Proceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO 2006 May 8-11 2006, Barcelona, Spain Proceedings of GT2006

ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea and Air May 8-11, 2006, Barcelona, Spain GT2006-90854

GT-2006-90854
DOUBLE-JET EJECTION OF COOLING AIR FOR IMPROVED FILM-COOLING

Karsten Kusterer B&B-AGEMA GmbH Jlicher Strasse 338 D-52070 Aachen, Germany kusterer@bub-agema.de

Dieter Bohn Institute of Steam and Gas Turbines, Aachen University Templergraben 55 D-52056 Aachen, Germany post-bohn@idg.rwth-aachen.de

Takao Sugimoto, Ryozo Tanaka Kawasaki Heavy Industries, LTD. Gas Turbine Research & Development Center Akashi, 673-8666 Japan sugimoto_t@khi.co.jp

ABSTRACT Film-cooling in gas turbines leads to aerodynamic mixing losses and reduced temperatures of the gas flow. Improvements of the gas turbine thermal efficiency can be achieved by reducing the cooling fluid amount and by establishing a more equal distribution of the cooling fluid along the surface. It is well known that vortex systems in the cooling jets are the origin of reduced film-cooling effectiveness. For the streamwise ejection case, kidney-vortices result in a lift-off of the cooling jets; for the lateral ejection case, usually only one dominating vortex remains, leading to hot gas flow underneath the jet from one side. Based on the results of numerical analyses, a new cooling technology has been introduced by the authors, which reaches high film-cooling effectiveness as a result of a well-designed cooling hole arrangement for interaction of two neighbouring cooling jets (Double-jet Film-cooling , DJFC). The results show that configurations exist, where an improved film-cooling effectiveness can be reached because an anti-kidney vortex pair is established in the double-jet. The paper aims on following major contributions: to introduce the Double-jet Film-cooling (DJFC) as an alternative film-cooling technology to conventional film-cooling design. to explain the major phenomena, which lead to the improvement of the film-cooling effectiveness by application of the DJFC. to prove basic applicability of the DJFC to a realistic blade cooling configuration and present first test results under machine operating conditions.

KEYWORDS film cooling, film-cooling effectiveness, double-jet, kidney vortices NOMENCLATURE c [ m/s ] D [ mm ] l [ mm ] M [ ] Ma [ ] p [ N/m2 ] T [ K ] x [ mm ] y [ mm ] z [ mm ] i [ ] res, b [ deg ] s, r [ deg ] f [ ] [ kg/m3 ] Subscripts a, ad c g o r w 1 2

velocity hole diameter hole length local blowing ratio Mach number pressure temperature streamwise coordinate perpendicular coordinate lateral coordinate vortex structures ejection angles ejection angles adiabatic film effectiveness density

adiabatic cooling condition hot gas stagnation condition recovery wall inlet (main duct) outlet

Copyright 2006 by ASME

Abbreviations DJFC

Double-jet Film-cooling

secondary flow vectors: 1.

schematic drawing of secondary flows: 1a 1b cool gas 1b 1a

hot gas

INTRODUCTION Due to high turbine inlet temperatures in gas turbine cycles, film-cooling is widely used for the vanes and blades of the front stages in order to reduce material temperatures as far as necessary for an acceptable life span of the components. As the cooling fluid is extracted from the compressor at high pressure levels, the reduction of the cooling fluid effort for the cooling task will lead to increased thermal efficiencies. As film cooling leads to mixing losses and a reduced temperature of the gas flow, improvements can be achieved by reducing the cooling fluid amount and by establishing a more equal distribution of the cooling fluid on the surface. The cooling fluid ejection through a hole leads to a 'Jet in Crossflow' situation. It is well known that the cooling jet vortices are generated due to the friction of the jet flow and the crossflow. In the case of a streamwise ejection, the vortices are called kidney-vortices because of their shape. A large number of publications deal with the visualization or calculation of these vortices and the publications of Bergeles et al. [1], Leylek and Zerkle [2], and Walters and Leylek [3] are mentioned as examples. In a numerical investigation of a showerhead cooling configuration by Hall et al. [4] it was observed that effects caused by secondary flows could lead to a cooling flow effectiveness degradation and lift-off of the cooling jet. This lift-off effect has been investigated in detail by Bohn and Kusterer [5] for a turbine blade cooling configuration with leading edge ejection. As shown in Fig. 1, hot gas from the upper and lower side flows underneath the cooling jet. A second vortex system (1b) under the cooling jet is generated and the jet is pushed away from the blade surface. Compound-angle ejection leads to an asymmetric vortex system (e.g. Lee et al. [6]). A detailed numerical analysis of the film cooling physics in case of a flat plate has been performed by McGovern and Leylek [7]. The numerical work of Baier et al. [8] focuses on the influence of the laterally inclined jets on film cooling in the case of a suction side ejection. Recent numerical studies on the leading edge film-cooling physics by York and Leylek [9, 10] also focus on the determination of the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients. In the case of compound-angle ejection, lift-off of cooling jets is reduced in comparison to the streamwise ejection. For example, Goldstein and Jin [11] have presented experimental results for a flat plate that indicate reduced

