INTRODUCTION

Many commonly observed engineering structures, e.g., buildings and bridges, are composed of frame members. The influence of material and geometric nonlinearities on the behavior of frame type structure is particularly significant during extreme events. Hence, analysis of frame structures forms a vital part of structural analysis.
The design of structure provided to us is done through sap 2000,which is analysed for all the common type of load cases along with combination of load cases DEAD LIVE SEISMIC WIND

sap 2000:The SAP name has been synonymous with State-of-the-art analytical methods since its introduction over 30 years ago. SAP2000 follows in the same tradition featuring a very sophisticated, intuitive and versatile user interface powered by an unmatched analysis engine and design tools for engineers working on transportation, industrial, public works, sports, and other facilities. This intuitive interface allows you to create structural models rapidly and intuitively without long learning curve delays. Now you can harness the power of SAP2000 for all of your analysis and design tasks, including small day-to-day problems. Complex Models can be generated and meshed with powerful Templates built into the interface.

Chapter ii A 5-storeyed reinforced concrete building with and without shear wall in Seismic Zone-V [IS: 1893, 2002] has been considered for the present study. The building considered for the study is an assumed symmetric RC frame building of plan dimensions 15.52 m 9.14 m and height of 16.7 m situated in zone V. The building is 5-storeyed and floor-to-floor heights are 3.04 m. The columns, beams have same cross-sections throughout the height of the building. The dimension of all beams is 225 mm 300 mm and the columns size is 300 mm 300 mm. The structure is assumed to be fixed at base. The grade of concrete is M 25 and steel used is Fe 415. Various configurations of shear wall are adopted and the analysis and design of each configuration has been carried out. In this study, the analysis of the RC frame wall building is carried out in the program SAP2000 [CSI, 2009] under two ground motions of same characteristics. The material properties of Reinforced concrete as adopted for analysis are as follows: 1. Youngs modulus of concrete - 25000 MPa 2. Poissons ratio 0.18 3. Youngs modulus of masonry infill 2750 MPa 4. Poissons ratio 0.15 5. Density of Reinforced concrete 2500 kg/m3 6. Density of masonry infill 2000 kg/m3 3.2 Plan of the building The following figures (Figures 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3) show the horizontal floor plan of the building, elevation of building and 3D model of the building in SAP2000. All the beam column joints are considered as rigid joints. The behavior of slabs is simulated using shell elements. Masonry infill walls are modeled as two node strut element whose width is taken as width of the wall and depth is one fourth of the diagonal c/c distance in between the columns in each case. The end moments are released as an infill wall cannot take any tensile forces. Structural walls were modeled as vertical frame element while the connecting beams were made stiff to model the combined deflection of the wall and the constituent beams. The 3D view of building in SAP2000 for the area ratio of shear wall 5% is shown in Figure 3.3. The structural wall is modeled as frame member at various floor levels [Agarwal, P. and Shirkhande, M. 2006]. The wall with the boundary columns is substituted by a frame member having section properties in accordance to [IS: 13920, 1993] guidelines. The connecting beams up to the edge of the actual wall are modeled as per the assigned floor beam properties. From the edge of the wall to

the equivalent frame member on the either side, the beams are made stiff by increasing the modulus of elasticity to ensure that stiff beams and frame member deform together. 3.4 Load Cases and Combinations The various loads on the structure are Dead Load (DL), Live Load (LL), and Earthquake Load (EQ x and EQy). Design dead and live loads are calculated based on the respective Indian Design Guidelines, namely IS 875 parts 1 and 2 [IS: 875, 1987] are attached in the Appendix A for reference. The following thirteen load combinations are developed based on IS 1893: 2002 guidelines. EQx and EQy represent load cases with the design lateral force is in X and Y directions respectively. 1.5 + (3.1) 1.2 + (3.2) 1.2 + (3.3) 1.5 (3.4) 1.5 (3.5) 0.91.5 (3.6) 0.91.5 (3.7) 3.5 Structural Design Based on the member internal forces obtained from the various load combinations in the SAP models, RC beams, and columns and shear walls and are designed for the critical combinations of axial force, bending moment and shear force. Boundary elements have only compressive force contributed because of their weight and seismic force. Guidelines of IS: 456 [IS: 456, 2000] and IS 13920 are followed for the design purpose. 3.5.1 Guidelines for Beam Design The maximum bending moments and end shear values are obtained from the computer program for all load cases at joints and middle section for all the beams. Bending moments are grouped into different categories for the sake of convenience in design. Consider clear cover to main reinforcement as 30 mm and maximum 8 mm diameter two-legged hoops are considered for design purpose. Assume 20 mm diameter bars at top face and bottom face. The values of percentage of steel required in tension and compression are obtained from SP: 16 [SP: 16, 1980]. As per IS 13920; clause 6.2.1 the minimum reinforcement on any face at any section is 0.289% and as per clause 6.2.2 the maximum reinforcement on any face at any section should be less than 2.5%. Sections are to be redesigned in these situations. 3.5.2 Guidelines for Column Design The axial forces and biaxial bending moments are obtained from computer program are used to develop two cases for longitudinal reinforcement design in the case of columns. The first case is the maximum axial force and corresponding bending moments and the second case is the maximum bending moments and corresponding axial forces. Columns are designed as short column members as per clause 25.1.2 of IS 456. Chart 44 in SP: 16 are used for the evaluation of longitudinal reinforcement. For Shear reinforcement calculation the maximum of maximum shear force obtained from the program for all load combinations and limiting shear force obtained from equations under clause 7.3.4 of IS 13920: 1993 is taken and corresponding spacing is provided. Special confining reinforcement is also provided in compliance with IS 13920: 1993 guidelines. 3.5.3 Guidelines for Slab Design All the slabs are designed as two way slabs. As the slab is spanning in both directions the reinforcement in each direction shall be considered as main reinforcement. The bars in the 12 shorter direction are generally placed in the bottom layer and tied with the bars in the longer direction placed above at suitable intervals to keep their relative positions intact during concreting.