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HEAT TRANSFER

I. Introduction

In the simplest of terms, the discipline of heat transfer is concerned with only two things: temperature, and the flow of heat. Temperature represents the amount of thermal energy available, whereas heat flow represents the movement of thermal energy from place to place. Heat may transfer across the boundaries of a system, either to or from the system. It occurs only when there is a temperature difference between the system and surroundings. The transfer of heat is normally from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. Heat transfer changes the internal energy of the systems involved according to the first law of thermodynamics.

Heat transfer mechanisms can be grouped into 3 broad categories: A. Conduction Regions with greater molecular kinetic energy will pass their thermal energy to regions with less molecular energy through direct molecular collisions, a process known as conduction. In metals, a significant portion of the transported thermal energy is also carried by conduction-band electrons. B. Convection When heat conducts into a static fluid it leads to a local volumetric expansion. As a result of gravity-induced pressure gradients, the expanded fluid parcel becomes buoyant and displaces, thereby transporting heat by fluid motion (i.e. convection) in addition to conduction. Such heatinduced fluid motion in initially static fluids is known as free convection. C. Radiation All materials radiate thermal energy in amounts determined by their temperature, where the energy is carried by photons of light in the infrared and visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. When temperatures are uniform, the radiative flux between objects is in equilibrium and no net thermal energy is exchanged. The balance is upset when temperatures are not uniform, and thermal energy is transported from surfaces of higher to surfaces of lower temperature.

II.

Instrument A. Condenser

Figure 1: Condenser

In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, typically by cooling it. In so doing, the latent heat is given up by the substance, and will transfer to the condenser coolant. Condensers are typically heat exchangers which have various designs and come in many sizes ranging from rather small (handheld) to very large industrial-scale units used in plant processes. For example, a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air. Condensers are used in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such as distillation, steam power plants and other heat-exchange systems. Use of cooling water or surrounding air as the coolant is common in many condensers.

III. Application A. Nuclear Power Plant

Figure 2: Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear power is produced by controlled nuclear reactions. Commercial and utility plants currently use nuclear fission reactions to heat water to produce steam, which is then used to generate electricity. Just as many conventional thermal power stations generate electricity by harnessing thethermal energy released from burning fossil fuels, nuclear power plants convert the energy released from the nucleus of an atom, typically via nuclear fission. When a relatively large fissile atomic nucleus (usually uranium-235 or plutonium-239) absorbs a neutron, a fission of the atom often results. Fission splits the atom into two or more smaller nuclei with kinetic energy (known as fission products) and also releases gamma radiation and free neutrons. A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and create more fissions, which release more neutrons, and so on. This nuclear chain reaction can be controlled by using neutron poisons and neutron moderators to change the portion of neutrons that will go on to cause more fissions. Nuclear reactors generally have automatic and manual systems to shut the fission reaction down if unsafe conditions are detected.

A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and transports it to another area of the plant, where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work. Typically the hot coolant will be used as a heat source for a boiler, and the pressurized steam from that boiler will power one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators.

B. Operation Process

Figure 3: Operation Process Flow Diagram

The structure of a nuclear power plant in many respects resembles to that of a conventional thermal power station, since in both cases the heat produced in the boiler (or reactor) is transported and used to heat the water and generate steam. The steam then goes to the blades of a turbine and by rotating it; the connected generator will produce electric energy. The steam goes to the condenser, where it has a continuous flow of liquid such as water from rivers and lakes that cools the steam as it passes through metal pipes where the cooling water flows. When the water is cooled, it will be pumped to the reactor, to be used again for steam generation.

IV. References

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nuclear_power_plantpressurized_water_reactor-PWR.png/600px-Nuclear_power_plantpressurized_water_reactor-PWR.png

http://paksnuclearpowerplant.com/thumbnail/971/0x0fit/osszehasonlitas_en.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(heat transfer) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heatra.html http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/heat.html http://www.eoearth.org/article/Heat_transfer

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