.5 z/D .0 wall (SS)

hot gas

kidney-vortices 1a

2nd vortex-system 1b

Figure 1: Secondary flows in suction side jet (leading edge ejection, Bohn and Kusterer [5])

a) suction side experiment (Ardey [13])

y/D

b)
3.0

z/D y/D
2.0 1.0 0.0

suction side calculation (Bohn and Kusterer [12])

1,l-b

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

z/D

Figures 2a-b: Lateral ejection secondary flows

lift-off effects at high blowing ratios in comparison to the streamwise ejection. Nevertheless, they found lift-off effects for compound-angle film cooling due to the asymmetric motion developed from the down-sweeping of mainstream under the jets. Results of Bohn and Kusterer [12], for leading edge ejection with radially inclined cooling holes, have shown the presence of a dominating vortex (1,l-b) in the jet, which leads to a rotation of the complete jet. Thus, hot gas is transported underneath the jet and finally leads to a lift-off of the jet. However, the lift-off effect is reduced compared to the case with streamwise

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ejection. As an example of these results, Fig. 2 shows the development of the dominating vortex in a cooling jet on the suction side of the blade and a comparison to the measurements by Ardey [13]. The question is, how to reduce the negative effect of the jet lift-off. One answer is the implementation of holes with shaped exits that reduce the momentum of the ejection. Although the positive influence of shaped holes on film cooling is well known for a long time (e.g. Goldstein et al. [14]), a large number of publications still focus on this topic for detailed understanding of the secondary flow development in the jets and aim to create a reliable database on the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer conditions [15-18]. Numerical investigations by Bohn et al. [19] have shown that in cases of high heat flux rates an influence on the secondary flow phenomena in the jets can be observed. A second possibility that has been discussed in literature is the influence of the internal geometry on the vortex generation. It is known that including the internal geometry of the supply within numerical investigations is of significant importance in order to take into account influence of vortices generated inside the hole before ejection [2, 2022]. Heidmann et al. [23] were also able to show this for a complex cooling geometry within a coupled internal/external simulation of a film-cooled vane. Depending on the direction of the supply vortices are generated in the holes that might support or reduce the external lift-off effect of the jet. Vogel [24] has shown that a left-curved inflow creates a vortex system in the hole that rotates different to the external kidney-vortices. This additional vortex system can be found on top and beside the kidney vortices of the jet and lead to an improved wall contact. Due to special geometry parameters of a shaped hole, it might also be possible to create an anti-kidney pair of vortices in the external jet as it has been reported by Haven et al. [25]. Some researchers recommended to manufacture curved holes that also can create an additional anti-kidney vortex system in the hole, that might reduce the negative effect of the external kidney vortices in the jet. A third recommendation on reducing the lift-off effect is given in this paper by introducing the Double-jet Film-coolcooling (DJFC) technology [26]. DOUBLE-JET FILM-COOLING (DJFC) As we know that an anti-kidney vortex system will increase significantly the wall contact of the jet and will also improve the lateral distribution of the cooling air on the surface, it is the aim of the DJFC to establish an anti-kidney vortex system in the jet as the major secondary flow phenomenon. We also know that a single jet from a cylindrical

