1

Integrated Urban Mass Transit System for Sustainable Development

Presented by Prof. S.L. Dhingra Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

First Indo-US Symposium on Advances in Mass Transit and Travel Behavior Research (MTTBR08), IIT Guwahati, February 12-15, 2008.

Overview
Introduction

Vision Statement
Sustainable Development Concept Integration of mass Transit modes for Sustainable Development

Parameters Required for Efficient Integration

An Example of Singapore Integration Case Study Mumbai (India)

Other Policy measures for Sustainable development Intelligent Transportation System

Alternative Fuels Conclusions

Introduction

Growth of population
Growth of vehicles Horizontal Growth of towns and cities (Urban Sprawl)

Limitation of mobility of the vehicular traffic in town

Congestion / Delays
Environmental Pollution Safety

Parking
Disaster Management (ITS area)

Urbanisation trends in INDIA

Census Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 Number of UAs/Towns 1827 1815 1949 2072 2250 2843 Urban Population (in million) 25.85 25.20 28.08 33.45 44.15 62.44 Level of Urbanization % 10.84 10.29 11.18 11.99 13.86 17.29

1961 1971
1981 1991

2365 2590
3378 3368

78.93 109.11
159.46 217.71

17.57 19.91
23.34 25.72

Source: Census of India Report

Growth of population of 35 largest cities in India

City S.No. 1 Greater Bombay 2 Calcutta 3 Delhi 4 Madras 5 Hyderabad 6 Banglore 7 Ahmedabad 8 Pune 9 Kanpur 10 Lucknow 11 Nagpur 12 Surat 13 Jaipur 14 Kochi 15 Coimbatore 16 Vadodara 17 Indore 18 Patna 19 Madurai 20 Bhopal 21 Vishakhapattnam 22 Ludhiyana 23 Varanasi All figures are in lakhs Source: Census of India 1951 29.7 46.7 14.4 15.4 11.3 7.9 8.8 6.1 7.1 5.0 4.9 2.4 3.0 1.8 2.9 2.1 3.1 3.3 3.7 1.0 1.1 1.5 3.7 1961 41.5 59.8 23.6 19.4 12.5 12.1 12.1 7.9 9.7 6.6 6.9 3.2 4.1 2.9 4.5 3.1 3.9 4.1 4.9 2.2 2.1 2.4 5.1 1971 59.7 74.2 36.5 31.7 18.0 16.6 17.5 11.4 12.8 8.1 9.3 4.9 6.4 5.1 7.4 4.7 5.6 5.5 7.1 3.8 3.6 4.0 6.4 1981 82.4 91/9 57.3 42.7 25.5 29.2 25.5 16.9 16.4 10.1 13.0 9.1 10.2 6.9 9.2 7.4 8.3 9.2 9.1 6.7 6.0 6.1 8.0 1991 125.7 109.2 83.8 53.6 42.8 40.9 33.1 24.8 20.3 16.7 16.6 15.2 15.2 11.4 11.4 11.3 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.6 10.5 10.4 10.3

Growth of population of 35 largest cities in India

S No. Cities 24 Agra 25 Meerat 26 Nashik 27 Jabalpur 28 Jamshedpur 29 Asansol 30 Dhanbad 31 Faridabad 32 Allahabad 33 Amritsar 34 Vijayawada 35 Rajkot All figures are in Lakhs 2001 13.21 11.7 11.5 11.2 11.0 11.0 10.6 10.5 10.1 10.5 10.1 10.0

Total Registered Motor Vehicles In India: 1951-98

Year 1951 1956 All vehicles 306 426 Two wheelers 27 41 Cars,Jeep and Taxis 159 203 Buses 34 47 Goods Vehicles 82 119 Others 4 16

1961
1966

665
1099

88
226

310
456

57
73

168
259

42
85

1971
1976 1981 1986 1991 1992 1993

1865
2700 5391 10577 21374 23507 25505

576
1057 268 6245 14200 15661 17183

682
779 1160 1780 2954 3205 3361

94
15 162 227 331 358 364

343
351 554 863 1356 1514 1603

170
398 897 1462 2533 2769 2994

1994
1995 1996 1997

27660
30295 33783 3731

18899
20831 23252 25693

3569
3841 4204 4662

392
423 449 488

1691
1794 2031 2260

3109
3406 3847** 4128**

1998

40939

28342

5056

535@

2529

4477

Others include tractors, trailors, three wheelers(passenger vehicles) and other miscellaneous vehicles which are not separately classified. ** Excludes light motor vehicles (three wheelers and four wheelers) which have been shown under goods vehicles. @ Includes omni buses.

