THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES

SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
ECON1203/ECON2292 (ARTS) QUANTITATIVE METHODS B

FINAL EXAMINATION

Session1, 2006

Time allowed: Three hours.

Total marks:

65 marks.

There are FIVE questions in this examination.

Answer ALL five questions.
The marks assigned to each question are NOT of equal value.
The value of each sub-question is indicated in brackets.
On the front of your answer book, write the number of each question you have attempted.
Statistical tables and useful formulae are attached to this examination paper.
Electronic calculators may be used.
The examination paper may be retained by the candidate.
Answers must be written in ink. Pencils may be used only for drawing, sketching or
graphical work.
Show the working steps in your answers.

Question 1 [13 marks in total]

(a)

Suppose that the annual percentage change in advertisement spending for a

randomly-selected company listed in a large stock exchange for the year 2001
approximately follows a normal distribution. The mean and standard deviation of
a random sample of changes in ad spending for 16 companies turn out to be 5%
and 12% respectively.
(i)

(ii)

(b)

A financial adviser uses the variance of returns from the set of stocks she
recommends as a measure of investment risk. The set consists of many stocks and
the distribution of the stock annual returns is approximately normal. She has a
random sample with 15 stock returns from the recommended set. The observed
sample variance is 0.0256.
(i)
(ii)

(c)

Assume that the population standard deviation is known to be 12%. A

confidence interval for the mean change in ad spending is constructed. Its
upper confidence limit is 9.935%. What is the level of confidence?
[2 marks]
Assume that the population standard deviation is unknown. Find the 95%
confidence interval for the mean change in ad spending. [3 marks]

Construct the 90% confidence interval for the population variance of the
returns. [2 marks]
Interpret the numerical result in (i) in terms of the definition of the 90%
confidence interval. [2 marks]

To decide whether or not a soccer game series should be aired, a commercial TV

channel needs to estimate the proportion of households that are interested in the
soccer series. Suppose that the TV channel's management wishes to have a 95%
confidence interval for the proportion, of which the width is 0.06 (i.e. B = 0.03).
(i)

(ii)

Suppose that you are able to interview households about whether or not
they will watch the soccer series. Outline how would you construct the
required confidence interval? [2 marks]
Determine the minimum sample size that satisfies the above requirement.
[2 marks]

Question 2 [10 marks in total]

(a)

A watch running more than one minute faster or slower than the standard time in
a year is regarded as defective. QWatches, a digital watch manufacturer, claims
that the probability of its watch being defective is 0.05. Having received some
complaints, a consumer protection agency plans to conduct a survey about the
watches made by QWatches.
(i)

If QWatches' claim is correct, what is the probability that more than one
watch out of 10 surveyed consumers are defective? [1 mark]

(ii)

If QWatches' claim is correct, use an appropriate approximation to find the

probability that more than 3 watches out of 80 surveyed consumers are
defective. [2 marks]

(iii)

If QWatches' claim is correct, use an appropriate approximation to find the

probability that more than 8 watches out of 160 surveyed consumers are
defective. [2 marks]

(b)

The City of Wildwood issues fine tickets to individuals who park in no-parking
zones. The fine depends on the day of week and the time of day. Historical data
indicate that 40%, 30%, 20% and 10% of the fine tickets are respectively for $20,
$40, $60 and $80. Let Xbe the fine on a randomly-selected fine ticket. Find the
expected value and the standard deviation of X. [2 marks]

(c)

Anna, Brad and Candy work for the billing division of an electricity supplier,
respectively handling 30%, 50% and 20% of the monthly bills. Historical data
show that 1%,2% and 3% of the bills handled respectively by Anna, Brad and
Candy contain errors. Suppose that the division receives a complaint about a
billing error. What is the probability that the error is made by Brad? [3 marks]

Question 3 [12 marks in total]

(a)

Define what is meant by an unbiased estimator. Give two examples of estimators

that are unbiased. [2 marks]

(b)

State the Central Limit Theorem. [2 marks]

(c)

The number of hits received by a web-page during the hour 9am-l Oam varies from one
day to another. Below is a sample of the hits (already ranked) for the hour over 16 days.

2
5

3
6

3
6

4
7

5
8

5
9

5
17

(i)

Find the median and the mode of this data set. [2 marks]

(ii)

Find the first and third quartiles of this data set. [2 marks]

(d)

In a corporation, a very small number of employees have extremely high salaries,

whereas the majority of employees receive much lower salaries. If you were the
bargaining agent for the union, what statistic would you use to illustrate that the
employees have a low level of salaries? Why? [2 marks]

(e)

A sample of marks from 12 students for a test in an economics subject yields a

mean of 25 and a standard deviation of 4. Suppose that the sample is enlarged to
14 data points by including two additional marks with a common value of25.
Find the mean and standard deviation of the enlarged sample. [2 marks]

Question 4 [15 marks in total]

(a)

In hypothesis testing, data are used to examine a null hypothesis about a population
parameter against an alternative hypothesis. In deciding whether or not the null
hypothesis should be rejected,
(i)
(ii)

(b)

what is a Type I error and what is a Type II error? [I mark]

why is the level of significance usually chosen as a small positive
number? [I mark]

People have different views on a reform for the national health care system. A survey
consisting of 200 adults has been carried out. The survey data are summarised in the table
below. David is interested in the hypothesis that a person's view on the reform is
independent of the person's gender. By using the technique of hypothesis testing (X2 test),
he found that the hypothesis could not be rejected. He used the 5% level of significance
in his test.

Gender
Female
Male

For
58
41

Views on the reform

Against
30
40

Neutral
15
16

Repeat David's test to check ifhis conclusion is correct. Write down the
hypotheses, the test statistic, the decision rule and your conclusion. [5 marks]

(c)

Fund managers aim to achieve high returns for their funds. A newspaper article claims
the mean return achieved by the fund managers in 2003 is 5%. A random sample
consisting of the returns in 2003 from 16 fund managers indicates that the mean is -I %
and the standard deviation is 8%. Test the null hypothesis that the mean return in 2003 is
5% against the alternative hypothesis that the mean return in 2003 is less than 5%,
assuming that the return is approximately normally distributed. Use the 5% level of
significance. [3 marks]

(d)

A government spokesman claims that 55% of voters support a recent tax cut.
Sam, an accounting graduate, decides to test the spokesman's claim by using the
following procedure. First, 10 independent voters will be interviewed about the
tax cut. Second, the number of voters supporting the tax cut will be recorded.
Finally, the claim should be rejected if the number of supporters is less than 4.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Write down the null and alternative hypotheses Sam are interested in.
[1 mark]
Find the level of significance ofSam's test. [2 marks]
Find the power of Sam's test when the proportion of supporters is 45%.
[2 marks]

Question 5 [15 marks in total]

(a)

For the simple linear regression model r; = Po + PjX; + 8; to be valid, the error
term c; must satisfy certain conditions. What are these conditions? [2 marks]

(b)

The following summary output is from a regression equation estimated using

Microsoft Excel. The dependent variable (Y) is the interest rate on a short-term
government bond and the independent variable (X) is the inflation rate. Both the
interest rate and the inflation rate are expressed as percent per year. The model is

r; = Po + PjX; + 8; .
Quarterly data from March 2000 to March 2005 comprising twenty-one
observations (i.e.,n = 21) were used to estimate the regression equation.