po,1; To,1

p2

hot gas y duct

40 mm x
side view: config 1

cooling air duct po,c; To,c

20 mm
p2,c

150 mm

18 mm 45 mm
cooled surface

x=0

x z
config 1

hole diam. D l/D b

3mm 7 -45 / +45 30 +135 / +45 45

45

res r s

3D
18mm

3D

s
res

r b

2D
config 2a

x z

18mm

3D

22.5mm

3D x x 1D
config 2b

z z
config 2c

Figure 3: Duct & hole geometry

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hole with lateral ejection leads to a dominating vortex in the jet. Therefore, the DJFC aims to place a second ejection hole in a double-hole arrangement that creates a second jet with another dominating vortex rotating in opposite direction to the first one and then combines both jets to one jet (or double-jet). As a result, a more or less symmetrical anti-kidney vortex pair should be generated. It prevent the flow of hot gas underneath the jet and also prevents the liftoff of the jet. Thus, the wall contact of the jet is significantly enhanced as the secondary flows in the jet push the jet towards the wall. Furthermore, the cooling fluid will be distributed in the lateral direction, too, leading to a more efficient use of the cooling fluid with high cooling effectiveness values. GEOMETRY OF DJFC TESTCASES The basic configuration investigated by means of 3-D flow simulation consists of two ducts, one for the hot gas flow and another one for the cooling air supply of the ejection holes. Figure 3 gives a detailed description on the duct geometry and the hole geometry. The hole diameter is 3mm and the length of the ejection hole is 7 times the hole diameter. The radial ejection angle r and the streamwise ejection angle s of the hole are resulting in a cooling fluid ejection with an angle of res=30 relative to the lower duct wall. Definitions of the ejection angles are indicated in the drawing of Fig. 3. Configuration 1 is the basic configuration with only one ejection hole. Configuration 2a-c are configurations with a doublehole arrangement with oppositely orientated directions of ejection as indicated also in Fig. 3 and an additional cooling air supply for the second hole. The parameter varied for the configurations is the lateral distance between the two holes (from 2D to 0D). For configuration 2c both holes are in line and at the mid-position of the wall. MODEL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS For the 3-D numerical simulations, the conjugate fluid flow and heat transfer simulation code (CHTflow [27]) has been used, but only adiabatic walls have been implemented to the numerical model. Thus, all calculated surface temperatures are adiabatic surface temperatures. Full, compressible three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are solved in the fluid regions. All fluids are calculated as perfect gas (air). The closure of the Reynolds averaged equations is provided by the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic eddy-viscosity turbulence model [28]. Full turbulent flow field has been assumed. The physical domain is divided into separate blocks for the fluid regions (multi-block-technique). The 3-D model for the DJFC cases includes both supply channels, the

Table 1: Boundary Conditions (DJFC testcases)

To,1 po,1 Ma1 p2 To,c po,c p2,c Mac

1600K 13.128 x 105 N/m2 0.33 12.1 x 105 N/m2 cooling air 700K 15 x 105 N/m2 14.9 x 105 N/m2 0.1

Table 2: Blowing Ratios for DJFC Testcases

Mhole #1 Mhole #2

config 2a 1.70 1.78

config 2b 1.74 1.74

config 2c 1.61 1.77

cooling holes and the main flow duct (hot air region). The total number of grid points is approximately 700000. Boundary conditions for the inlets and the outlets are chosen as given in Table 1. Total values have been used at the inlets and static pressures have been fixed at the outlets. Temperatures and pressures are close to values of real operating conditions in a modern gas turbine.

RESULTS OF THE TESTCASES Single Jet (Config 1) Calculations with configuration 1 have been performed in order to evaluate, if the single jet development meets the expectations as described in the reference literature. Figures 4a-c give the temperature field of the cooling jet in 3 different axial cutting planes and the secondary flow vectors additionally. As the boundary conditions lead to a high blowing ratio of M=1.7, there is a strong interaction of the cooling jet and the hot duct flow. As a result, a strong dominating vortex is created in the jet. Furthermore, the vortex transports hot gas from one side underneath the jet leading to a partial lift-off. As the development of the single jet meets the require-

