JATROPHA AS ALTERNATE FUEL

A.Suresh, 2nd B.Tech (Mech.), M.I.T.S., Madanapalle, E-mail:sureshattuluri@yahoo.co.in E.Kalyan chakravarthy, 3rd B.Tech (mech.), M.I.T.S., Madanapalle, Email:kalyan_guptha@yahoo.co.in Mobile:9440289554

ABSTRACT
Biodiesel is an alternative to conventional diesel fuel made from renewable resources such as animal fats and vegetables oils. The use of biodiesel fuels derived from vegetables oils or animal fats as a substitute for conventional petroleum fuel in diesel engines is receiving an increasing amount of attention. This interest is based on a number of properties of biodiesel including the fact that it is produced from a renewable source,its biodegradadility,and its potential to reduce exhaust emissions. Emissions were characterized with a neat biodiesel and with a blend of biodiesel and conventional diesel fuel. The chemical characteristics of biodiesel also revealed lower levels of some toxic and reactive hydrocarbon species when biodiesel is used. To develop the renewable energy source and utilization of local energy resources. The energy consumption in the world particularly in the industrialized countries has been growing at alarming rate. With agricultural commodity prices approaching record lows,and petroleum price approaching record highs, it is clear that more can be done to utilize domestic surpluses of vegetable oils while enhancing our energy security .

JATROPHA THE PRIME ELEMENT FOR THE EXTRACTION OF BIODIESEL IN INDIA. It was known just a crude plant which grows on eroded soils and requires a hot climate and hardly any water to survive.These are the strong reasons, enforcing the development of biodiesel plants. INTRODUCTION: Fossil fuels take millions of years to make.We are using up the fuels that were made more than 300 million years ago before the time of Dinosaurs.Once they are gone they are gone.So,its best to waste fossil fuels.They are not renewable;they cant really made again.we can save fuels by conserving energy. As the fossil fuels are reducing day to day life ,to reach the demands of the growing population an alternative energy resourse must be essential. LOOKING FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL The processing of crude oil gives us different petroleum products and the most significant of them in terms of consumption is the high-speed diesel (HSD) popularly described as diesel. Approximately 40 million tonnes HSD is consumed annually in India. This represents about 36 per cent of total consumption of all petroleum products. Thus, efforts to improve the self-sufficiency definitely call for initiatives to explore supplementary/ alternative sources of diesel. It is in this context that production of bio-diesel from edible and non-edible oil bearing seeds have attracted the attention of governments world over particularly in Europe and America. In India also, several initiatives are underway both at the level of the Government and the corporates particularly the oil PSUs under the aegis of Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG). WHY BIODIESEL IS USED AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL Biodiesel runs in any conventional, unmodified diesel engine. It can be stored anywhere that petroleum diesel fuel is stored. Biodiesel reduces Carbon Dioxide emissions by up to 100% because it is a renewable fuel. Biodiesel can be used alone or mixed in any amount with petroleum diesel fuel. Biodiesel is more lubricating than diesel fuel, so it increases the life of engines. Biodiesel is safe to handle because it is biodegradable and non-toxic. According to Alan

Weber of the NAB, "neat biodiesel is as biodegradable as sugar and less toxic than salt." Biodiesel has a high flash point, or ignition temperature, of about 300 F compared to petroleum diesel fuel which has a flash point of 125 F. This means it's safer to transport. Auto ignition, fuel consumption, power output, and engine torque are relatively unaffected by biodiesel. So basically, the engine just runs like normal (except for the smell). Biodiesel easily degradable (Three times more than sugar) biologically and in the case of an accident no harm is done to the soil or ground water JATROPHA CULTIVATION The "Greening" represents a huge challenge for the Indian Government. Afforestation has a very important role in meeting this challenge. Several initiatives have been taken in recent years in different parts of the country to promote afforestation. The Indian Administration is now taking up cultivation of Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) in many sites of the country, especially due to use of Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) oil for the fuel manufacture. Botanical Features : It is a small tree or shrub with smooth gray bark, which exudes a whitish colored, watery, latex when cut. Normally, it grows between three and five meters in height, but can attain a height of up to eight or ten meters under favourable conditions. Leaves : It has large green to pale-green leaves, alternate to sub-opposite, three-to fivelobed with a spiral phyllotaxis. Fruits : Fruits are produced in winter when the shrub is leafless, or it may produce several crops during the year if soil moisture is good and temperatures are sufficiently high. Each inflorescence yields a bunch of approximately 10 or more ovoid fruits. A three, bi-valved cocci is formed after the seeds mature and the fleshy exocarp dries. Seeds : The seeds become mature when the capsule changes from green to yellow, after two to four months from fertilization. The blackish, thin shelled seeds are oblong and resemble small castor seeds. Ecological Requirements : Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) grows almost anywhere even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils. It can thrive on the poorest stony soil. It can grow even in the crevices of rocks. The leaves shed during the winter months