Regression Statistics
R Square
Standard Error of the Regression
Observations

Intercept
X Variable
(i)
(ii)

(iii)
(iv)
(v)

(c)

0.2750
0.5444
21

Coefficients Standard Error

4.4602
0.3219
0.2408
0.0897

t Stat
13.8575
2.6845

P-value
0.0000
0.0147

Find the 95% confidence interval for PI. [2 marks]

Test the null hypothesis that PI = 0 against the alternative that P, > 0 at the
5% level of significance. Write down your decision rule and conclusion.
[2 marks]
Suppose that the inflation rate (X) is 5%. Make a point "prediction" for the
interest rate (Y) by using the estimated linear regression model. [2 marks]
The "R Square" or "coefficient of determination" is 0.275. Explain the
meaning of"R Square". [2 mark]
The p-value "0.0147" in the above table is a probability. Exactly, what is
this probability? [2 marks]

To find the relationship between a company's expenditure on advertisements (X)

and sales (Y), an analyst collected 6 Quarterly observations on X and Y of the
company. The means and sums of squares for the two variables from the sample
are computed:

x=5.17,

Y=143.33,

SSx =7.47,

SSy:=963.89,

SS<y =66.11.

Test the null hypothesis that X and Y are uncorrelated against the alternative that
they are positively correlated, using the 5% level of significance. Write down
your decision rule and conclusion. [3 marks]

USEFUL FORMULAE
-

;=1

x=- IX;

Sample Mean:
Population Variance: () 2

= -

Sample Variance:

1 L..
~ (X; -I-') 2

Additive Law of Probability:

Population Mean:

i=1

peA u B) = peA) + P(B) - peA 11 B)

Multiplicative Law of Probability: peA 11 B)

= p(AIB)P(B) = p(BIA)P(A)

P(E; )p(AIE;)
P(E lA) - = - - - - ' - = - ;
- Ip(Ek)P(AIE k )

Bayes'theorem:

Binomial Distribution:
E(X) = np;

Var(X)

npq

-!-!

e f..1.
P(X = x) =--'---

Poisson Distribution:

x!

E(X)

Standardising transformations:

Var(X)

= f..1.;

= f..1.

z=(X-I-'),

t = _(X_-=I-':-)

s/.j;; ,

()

x 2=(n-l)s2
(}2

Confidence intervals for J.1:

X -

Confidence interval for p:

Confidence interval for

(f2:

()

tal _
12,n

s
s
I < I-' < X + tal _ I ' cr unknown
1 "1/ n
12,n 1 "1/ n

P-Z'7i~:q <P<P+Z'7i~:q,
(n -1)s2
2

--

1=1

Independence Test:

where

q=(l-p)

(n -1)s2

< () < -'--:-2----''-

X a I2,n-1

Goodness of Fit Test:

()

X - z~ .j;; < I-' < X + z~.j;; , cr known

XI-aI2,n-1

(0 I

_e)2
J

df= K-l

ej
df = (K-l )(H-l)

Sample Correlation Coefficient:

r=

SSXY

IXiYi - nXY

~SSx ~SSy
R2 = 1 _ SSE

Coefficient of Determination:

~IX; _nX 2 ~IY? _ny 2

1 _ SSE

SST

r.Jn - 2

Hypothesis tests on Correlation Coefficient:

Least Squares Estimators of f31 and

SSy

t =--===-

f30 in the equation: 1'; = fJ 0 + fJ 1 X + e

j

I(X; -xXy; -y) = IX;Y; -nXY

SSx
I(X; -XY
IX 2 _nX 2
fio = Y - fil X

fil

= SSxr =

nIX;Y; -(IxJIY;)
nIX;2 -(IxJ

Forecast Intervals:

for Y p

1\2

Le;
s =
e

or

;=1

(n-2)

s =
e

is the estimated standard error of the regression.

and

Ly;2 - fioLY; - filLX;Y;

(n-2)