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a) x=4D
Tisolines=100 K

b) x=7D
Tisolines=100 K

c) x=10D
Tisolines=100 K

800

y 800

y 900 z

Figures 4a-c: Development of cooling jet vortex and jet lift-off (config 1)

ments on the size and strength of the vortex, the geometry for the DJFC testcases has been derived as presented. Blowing Ratios (Config 2a-c) Boundary Conditions were kept the same for all DJFC testcases. The blowing ratio

f = ( Taw Tr ) /( Toc Tr )

(2)

M = (c c c ) /(g c g ),

(1)

which is the ratio of density and velocity values for the cooling flow and the hot gas flow, is a result of these boundary conditions. Thus, a slight variation of the local blowing ratios of the single holes in the DJFC testcases occur as given in Table 2. However, the single blowing ratios are always close to M=1.7. In the testcase with "config 2c", the blockage effect of the second hole is the reason for the lower blowing ratio of the first hole. Adiabatic Film-cooling Effectiveness The performance of cooling can be expressed as the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness:

Here, Toc is the stagnation temperature of the cooling fluid near entry. Taw is the adiabatic wall temperature. Without film cooling, Taw will be the recovery temperature Tr of the hot gas flow. For reason of simplification in the determination of the adiabatic cooling effectiveness, the total temperature of the hot gas at the inlet (1600 K) has been used in the evaluation instead of the recovery temperature. Figures 5a-c show the distribution of the calculated adiabatic film-cooling effectiveness on the surface. Whereas for the configurations 2a and 2b there is hardly any wall contact of the double-jets downstream of the ejection holes, the situation for configuration 2c is completely different. It is not only possible to detect high values of effectiveness over a long distance behind the holes, but in the downstream area, starting at approximately x/D=8, there is also a significant lateral extension of the area in contact with the cooling air. Even very far downstream, at approximately x/D=30, relatively high values (>0.2) can be found. However, it is well known that without anisotropic turbu-

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a) configuration 2a

1.0 0.2
x z

isolines=0.2 0.0 f,ad [ ]

b) configuration 2b

1.0 0.2
x z

isolines=0.2 0.0 f,ad [ ]

c) configuration 2c

1.0 isolines=0.2 0.0 f,ad [ ]

x/D=7.67 x/D=14.33 x/D=21.0 x/D=27.67

0.8
x z

0.6

0.4 0.2

x/D=1.0

Figures 5a-c: Calculated adiabatic film-cooling effectiveness for DJFC configurations

lence modelling the process of mixing-out of cooling air and hot gas is underestimated. Therefore, lower values of effectiveness are likely in cases with a more sophisticated turbulence modelling, which should be part of further numerical studies. Nevertheless, it is obvious that a major flow phenomenon in the double-jet has been changed so that a very much improved wall contact has been established.

Temperature Field The Figs. 6a-c present the evaluation results for the temperature field in the double-jets in different axial cutting planes. View direction is upstream. In the case of configuration 2a, the two single jets create a double-jet that is similar to a jet from a streamwise ejection through a single cylindrical hole with two cores and a kidney-shape. Due to the high blowing ratio, a lift-off of the double-jet is forced. The same situation can be found for configuration

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a) temperatures (K) in cooling jet: config 2a

x/D=1.0 x/D=14.33 x/D=27.67

1500 y z 1500 z 1500 z

Delta of isolines in all figures: 200 K

700
b) temperatures (K) in cooling jet: config 2b
x/D=1.0 x/D=14.33 x/D=27.67

T (K) 1700

1500 y 1500 z Delta of isolines in all figures: 200 K z z 1500

700

T (K) 1700

c) temperatures (K) in cooling jet: config 2c

x/D=1.0 x/D=14.33 x/D=27.67

y 1500 z Delta of isolines in all figures: 200 K z 1500

y 1500 z

700

T (K) 1700

Figures 6a-c: Calculated Temperature Distributions in the Double-jets

2b (Fig. 6b). The situation is even worse with an increased lift-off effect. Now, for configuration 2c (Fig. 6c) it can be seen that a lift-off is prevented. The cooling air keeps close to the duct wall and further downstream it seems to be pushed towards the wall so that the cool air distributes also in the lateral direction. Secondary Flows The reason for the large differences in the temperature

fields can be found in the visualization of the secondary flows (Figs. 7a-c). Whereas for the lift-off configurations (config 2a & 2b), the rotation of the vortex-pair in the double-jet is similar to the kidney vortex-pair in the jet of the streamwise ejection from a cylindrical hole, the secondary flow vectors for configuration 2c reveal the expected anti-kidney vortex-pair. Due to the change in direction of the rotation, the jet is pushed towards the wall and, furthermore, the desired distribution of the cooling air in lateral direction can also be reached. Therefore, the flow situation

