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1
ASK in Matlab Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
bits =[1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1];
Tb = 0.1;
In FSK, the instantaneous carrier frequency is switched between
Ts=0.001; 2 or more levels according to the baseband digital data
t=Ts:Ts:length(bits)*Tb;
data bits select a carrier at one of the available frequencies
carrier = cos(2*pi*100*t); the data is encoded in the frequency
bb_pulse=ones(1,100); FSK conveys the data using distinct carrier frequencies to
represent different symbols.
baseband = [];
An important property of FSK is that the amplitude of the
for i=1:length(bits) modulated wave is constant
baseband = [baseband bb_pulse*bits(i)];
end Waveform
plot(t,baseband);
hold;
bandpass = baseband.*carrier;
pause
plot(t,bandpass,'r');
s1 ( t ) A cos( 2 f 1t ), 0 t Tb -1
0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T
0° 180° 0° 0° 180°
2
Phase Shift Keying Phase Shift Keying
Analytical expression For BPSK, we have only two possible phases (usually 0° and
180°) to represent one bit
si (t ) A cos[ c t i (t )], 0 t Ts , i 0,1,...., M 1 For MPSK, M=2k where k is the number of bits in a group or
where
symbol.
A = amplitude of the signal
In -4 PSK or QPSK, we can represent 2 bits by a symbol; -8 PSK
ø = carrier phase symbol represents three bits and so on.
The carrier phase for ith possible symbol can be determined
Constellation Diagram
using
2 ( i 1)
i (t ) i 1,.... M
M
In PSK the carrier phase changes abruptly at the beginning of
each symbol interval while the amplitude remains constant
QPSK QPSK
1.5
1
0.8
1 0.6
0.4
0.5
0.2
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time (milliseconds) Frequency (Hz)
2
1
1.5
0.8
1 0.6
0.4
0.5
0.2
0 0
10 20 30 40 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time (milliseconds) Frequency (Hz)
3
Baseband pulse shaping ASK with Hanning
bits = [1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1];
There are a number of pulse shapes with slight variations, Tb = 0.1;
aimed at reducing the bandwidth. Ts = 0.001;
t = Ts : Ts : length(bits)*Tb;
Some of them are triangular, Hamming, Hanning, root- raised
carrier = cos(2*pi*100*t);
cosine, etc.
bb_pulse = hann(100)';
0 20 40 60 80 100
4
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