GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to J.N.T.U.K, Kakinada, Accredited by NBA, Approved by A.I.C.T.E) NH-16, CHAITANYA KNOWLEDGE CITY, RAJAHMUNDRY-533 294 (A.P) DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is to certify that the project work entitled IR BASED OBSTACLE DETECTOR is being submitted for partial fulfillment of Bachelor Of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering at Godavari Institute Of Engineering And Technology, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, Affiliated to the JNTUK, Kakinada, is bonafide work done by Mr. P L N GANESH (08551A0407) under my guidance during the academic year 2011-2012 and it has been found suitable for acceptance according to the requirement of University.

Mrs. M.Saritha Devi

(Guide)

Dr.V.Sailaja
(HOD, ECE)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our beloved guide Ms. Saritha Devi, Assistant Professor, for her valuable guidance and co-operation in the successful completion of this dissertation work. She initiated, channeled my thoughts and extended timely suggestions for which I deeply indebted to her. Without her support and encouragement, I would never have been able to complete the project successfully. My sincere thanks to Dr.V.Sailaja, HOD, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for her consistent support and guidance on entire project work. I always cherish our association with her for her co-operation throughout the course and completion of our project work. My profound thanks to Dr.L.S.Gupta, principal, Godavari Institute of Engineering and Technology for his support. I express our sincere thanks to Management, GIET, Rajahmundry for providing such a platform for implementing the ideas in my mind. I am also grateful to teaching and non teaching staff members of Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for their valuable suggestions and kind cooperation. Last but not the least I deem it a pleasure to thank one and all that helped me directly or indirectly in carrying out this project. With profound gratitude, P L N GANESH (08551A0407)

CONTENTS
Certificate Acknowledgment Abstract List of Figures Figure1......... Introduction to infrared reys Figure2Night vision
Figure3.. Thermography

i ii iii vi

Figure4... Hyperspectral imaging Figure5 Meteorology Figure6Communication Figure7...Infrared based obstacle detection

List of Tables Table1 Amplifier transistor Table2.DC electrical characteristics Table3.AC electrical characteristics Table4......Absolut maximum ratings Table5..Electrical characteristics

. CHAPTER NO. 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

TITLE PAGES INTRODUCTION TO INFRARED RAYS 01

IR APPLICATIONS Night vision Thermography Hyperspectral imaging Tracking Meteorology Communication

3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.4 4 5 6.

INFRARED BASED OBSTACLE DETECTION Block diagram Circuit description Circuit diagram IR transmitter led IR receiver photodiode Working and description COMPONENTS USED DATA SHEETS APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT This infrared obstacle-detector can be used not only with line-following robots but also as a part of home/shop automation. The circuit uses an infrared transmitting LED (IR1) and an infrared receiving diode (IR2). It works off a 5V DC regulated power supply. A short invisible light beam transmitted by IR1 when reflected from an obstacle or object is received by IR2. Upon detecting the obstacle, the circuit gets activated and turns on an aural alert circuit for a few seconds. The alarm sound is produced by loudspeaker LS1. Visual power-'on' indication is provided by an ordinary red LED (LED1). The home-made sensor consisting of IR1 and IR2 is at the heart of the circuit. Alternatively, you can use an integrated optoreflective sensor (CNY 70). Here, IC1 is wired as an astable multivibrator with adjustable pulse width, ranging from 1 millisecond to 10 milliseconds with component values of VR1, R1, R2 and Cl as shown in Fig. 1. Use multiturn preset potmeter VR1 to set the output pulse width. The out-put pulses from IC1 drive the infrared transmitting

LED (IR1) through low-power transistor Ti. Resistor R4 limits the input current of IR1 sensor. When the reflected infrared light beam falls on IR2, current flows through resistor R5, which produces a positive voltage at the base of transistor T2 to make it conduct. When transistor T2 conducts, alarm-driver transistor T3 remains forward biased until the obstacle is cleared, i.e., it goes out of the sensing range.

1.INTRODUCTION TO INFRARED RAYS

These rays were discovered in 1800 by William Herschel, a British musician and astronomer, when he observed that a thermometer placed just outside the visible spectrum of sunlight shows a greater increase in temperature than one placed in the red region. The infrared region of the spectrum lies beyond the red end of the visible range, with wavelengths between 7,700 to 4,000,000 A Herschel directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum - the "rainbow" created when light is divided into its colors - and measured the temperature of each color. He used three thermometers with blackened bulbs (to better absorb the heat) and placed one bulb in each color while the other two were placed beyond the spectrum as control samples.