Total Registered Motor Vehicles In Metropolitan Cities of India (1992-98)

Metro Cities 1992 Ahmedabad 419 Banglore 605 Bhopal 144 Calcutta 497 Chennai 604 Cochin 32 Coimbatore 74 Delhi 1963 Hayderabad 485 Indore 238 Jaipur 292 Kanpur 186 Lucknow 235 Ludhiyana 220 Madurai 42 Mumbai 647 Nagpur 168 Patna 191 Pune 296 Surat 223 Badodara 179 Varanasi 126 Vishakhapatna 163 m Data relates to distict 1993 1994 449 478 654 716 154 165 517 545 641 689 36 42 93 115 2097 2239 520 543 253 267 314 339 196 209 249 266 238 258 50 57 546 608 176 185 197 201 313 331 243 271 193 212 135 146 163 165 N.A: Not Available 1995 510 796 179 561 768 52 172 2432 557 289 368 223 282 291 81 667 198 209 358 301 235 157 183 1996 572 900 223 588 812 197 241 2630 764 325 405 247 303 321 117 724 213 220 412 331 275 169 201 1997 631 972 242 588 890 226 256 2848 769 361 449 247 331 359 122 797 239 220 468 362 332 184 207 1998 686 1130 237 664 975 NA 310 3033 887 399 492 282 360 NA 156 860 270 245 527 399 361 199 219

Introduction (Contd.)

Developing countries like India, where urbanization and motorisation trends are on
the increase, mass transit systems like commuter rails and bus transportation are mostly unavoidable

An integrated transportation strategy is most needed so that these modes of

transport are integrated efficiently to facilitate the sustainable transportation

Vision Statement

10

To ensure easily accessible, safe, affordable,

quick, comfortable, reliable and sustainable mobility for all in our towns and cities

Proposed Policies Approaches

Attempts to take care of prolonged energy crisis (depletion of oil reserves) Attending to the problems of Increased number and sizes of towns & cities
and constant increase/explosion in motorized cities

11

Augment the urban circulation space leading to constant decrease in

congestion/delays and pollution levels

Use of alternate fuels will accelerate the development of furthergenerations of vehicular technologies using hybrid/fuel cell powered ecofriendly vehicles (30%-40%) To encourage High capacity Transit vehicles.

Proposed Policies Approaches

Transportation of rural India through provision of total connectivity along with
planned job creation ,will arrest migration to cities (20-30%).

12

Exploitation of communication and information technologies, will help to work

from houses (30-40%) leading to reduction in travel demand in cities.

All the future small and big cities will need eco-friendly mass transportation
facilities (PRT,LRT,IPT,MRT)

For all these, an efficient institutional set-up constitutionally empowered to do the neighbourhood planning along the integrated demand -oriented well planned

mass transit systems corridors to make the future cities better places to live,
work and invest in

Mass Transit
Available for use by all persons who pay the established fares

13

Common-carrier Urban Passenger Transport with fixed routes & schedules

They are described as fixed route and fixed schedule service

Mass Transit Modes

14

Street Transit
Mini Bus

Semi rapid Transit

Rapid Transit
RTR RRT

Special Transit
Monorails
Maglev

Regular Bus Double-Decker Bus

Semi rapid Bus

Light Rail Transit

RGR

Articulated Bus Express Bus Trolley Bus Tramways Guided Bus Battery Operated Bus

Water Borne Transport AGT

Sustainable Development Concept

Sustainability achieved for both social & physical systems by satisfying present needs without compromising need of future generations

15

Our transportation decisions and investments today should expand, and not limit to the economic, ecological, and social choices available to future generations

Sustainable Transport
Supportive system of conveying people & goods which has ability to bear
the traffic volume for long time both quantitatively & qualitatively

Air Pollution in Mumbai

Sectorwise distribution of Pollution: Transport 64% Power 04% Domestic 15% Industrial 17%

