Chapter 5 Iberian Heritage, Conquest, and Institutions Keywords Roman Empire Iberian Peninsula Latifundia/minifundia Class consciousness Greek

k civilitas, civitas, city, citizen Absentee land ownership Slaves/peasants Patron / noblesse oblige / compadrazco Church/state relationship Introduction of species (we will cover this in much more detail in the chapter on agriculture) Caballeros / Damas Hidalgo Primogeniture Islam in Spain Influence of Islam words, crops, customs Spanish words from Arabic Miscegenation Conquistadores Spanish/Catholic concept of women as Ave or Eva Caudillos La Reconquista

Conversos Limpieza de sangre Gold, God, Glory Columbus voyages Treaty of Tordesillas Early settlements in Latin America Other voyagers/expeditions 2nd half of chapter 1513 Balboa Pedro Arias de Avila (Pedrarias) within 20 years Alonso de Ojeda - El Dorado Ponce de Leon - fountain of youth Mexico and Central America Conquest of Mexico happened from Cuba. 1517 Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba 1518 Cordoba & Juan de Grijalva 1519 Governor Velasquez (Cuba) divide and conquer tactics Malintzin/dona Marina/La Malinche Legend of Quetzalcoatl feathered serpent (Mexican culture hero) = Viracocha (S. American hero) Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan Moctezuma Popocatepetl and Ixtaccihuatl 1521 Tenochtitlan was leveled and the Spanish rule emerged. Expeditions moved out from Mexico City to explore and conquer other parts of Mexico. South America 1531 Francisco Pizarro Cajamarca, a highland stronghold

The Inca Atahualpa The legend of Viracocha Atahualpa and Huascar (half-brother) 1535 Lima was founded 1538 - Atacama region, Pizarro had his enemy, Diego de Almagro, strangled. Later Almagros son killed Pizarro Ecuador - colonized by Sebastain de Benalcazar. Quito was founded in 1534 Francisco de Orellana Amazon. Arrived at mouth in 1542 Atlantic coat of Brazil - Vicente Yanez Pinzon 1533 Portuguese first attempt to colonize Brazil Capitanias 1549 Portugal established a centralized government in Brazil By 1554 coastal settlements ran from Pernambuco south to Sao Paulo 1536 Argentina colonized by Spanish Pedro de Mendoza - Buenos Aires Paraguay (Asuncion = capital) - Guarani Indians

Colonization 1524 Supreme Council of the Indies was given complete authority to rule every aspect of life in the New World Viceroys -- 5 viceroyalties administrative units New Spain Peru New Grenada La Plata Brazil Commerce Mercantile System House of Trade / Casa de Contrataciones Quinto Real = 20% automatic taxes on all ores mined in the New World principal ports Havana San Juan Cartagena Veracruz

The Encomienda System congregaciones or reducciones Requirimiento Obedezco pero no Cumplo Bartolome de las Casas = Black Legend = writings about the atrocities of the Spanish against the Indians ancient Andean mita system so it was fairly easy to accept Decline of Spanish Influence in the Caribbean Basin Spains Golden Age (late 1400s end of 1600s) Peninsulares vs. Creoles Independence & the Republican Period