BINOMIAL PROBABILITIES: P(X

= x I p,n)
p

0.05
0.9500
0.0500

0.10
0.9000
0.1000

0.15
0.8500
0.1500

0.10
0.8000
0.2000

0.25
0.7500
0.2500

0..30
0.7000
0.3000

OJ5
0.6500
0.3500

0.40
0.6000
0.4000

0.45
0.5'00
0.4500

0.50
0.5000
0.5000

0.55
0.4500
0.5500

0.60
0.4000
0.6000

0.65
0.3500
0.6500

0.70
0.3000
0.7000

0.75
0.2500
0.7500

0.110
0.2000
0.8000

0.85
0.1500
0.8500

0.90
0.1000
0.9000

0.95
0.0500
0.9500

0.9025
0.0950
0.0025

0.8100
0.1800
0.0100

0.7225
0.2550
0.0225

0.6400
OJ200
0.0400

0.5625
0.3750
0.0625

0.4900
0.4200
0.0900

0.4225
0.4550
0.1225

0.3600
0.4800
0.1600

OJ025
0.4950
0.2025

01500
0.5000
01500

0.2025
0.4950
0.3015

0.1600
0.4800
0.3600

0.1225
0.4550
0.4225

0.0900
0.4200
0.4900

0.0625
0.3750
0.5625

0.0400
0.3200
0.6400

0.0125
0.2550
0.7225

0.0100
0.1800
0.8100

0.0025
0.0950
0.9025

0
1
2
J

0.8574
0.1354
0.0071
0.0001

0.7290
0.2430
0.0270
0.0010

0.6141
0.3251
0.0574
0.0034

0.5110
0.3840
0.0960
0.0080

0.4219
0.4219
0,1406
0.0156

0.3430
0.4410
0.1890
0.0270

0.2746
0.4436
0.2389
0,0429

0.2160
0.4320
6.2880
0.0640

0.1664
0.4084
0.3341
0.0911

0.1250
03750
03750
0.1250

0.0911
0.3341
0.4084
0.1664

0.0640
0.2880
0.4320
0.2160

0.0429
0.2389
0.4436
0.2746

0.0270
0.1890
0.4410
0.3430

0.0156
0.1406
0.4219
0.4219

0.0080
0.0960
0.3840
0.5120

0.Q034
0.0574
03251
0.6141

0.0010
0.0270
01430
0.7290

0.0001
0.0071
0.1354
0.8574

0
1
2
J
4

0.8145
0.1715
0.0135
0.0005
0.0000

0.6561
0.2916
0.0486
0.0036
0.0001

0.5220
0.3685
0.0975
0.0115
0.0005

0.4096
0.4096
0.1536
0.0256
0.0016

0.3164
0.4219
0.2109
0.0469
0.0039

0.2401
0.4116
0.2646
0.0756
0.0081

0.1785
0.3845
0.3105
0.1115
0.0150

0.1296
0.3456
0.3456
0.1536
0.0256

0.0915
0.2995
03675
0.2005
0.0410

0.0625
0.2500
03750
0.2500
0.0625

0.0410
0.2005
03675
0.2995
0.0915

0.0256
0.1536
0.3456
0.3456
0.1296

0.0150
0.1115
0.3105
0.3845
0.1785

0.0081
0.0756
0.2646
0.4116
0.2401

0.0039
0.0469
0.2109
0.4119
0.3164

0.0016
0.0156
0.1536
0.4096
0.4096

0.0005
0.0115
0.0975
03685
0.5220

0.0001
0.0036
0.0486
0.2916
0.6~1

0.0000
0.0005
0.0135
0.1715
0.8145

0,4437
03915
0.1382
0.0244
0.0012
0,0001

03117
0.4096
0.2048
0.0512
0.0064
0.0003

0.2373
0.3955
0.2637
0,0879
0.0146
0.0010

0.1681
0.3602
0.3087
0,1323
0.0284
0,0014

0.1160
0.3124
0.3364
0.1811
0.0488
0.0053

0.0778
0.2582
0.3456
0.2304
0.0768
0.0102

0.0503
02059
0.3369
02757
0.1128
0.0185

0.0312
0.1563
03125
03125
0.1563
0.0312

0.0185
0.1128
0.2757
0.3369
0.2059
0.0503

0.0101
0.0768
0.2304
0.3456
0.2592
0.0778

0.0053
0.0488
0.1811
0.3364
0.3124
0.1160

0.0014
0.0184
0.1323
0.3087
0.3602
0.1681

0.0010
0.0146
0.0879
0.2637
0.3955
0.2373

0.0003
0.0064
0.0512
0.2048
0.4096
0.3177

0.0001
O.Q012
0.Q244
0.1382
0.3915
0.4437

0.0000
0.0005
0.0081
0.0129
0.3280
0.5905

0.0000
0.0000
0.0011
0.0214
0.2036
0.7738

0.0000
0.Q004
0.0055
0.0415
0.1762
0.3993
0.3771

0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0146
0.0984
0.3543
0.5314

0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0021
0.0305
0.2321
0.7351

"0
1

0
1

0
1
2
J
4
5

0.7738
0.2036
0.0114
0.0011
0.0000
0.0000

0.5905
03280
0.0729
0.0081
0.0005
0.0000

0
I
2
J
4
5
6

0.7351
0.2321
O.oJ05
0.0011
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000

0.5314
0.3543
0.0984
0.0146
0.0012
0.0001
0.0000

0.3771
0.3993
0.1762
0.0415
0.0055
0.0004
0.0000

0.2621
0.3932
0.2458
0.0819
0.0154
0.0015
0.0001

0.1780
0.3560
0,2966
0.1318
0.0330
0.0044
0.0002

0.1176
0.3025
0.3241
0.1852
0.0595
0.0102
0.0007

0.0754
0.2437
0.3280
0.2355
0.095 I
0.0105
0.0018

0.0467
0.1866
0.3110
0.2765
0.1382
0.0369
0.0041

0.0117
0.1359
02780
0.3032
0.1861
0.0609
0.0083

0.0156
0.0938
02344
0.3125
0.2344
0.0938
0.0156

0.0083
0.0609
0.1861
0.3032
02780
0.1359
0.0277

0.0041
0.0369
0.1382
0.2765
0.3110
0.1866
0.0467

0.0018
0.0205
0.0951
0.2355
0.3280
0.2437
0.0754

0.0007
0.0102
0.0595
0.1852
0.3241
0.3015
0.1176

0.0002
0.0044
0.0330
0.1318
0.2966
0.1780

0.0001
0.0015
0.0154
0.0819
0.2458
0.3932
0.2621

0
1
2
J
4
5
6
7

0.6983
0.2573
0.0406
0.0036
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.4783
0.3720
0.1240
0.0230
0.0026
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000

0.3206
0.3960
02097
0.0617
0.0109
0.0012
0.0001
0.0000

02097
0.3670
02753
0.1147
0.0287
0.0043
0.0004
0.0000

0.1335
0,3115
0.3115
0,1730
0.0577
0.0115
0.0013
0.0001

0.0824
0.2411
0.3177
0.2269
0.0972
0.0250
0.0036
0.0002

0.0490
0.1848
0.2985
0.2679
0.1442
0.0466
0.0084
0.0006

0.0280
0.1306
0.2613
0.2903
0.1935
0.0774
0.0172
0.0016

0.0152
0.0872
0.2140
0.2918
02388
0.1172
0.0320
0.0037

0.0078
0.0547
0.1641
02734
02734
0.1641
0,0547
0.0078

0.0037
0.0320
0.1172
02388
0.2918
02140
0.0872
0.0152

0.0016
0.0172
0.0774
0.1935
0.2903
0.2613
0.1306
0.0280

0.0006
0.0084
0.0466
0.1442
0.2679
0.2985
0.1848
0.0490

0.0002
0.0036
0.0250
0.0972
0.2269
0.3177
0.2471
0.0824

0.0001
0.0013
0.0115
0.0577
0.1730
0.3115
0.3115
0.1335

0.0000
0.0004
0.0043
0.0187
0.1147
0.1753
0.3670
0.2097

0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0109
0.0617
02097
0.3960
0.3206

0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0016
0.0230
0.1240
0.3720
0.4783

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0036
0.0406
02573
0.6983

0
1
2
J
4
5
6
7
8

0.6634
0.2793
0.0515
0.0054
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.4305
OJ826
0.1488
0.0331
0.0046
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.2725
0.3847
0.2376
0.0839
0.0185
0.0026
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000

