe non. plbr!, Iou NGL firrtoorriz.nd f& rlb6 _ .l Ybbu. ru ilm.n, Abqaiq &rd Rr Tuu _ ud lh. Ersl-wd NOL Th. l. 170 tjioncG O?6 mit.l prDllin.. whrch bg'N d Sh.dgu so tw FFlinc. htn p,r,l t.t Ymbq hs or 9:,*i*:::i...99ll'p'lb'svsr.m tD be8u lho contuhon 2e0.000 bpd ot 'c!p4,rv of , ns treeo,. 6. compoy 3c pl.b3 prdi .nd Mi.rcd ff,tjri6 .r Hrwirln .E of rh. Chrw fcl{t. -Tb. tbl4( E 6. Nr signitr@r dFsid otdc MCS,iM iE uccpdo .@ dq l j ys ago. Tn. gs gar[6n3 pogM cltlmUy grlhR dd p@.s6 rb.Di 4.67 D rrcn rtu@d dbtr tect pcr d.y of os*D'ed sd non.sscrri.d gs frm o,t &d g6 li.l& prodB th. tollowing pbducls:
in8

dsnm rh. KnSdomr Nt6rq Cd Sysrm *bch hs ilr bp@Mtt It0 nitm cubic trh{4.5 bdtdiMCS), f4l}F&rof cubrc Moral cd M_cs @lld alm'cd sc frm olboE,nd ofilhoE i.r.r!,;d T. non-uscdtcd ga lilm d..p fi.tds in rho ConDeyt soqhem !R MUs mmDo.ntr
tnclud. n@ty

4l gs.drt

'!d

F dry pri@ y of tu.I gs (minty fttDe., Bed ror rh. Md .r.ckic po*.r g$duon ptd6. tr E atlo u!.d s ree6o.k ind tirl tor SABIC F oleds Md olhs domBbc irdBhq in Lhe Esrm
2

c brtt'd cubc

frr

. I .

Pmdc t5l mithd

p.mcb.mrir Prdue
805,000

cubic

fa

pd dly
md

'ndurtn.!

or Jubail

ysbu

ot.rtft,

uen

tcd.rck o,

ikl

for

bdEb pa dly ofNotr prituily

p.r diy orsulftr ,ho for expon,

fr

expo(

Podec 4.600

rons

only I I pffi r.r l'J b lion cubrc me|m of prcdued dhlnl BA^wx 4euvdy uriiz.4 rhe cr *s drhe einl*Fd d ,tar.d Si@ t4O4 (ry4r. odry dt natunr gd pEdc.d hs b urihz.d. Supph.! olnd.'s,rcd
190 (19?0r.

In l3Ao/r

ga.Iron d.-KuF iomhor weE rappcd s or 1404 (t984) duc b dehnc rn lhe prmufton-or gs.Ascidcd w.rh.tud. dt ud iro@d l.|smt denwd tor S6. *n1:' s.* ri'.b.d 2.8er bruio, cubr 0]|6 in ra2425 ed4). ,1T,ITT1:1ol:' uriried uch.d wor. @ur aG 60. I br 6n (ubrc tu

Itrfitrc md T_r-!totos: SAUDT AR]IVCOT work force by lh. dd ot 142445 :.-Yxl rM! hoid .g*d .,!ror.B. 'b. rojority d ,hon !.uos f-f ..1: l0o pohl of rfi. Cohpur,r bp tl]@g.1Gl {85 Fcnr) eI pos,ri6 ud B p.rd oi r. cohpdy! hior D.6i!ion5.
s hbin! prcehq on. ofrh. t&gcd of,ts hnd in r!. sort4 air5 rebnitos| b rlcsludi rupo*d Thn pDge B md.@ld by a d rndutur rMr.s cmh, TTc bm(h6. Th. min hhjns cenh rob sL, . rn_la lcnEF do I nhrn8. Mrca!*tr contu.ti$mN sAUDr AR MCO prcvde Elinbe ro rhosedr of S.udi ,* rErnins proslm @u..! :Lli"l: g@8, mm6 D deyelopinS h.rnde sildyqaX@oD-rh.-job E{nn& uB6ty :l.1 prcf*i@l .nd pod-gnduc sor6. h. ampey enrhuA rts pDsrn ro .nhre pioddivity _a r i.po* woft pedol]Mc. ed rb oq up ltrou3h rupfl,erylbffnlinms.

