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three types of trade-offs between : ciency, and design for durability, etc..
– different environmental aspects; These design approaches are instru-
mental in generating design options
– environmental, economic and that can be checked against the feasi-
social benefits, and bility and potential benefits for
– environmental, technical and/or stakeholders.
quality aspects.
Product design and development
Strategic environmental objectives model
There are two strategic environ- A generic model of product design
mental objectives. One is the conser- and development in ISO/TR 14062
vation of resources, recycling and consists of six stages : planning, con-
energy recovery, and the other is the ceptual design, detailed design,
prevention of pollu- t e s t i n g / p r o t o t y p e,
tion, waste and other market launch, and
impacts. The first This technical report product review.
objective is to opti- is not intended for use The planning stage
mize the use of encompasses plan-
resources required as a specification for ning and formulation
for the product certification purposes of product require-
(material and ener- ments. The conceptu-
gy) without having al design stage is for
an adverse effect on its performance, defining the requirements for the
its durability, and so on. product. The detailed design stage is
The second objective is to maxi- for meeting the product design speci-
mize environmental improvements fication and specifying the product
by using measures that prevent pollu- prior to production or introduction
tion, waste or other impacts. Such into service.
approaches deal with problems at The testing/prototype stage is for
their source, considerably reducing checking the detailed design against
the causes of environmental impact environmental targets and other
and the costs associated with the end- specifications. The environmental
of-life treatment. performance of the product such as
life cycle assessment results can also
Possible design approaches be assessed in this stage. The market
launch stage consists of delivering
An organization may decide upon
the product to the market and com-
a combination of design approaches
municating information on the prod-
to meet the strategic environmental
uct’s features and benefits to the cus-
objectives. Examples of possible
tomers.
design approaches include improve-
ment of materials and energy effi-