0.1678
0.3355
0.2936
0.1468
0.0459
0.0092
0.0011
0.0001
0.0000

0.1001
0.2670
0.3115
0.2076
0.0865
0.0131
0.0038
0.0004
0.0000

0.0576
0.1977
0.2965
0.2541
0.1361
0.0467
0.0100
0.0012
0.0001

0.0319
0.1373
0.2587
0.2786
0.1875
0.0806
0.0217
0.0033
0.0002

0.0168
0.0896
0.2090
0.2787
0.2322
0.1239
0.0413
0.0079
0.0007

0.0084
0.0548
0.1569
02568
02627
0.1719
0.0703
0.0164
0.0017

0.0039
0.0313
0.1094
01188
0.2734
02188
0.1094
0.0313
0.0039

0.0017
0.0164
0.0703
0.1719
0.2627

0.0548
0.0084

0.0007
0.0079
0.0413
0.1239
0.2322
0.2787
0.2090
0.0896
0.0168

0.0002
0.0033
0.0211
0.0808
0.1875
0.2786
0.2587
0.1373
0.0319

0.0001
0.0012
0.0100
0.0467
0.1361
0.2541
0.2965
0.1977
0.0576

0.0000
0.0004
0.0038
0.0131
0.0865
0.2076
0.3115
0.2670
0.1001

0.0000
0.0001
0.0011
0.0092
0.0459
0.1468
0.2936
0.3355
0.1678

0.0000
0.0000
O.llOO1
0.0026
0.0185
0.0839
0.2376
0.3847
0.2725

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0046
0.0331
0.1488
0.3826
0.4305

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0054
0.0515
02793
0.6634

0.6302
0.2985
0.0629
0.0077
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.3874 02316
0.3874 0.3679
0.1722 01597
0.0446 0.1069
0.0074 0.0283
0.0008 0.0050
0.0001 0.0006
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000

0.1342
0.3010
0.3010
0.1762
0.0661
0.0165
0.0018
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000

0.0751
0.2253
0.3003
0.2336
0.1168
0.0389
0.0087
0.0012
0.0001
0.0000

0.0404
0.1556
0.2668
0.2668
0.1715
0.0735
0.0210
0.0039
0.0004
0.0000

0.0107
0.1004
0.2162
0.2716
0.2194
0.1181
0.0424
0.0098
0.0013
0.0001

0.0101
0.0605
0.1612
0.2508
0.2508
0.1672
0.0743
0.0212
0.0035
0.0003

0.0046
0.0339
0.1110
02119
0.2600
02128
0.1160
0.0407
0.0083
0.0008

0.0010
0.0116
0.0703
0.1641
02461
01461
0.1641
0.0703
0.0176
0.0020

0.0008
0.0083
0.0407
0.1160
02128
02600
0.2119
0.1110
0.0339
0.0046

0.0003
0.0035
0.0112
0.0743
0.1672
0.2506
0.2506
0.1612
0.0605
0.0101

0.0001
0.0013
0.0098
0.0424
0.1181
0.2194
0.2716
0.2162
0.1004
0.0207

0.0000
0.0004
0.0039
0.0110
0.0735
0.1715
0.2668
0.2668
0.1556
0.0404

0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0087
0.0389
0.1168
0.2336
0.3003
0.2253
0.0751

0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0028
0.0165
0.0661
0.1762
0.3010
0.3010
0.1342

0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0006 0.0001
0.0050 0.0008
0.Q283 0.0074
0.1069 0.0446
0.2597 0.1722
0.3679 0.3874
02316 0.3874

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0006
0.0077
0.0629
0.2986
0.6301

0.5987
0.3151
0.0746
0.0105
0.0010
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.3487
0.3874
0.1937
0.0574
0.QI11
0.0015
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.1074
02684
0.3010
02013
0.0881
0.0264
0.0055
0.0008
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000

0.0563
0.1877
0.2816
0.2503
0.1460
0.0584
0.0162
0.0031
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000

0.0282
0.1211
0.2335
0.2668
0.2001
0.1019
0.0368
0.0090
0.0014
0.0001
0.0000

0.0135
0.0725
0.m7
0.2522
0.2377
0.1536
0.0689
0.0112
0.0043
0.0005
0.0000

0.0060
0.0403
0.1209
0.2150
0.2508
0.2007
0.1115
0.0425
0.0106
0.0016
0.0001

0.0025
0.0207
0.0763
0.1665
0.2384
02340
0.1596
0.0746
0.0129
0.0042
0.0003

0.0010
0.0098
0.0439
0.1172
01051
0.2461
02051
0.1172
0.0439
0.0098
0,0010

0.0003
0.0042
0.0229
0.0746
0.1596
02340
02384
0.1665
0.0763
0.0207
0.0025

0.0001 0.0000
0.0016 0.0005
0.0106 0.0043
0.0425 0.0112
0.1115 0.0689
0.2007 0.1536
0.2506 0.2377
0.2150 0.2522
0.1209 0.1757
0.0403 0.0725
0.0060 0.0135

0.0000
0.0001
0.0014
0.0090
0.0368
0.1019
0.2001
0.2668
0.2335
0.1211
0.0182

0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0004 0.0001
0.0031 0.0008
0.0162 0.0055
0.0584 0.0164
0.1460 0.0881
0.2503 0.2013
0.2816 0.3020
0.1877 0.2684
0.0563 0.1074

0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0001 0.0000
0.0012 0.0001
0.0085 0.0015
0.Q401 0.0112
0.1298 0.0574
02759 0.1937
0.3474 0.3874
0.1969 0.3487

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0010
0.0105
0.0746
0.3151
0.5987

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.1969
0.3474
02759
0.1298
0.0401
0.0085
0.0012
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.2~8
0.1~9

0.3~0

CUMULATIVE BINOMIAL PROBABILITIES: P(X

$;

x I p,n)