SAIJDI.{Ri-\,CO
ar

mMn3

l:Mjj,ryll I

@lle. ed .rmsr
SAUDT

D!tug la2a45 (?mal lhfr

I

7{6

.m

*k
.d d

rbour l5B3 pn,c,pets h lob-Et.rd rc.d.dc .tob 3*jtb ,nd on_6Gjob IrrnDg DtuE'.s.

onng'ng
r953_

AXrMCO6bblNh.d erSbr gorcmor sohoob, in 142425 (2004), lh@by b. rorlt .Mber of *heL ebhr,+.,i by ARAMCO to 139 sc[@h sim.

sbcbe Dusarhi rtrd DuruD, ^9,q'h. 6r prc,h.r. m ^r w.di Ar u sshd dd ^u!nrh. ror rablt Ab( sd Jlhst At Rur.!M, ror am in Ar Kbrurquiirh; ror,Kdto^c lob.l KaBb a 4 ticn,B to 'o 'dr mro, qu,,tc .rptorarion ot inddlrDt non;.iatrc In ribrt !,.{l|n. Po[oM8 lh. .i oc coopor.

Sr{di Anbl.r MtoioS Cohprtry tMA. DEN) I bc sM Arrb'bt iniIg cor@4y (MA ADENj hs bar dbbt,sbed s pf d. M/rT rLrd r,s lr4r? s d .ubmmu joh !to.*.or4oy tr11-5T.by lrc aowmEer s't ! @ptul oa SR 4OOO ruuy oMd muror. Th. qd.|lrM svdd nrtrs rtiviri Ftlr.d b,lr s.s6 of nitun8indBby C.;m; inctudin; f nin,n3 indBry od producE 6 we s ,.kkn j:^iTT,T: ll.. :pa on ommfthr b6r ro Mrik uuc or Mrur6 rGolurioo No. I09 dalcd t/.VI42, !D@v!d rb.p,onr A! pe *btirhrd or MA ADEN Cor@any .nd its pnvrtratiod widm ;; pnv,.iz.riotr ruftrurc. h. compey om M d Adh Drhlb Mhe bd fto sfldi sEgy pr(i;u Mclris Compeyrsultraybbt Mr.r. MA.ADSN rtso obbin d .xptoEuoD h.cB6

i:

i.ry:y

::.1.E".9: 1..w4 ll.?-T...1I1111 nsrerr u arsb,4

fTPi
e

!""""

ru,t

@p!q nccDil.t* atrd j040

qd^loo i:.::. l!d.d .bod 69J14 oulu m r.o8 rre3e) dd ,s prodlcrod r r420,2t rrwj '":1": '6e orgo|lr 10,t89 offis ot3it, s?3 6D oa

y::1-idl;g:l:" $., ydd 4dr.Dd!b mrb. tr $. c$r prodkrs mn. in rh. or,tj'ldr Anba..The rhc ^n3@m by MA ADEN orrpatry, h tocdted h Midmo Mtulwio regron, ed is tu),otu om d elE*non bd dplorbron of puioE
l@ of
zinc conc.ndztes.

L Aiat2s trnal

p@du.lion

6t0tr6n6h.te ed l.797lou of t.c co.mrd.ou@

@b.d

5J,414

M6

of gor4

2t3,8I

of snE, 652 to,e of

Sru.tl Prcdou {.r.! Cohprny (Sut!.ybr..0: Sul}0yb.6r tu. D toc.cd i! v4srn EAion I e m., *ltcb B tutb om.d by MA,ADEN, aiB ir qptoibrion d tord d Fcrcs ,fuls u tr cGion |M Th. $ud priou M.u& sred prcdudion ,n :,:TTl *'e :l:!^ql1il '10, ( re8e) hd47:99 ou6 gotd | 4r r ( rae r ). rr,. pr@!!o, d,l42o4l (2000) Hc\ed lbour od w6 62,stJ ow6 b bc tal y@ of rhc sdatb pts ta24,.25 (2oo4r. of

gT.l!]osr.d m lr.rr4aqins,h Mmsd dsbid. I hs mne u tu } os.cd l" "yN1422nqbadi!8 md dptoitins pEbD sr.L. rhc nj!; $ttcd pdkuoo o lgl I t2002) htb d @qut of 2l,293 Mc of sold tre poddi..
.B.l{la_ .y

'4hsd

03.429

ou

ofsotd

i!

4242t

2OO4t.