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a) config 2a: x/D=14.33

b) config 2b: x/D=14.33

c) config 2c: x/D=14.33

700

T (K) 1700

d) idealized flow & tempeatures for optimized DJFC-geometry (schematic drawing)

anti-kidney vortex-pair
lateral distribution

wall contact flow

Figures 7a-c: Calculated Secondary Flows in the Double-jets

is close to the idealized flow directions for an optimized DJFC geometry as drawn in the idealised schematic drawing of Fig. 7d. The basic numerical study shows that it is possible to find a double-hole arrangement, which is able to create a jet out of the two single jets that establishes anti-kidney vortices. Therefore, significant improvements of the filmcooling effectiveness can be reached without manufacturing shaped holes. However, the applicability for more complex flow situation and within complex cooling configurations needs further investigations. APPLICATION OF DJFC FOR GT-BLADE Based on the promising results of the DJFC for the simple numerical test case as described above, it has been decided to investigate the applicability of the DJFC for cooling a

blade in a gas turbine. For this purpose, the DJFC has been included to the cooling configuration of a test blade for the 1st blade row of the L20A gas turbine. As indicated by the schematic drawing in Fig. 8, it should be possible to find a double-hole arrangement on the suction side or pressure side of the blade with an internal cooling air supply by a serpentine-shaped channel. Two rows with cylindrical ejection holes are placed on the surface in a way that the positive effect of the anti-kidney vortex-pair in the jets can be realized for a complex cooling configuration and under real operating conditions. It has been decided that the DJFC replaces the cooling air ejection through the row of shaped holes on the suction side of the original blade, which has a high efficient cooling of the blade suction side in the original design for machine application. The internal cooling duct geometry and all

Copyright 2006 by ASME

hot gas

row #1 row #2

blade tip

a) original test blade tip

thermal load level

blade surface (suction side or pressure side)

l.e.

suction side

high

medium

low

serpentine-shaped cooling channel

b) DJFC, initial design cooling air tip

thermal load level

Figure 8: Application of the DJFC to a cooled GT blade (schematic drawing)

l.e.

suction side

high

high
medium

low

c) DJFC, refined design

low
Tad [K] l.e.

tip
thermal load level

suction side

high

medium

low

Figure 9: 3-D CFD result (adiabatic surface temperatures) of a DJFC design for a test blade

Figures 10a-c: Pyrometer Measurements for test blades with different cooling designs

other cooling arrangements have to be kept the same as for the other test blades. Due to the restrictions in the possibilities to change the internal geometry design, it has been found that it is not possible to establish the necessary arrangement of cooling holes over the complete height of the blade. Furthermore, the location of the hole-exits is also somewhat further downstream than in the original design with a row of shaped holes. From the original design, it is known that cooling air ejected through the row of shaped holes on the suction side is able to establish a quite efficient cooling film. Thus, in

cases where a similar thermal load level of the suction side with application of the DJFC design would be reached, this might indicate that the DJFC is providing a similar contribution to the cooling performance of the blade as the shaped holes. Figure 9 shows the calculated distribution on the blade surface of the adiabatic temperatures (suction side view) for the initial configuration with DJFC design. The calculation takes into account the passage flow, internal flow of the serpentine-shaped passage for supply of the two rows of the DJFC and the blade tip hole. It can be clearly seen that