16

Ambient Air Quality at Mahim Junction Item Observed Limits (gm/Nm3) (gm/Nm3) SO2 43 120 80 Nox 90 107 80 SPM 1144 3170 200

Moving Towards Sustainability

17

Smoother traffic flow and reduced congestion

Reduced fuel consumption

Reduced emissions Encourage use of public transport

Improve highway safety Reduced delays and increased efficiency

Main Components of Sustainable Development

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MAIN COMPONENTS & INDICATIVE ISSUES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : :MAIN COMPONENTS & INDICATIVE ISSUES Technology Technology Fuels Fuels Economic Economic Regulation Regulation Laws Laws Investment Investment in Transp. in Transp. Infrastructure Infrastructure Land Use Land Use Planning Planning Policies Policies Political Political DemograDemogra Demogra- phic phic Equity Equity EnvironEnvironEnvironmental mental Air Pollution Air Pollution

18

Social Social

Health Health Implications Implications

Pricing & Policies to Pricing & Policies to support Transp. support Transp.

Land use Planning and Transportation Infrastructure is the

central idea of sustainable development Concept

Cost of EIA

19

One of the great uncertainties of EIA Taken as 1 % of the project cost

May vary as per size of the projects For small projects it may be 5 -10 % of the project cost
Large projects it may go down to 0.1 0.5 %

SPARTACUS System

20

SPARTACUS System for Planning &

Research in Towns and Cities for Urban
Sustainability

Old System

Funded by European Commission

Tested in : Helsinki (Finland), Bilbao

(Spain), Naples (Italy)
Environment

Society

Essentially adds Environmental &

societal parameters in old system
SPARTACUS System
(Source: http:// www.ltcon.fi/spartacus/

Spartacus System
Environmental indicators
Air Pollution
Emissions of greenhouse gases from transport Emissions of acidifying cases from transport

21

EAGT

t/1000 in h/a

EAAT

Meq/1000inh./a

Emissions of organic Compounds from transport

EAOC

t/1000inh./a

Consumption of natural resources

Consumption of mineral oil products Land coverage

ERMO ERLC ERCM

1000 t/1000 inh./a %points 1000 m2/1000 inh./a

Consumptions of construction material

Social indicators
Exposure to particulate matter in the living environment Exposure to nitrogen dioxide in the living environment

22

SHEP %points

SHED

%points

Health

Exposure to carbon monoxide in the living environment Exposure to noise in the living environment Traffic deaths Traffic injuries Justice of exposure to particular

SHEN

%points

SHEN

%points

SHTD SHTI SEJP

#1000inh./a #1000inh./a -

Equity

Justice of exposure to CO
Justice of exposure to noise Segregation

SEJD
SEJN SES

%points

23

Social indicators
Emissions of greenhouse gases from transport Emissions of acidifying cases from transport EAGT

t/1000 inh/a

EAAT

Opportunities

Meq/1000inh./a EAOC
t/1000inh./a

Emissions of organic Compounds from transport

Economic indicators
Total benefit ECU/capita/a

Methodology for EIA: Intra-city Projects Sectoral Level Programmatic Level (Replicable projects) Project Level (Micro level)
Impacts
During
Construction

24

Travel Economic Social

Operation

Environmental / Ecological

Concept of Integrated City Growth

Multi-Focus Growth/ Multi Central Business District Availability of Mass Public Transit at walking distances

25

Intelligent Transport system for increased efficiency of Public Transport Well-planned Land use Policies favoring Clustered development Use of Alternative fuels and electric vehicles for improved environmental
Implications

Planning of enough natural landscapes within the city area

Provisions of walk ways and bicycle lanes

26

Integration of Transportation Modes (Essential Input in Integrated City Growth)

Integration for Sustainable Development

27

an integrated transportation strategy is most needed so that these modes of transport work together efficiently to facilitate the sustainable transportation

by supporting the system of conveying people & goods which has ability to
bear the traffic volume for long time both quantitatively & qualitatively

Advantages of the Integration

Demand is sliced in each mode with route integration Proposed integrated systems can drastically reduce the time of travel for the cross railway stations increase the accessibility of the system increase the safety of users reduce the fuel consumption and emissions reduce operation cost and user cost be proved environmentally, economically and socially viable Similar approach can be implemented to other growing or mega cities of
India