form mulch around the base of the plant. The organic matter from shed leaves enhance earth-worm activity in the soil around the root-zone of the plants, which improves the fertility of the soil. Climatically, Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) is found in the tropics and subtropics and likes heat, although it does well even in lower temperatures and can withstand a light frost. Its water requirement is extremely low and it can stand long periods of drought by shedding most of its leaves to reduce transpiration loss. Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) is also suitable for preventing soil erosion and shifting of sand dunes. Analysis of the Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) seed shows the following chemical composition: Moisture 6.20 % Protein 18.00 % Fat 38.00 % Carbohydrates 17.00 % Fiber 15.50 % The oil content is 25 30% in the seeds and 50 60% in the kernel. The oil contains 21% saturated fatty acids and 79% unsaturated fatty acids.There are some chemical elements in the seed which are poisonous and render the oil not appropriate for human consumption. Ash 5.30 % Alternative to Diesel : It is significant to point out that, the non-edible vegetable oil of Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) has the requisite potential of providing a promising and commercially viable alternative to diesel oil since it has desirable physicochemical and performance characteristics comparable to diesel. Cars could be run with Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) without requiring much change in design. There a number of varieties of Jatropha. Best among these is Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot). Some of the others are Jatropha curcas (nontoxic) Jatropha tanjorensis Jatropha multifida

Jatropha podagrica Jatropha integerrima RatanJyot)

OIL BEARING TREES-SELECTION OF JATROPHA CURCAS(VanaErand or There are many tree species which bear seeds rich in oil having properties of an excellent fuel and which can be processed into a diesel-substitute. Of these some promising tree species have been evaluated and it has been found that there are a number of them such as Pongamia pinnata (Honge or Karanj) and Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) which would be very suitable in our conditions: However, to start the programme, the advantage is clearly in favour of Jatropha due to the following reasons. Oil yield per hectare is among the highest of tree borne oil seeds. It can be grown in areas of low rainfall (200 mm per year) and in problematical soils. In high rainfall and irrigated areas too it can be grown with much higher yields. Therefore, it can be grown in most parts of the country. Jatropha is easy to establish, grows relatively quickly and is hardy. Jatropha seeds are easy to collect as they are ready to be plucked before the rainy season and as the plants are not very tall. Jatropha is not browsed by animals. Being rich in nitrogen, the seed cake is an excellent source of plant nutrients. Seed production ranges from about 0.4 tons per hectare per year to over 12 t / ha. The plant starts giving seed in a maximum period of two years after planting. .

KALAM WORDS ON JATROPHA Energy Independence in India - Dr. APJ. Abdul Kalam, President of India - his historic speech on Jatropha. "We have nearly 60 million hectares of wasteland, of which 30 million hectares are available for energy plantations like "Jatropha". Once grown, the crop has a life of 50 years. Each acre will produce about 2 tonnes of bio-diesel at about Rs. 20 per litre. Biodiesel is carbon neutral and many valuable by-products flow from this agro-industry. Intensive research is needed to burn bio-fuel in internal combustion engines with high efficiency, and this needs to be a urgent R&D programme. India has a potential toproduce

nearly 60 million tones of bio-fuel annually, thus making a significant and important contribution to the goal of Energy Independence. Indian Railways has already taken a significant step of running two passenger locomotives (Thanjavur to Nagore section) and six trains of diesel multiple units (Tiruchirapalli to Lalgudi, Dindigul and Karur sections) with a 5% blend of bio-fuel sourced from its in-house esterification plants. In addition, they have planted 75 lakh Jatropha saplings in Railway land which is expected to give yields from the current year onwards. This is a pioneering example for many other organisations to follow. Similarly many States in our country have energy plantations. What is needed is a full economic chain from farming, harvesting, extraction to esterification, blending and marketing. Apart from employment generation, bio-fuel has a significant potential to lead our country towards energy independence. The other critical options are development of electric vehicles; hydrogen based vehicles, electrification of Railways and urban mass transportation THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF JATROPHA CURCAS OIL ITEM Acid value Saponification value Iodine value Viscosity (31oC) cp Fatty acids composition Palmitic acid % Stearic acid % Oleic acid % Linoleic acid % Other acids % 4.2 6.9 43.1 34.3 1.4 standard specifications of diesel oil : Specification Standard specification of Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) oil 0.82/0.84 50C VALUE 38.2 195.0 101.7 40.4

The comparison of properties of Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) oil and

Specific gravity 0.9186 Flash point 240/110C

Carbon residue 0.64 Cetane value 51.0 Distillation point Kinematics Viscosity Sulpher % Pour point 0.13 % 8C RatanJyot) oil. Property Viscosity (cp) (30C) Solidfying Point (C) Cetane Value Flash Point (C) Carbon Residue (%) Distillation (C) Sulfur (%) Acid Value Saponification Value Iodine Value

0.15 or less 50.0 up 295C 50.73 cs 1.2 % or less 10,170 kcal/kg 10C

Calorific value 9,470 kcal/kg

Physical and chemical properties of diesel fuel and Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) Oil 52.6 (5.51) 2.0 51.0 (38) 110 /340 0.64 284 to 295 0.13 to 0.16 1.0 to 38.2 188 to 198 90.8 to 112.5 3.60 0.841 / 0.85 0.14 47.8 to 59 80 < 0.05 to < 0.15 < 350 to < 370 < 1.0 to 1.2 Diesel Oil

Speciflc gravity (15C/4C) 0.917/ 0.923(0.881)

TYPES OF LANDS WHERE IT CAN GROW WITH ADVANTAGE AND POTENTIAL OF PLANTATION The potential for coverage of each kind of land in India, is as follows. Forests cover 69 Million hectares of which 38 million hectare is dense forest and 31 million hectare is understocked. Of this 14 million hectares of forests are under the Joint Forestry Management. About 3.0 million hectare (notional) of land in forests should easily come under Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) plantation.