p
1

x
0
1

0.05
0.9500
1.0000

OJO
0.9000
1.0000

0.15
0.8500
1.0000

0.20
0.8000
1.0000

0.25
0.7500
1.0000

O.JO
0.7000
1.0000

0.J5
0.6500
1.0000

0.40
0.6000
1.0000

D.45
0.5500
1.0000

0.50
0.5000
1.0000

0.55
0.4500
1.0000

0.60
0.4000
1.0000

0.65
0.3500
1.0000

0.70
0.3000
1.0000

0.75
0.2500
1.0000

0.ll0
0.2000
1.0000

0.ll5
0.1500
1.0000

0.90
0.1000
1.0000

0.95
0.0500
1.0000

0.8100
0.9900
1.0000

0.7225
09775
1.0000

0.6400
0.9600
1.0000

0.5625
0.9375
1.0000

0.4900
0.9100
1.0000

0.4225
0.8775
1.0000

0.3600
0.8400
1.0000

0.3025
0.7975
1.0000

01500
0.7500
1.0000

0102.5
0.6975
1.0000

0.1600
0.6400
1.0000

0.1225
0.5775
1.0000

0.0900
0.5100
1.0000

0.0625
0.4375
1.0000

0.0400
0.3600
1.0000

0.0225
01775
1.0000

0.0100
0.1900
1.0000

0.0025
0.0975
1.0000

0.9025
0.9975
1.0000

0
1
2
J

0.8574
0.9928
0.9999
1.0000

0.7290
09720
09990
1.0000

0.6141
09393
09966
1.0000

0.5120
0.8960
09920
1.0000

0.4219
0.8438
0.9844
1.0000

0.3430
0.7840
0.9730
1.0000

0.2746
0.7183
0.9571
1.0000

0.2160
0.6480
0.9360
1.0000

0.1664
0.5748
09089
1.0000

0.1250
0.5000
0.8750
1.0000

0.0911
0.4252
0.8336
1.0000

0.0640
0.3520
0.7840
1.0000

0.0429
0.2817
0.7254
1.0000

0.0270
0.2160
0.6570
1.0000

0.0156
0.1562
0.5781
1.0000

0.0080
0.1040
0.4880
1.0000

0.0034
0.0607
0.3859
1.0000

0.0010
0.0280
0.2710
1.0000

0.0001
0.0072
0.1426
1.0000

0
1
2
J
4

0.8145
0.9860
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000

0.6561
09477
0.9963
0.9999
1.0000

0.5220
0.8905
09880
09995
1.0000

0.4096
0.8192
0.9728
09984
1.0000

0.3164
0.7383
0.9492
0.9961
1.0000

0.2401
0.6517
0.9163
0.9919
1.0000

0.1785
0.5630
0.8735
0.9850
1.0000

0.1296
0.4752
0.8208
09744
1.0000

0.0915
0.3910
0.7585
0.9590
1.0000

0.0625
0.3125
0.6875
0.9375
1.0000

0.0410
01415
0.6090
09085
1.0000

0.0256
0.1792
0.5248
0.8704
1.0000

0.0150
0.1265
0.4370
0.8215
1.0000

0.0081
0.0837
0.3483
0.7599
1.0000

0.0039
0.0508
0.2617
0.6836
1.0000

0.0016
0.0272
0.1808
0.5904
1.0000

0.0005
0.0120
0.1095
0.4780
1.0000

0.0001
0.0037
0.0523
0.3439
1.0000

0.0000
0.0005
0.0140
0.1855
1.0000

0.7738
0.9774
0.9988
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.5905
09185
0.9914
09995
1.0000
1.0000

0.4437
0.8352
09734
0.9978
09999
1.0000

0.3277
0.7373
09421
0.9933
0.9997
1.0000

0.2373
0.6328
0.8965
0.9844
0.9990
1.0000

0.1681
0.5282
0.8369
0.9692
0.9976
1.0000

0.1160
0.4284
0.7648
0.9460
0.9947
1.0000

0.0778
0.3370
0.6826
0.9130
0.9898
1.0000

0.0503
01562
0.5931
0.8688
0.9815
1.0000

0.0312
0.1875
0.5000
0.8125
0.9688
1.0000

0.0185
0.1312
0.4069
0.7438
09497
1.0000

0.0102
0.0870
0.3174
0.6630
0.9222
1.0000

0.0053
0.0540
0.2352
0.5716
0.8840
1.0000

0.0024
0.0308
0.1631
0.4718
0.8319
1.0000

0.0010
0.0156
0.1035
0.3672
0.7627
1.0000

0.0003
0.0067
0.0579
0.2627
0.6723
1.0000

0.0001
0.0022
0.0266
0.1648
0.5563
1.0000

0.0000
0.0005
0.0086
0.0815
0.4095
1.0000

0.0000
0.0000
0.0012
0.0226
0.2262
1.0000

0.7351
0.9672
0.9978
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.5314
0.8857
09842
0.9987
09999
1.0000
1.0000

0.3771
0.7765
09527
0.9941
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000

01621
0.6554
0.9011
0.9830
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000

0.1780
0.5339
0.8306
0.9624
0.9954
0.9998
1.0000

0.1176
0.4202
0.7443
0.9295
0.9891
0.9993
1.0000

0.0754
0.3191
0.647 I
0.8826
0.9777
0.9982
1.0000

0.0467
0.2333
0.5443
0.8208
0.9590
0.9959
1.0000

0.0277
0.1636
0.4415
0.7447
0.9308
0.9917
1.0000

0.0156
0.1094
0.3438
0.6562
0.8906
0.9844
1.0000

0.0083
0.0692
01553
0.5585
0.8364
0.9723
1.0000

0.0041
0.0410
0.1792
0.4557
0.7667
0.9533
1.0000

0.0018
0.0223
0.1174
0.3529
0.6809
0.9246
1.0000

0.0007
0.0109
0.0705
0.2557
0.5798
0.8824
1.0000

0.0002
0.0046
0.0376
0.1694
0.4661
0.8220
1.0000

0.0001
0.0016
0.0170
0.0989
0.3446
0.7379
1.0000

0.0000
0.0004
0.0059
0.0473
01235
0.6229
1.0000

0.0000
0.0001
0.0013
0.0158
0.1143
0.4686
1.0000

0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0022
0.0328
0.2649
1.0000

0.6983
0.9556
0.9962
0,9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.4783
0.8503
0.9743
0.9973
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.3206
0.7166
0.9262'
0.9879
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

01097
0.5767
0.8520
0.9667
0.9953
0.9996
1,0000
1.0000

0.1335
0.4449
0.7564
0.9294
0.9871
0,9987
0,9999
1.0000

0.0824
0.3294
0.6471
0.8740
0.9712
0.9962
0.9998
1.0000

0.0490
0.2338
0.5323
0.8002
0.9444
0.9910
0.9994
1.0000

0.0280
0.1586
0.4199
0.7102
0.9037
0.9812
0.9984
1.0000

0.0152
0.1024
0.3164
0.6083
0,8471
0.9643
0.9963
1.0000

0.0078
0.0625
0.2266
0.5000
0.7734
0.9375
09922
1.0000

0.0037
0.0357
0.1529
0.3917
0.6836
0,8976
0.9848
1.0000

0.0016
0.0188
0.0963
0.2898
0.5801
0.8414
0.9720
1.0000

0.0006
0.0090
0.556
0.1998
0.4677
0.7662
0.9510
1.0000

0.0002
0.0038
0.0288
0.1260
0.3529
0.6706
0.9176
1.0000

0.0001
0.0013
0.0129
0.0706
0.2436
0.5551
0.11665
1.0000

0.0000
0.0004
0.0047
0.0333
0.1480
0.4233
0.7903
1.0000

0.0000 0.0000
0.0001 0.0000
0.0012 0.0002
0.0121 0.0027
0.0738 0.0257
0.2834 0.1497
0.6794 0.5217
1.0000 1,0000

