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The business of nuclear CURRICULUM TOPICS

decommissioning • Strategy and tactics

• Mission
• Organisational objectives
• Stakeholders
Introduction
The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) is a new organisation. It was set up by the
government and started to operate in April 2005. Its purpose is to create a UK wide plan to clean
up existing public sector nuclear sites. The business of the NDA is environmental restoration.
GLOSSARY

UK Government create a national its work is therefore Environmental

sets up plan for cleaning environmental restoration: cleaning up
NDA (April 2005) to up nuclear sites restoration the environment, improving
the environment, returning
it back to its natural state.
On 29th November 2005, the Prime Minister Tony Blair announced a wide-scale review of Decommissioning: to
the UK’s future energy needs to specifically look into the option of building new nuclear take out of use or service.
power stations. The results of the review were published in the summer of 2006.
Management by
Nuclear power is an important source of energy in this country, accounting for about 20% of Objectives (MbO):
energy supplies. This figure is small when compared with a country like France that generates establishing clear objectives
almost 75% of its energy needs from nuclear power stations. It is important for Britain to to guide the actions of
develop new energy sources because oil and gas supplies are declining. Before it does so, managers. Establishing
however, it is important to make sure that existing sites are cleaned up safely. clear objectives as part of
an organisational plan.
This case study shows how the NDA is working to a well-organised planning framework to
Mission statement: a
achieve its objectives. To understand the process of nuclear decommissioning, it is helpful short document, often only
to look at the life cycle of a typical reactor site. a few sentences, setting out
the purpose of an
The life cycle of a typical nuclear reactor site organisation.
Consent to construct Construction Commissioning Operation

Removal of spent fuel

and nuclear waste

De-licensing closure Dismantling Care and maintenance Decommissioning

This includes all clean-up of radioactive and other material and progressive dismantling of the site.
NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING AUTHORITY

Management by objectives
Everyone that works for an organisation or is involved in implementing a plan should have a
clear idea of where they are going. They need a sense of direction. The principle behind
Management by Objectives (MbO) is to make sure that everyone in the organisation
has a clear understanding of the objectives of the organisation and their responsibilities in
achieving those targets.

You can easily see how this relates to the NDA. The NDA has a clear sense of direction which
is set out in a mission statement. The mission and the objectives associated with it are
then communicated to everyone involved in the process of environmental restoration.

The MbO process can be seen as a cyclical one. An overall sense of direction is given through a
mission statement (overall purpose). This makes it possible to establish objectives. Progress in
meeting objectives is monitored and evaluated so that managers can see if targets have been
achieved. This is then used to check if any of the original objectives need to be adjusted.