As he measured the temperatures of the violet, blue, green, yellow, orange and red light, he noticed that all of the colors had temperatures higher than the controls and that the temperature of the colors increased from the violet to the red part of the spectrum. After noticing this pattern, Herschel decided to measure the temperature just beyond the red portion of the spectrum in a region apparently devoid of sunlight. To his surprise, he found that this region had the highest temperature of all. Herschel performed further experiments on what he called the "calorific rays" that existed beyond the red part of the spectrum and found that they were reflected, refracted, absorbed and transmitted just like visible light. What Sir William had discovered was a form of light (or radiation) beyond red light. These "calorific rays" were later renamed infrared rays or infrared radiation (the prefix infra means `below'. Herschel's experiment was important not only because it led to the discovery of infrared, but also because it was the first time that someone showed that there were forms of light that we cannot see with our eyes. Infrared rays travel at the speed of light like all electromagnetic waves. They have wavelengths longer than visible and shorter than microwaves, and have frequencies which are lower than visible and higher than microwaves. Infrared is broken into three categories: near, mid and far infrared. Near-infrared refers to the part of the infrared spectrum that is closest to visible light and far-infrared refers to the part that is closer to the microwave region. Mid-infrared is the region between these two.

Fig.1 These were used by Hershel in his first experiments with the solar spectrum beyond our vision. The mirror was slowly rotated to keep a beam of sunlight in a constant direction while the prism split it into different colors. Herschel found that the highest temperature was just beyond the red part of the spectrum, the area we now know as the 'infrared'. 1878: The bolometer is developed by Samuel Pierpoint Langley. This instrument is an electrical detector of radiant heat which can detect a broader range of infrared wavelengths. Langley's bolometer is sensitive to differences in temperature of one hundred-thousandth of a degree Celsius. 1948: Infrared studies of the Moon reveal that its surface is covered with a fine powder more than 20 years before the moon landings. 1961: The germanium bolometer is developed by Frank Low. This instrument is hundreds of times more sensitive than previous detectors and capable of detecting far-infrared radiation.

2. APPLICATIONS
2.1 Night vision:
Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient

visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons which are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for Fig. 2 conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.

2.2 Thermography:
Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to the massively reduced production costs. Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 90014,000 nanometers or 0.9 14 m) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name). Fig. 3

2.3 Hyperspectral imaging:

A image, a basis Hyperspectral for chemical

imaging, is a "picture" containing continuous spectrum through a wide importance spectral in the range. applied Hyperspectral imaging is gaining spectroscopy particularly in the fields of NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions. Typical Fig. 4 applications include biological, mineralogical, defence, and industrial

measurements. Thermal Infrared Hyper spectral Camera can be applied similarly to a thermo graphic camera with the fundamental difference that each pixel contains a full LWIR spectrum. Consequently, chemical identification of the object can performed without a need for an external light source such as the Sun or the Moon. Such cameras are typically applied for geological measurements, outdoor surveillance and UAV applications

2.4 Tracking:
Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles which use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines,

and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background.

2.5 Meteorology:
Weather satellites equipped with scanning radiometers produce thermal or infrared images which can then enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. The scanning is typically in the range 10.3-12.5 m (IR4 and IR5 channels). High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Fig. 5

Stratocumulus show up as grey within intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog can be a similar temperature to the surrounding land or sea surface and does not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3-11.5 m) and the near-infrared channel (1.58-1.64 m), low cloud can be distinguished, producing a fogsatellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied.

2.6 Communications:
Infrared radiation IR data transmission is also employed in shortrange communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants . These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared lightemitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated , i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data . The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the to an electric current . It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other Fig. 6

devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances. Infrared remote control protocols like RC-5, SIRC, are used to communicate with infrared. Free space optical communication using infrared lasers can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a communications link in an urban area operating at up to 4 gigabit/s, compared to the cost of burying fiber optic cable. Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least dispersion ) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica fibers. IR data transmission of encoded audio versions of printed signs is being researched as an aid for visually impaired people through the RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage) project.

3. INFRARED BASED OBSTACLE DETECTION

Obstacle detector is useful in many applications. One of the most demanding applications can be a tool for blind person. Latest technologies like Automatic (driverless automobiles, train anti-collision, electronic toys like car, train and robotic gadgets etc.)The principle involved is infrared (IR) emitter and receiver. When IR emitter emits light and it becomes incident on an obstructing object, it gets reflected. This reflected light is picked up by a sensitive receiver and can be converted to suitable signal to alarm the user regarding the obstacle. Absence or reduction of received light decides the presence or absence of the obstacle. Infrared actually is normal light with a particular colour. We humans can't see this colour because its wavelength of 950nm and is below the visible spectrum. That's one of the reasons why IR is chosen for sensing purposes in many applications. We want to use it but we're not interested in seeing it. It avoids interference of ambient light in sensing. Another reason is because IR LEDs are quite easy to make, and therefore can be very cheap. Unfortunately for us there are many more sources of Infrared light. The sun is the brightest source of all, but there are many others, like: light bulbs, candles, central heating Fig. 7 system, and even our body radiate

Infra-Red light. In fact everything that radiates heat, also radiates Infrared light. Therefore we have to take some precautions to guarantee that our IR message/signal gets across to the receiver without errors being caused by ambient sources around us. Modulation is the answer to make our signal stand out above the noise. With modulation we make the IR light source blink in a particular frequency. Another purpose this modulation solves is to make the circuit more sensitive and able to work with higher

range i. e. to detect obstacles from more distance, the light emitter is modulated at about 38 KHz. IR LED emits light with wavelength approximately 850 nanometers. Light reaches obstacle and reflects back. There it is picked up with phototransistor. Voltage in measurement point changes and this change is proportional to picked up light intensity. Comparator or ADC might be used to convert it to digital form and decide, if there is an obstacle in front of us. For example if 5 Volts supply is used: 4.5 Volts mean obstacle is far, and 1 Volt means obstacle is close (as phototransistor current flows, voltage dropout on resistor grows according to Ohms law, and voltage in point of measurement falls).