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0038
0,0444
0.3017
1.0000

0.6634
0.9428
0.9942
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
],0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.4305
0.8131
0.9619
0.9950
09996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.2725
0.6572
0.8948
0.9786
0.9971
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.1678
0.5033
0.7969
0.9437
0.9896
0.9988
09999
1.0000
1.0000

0.1001
0.3671
0.6785
0.8862
0.9727
0.9958
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000

0,0576
0.2553
0,5518
0.8059
0,9420
0.9887
0.9987
0,9999
1,0000

0.0319
0.1691
0.4278
0.7064
0.8939
0.9747
0.9964
0.9998
1.0000

0.0168
0.1064
0.3154
0.594 I
0.8263
0.9502
0.9915
0.9993
1.0000

0.0084
0.06J2
01201
0.4770
0.7396
0.9115
0.9819
0.9983
1.0000

0.0039
0.0352
0.1445
0.3633
0.6367
0.8555
0.9648
0.9961
1.0000

0.0017
0.0181
0.0885
01604
0.5230
0.7799
0.9368
0.9916
1.0000

0.0007
0,0085
0.0498
0.1737
0.4059
0.6846
0.8936
0.9832
1.0000

0.0002
0.0036
0.0253
0.1061
0.2936
0.5722
0.8309
0,9681
1.0000

0.0001
0.0013
0.0113
0,0580
0.1941
0.4482
0.7447
0.9424
1.0000

0.0000
0.0004
0.0042
0.0273
0.1138
0.3215
0,6329
0.8999
1.0000

0.0000 0,0000
0.0001 0.0000
0.0012 0.0002
0.0104 0.0029
0.0563 0.0214
0.2031 0.1052
0.4967 0.3428
0.8322 0.7275
1.0000 1.0000

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0050
0.0381
0.1869
0.5695
1.0000

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0058
0.0572
0.3366
1.0000

0.6J02
0.9288
0.9916
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.3874
0.7748
0.9470
0.9917
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.2J16
0.5995
0.8591
0.9661
0.9944
0.9994
1.0000
1,0000
1.0000
1,0000

0.1342
0.4362
0,7382
0.9144
0.9804
0.9969
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0,0751
0.3003
0.6007
0.8343
0.9511
0.9900
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0,0404
0,1960
0.4628
0.7297
0.9012
0.9747
0.9957
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000

0.0207
0.1211
0.J373
0.6089
0.8283
0.9464
0.9888
0.9986
0.9999
1.0000

0.0101
0.0705
0.2318
0.4826
0.7334
0,9006
0.9750
0.9962
0.9997
1.0000

0.0046
0.0385
0.1495
0.3614
0.6214
0.8342
09502
0.9909
09992
1.0000

0.0020
0.0195
0.0898
0.2539
0.5000
0.7461
0.9102
0.9805
0.9980
1.0000

0.0008
0.0091
0.0498
0,1658
0.3786
0.6386
0.8505
0.9615
0.9954
1.0000

0.0003
0.0038
0.0250
0.0994
0.2666
0.5174
0.7682
0.9295
0.9899
1.0000

0.0001
0.0014
0.0112
0.0536
0.1717
0.3911
0,6627
0.8789
0.9793
1.0000

0.0000
0.0004
0.0043
0.0253
0.0988
0.2703
0.5372
0.8040
0,9596
1.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0013 0,0003 0.0000 0.0000
0.0100 0.0031 O.tJ006 0.0001
0.0489 0.0196 0.0056 0.0009
0.1657 0.0856 0.0339 0.0083
0.3993 0.2618 0.1409 0,0530
0.6997 0.5638 0.4005 0.2252
0.9249 0.8658 0.7684 0.6126
1.0000 1,0000 1.0000 1.0000

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0006
0.0084
0.0712
0.3698
1.0000

0.5987
0.9139
0.9885
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.3487
0.7361
0.9298
0.9872
0.9984
0.9999
1,0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.1969
0.5443
0.8202
0.9500
0.9901
0.9986
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.1074
0.3758
0.6778
0.8791
0.9672
0.9936
0.9991
09999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.0563
0.2440
0.5256
0.7759
0.9219
0.9803
0.9965
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.0287
0.1493
0.3828
0.6496
0.8497
0.9527
0.9894
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000

0.0135
0.0860
0.2616
0.5138
0.7515
0.9051
0.9740
0.9952
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000

0.0060
0,0464
0.1673
0.3823
0.6331
0.8338
0.9452
0.9877
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000

0.0025
0.0233
0.0996
0.2660
0.5044
0.7384
0.8980
0.9726
0.9955
0.9997
1.0000

0.0010
0.0107
0.0547
0.1719
0.3770
0.6230
0.8281
0.9453
0.9893
0.9990
1.0000

0.0003
0.0045
0.0274
0.1020
0.2616
0.4956
0.7340
0.9004
0.9767
0.9975
1.0000

0.0001 0.0000
0.0017 0.0005
0.0123 0.0048
0.0548 0.0260
0.1662 0.0949
0.3669 0.2485
0,6177 0.4862
0.8327 0.7384
0.9536 0.9140
0.9940 0.9865
1.0000 1.0000

0,0000
0.0001
0.0016
0.0106
0.0473
0.1503
0.3504
0.6172
0.8507
0.9718
1.0000

0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0035
0,0197
0,0781
0.2241
0.4744
0.7560
0.9437
1.0000

2
3
4
5
6

0
]

2
J
4
5
6
7

0
]

2
J
4

5
6
7
8

0
]

2
J
4
5
6
7
8

0
]

2
J
4
5
6
7
8

]0

0
]

2
J
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

to

0.0000
0,0000
0.0001
0,0009
0.0064
0.0328
0.1209
0.3222
0.6242
0.ll926
1.0000

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0014
0.0099
0.0500
0.1798
0.4557
0.8031
1.0000

0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0001 0.0000
0,0016 0.0001
0,0128 0.0010
0.0702 0.0115
0.2639 0.0861
0.6513 0.4013
1.0000 1.0000

CUMULATIVE POISSON PROBABILITIES

The values in the table show P(X ~ k) =

-l'