28

Types of Public Transit Integration

29

Physical integration, in terms of integrating transport modes like rails, BEST buses and Para transit etc. at the intermediate points or at the terminals with interchange facilities so that different modes can be switched over as per requirements & convenience

Institutional integration is an arrangement which can be established among policies of

different operating agencies like railways, BEST authorities, local transport unions etc.
so that they can work in unison

Operational integration is related in terms of scheduling and routing of different modes

Parameters Required for Efficient Integration

Information
Availability of comprehensive and real time information before the journey, at the

30

start of the journey and during it to increase attractiveness of multi-modal journeys

Local Transport Forums

Benefits of integration of varying transport modes can be recognized by these

forums which may also provide a very effective mechanism to focus spending of
funds and also enable effective consultation among the different transport groups

Routing and Scheduling of Transit Network

Planning of route network and operational planning of schedules is done by
modelling which is most important phase of integrated urban mass transit network planning in a large urban area

Efficient Co-ordination at Transfer Points

31

Co-ordination implies presence of following attributes.

Passengers can transfer freely and conveniently between transport modes Demarcation of service areas for each mode, thereby minimizing duplication

Adjustments & interrelationships of schedules leading to operational integration Joint fare structure.

Singapore
(Best Ex. of Integrated city Growth)

32

http://www.smrt.com.sg/

Example- Singapore

Supporting public transport and restricting the car usage altogether by providing

33

excellent customer care services, terminal & intermediate facilities

High quality, customer-oriented Bus transit that delivers fast, comfortable and lowcost urban mobility & also space-efficient, eco- friendly mode of motorized travel

Enhanced Integrated Fare System

Bus shelters upgraded to enhance the safety, comfort and capacity Bus interchanges integrated with the MRT station and commercial buildings Covered link ways have been built to link MRT stations to buildings

Para-transit services are improved to supplement major public transport modes

34

Case Study

Proposed Integration in Mumbai

Brief Description of Study Area

Basic information on MMR AREA (Sq. Km.) Population (in million) (Census 2001 Provisional ) Greater Mumbai 468 Rest of MMR 3,887

35

11.91 Nil
1

5.90 982
6

Villages (1991) Municipal Corporations (December 2001)

Municipal Councils (December 2001) Motor vehicles in March 2000 (in '000)

Nil 970

13 NA

Mass transport daily one way trips (in millions):

Bus (1998 - 99) Rail (1998 - 99) 4.8 5.4 NA NA

36

Western Suburbs

Eastern Suburbs

Greater Bombay

Island City

37

Suburbs

Island City

38

Why Proposed Integration in Mumbai?

Urban transport in Mumbai is based on suburban trains, BEST, taxis, three
wheelers & private vehicles Bombay Suburban Train Service (BSTS) accounts for more than 20% of

39

passengers traffic carried by entire Indian Railway system

In peak hours, there are about 4500 to 5400 passengers on a train against the capacity 1750 (load factor=3.5)

Limited road space and heavy growth in traffic has resulted into traffic congestion,
reduced travel speed and poor level of service Large no of commuters are forced to walk for longer distances also from railway

stations to their destinations

Lack of co-ordination between public transit modes has led to very high individuals travel time and out of vehicle time which further leads to commuter

dissatisfaction

Transport Modes for Integration

Integration of existing /proposed rail and bus transport along with a sustainable solution
Passenger water Transport

40

Twin railway corridor (WR & CR) Proposed Master Plan for Mumbai Metro
Existing BEST bus routes
Proposed High Tech Bus Transit system

New concept of A-G-V MRTS /Sky Bus / LRT

Environment friendly Battery Powered Electrical Vehicles Electric Trolley Bus

Advantages of the Integration

41

Integration as an experiment basis is proposed such that the pollution and

travel cost can be minimized and comfort and convenience can be maximized
coordination between BEST buses & suburban railway system will ensure a well-integrated system which will take care of entire journey of commuters

The transfer time at railway stations will be reduced A shift of passenger from private & intermediate transport to public transport
Reduction in congestion & delay, energy saving and better level of service. Hence the fantasy of sustainable transport could be realized