,-11T * AE. rh. l.:lil:i.a1c. " ud lrliahn oIpftioB mift. whicb r ury oM.d by M!.d. dru.ddhdbn mbh.Ir r@d prcdldion in ta2l,2i
(zwr rwb D ouFLnof2z,273 oucc, ofgotd ed
Its^prcd@.r lmoEd t4z4n5 (2004\
?0,oo9

ouc$ ot3,tv.r.

rtd

Ja,O4J

ob6

of gotd

ed

252, j 80

ob

o, s,lrer

C.@.logcrl s!rt!.ed Ehnic.l studr.5 y uds wiy tor $. dftlopMr or ArAme Md Ai-c&iroh tunes a s rfic orhd nDtodion @s b MA ADEN. Th. 6mpey hs r 7 Lcrue ror dDlon on oi dl $?e of p;ioE ind |l).@ m drnimr of th. Krned.n

h w $.

sb;d

er

'!u

TEXT OF TEE

1983

SA!'DI ARABTA MODEL COII.IRACT

(INCDOM OF SATJDT ARAAIA M\'TSTRY OF COMMI]RCE

INTERNAL COMMERCE CONTROL
CONTRACT OF AGENCY OR DISTRIBT'IORSHI?

(r0

0)

'hls

.sr6mdt h6 ben m.d. by-&d b.l;;;

cR.No.
by (Hs.mano

A9

rfed.d n

&
TI,EICITAIS \t HE_RE- A,S, borh
rc

rh. s4ond

Pony/Aedu:

l@mrm6.
WfiEREAS,

3w o.r

muMi

pini6 derrc ro mc

!!d
the"

blft*

&d

ro

nro m ig6cy o, dshomBnp arug.mmr sp4i& ,h. riehB dd obl,satim oi.@b frry m

Nng@n d saldl A6b4 which EgutauoB Tqur., diMr rctalbnrhjp btu*n the Dutr$ .got.or .dierib'hr ofpoducE &d $c orisimror arpad) sbd. Non s,!ds d! prcbjbir.d - qqtiDs u imDod od odn bqi,6g M @nrllm,at 3aacB In be xirsdom ofs&dj Anbir
Both

conf@ lo the yjl:"l, d^"&b"Tj qd Esad b fNisn rp<D,qry,o. (.'lJ1mid Asdd6 tu8utdi@ .!d ""a" r.,p"ad.fu_p"nr, !lM&mr, ""a in lh.

SEond

&rV

(Sandi)

dsj&s lnat leh EhrioDnip

p.rtle hdby rgr. s toloE:

be

OENEML /QTICLES Articl. (l) Ihe !hov. id! sndl

enljdcrcd

int g4t put of&tu snlract,

;""tr ilijff ;Ub.holf f-* tr fff;,?il11,rf$iisJ#j:,; :X::: :T*Tllt, j.,t*uc6 s.di* *qoio u, .t@l @
Sffi
of

tudinlh.@ot

a"u:r"rooaip

Anicl. (1) The t oF of rbD rgocy

6nM @v6 l[.

Dsid.d

rh. frEr Pany

d h.E-dersprofi.d

TlE prcd(Is hctnded in $is agency

anicr. (4) Th. Ssgnph,c .Ea covmd by rhf conhr sb.I b. Gpecii/ \ h.rher rhrougholr rhc Xrgdom or fo, , l*d r.gi6.)

lam of rhi! @ntr*r shdl

.t

l.a16e

dMbl. elduticalty

notuns p.ior ftinen noli@

fo. sothd period oftis edon io

RXCIPROCAI! OALIGATIONS

sryF pm md nc.d.ry en,ej i-8lly d. onr yea loitow'n8 lb. qpiry.tsk ofrh* onhd o, t n lhe

s."*a parry i, obhcrd und.r s,ud 'r'. and mreials shrh fom tb. subr4r taw b g@ettr rhc q@ry or bc pro{ucts of ltls Mbn ud !o d s?e p^ rr t!.fubr. pnc6 *hd EquiEd hy @s@8. rb. Finr P&ry lhr abo be obLs.rcd lo lhc ,tg-r ro, o. @i oo'g oro tr cmdoce w h lhe Equtr meots oi rhe cobum.6 od lhdl posd. s@mDtue on skh d!t6 crd shrl prcvj& !(h,pE pm b sM 6 my F spefrd by lle Ago.. In lddrioD. th. F6 p.rty $il pblde ro rh. s@nd 'm@t

*:]. (61P**

ill.s::l'.