The cultivators are expected to adopt it by way of agro- forestry. Considerable land is held by absentee land lords who will be attracted to Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) as it does not require looking after and gives a net income of Rs 15,000 per hectare. Two Million Hectare of notional plantation is expected..

On vast stretches of public lands along railway tracks, roads and canals. One million hectare of notional coverage with Jatropha curcas (VanaErand or RatanJyot) is a reasonable assessment. Development of the Jatropha Cultivation and Biodiesel Production Systems in India

Economic development in India has led to huge increases in the energy demand. The recognition that conventional energy sources are the major cause of climate change, leads to understanding that clean renewable energy technologies are to be widely introduced. In this respect switching from Fossil Fuels or other Green House Gas (GHG)-emitting sources to renewable sources of energy makes sense for the climate, the environment and sustainable society. The main goal of my work is to enable communities in rural India to develop alternative energy options that will be good for the environment and help promote sustainable livelihoods in the region, without exposing them to such adverse effects of modernization as cultural transformations, and allowing them to retain independence in the face of globalization. I would like to focus my activities on income improvement through the establishment of the Jatropha cultivation and local, community-based production of environmentally friendly biodiesel fuel. I would like to explore how the permanent exploitation of the different aspects of Jatropha curcas might be a real alternative to the common carbonbased fuel for transportation and energy production. I would like to contribute to improvement of Jatropha System which benefit four main aspects of development and secure a sustainable way of life for village farmers and the land that supports them. Renewable Energy Erosion Control and Soil Improvement Promotion of Women employment

Poverty Reduction. THE SUITABILITY AND BENEFITS OF JATROPHA CURCUS CULTIVATION Drought tolerant crop which can withstand droughts and regenerate quickly. Creation of regular employment for rural people Assured unending marketing potential Better income realization for the farmers Reduction in diesel prices Cleaner than conventional diesel Valuable by products like glycerol and bio manure JATROPHA PLANTATIONS PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING BENEFITS IN ADDITION Fixation of up to 10 t/ha/yr CO2 that could be internationally traded Production of 1 t/ ha/yr of high protein seed cake (60% crude protein) that can be potentially used as animal and fish feeds and organic matter that could be used as organic fertilizer particularly in remote areas

Various other products from the plant (leaf, bark and seed extracts) have various other industrial and pharmaceutical uses (Heller, 1996) Localised production and availability of quality fuel Restoration of degraded land over a period of time Rural employment generation Comparatively equitable benefit distribution
Take one kilo of Jatropha Seeds and treat it in 100ml ZYMOSOL + 10 Litres of Water and keep it over night soaking the seeds. ZYMOSOL is a product from KCP.

HOW TO MAKE JATROPHA NURSERY

Treat the Soaked seeds with 10 grams of multiguard The above steps are to prevent fungal disease. The Next day the seeds are ready for sowing. Take a Poly Bag with 1 Tablet of Ecooohiza - VAM per bag filled with soil with bioFertilizer. Place 2 seeds in the Bag. Now every week pour water regularly after the germination reaches continue for 45 days. now you will see Seedlings of Jatropha ready for Transplantation into the 1 Acre land. You need 1200 Seedlings per Acre. The Cost of the Seedlings will around Rs.4/-

MAJOR NEGATIVE ASPECTS ATTRIBUTED TO USE OF JATROPHA INCLUDE High cost of production: will eventually solve itself when largescale production and use starts. Also, the price of petro-diesel does not take into account its actual cost; the US General Accounting office estimated that the true cost for a barrel of crude oil to the US citizen is more than USD 45 (current market price USD 21) when environmental and military costs are included. High CFPP (cold filter plugging point) values and hence solidification and clogging of the system at low temperatures: this problem occurs only in places where the temperature goes down to around 0C, even here the problem is currently solved by adding additives CONCLUSION; Biodiesel is safe to handle because it is biodegradable and non-toxic. Biodiesel reduces all the emissions.Biodiesel can be used along or mixed in any amount with diesel fuel. Biodiesel runs in any conventional,unmodified diesel engine. No engine modifications are necessary to use biodiesel and there is no engine conversion. BIBLIOGRAPHY: http://www.jatrophaworld.com/ http://www.jatropha.org/ http://www.biodieselnow.com/ http://www.biodiesel.com/ http://www.projectbiobus.com/ http://www.bioscience.com/