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GLOSSARY
Socio-economic
effects: factors related to
society and the livelihood
of people e.g. job security,
well being, life chances.
Stakeholders: someone
with an interest in an
organisation or plan.
SMART: goals to be
achieved that are specific,
measurable, achievable,
realistic and time related.
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Evaluate performance Establish a direction
A cyclical
process - MbO
Monitor progresss in
meeting objectives Create objectives
Mission and organisational objectives
Mission
The NDA has established its mission as: ‘to deliver a world class programme of safe, cost-
effective, accelerated and environmentally responsible decommissioning of the UK’s civil
nuclear legacy, in an open and transparent manner and with due regard to the socio-
economic effects on our communities’.
What does this mean in practice? It is helpful to look at some of the component parts of the
definition:
• Safe – safety is the number one priority in decommissioning nuclear sites. This includes the
safety of the people carrying out the work and the local communities.
• Cost effective – carrying out the work using contractors who provide good value for money
(coupled with safety). Giving the best possible value to the taxpayer.
• Environmentally responsible – using the best available environmentally-friendly techniques.
• Open and transparent way – keeping nothing secret, engaging the public and other
stakeholders in conversations about the process and future plans and objectives at all
times.
• Socio-economic effects on communities – looking at how closing down plants will affect the
livelihoods of people that work in the plants and in local businesses and looking to reduce
any negative impacts.
A mission statement:
1. gives a sense of direction
2. helps to motivate members of an organisation
3. lets outsiders know what the organisation stands for
4. shapes the values of the organisation.
The NDA’s mission shapes its values, which are:
• safety
• security
• environmental protection
• value for money
• openness and transparency.
Organisational objectives
Objectives are more precise than the mission of an organisation. Well-focused objectives
usually have a number of characteristics. In business we say that objectives need to be
SMART. This stands for:
• Specific – so it is clear and easy to understand what needs to be achieved
• Measurable – we need to be able to measure whether the objectives have been met or not
• Achievable – there is no point in setting objectives that can’t be achieved because this will
be de-motivating and leave the organisation open to criticism – ‘you failed to meet your
objectives’
• Realistic – the organisation needs to have the appropriate resources to meet its objectives
• Time related – there needs to be a specific calendar for achieving the objectives.
NDA’s core objective is to make sure that the 20 civil public sector nuclear sites are
decommissioned and cleaned up safely, securely, cost-effectively and in ways that protect the
environment for this and future generations.
If we examine this objective it is easy to see that it is:
• specific – it specifies that these 20 sites will be cleaned up
• measurable – the objective will be achieved when these sites are cleaned up
• achievable – given government support and backing
• realistic – the NDA has set out a plan to make sure that appropriate contractors are
appointed to decommission the sites
• time related – activities are scheduled for each site on the NDA's annual plan.
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Examples from the Decommissioning Activities Schedule for 2007/8

Site Activity
Bradwell Completion of asbestos removal in boiler houses
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Capenhurst Demolition of redundant buildings
Sellafield Complete removal of redundant sea pipeline and remediation of beach area

The NDA is responsible for creating a plan to clean up a range of sites, including:
GLOSSARY
• those nuclear sites and facilities which were developed in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s to
support the Government’s research programmes and deal with the wastes, materials and
spent fuels produced by those programmes Procurement: the
• the Magnox fleet of nuclear power stations built in the 1960s and 1970s. They include the process of obtaining of
plant and facilities at Sellafield used for the reprocessing of Magnox fuel and all associated supplies or goods.
wastes and materials.

Strategy and tactics

A useful distinction can be made between strategy and tactics. A strategy is an overall plan
which gives a sense of direction and planning framework. Tactics are the smaller steps
involved in putting a plan into action.

The role of the NDA is to create the overall strategic plan for decommissioning nuclear facilities in
the UK. The tactics, i.e. the day-to-day management of this process, is the responsibility of
contractors who manage the activities on those sites. The contractors are selected through open
competition in accordance with EU Procurement rules within a framework set out by the NDA.

It is helpful to look at a few of the most important elements of the NDA’s strategy:
• The reduction of potentially high hazards, especially at Sellafield. This is the number one clean-
up priority. The NDA has established time-related objectives for this. For example, the aim is to
decommission the Magnox fleet of power stations within 25 years (providing safe waste
management facilities are available). This part of the strategy involves speeding up existing
arrangements. A business case for Government approval for this acceleration is being
prepared. Previous plans and methods involved taking up to 125 years for this process.
• Consulting with stakeholders at each site about the dates and potential uses of sites once
decommissioning has been completed.
• The NDA will be open and transparent about the process of nuclear decommissioning. It is
important that the public has as much knowledge as possible about the process. A criticism in
the past was that the general public did not know enough about the nuclear industry.
• Establishing a range of facilities to use, develop and extend the existing skills base. These
will be developed with other organisations and many will be based in West Cumbria (the
location of Sellafield). These will include:
• a Nuclear Academy to provide courses and business support training up to foundation
degree level
• a Nuclear Institute to provide high quality research and development support
• a university Chair of Epidemiology to research the impact of radiation on the workforce
• a National Nuclear laboratory to provide world-class facilities to support the industry.