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behind the holes the double-jet reaches low adiabatic surface temperatures (high adiabatic film-cooling effectiveness) and that there is also a lateral extension of the jets. However, the lateral distribution of the cooling air is limited and high temperatures streaks between the jets can be expected. The interaction with major passage flow phenomena (passage vortex, tip clearance vortex) also results in negative effects on the cooling air distribution. A large amount of cooling air is ejected through the tip hole and that cooling air becomes a major part of the tip clearance vortex. Based on comparison of 3D aerothermal calculations with the CFD-code for the original configuration and the DJFC configurations, it has been assumed that the overall cooling air amount supplied to the internal cooling supply channel will be over 10 % lower in the case of the DJFC configuration. Thus, a reduction of the convective cooling for the test blade with DJFC can be expected. Several turbine blades with the DJFC design on the suction side have been manufactured. Based on an initial DJFC design, a blade with a further refined DJFC design has also been manufactured. In the refined configuration, it had been possible to improve the locations of the hole exits with respect to the generation of the anti-kidney vortex system. These blades have been tested under hot gas operating conditions in the gas turbine. Thermal load measurements have been performed by application of the pyrometer measurement technique. Figures 10a-c present the results of the pyrometer measurements for the rear part of the suction side for different configurations. Unfortunately, the mid-part of the suction side is not accessible for pyrometer measurements in the machine. The comparison of the initial DJFC design (Fig. 10b) with the original design of the test blade (Fig. 10a) shows that cooling performance of the rear part of the suction side is similar. Thermal load appears to be slightly higher for the initial DJFC design. For the refined DJFC design (Fig. 10c), the main features are still the same as in the original design but overall thermal load is lower despite the fact that the calculated cooling air amount is lower by approximately 10 percent for the suction side ejection. These results indicate that the DJFC basically provides a similar cooling performance as the row of shaped holes. But, it cannot be stated at the moment that the cooling performance is better than in the original design because the location of cooling air ejection is somewhat downstream of the original position of the row with shaped holes. Due to this fact, higher thermal loads have been observed for the leading edge region in both DJFC testcases. However, the first results are promising with respect

to applicability of the DJFC technology for blade cooling. Further studies and testing are under consideration. CONCLUSIONS The paper has presented the numerical results for the Double-jet Film-cooling (DJFC), which consists of a double-hole arrangement with laterally inclined holes of cylindrical shape. Due to an optimized position of the single holes, high film-cooling effectiveness values can be reached in a wide region on the surface behind the cooling air ejections. The major findings have been: It is possible to establish a double-hole arrangement that forms a common jet with an anti-kidney vortex-pair. As a result, the double-jet keeps wall contact and cooling air is also distributed in lateral direction. High values of adiabatic film-cooling effectiveness are reached. The holes have a cylindrical shape and, therefore, are easier to manufacture than shaped holes. Furthermore, the DJFC application for a test blade of the L20A gas turbine from KHI has been investigated. It has been found, that the DJFC could be included to the current design of a test blade. The test blade has been tested successfully by KHI under realistic gas turbine operating conditions. The DJFC has been able to replace a row of shaped holes on the suction side of the blade without negative effects on the suction side thermal load level. REFERENCES
[1] Bergeles, G., Gosman, A. D., and Launder, A. D., 1976, "The Prediction of Three-dimensional Discrete-hole Cooling Processes," Journal of Heat Transfer, 98, pp. 379-386. Leylek, J. H., and Zerkle, R. D. 1994, Discrete-Jet Film Cooling: A Comparison of Computational results with Experiments, ASME J. of Turbomachinery, 116, pp. 358368. Walters, D. K., and Leylek, J. H., 1997, "A Detailed Analysis of Film-Cooling Physics Part I: Streamwise Injection with Cylindrical Holes," ASME-paper 97-GT-269, Orlando, USA. Hall, J.E., Topp, D.A., and Delaney, R.A., 1994, "Aerodymamic/Heat Transfer Analysis of Discrete Site Film-cooled Turbine Airfoils", AIAA-paper 94-3070. Bohn, D., and Kusterer, K., 1999, "Blowing Ratio Influence on Jet Mixing Flow Phenomena at the Leading Edge", AIAA-paper 99-0670. Lee, S. W., Kim, Y. B., and Lee, J. S., 1995, "Flow Characteristics and Aerodynamic Losses of Film-cooling Jets with Compound Angle Orientations", ASME-paper