3.1. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3.1.1 Detecting Obstacle with IR (Infrared) Sensor The basic concept of IR(infrared) obstacle detection is to transmit the IR signal (radiation) in a direction and a signal is received at the IR receiver when the IR radiation bounces back from a surface of the object. Here in the figure the object can be anything which has certain shape and size, the IR LED transmits the IR signal on to the object and the signal is reflected back from the surface of the object. The reflected signal is received by an IR receiver. The IR receiver can be a photodiode components. phototransistor or a readymade module which decodes the signal. In order to implement the IR obstacle detection, we need to understand the following We need to understand how to transmit IR signal using commercially available electronic

Same way we also need to understand the IR receiver. My main focus in this document is to explain the implementation of IR based obstacle detection in detail. 3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The heart of the circuit is the ir based sensors. These are one pair. One is the transmitter (IR1) and another is the receiver (IR2). The transmitter transmits the ir rays and if there is any obstacle they will be reflected and the receiver will receive those reflected signals.

3.3.1 IR TRANSMITTER LED The transmitter photodiode transmit the infrared rays. will

3.3.2 IR RECIEVER PHOTODIODE The receiver photodiode will receive the reflected infrared rays from the obstacle. Due to that it will receive the current from the load and passes it to the transistor bc 547 (T2)

3.4 WORKING AND DESCRIPTION The circuit

consists of a LM 555 timer and a multivibrator CD 4047 and IR transmitter and receiver pair and some transistors, resistors and capacitors. There will be one led to have an idea whether the circuit is either given power or not. The LM 555 timer is used to set the

ir transmitter on and the ir transmitter always emits the infrared rays at an angle of 45. If there is an obstacle present the emitted infrared rays will be reflected on to the receiver. As you see in the circuit there is a 470 ohm resistor in series with the ir receiver, there will be some drop in that resistor. As soon as the reflected rays fall on the receiver it will it will absorb some amount of current and passes it to the transistor BC 547 (T2) and the transistor T2 will be in on condition and it drives the transistor (T3) BC 548 and it drives the IC CD 4047 and as soon as the IC CD 4047 is on the out will be given to the darlington pair formed by the transistors T4 and T5 (both bc 547). Here darlington pair is used so as to withstand high currents from the IC CD 4047. This darlington pair will drive the current to the loud speaker and the buzzer will be listened. The resistor R10 is used to preserve the circuit from high currents The transmitter and receiver should be placed at a certain angle, so that the obstacle detection happens in a proper way. This angle is nothing but the directivity of the sensor, which is generally +/- 45 degrees. Also remember, that a thick enclosure is necessary for both IR transmitter and IR receiver, because the IR radiation may bounce back from the surrounding objects which may not help when you want to detect obstacle in one direction. Sometimes, if you dont have a thick enclosure then the signal may directly reach the receiver even without having an obstacle. The enclosure can be made out of plastic or even metal materiel which is painted black in color.

4. COMPONENTS USED
IR transmitter photodiode IR receiver photodiode Loud Speaker LED IC s LM 555 1 CD 4047 1 TRANSISTORS BC 547 4 BC 548 1 RESISTORS (ohm) 1 1 1 1

100k 1 10k 220 100 470 22 2 1 1 1 1 4.7k 2 1.5k 2

CAPACITORS (micro F) 10 0.01 0.1 1 1 1

5. DATA SHEETS
5.1 BC 547, BC 546

5.2 CD 4047

5.3 CNY 70

5.4 LM 555

6. Applications:
6.1 Object Detection using IR light:
It is the same principle in ALL Infra-Red proximity sensors. The basic idea is to send infra red light through IR-LEDs, which is then reflected by any object in front of the sensor. For detecting the reflected IR light, we are going to use a another IR-LED, to detect the IR light that was emitted from another led of the exact same type.

6.2 Home security systems:

These types of wireless sensors use the infrared light spectrum which is an invisible light that emanates from any heat source. Infrared sensors (passive infrared) compare the heat of any object passing through the secure zone to that of the background setting such as a wall, and/or measure the rate of change in temperature of an object. These sensors can detect fires or malfunctioning appliances. Infrared sensors are cheaper than microwave sensors and ultrasonic sensors and are generally smaller and more reliable. Since they don't respond to sharp impacts, radio waves or vibrations they are commonly part of packaged home security system.

6.3 Line follower robot:

This robot vehicle uses a light sensor to follow a color boundary on a smooth surface, such as the thick black line on the Test Pad included. This is a classic introductory robot design and requires a minimal amount of resources. Practical applications of a line follower. Automated cars running on roads with embedded magnets; guidance system for industrial robots moving on shop floor etc.