L~
, rounded to 3 decimal places.
xl
x=O

.10

.20
.819
.982
.999
1.000
1.000

0
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

.905
.995
1.000
1.000
1.000

6.5 I 7.0

.30
.741
.963
.996
1.000
1.000

.40

I 0.50 I

1.0

.670
.938
.992
.999
1.000

.607
.910
.986
.998
1.000

.368
.736
.920
.981
.996
.999
1.000

1.5
.223
.558
.809
.934
.981
.996
.999
1.000

2.0

.135
.406
.677
.857
.947
.983
.995
.999
1.000

2.5

3.0
.050
.199
.423
.647
.815
.916
.966
.988
.996
.999
1.000

.082
.287
.544
.758
.891
.958
.986
.996
.999
1.000

3.5 [ 4.0
.030
.136
.321
.537
.725
.858
.935
.973
.990
.997
.999
1.000

.018
.092
.238
.433
.629
.785
.889
.949
.979
.992
.997
.999
1.000

4.5
.Oll
.061
.174
.342
.532
.703
.831
.913
.960
.983
.993
.998
.999
1.000

I..l

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

.002

.Oll
.043
.1l2
.224
.369
.527
.673
.792
.877
.933
.966
.984
.993
.997
.999
1.000

.001
.007
.030
.082
.173
.301
.450
.599
.729
.830
.901
.947
.973
.987
.994
.998
.999
1.000

I 7.5 I 8.0 I 8.5 I 9.0 I 9.5 I

.001
.005
.020
.059
.132
.241
.378
.525
.662
.776
.862
.921
.957
.978
.990
.995
.998
.999
1.000

.000
.003
.014
.042
.100
.191
.313
.453
.593
.717
.816
.888
.936
.966
.983
.992
.996
.998
.999
1.000

.000
.002
.009
.030
.074
.150
.256
.386
.523
.653
.763
.849
.909
.949
.973
.986
.993
.997
.999
.999
1.000

.000
.001
.006
.021
.055
.116
.207
.324
.456
.587
.706
.803
.876
.926
.959
.978
.989
.995
.998
.999
1.000

.000
.001
.004
.015
.040
.089
.165
.269
.392
.522
.645
.752
.836
.898
.940
.967
.982
.991
.996
.998
.999
1.000

,I

10
.000
.000
.003
.010
.029
.067
.130
.220
.333
.458
.583
.697
.792
.864
.917
.951
.973
.986
.993
.997
.998
.999
1.000

11
.000
.000
.001
.005
.015
.038
.079
.143
.232
.341
.460
.579
.689
.781
.854
.907
.944
.968
.982
.991
.995
.998
.999
1.000

12
.000
.000
.001
.002
.008
.020
.046
.090
.155
.242
.347
.462
.576
.682
.772
.844
.899
.937
.963
.979
.988
.994
.997
.999
.999
1.000

T 13 T 14 T 15
.000
.000
.000
.001
.004
.011
.026
.054
.100
.166
.252
.353
.463
.573
.675
.764
.835
.890
.930
.957
.975
.986
.992
.996
.998
.999
1.000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.002
.006
.014
.032
.062
.109
.176
.260
.358
.464
.570
.669
.756
.827
.883
.923
.952
.971
.983
.991
.995
.997
.999
.999
1.000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.003
.008
.018
.037
.070
.118
.185
.268
.363
.466
.568
.664
.749
.819
.875
.917
.947
.967
.981
.989
.994
.997
.998
.999
1.000

5.0
.007
.040
.125
.265
.440
.616
.762
.867
.932
.968
.986
.995
.998
.999
1.000

5.5
.004
.027
.088
.202
.358
.529
.686
.809
.894
.946
.975
.989
.996
.998
.999
1.000

I 6.0
.002
.017
.062
.151
.285
.446
.606
.744
.847
.916
.957
.980
.991
.996
.999
.999
1.000

AREAS UNDER THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

The table below gives areas under the standard
nonnal distribution between 0 and z.

o
I

z
I

0.0
0.1

.0000
.0398
.0793
.1179
.1554

.0040
.0438
.0832
.1217
.1591

.0080
.0478
.0871
.1255
.1628

.0120
.0517
.0910
.1293
.1664

.0160
.0557
.0948
.1331
.1700

.0199
.0596
.0987
.1368
.1736

.0239
.0636
.1026
.1406
.1772

.1950
.2291
.2612
.2910
.3186
.3438
.3665
.3869
.4049
.4207

.1985
.2324
.2642

.2019
.2357
.2673

.2939
.3212
.3461
.3686
.3888
.4066
.4222
.4357
.4474
.4573
.4656
.4726
.4783
.4830

.2967
.3238
.3485
.3708
.3907
.4082
.4236
.4370
.4484
.4582
.4664
.4732
.4788
.4834
.4871
.4901
.4925

.2054
.2389
.2704
.2996
.3264
.3508
.3729
.3925
.4099
.4251
.4382
.4495
.4591
.4671
.4738

.2088
.2422
.2734
.3023
.3289
.3531
.3749
.3944
.4115
.4265
.4394
.4505
.4599
.4678
.4744
.4798
.4842
.4878
.4906
.4929

.2123
.2454
.2764
.3051
.3315
.3554
.3770
.3962
.4131
.4279
.4406
.4515
.4608
.4686
.4750
.4803
.4846

.4808
.4850

.4881
.4909
.4931

.4884
.4911
.4932

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

.1915
.2258
.2580
.2881
.3159
.3413
.3643
.3849
.4032
.4192
.4332
.4452
.4554
.4641
.4713
.4772
.4821
.4861
.4893
.4918
.4938
.4953
.4965
.4974
.4981
.4987
.4990
.4993
.4995
.4997

.0279
.0675
.1064
.1443
.1808
.2157
.2486
.2794
.3078
.3340
.3577
.3790
.3980
.4147
.4292
.4418
.4525
.4616
.4693
.4756

.4940
.4955
.4966
.4975
.4982
.4987
.4991
.4993
.4995
.4997

.4946
.4960
.4970

.4976
.4982
.4987
.4991
.4994
.4995
.4997

.4977
.4983
.4988
.4991
.4994
.4996
.4997

.4949
.4962
.4972
.4979
.4985
.4989
.4992
.4995
.4996
.4997

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

.4998
.4998
.4999
.4999
.5000

.4998
.4998
.4999
.4999
.5000

.4998
.4999
.4999
.4999
.5000

.4998
.4999
.4999
.4999
.5000

.4948
.4961
.4971
.4979
.4985
.4989
.4992
.4994
.4996
.4997
.4998
.4999
.4999
.4999
.5000

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

.4345
.4463
.4564
.4649
.4719
.4778
.4826
.4864
.4896
.4920

.4868
.4898
.4922
.4941
.4956
.4967

.4793
.4838
.4875
.4904
.4927

.4943
.4957
.4968

.4945
.4959
.4969
.4977
.4984
.4988
.4992
.4994
.4996
.4997
.4998
.4999
.4999
.4999
.5000

12.