42

Andheri

Proposed Integration of Andheri-Ghatkopar route

Ghatkopar

Details of the Integration

Integration on the proposed Versova-Andheri-Ghatkoper LRT Metro with other
existing and proposed public modes of transport

43

Influence area of each railway station will be free from presence of any other railway station, and then feeder routes should be developed so that duplication of
travel by train and bus will be avoided

If a node appears in influence area of one station, its connection from other railway
station should be discouraged The battery-powered emission-free mini buses are proposed to be used, to bring

the passengers from their homes to the nearest metro or suburban railway stations
within the influence area of the station

Every railway station should have a bus depot in its vicinity so that buses can start from railway stations to the selected destinations and are not interfered by autos
will lead to easily transfer of passengers and reduction in environmental pollution

44

Andheri

Proposed Integration in Mumbai

Ghatkopar

Sub urban rail network

45

Metro rail network

Road network

Composite Network Layer

SKY BUS View

46

Advantages of Sky Bus

Fast transportation and good capacity No land acquisition problems

47

No vandalism
Fire protection and no capsizing No run over accidents Deep penetration and no interference with normal road traffic Low capital cost: 50% of elevated rail system & 25% of

underground metro for same performance standards

No air or noise pollution

Integration of Sky Bus & Battery powered vehicle with existing system Leading to sustainability reduce the vehicular dependence, pollution, fuel consumption economic no social problems

48

High Tech Bus Transit System

High-tech Bus Transit System

49

It incorporates most of the high-quality aspects of metro systems without the high investments

It uses available space on arterial roads of cities with

dedicated bus-ways

It utilizes modern technologies for optimizing flow, passenger

movement, ticketing, bus scheduling, and traffic signal priority

The High-tech Bus Transit System (HBTS)

Exclusive Travel-Ways for buses ??

50

Modern Buses Rapid boarding and alighting

Efficient fare collection Comfortable and efficient shelters and stations
??

Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS)

??

Automatic tracking of buses

Efficient fleet management

Optimized schedules and routes

The HCBS Pollution Characteristics

Emissions: Modern LPG buses have lesser air and noise emission than the

51

traditional diesel buses

Electronic Trolley Buses (ETB) have no emission from the tailpipe

and are the quietest transit mode

The HBTS Services

Dedicated bus service

52

Runs along the main line, with all stops & provides frequent service over the entire day

Express bus service Runs in residential area, & then enters the main line at a
convenient point with fewer stops on the main line, may be operated only in peak hours

Local bus service The most common bus service, halts at all the stops

53

Delhi Metro Bangalore Metro Hyderabad Metro

Mumbai Metro
Chennai Metro

Kolkata Metro

Delhi Metro

54

Modal Utility Functions

Pr(Metro / EM )
VMetro = VEM = WTMetro + WTEM +

55

eVMetro eVMetro eVEM

DCMetro + CONST

TTMetro + TCMetro + TTEM + TCEM +

DCEM

Pr(Metro/EM) = probability of shifting to Metro mode conditioned on existing mode (EM), VMetro = deterministic component of utility of Metro mode, VEM = deterministic component of utility of Existing Mode, WT = waiting time, TT = travel time, TC = travel cost, DC = discomfort, , , , =parameters to be estimated using SP data, and CONST = constant that explains the unobserved effects.

Metro Salient Features

56

1. Average Journey Speed 33Kmph 2. Cost of Travel will be comparable to BEST Fare 3. Trains will be provided at a convenient headway of 3 min. 4. Comfortable Standing in A/c environment is assured 5. State-of-art computerized ticketing system

State-of-art safety systems 1. Automatic door closing with safety precaution 2. Power Back-up Facility 3. Fire-resistant Coaches 4. Emergency Wireless passenger and driver communication system

EIA Related Issues During Construction

Cutting of Trees

57

Drainage of waste water from construction

activities.

Disposal of soil coming out of Tunneling &

other excavations..

Noise pollution caused by const. machinery

Handling of traffic around the site

Air & noise Pollution by vehicles

used in construction activities

Water, telephone and electricity lines

Effort has been taken to avoid all above issues in Const. & Operation of Delhi Metro

EIA Issues During Operation

Regular and emergency air- exhaust facilities.