All this will provide a framework for specific training courses, PhDs and innovation projects
and will create a pool of world-class expertise in decommissioning. This will support the UK
industry and other countries involved in nuclear decommissioning worldwide.
NUCLEAR DECOMMISSIONING AUTHORITY

The proposed approach that the NDA hopes to take will involve the following stages:
i. to consult and seek agreement with stakeholders, including local communities, at each of the sites
ii. to have fully costed plans, by April 2008, for decommissioning all sites, which will then be
made publicly available
iii. to work with contractors to use innovation and new methods of working in developing the
plans. This will accelerate work without compromising on safety, security and
environmental protection
iv. to explore the possibility of fully decommissioning Magnox sites within 25 years
v. to introduce competition for the management of the sites. This will encourage innovation,
improve contractor performance and deliver best value to taxpayers.

How the objectives of the NDA impact on its stakeholders

A stakeholder is anyone that has an interest in an organisation. The NDA has a lot of
important stakeholder groups in the UK as the future of energy supply is such an important
issue.

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Key stakeholders include:

• the government. The government has a responsibility to make sure that this country has a
secure, safe and efficient energy industry.
• energy consumers. We all want cheap and clean fuel. There are three main types of
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consumers:
• households – using energy for heating, lighting, cooking, hot water etc
• business users – using energy to power machinery, provide fuel for transport, etc
• public service providers – using energy to heat schools, illuminate operating theatres
in hospitals, etc.
• local communities. People that live close to energy producers have a stake in a variety of
ways. For example, the plant and facilities create jobs for local people. In addition, the sites
may have health and safety risks associated with them. Contamination from energy sources
also creates pollution.
• the media and public opinion. The type of energy we use is an issue of major public
debate. Some people argue that coal-fired stations create too much carbon dioxide
pollution. Others say that wind farms create eyesores. Others argue that nuclear waste is a
potential threat to public safety and a possible source of terrorist activity.
• the energy companies. Companies such as British Energy and British Nuclear Group
producing or distributing energy.
• the regulators. They are responsible for creating the rules and supervising competition in
the energy industry.

Government Energy consumers Energy companies

Stakeholders
in NDA

Regulators Local communities The media

and public

In creating a strategy for nuclear decommissioning, the NDA has had to work very closely with
key stakeholder groups. The NDA has established a National Stakeholder Forum as well as local
stakeholder groups at each of its sites. They are independent of the NDA and are regularly
consulted about specific and generic issues. Events aimed at getting views from a variety of
stakeholders are held on a regular basis. Through this process the NDA gains useful insights that
help to shape the strategy. These events and meetings also provide an opportunity to explain the
NDA’s responsibilities in setting out arrangements for consulting stakeholders.

The NDA has communicated its ongoing plans in different ways, including:
• on its website
• through a media pack for national and local newspapers
• by encouraging members of the public and others to send in their comments.
The Times Newspaper Limited and ©MBA Publishing Ltd 2007. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure accuracy

The NDA has kept a record of all these comments and has responded to opinions and ideas
of information, neither the publisher nor the client can be held responsible for errors of omission or commission.

in creating a strategy to serve the needs the community at large. The NDA has carried out an
environmental assessment of its ongoing plans and of the impact of existing nuclear sites.

Conclusion
The future of energy in this country affects us all. It is a major concern for businesses,
consumers, the government and local communities. Currently the government is investigating
the future of energy supply in this country including nuclear energy. In the meantime the
government must make sure that all the old nuclear sites in this country are decommissioned.
This must be done in a transparent and clean way. The NDA is the body responsible for
creating the plan for this.

Questions
1. What is meant by 'Management by Objectives'?

2. What is the difference between strategy and

tactics?

3. Why is it important for NDA to use SMART

objectives?

4. Give 3 examples of how NDA translates its

mission statement into action. www.nda.gov.uk

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