.4978
.4984
.4989
.4992
.4994
.4996
.4997
.4998
.4999
.4999
.4999
.5000

.4998
.4999
.4999
.4999
.5000

.0319
.0714
.1103
.1480
.1844

.0359
.0754
.1141
.1517
.1879

.2190
.2518
.2823
.3106
.3365
.3599
.3810
.3997
.4162
.4306
.4429
.4535
.4625
.4699
.4761
.4812
.4854
.4887
.4913
.4934

.2224
.2549
.2852
.3133
.3389
.3621
.3830
.4015
.4177
.4319
.4441
.4545
.4633
.4706

.4951
.4963
.4973
.4980
.4986
.4990
.4993
.4995
.4996
.4997
.4998
.4999
.4999
.4999
.5000

.4952
.4964
.4974
.4981
.4986

.4767
.4817
.4857
.4890
.4916
.4936

.4990
.4993
.4995
.4997
.4998
.4998
.4999
.4999
.4999
.5000

CRITICAL VALUES OF THE t DISTRIBUTION

The table below gives critical values of t for
given probability levels

tu

ta.,u

Example: The value of t with 8 degrees of freedom that cuts otT 0.5% of the area in the right
hand tail is 1.860: to. 05,8 = 1.860.
Degrees of
Freedom, U
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

12
13

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120
<Xl

t o.1
3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.303
1.296
1.290
1.282

Critical Values ta.

t o.05
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
1.684
1.671
1.661
1.645

t o.015
12.706
4.303
3.192
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
2.012
2.000
1.984
1.960

to.01
31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457
2.423
2.390
2.358
2.326

to. 005
63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750
2.704
2.660
2.626
2.576

From: Mernngton, Maxine, "Table of Percentage Points of the t-distibution", Biometrika, Vol.
32, 1941, p. 300.

{ '3

CRITICAL VALUES OF THE CID-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION

The table below gives critical values of X1 for
given probability levels

la.,u

Example: The value of 1. 2 with 8 degrees of freedom that cuts ofT 0.5% of the area in the right
hand tail is 15.5073: X~OS.8

= 15.5073.

Degrees
of
Freedom

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

Critical Values X~
2

1..995
0,0000393
0.0100251
0.0717212
0.206990
0.411740
0.675727
0.989265
1.344419
1.734926
2.15585
2.60321
3.07382
3.56503
4.07468
4.60094
5.14224
5.69724
6.26481
6.84398
7.43386
8.03366
8.64272
9.26042
9.88623
10.5197
11.1603
11.8076
12.4613
13.1211
13.7867
20.7065
27.9907
35.5346
43.2752
51.1720
59.1963
67.3276

1..99

0.0001571
0.0201007
0.114832
0.297110
0.554300
0.872085
1.239043
1.646482
2.087912
2.55821
3.05347
3.57056
4.10691
4.66043
5.22935
5.81221
6.40776
7.01491
7.63273
8.26040
8.89720
9.5249
10.19567
10.8564
11.5240
12.1981
12.8786
13.5648
14.2565
14.9535
22.1643
29.7067
37.4848
45.4418
53.5400
61.7541
70.0648

1..975

0.0009821
0.0506356
0.215795
0.484419
0.831211
1.237347
1.68987
217973
2.70039
3.24697
3.81575
4.40379
5.00874
5.62872
6.26214
6.90766
7.56418
8.23075
8.90655
9.59083
10.28293
10.9823
11.6885
12.4011
13.1197
13.8439
14.5733
15.3079
16.0471
16.7908
24.4331
32.3574
40.4817
48.7576
57.1532
65.6466
74.2219

1..95

0.0039321
0.102587
0.351846
0.710721
1.145476
1.63539
2.16735
273264
3.32511
3.94030
4.57481
5.22603
5.89186
6.57063
7.26094
7.96164
8.67176
9.39046
10.1170
10.8508
11.5913
123380
13.0905
13.8484
14.6114
15.3791
16.1513
16.9279
17.7083
18.4926
26.5093
34.7642
43.1879
51.7393
60.3915
69.1260
77.9295

1..90

0.0157908
0.210720
0.584375
1.063623
1.61031
2.20413
2.83311
3.48954
4.16816
4.86518
5.57779
6.30380
7.04150
7.78953
8.54675
9.31223
10.0852
10.8649
11.6509
12.4426
13.2396
14.0415
14.8479
15.6587
16.4734
17.2919
18.1138
18.9392
19.7677
20.5992
29.0505
37.6886
46.4589
55.3290
64.2778
73.2912
82.3581

1..10

2.70554
4.60517
6.25139
7.77944
9.23635
10.6446
12.0170
13.3616
14.6837
15.9871
17.2750
18.5494
19.8119
21.0642
22.3072
23.5418
24.7690
25.9894
27.2036
28.4120
29.6151
30.8133
32.0069
33.1963
34.3816
35.5631
36.7412
37.9159
39.0875
40.2560
51.8050
63.1671
74.3970
85.5271
96.5782
107.565
118.498.

1..05

3.84146
5.99147
7.81473
9.48773
11.0705
12.5916
14.0671
15.5073
.16.9190
18.3070
19.6751
21.0261
22.3621
23.6848
24.9958
26.2962
27.5871
28.8693
30.1435
31.4104
32.6705
33.9244
35.1725
36.4151
37.6525
38.8852
40.1133
41.3372
42.5569
43.7729
55.7585
67.5048
79.0819
90.5312
101.879
113.145
124.342

1..025
5.02389
7.37776
9.34840
11.1433
12.8325
14.4494
16.0128
17.5346
19.0228
20.4831
21.9200
233367
24.7356
26.1190
27.4884
28.8454
30.1910
31.5264
32.8523
34.1696
35.4789
36.7807
38.0757
39.3641
40.6465
41.9232
43.1944
44.4607
45.7222
46.9792
59.3417
71.4202
83.2976
95.0231
106.629
118.136
129.561

1..01

6.63490
9.21034
11.3449
13.2767
15.0863
16.8119
18.4753
20.0902
21.6660
23.2093
24.7250
26.2170
27.6883
29.1413
30.5779
31.9999
33.4087
34.8053
36.1908
37.5662
38.9321
40.2894
41.6384
42.9798
44.3141
45.6417
46.9630
48.2782
49.5879
50.8922
63.6907
76.1539
88.3794
100.425
112329
124.116
135.807

I X.OOS
7.87944
10.5966
12.8381
14.8602
16.7496
18.5476
20.2777
21.9550
23.5893
25.1882
26.7569
28.2995
29.8194
313193
32.8013
34.2672
35.7185
37.1564
38.5822
39.9968
41.4010
42.7956
44.1813
45.5585
46.9278
48.2899
49.6449
50.9933
52.3356
53.6720
66.7659
79.4900
91.9517
104.215
116.321
128.299
140.169

From: Thompson, C. M., "Tables of the Percentage Points of the Xl -Distribution",

Biometrika, Vol. 32, 1941, pp. 188-89.

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