lkl

ruhtuc
riu

.rboush d. ofappo-idmg

Or Tb. S*dd plrty r ootigdcd uder Siudi hw b prcvdc undo rhtr @n@r ody pbdlcts aJld mEriis rhr e @mp.rbtc qrh ih. arprcvcd shn !.rd y::lyuoi: b. K:cdoT ric Fid pie .tnr smr.c rb. qu.hy or rh6. Fnm dd mrhats rnd llrM thr rh., co.lom b apprcv.d sbdrit rpRtr'cdo$ in, rh. Kingdom: rhe Agor .bal nor oe obtiSrr.d b d.rv., or b. ep.tu,Dre ror dtrrtbubon of, &, quhnes u.ivcd 6od d. FiB{ pdry rhd * on@y ro $ch rquind shlded ipeitidrios.

Anrl.

aTY ^ p- "r u. anld Eq!,l!ffits bd6

anicb
fo)

g1:1" !91 ry." *d:, ,,,11 :I"src rhb enhd in i*ordme willl &*nowhnscd oud6s ptunFs tud Eood faj6. s(h obtisarron shr REDd oo inchd. dl cctivi;6

scn.rlty

*.er.d buird

SPECIAL OBLIGATIONS (r)in s@Dd p'ny shdl

uldafilc b: Porid._ th.jrcnisb rcquiEd tor $. aeor ro tu hls bqhe. r ln. K,Dgdom wrm ms oM 8ta . ctsis. rD E$oirbtc cft sd drl,8oc., ed b. dl|U.d to ru. Bt

d 6. ffi@

Md t*bnicd

*Jdis.

ot de

Fd

p6ty

a od yhd

rb)

lll.ue h. ercdlcb, b. nGqry 6d povid. tocrl (l&Md c.nc: s oy srr.. Nlilrb,e slilrbk srods. '@. opa m, re@ qiiE the @vcd by inc dM. Tb. Seond pdy $.1t. ir !h. Frf(r|@. oa 'E 6nnd. b. ot ted b $. rhr Fiur priy s Fadtuk bur sitnou, uy adddoN64 o,
mddfinoN H. shal .l$ erfl hR ben .d.o(
ro

Pdfm--rU-.wdll neacry

trEl. ,ucb hocm&k knoq

Anid.

(10)

a)

ftc fiht pally 3hill Dod.nlt

S(ond Psry a comiercn in lhc o@ur of or tll.- eolu of |.b.rkE std q$q {:. drd 0E; re drcrly b i Thdt pdy b) lh. FiR, pdly S.h.d . or |f d,rur.. lndi p6rrmB
Poy the

to:

-;

ud.

Erek- lh. conhd utn dlLaqc. wb.rhcr s b qulnry pr@4.bd dcn'tq which fom rt. srbjd or lheob!.fr,ron o, good$r. @fac( or urs dd gloo d.nv.ry !o $. s@nd pdty. o, ro frdfr obtig.rtu Fsrding qwdue .41 dds 3p<ift.d in 6e send Ptuw\ onl.F k) B@ Gpodrbrtry for th. tautts of hitu!.tr bd his mptor. wh.n ju.h f.ulr
O)

curE b dm*.

i0 rb. s4ond

Pfr

E!plr', C.nc.ttrtton
or

ath* p&9 This odhcr my atso b. a ru. rn aaunon bv u\e oth.r bm

Anjck
( | 2)

aft.le I I I r TnE oDhr shdt bc t.frin,red if p.rfo@ by .rt])d F4r n M'.r.d iD?os'hlc q upor rb. dcdr! d ft. ro.! oi@q.rtuy. or rh. b;k$ky

!d

ComD.uldor

tm{.d

by

rc;@.!@

uoon a

sbsllnd;l

Th. Agdr !b,l b. qld.d ro @dp.M!d tu d.tug6 *hi.h m, |e ourord. Pnnopalr uDbilrry ro dd hrs 6d1nhdB, rcodDs 6 ric cob@l o!

|}: $u @Diad, lll. 9:1.,:1,3)_,1 ly:ed RITT lo rc'w tr comphldion mMrd Agoi 3hr be mrirkd ro (enaltc@,rN. woli Bdqbr iflrvrh.! !h.t for r su4.* m thc budeN of$e lminord ABoL 1r., itionb..nrd.d bi!omp@.iiotr ro, bi! p,o@ri-on l tn 6uk goodwitt rhd ruy 4me b dE

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