58

Fire protection. Easy and efficient mob-dispersal facilities. Safety of passengers including emergency evacuation etc. Ventilation and illumination in case of power failure.

Delhi Metro An Eco- friendly Project

For every tree cut, 10 trees are planted as compensatory afforestation
Around 26000 trees have been planted A detailed EIA in 1994 to minimize negative impacts of project during construction Storm water drains identified for drainage of wastewater from construction

59

Sites earmarked at convenient locations for disposal of soil

Close check on air & noise pollution during construction Rehabilitation & fire protection measures Sites covered by the boundaries

Other Policy Measures for Sustainable Development

SPARTACUS System of Planning

60

Intelligent Transportation System Alternative Fuels & Electric Vehicles Environmental Impact Assessment
Institutional Capacity Building

61

Intelligent Transportation Systems

(Important Input for Efficient Transportation Planning)

ITS
(Intelligent Transportation Systems)

62

Combines telecommunications, computers, sensing, and electronics

technology

Provides real-time data and traffic information

ITS is the application of modern computer and communication
technologies to improve

safety mobility
air quality and productivity of personal and commercial travel

ITS
Information Technology

63

Geographical Information System (GIS) Global Positioning System (GPS) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

Mobile Communications (MC)

Media and Systems ITS

Media and System

64

Digital Maps

Smart Cards
Computers & Sensors

Radio Frequency Identifiers Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)

Benefits of ITS
Improved Safety/Accident

65

Better Traffic Flow

Lower Travel Cost Better Environment Quality Increased Business Activity Faster Construction Cost Recovery

Greater User Acceptance Better Travel Information

Better Planning Information

ITS in Transit (Conceptual Layout)

Advanced Public Transit Systems Route Destination Display

Adaptive Signal Timing and Communication Control Automated Fare Collection and Passenger Counting

Automated Vehicle Location and Vehicle Identification

RTA

$
OR

Smart Card Reader Silent Alarm

Driver Information Display

Vehicle Diagnostics

Surveillance System
Traffic Detection

67

Inductive Loops Detection System

Close Circuit Television (CCTV)

Wide Area Video Detection System Infrared Laser Detection System

Traffic Signal Control

Incident Management

Emergency Management

Electronic Toll Collection

Real Time Traveler information

ITS enable key Route Bus

73

Fare collection system

74

Automatic Vehicle Location

75

Automatic Ticketing Gates (Sky Bus)

76

Incident Command Centre

Traffic Incident 1 Traffic Incident 2

77

Control Room Incident Command

Law & Traffic Police Emergency Medical Services

Fire & Rescue Services

Control Rescue & Maintenance Services

Examples of ITS

78

Smart Road Project (VTI)

Smart Vehicles (Germany) Rail-cum-road service coordination (Toronto / Asiad 82 )

Smart network reliability information system

Intelligent parking system (Ex. Yokohama) Intelligent route guidance ( Ex. Tokyo)

Examples of ITS (India)

Intelligent bridge (BWSL) Mumbai- Pune Expressway

79

Smart registration (RTO Mumbai)

GIS/GPS based traveler info. System (Ex. Reliance trucking, Germany, Australia.)

Signal Coordination using TRANSYT (Ex. Mantralaya & Bandra in Mumbai), SCAT/SCOOT
SCOOT (New Delhi) but should be with bus priority Sky Bus

Mumbai BEST Buses & City Cabs - GPS System soon

Vision Mumbai Project:

80

are planning to introduce a modernized taxi service

by introducing GPS and two-way radio communication to help them navigate

Collaboration with Japanese firm and Indian companies is under process for purchase the vehicles and lease them out to drivers
Source: TOI dated 14/09/2004 & 11/09/2004

Mumbai City Cabs - GPS System soon

81

Source: TOI dated 14/09/2004

Source: TOI dated 11/09/2004

82

Alternative Fuels for Integrated & Sustainable city Growth

Alternative Fuels
Definition

83

Fuels derived from non crude oil resources

e. g. All vehicular fuel other than petrol and diesel Example includes CNG, methanol, biodiesel, hydrogen and electricity

Why alternative fuels are important

Cost effective reduction in harmful emissions

Better environment Reduced health risks

Compressed Natural Gas

As a transportation fuel, natural gas, a fossil fuel, is compressed Compression decreases storage vol. to obtain operating range

84

High octane rating hence good spark ignition engine fuel Disadvantages

Storage at sub zero temp. needs high insulation materials

Contributes to Global Warming when released in
atmosphere

Decreased specific power output of vehicles Hurts vehicle acceleration due to heavy weight

CNG may be Polluting !!

85

Mutagenicity via Modified Ames Assay

86

Bio-Diesel
Transesterfied vegetable oil derived from oils of plants & animals
Plant sources Mahua, Jatropha, Neem, Castor etc. Similar to diesel fuels with same physical characteristics Biodegradable fuel, devoid of sulphur and low in emissions

87

Indias oil import bill is expected to be Rs. 217,000 crores this year
as compared to Rs. 97,000 crores last year

Over 2 lakhs families in Chattisgarh will cultivate 20 million tonnes

of bio-diesel by 2005

The state has produced 30,000 tonnes of jatropha seeds last year
which were distributed throughout the country

Methanol
Produced from coal & natural gas Made either by steam formation of Natural gas or municipal waste

88

Much higher octane rating than typical gasoline Higher compression ratio & increased thermal efficiency
Hydrogen can be generated which is used for fuel cell Disadvantages
Lower energy density
Contact with metals & alloys may cause corrosion Fuel hoses made of elastomers get hardened & cracked
Source: Indian Journal of Transport Management (2004)

Ethanol
Produced from fermentation technology

89

Sugarcane can be a good manufacturing source Reduced emission of NOx, CO, smoke & SPM
High octane rating Either blended with petrol or used as complete replacement

Disadvantages
Soluble in water hence storage & handling problem

Production of Acetaldehyde leads to ground level ozone formation

Source: Indian Journal of Transport Management (2004)

Battery Powered Electric Vehicle

90

smokeless, noiseless, oil free low maintenance vehicle with recurring savings of petrol or diesel keep environment clean

ideally suited as public transport in congested areas, hospitals,

schools, places of historic importance

IIT Bombays Electric Vehicle

Times of India (24th March, 2002)

91

IIT Bombays Beloved Tum Tum

Summary
Definition & Elements of Sustainable Transport are discussed

92

Tried to achieve the goal of Sustainable development

Various policy measures for sustainable transport planning have been considered and discussed

Methodology for EIA have been developed in the light of sustainable development
Master Planning for Mumbai was discussed

Prioritization of Metro Corridors for detailed engineering and Execution Integration of the Mass Transit systems is stressed
Minimization of the negative impacts and Maximisation of positive Benefits

Summary
Intelligent transport systems can add to the efficiency of transportation facilities
Integration of transportation systems is indispensable for sustainable development

93

Environmental Impact assessment and alternative fuels can take care of the environmental implications of the transportation systems

Target through
MUTP-II Load Factor on Sub-urban Trains from 3.5 to 2.5 Additionally integrated with Metro Load Factor on Sub-urban Trains to 1.5 All these measures resulting into a sustainable development making cities better places to work, live and invest .

Conclusions

Awareness of sustainable development issues has resulted in a trend towards

94

planned & integrated multimodal transport development

An efficient integrated system will reduce private & intermediate transport and reduce delay due to congestion & a better level of service can be maintained

Improving performance of different modes will achieve goals of sustainable

development Integrated city growth favours the idea of Smart growth & adopts concepts like

Integration of modes, ITS, integrated land use transportation planning, alternative

fuels etc.

A suitably designed integrated urban mass transit network with state-of-the-art

interchange facility will ensure safe, convenient, comfortable & less time consuming travel with no extra pressure on one transport mode

Conclusions (contd.)
Planned horizontal expansion of cities but to a limited extent
Transformation of rural India through provision of total connectivity along
with planned job creation ,will prevent migration to cities (20-30%)

95

Exploitation of communication and information technologies, will help

to work from houses (30-40%) will reduce in travel demand in cities

Integrated demand oriented, well- planned and ecofriendly mass transit systems corridors supported by ITS to make future cities better places to live, work & invest in

96

Thank You !

Transportation Systems Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering IIT Bombay

E-Mail: dhingra@civil.iitb.ac.in Home Page: http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/~dhingra/index.html