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95-GT-38. McGovern, K.T., and Leylek, J.H., 1997, "A Detailed Analysis of Film Cooling Physics Part II. Compound-Angle Injection with Cylindrical Holes", ASME-paper 97-GT-270, Orlando, USA. Baier, R.-D., Broichhausen, K.-D., Koschel, W., and Parvizinia, M., 1997, "Numerical and Experimental Study on the Influence of Angle Orientations on the Behaviour of Discrete Film Cooling Holes on Turbine Bladings", Int. Symp. on Airbreathing Engines, ISABE-paper 97-7109. York, D.Y., and Leylek, J.H., 2002, "Leading-Edge FilmCooling Physics: Part I - Adiabatic Effectiveness," ASMEpaper GT-2002-30166, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. York, D.Y. & Leylek, J.H., 2002, "Leading-Edge FilmCooling Physics: Part II - Heat Transfer Coefficient," ASME-paper GT-2002-30167, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Goldstein, R. J., and Jin, P., 2000, "Film Cooling Downstream of a Row of Discrete Holes with Compound Angle", ASME-paper 2000-GT-248, Munich, Germany. Bohn, D., and Kusterer, K., 2000, "Aerothermal Investigations of Mixing Flow Phenomena in Case of Radially Inclined Ejection Holes at the Leading Edge, ASME J. of Turbomachinery, 122, pp. 334-339. Ardey, S., 1998, "3D-Messung des Strmungsfeldes um die filmgekhlte Vorderkante einer Referenzschaufel", Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Armed Forces, Munich (in German). Goldstein, R. J., Eckert, E. R. G., and Burggraf, F., 1974, "Effects of Hole Geometry and Density on ThreeDimensional Film Cooling," Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 17, pp. 595-607. Gritsch, M., Schulz, A., and Wittig, S., 1998, "Adiabatic Wall Measurements of Film-Cooling Holes with Expanded Exits," ASME J. of Turbomachinery, 120, 568-574. Lutum, E., von Wolfersdorf, J., Semmler, K., Dittmar, J., and Weigand, B., 2001, "An Experimental Investigation of Film Cooling on a Convex Surface Subjected to Favourable Pressure Gradient Flow," Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 45, pp. 939-951. Yuen, C. H. N., Martinez-Botas, R. F., and Whitelaw, J. H., 2001, "Film Cooling Effectiveness Downstream of Compound and Fan-shaped Holes," ASME-paper 2001-GT-

0131, New Orleans, USA. [18] Saumweber, C., and Schulz, A., 2003, "Interaction of Film Cooling Rows: Effects of Hole Geometry and Row Spacing on the Cooling Performance Downstream of the Second Row of Holes", ASME-paper GT-2003-38195, Atlanta, USA. [19] Bohn. D., Ren, J., and Kusterer, K., 2003, "Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis for Film Cooling Configurations with Different Hole Geometries," ASME-paper GT-2003-38369, Atlanta, USA. [20] Martin, C. A., and Thole, K. A., 1997, "A CFD Benchmark Study: Leading Edge Film-cooling with Compound Angle Injection", ASME-paper 97-GT-297, Orlando, USA. [21] Martelli, F., Adami, P., and Belardini, E., 2001, "Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer and Film Cooling for Gas Turbine Application", Int. Symp. on Airbreathing Engines, ISABE-paper 2001-1102. [22] Bohn, D., Becker, V., Kusterer, K., Fottner, L., and Ardey, S., 2000, "Three-dimensional Flow Analysis of Turbine Blade Cascades with Leading Edge Ejection", J. of Propulsion and Power, 16, pp. 49-56. [23] Heidmann, J. D., Rigby, D. L., and Ameri, A. A., 1999, "A Three-dimensional Coupled Internal/External Simulation of a Film-cooled Turbine Vane, ASME-paper 99-GT-186, Indianapolis, USA. [24] Vogel, D.T., 1998, "Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Specific Vortex Generation on the Mixing Process of Film Cooling Jets", ASME-paper 98-GT-210, Stockholm, Sweden. [25] Haven, B. A., Yamagata, D. K., Kurosaka, M., Yamawaki, S., and Maya, T., 1997, "Anti-kidney Pair of Vortices in Shaped Holes and their Influence on Film Cooling Effectiveness", ASME-paper 97-GT-45, Orlando, USA. [26] Japanese Patent Application No. 332530. [27] Bohn, D., Krger, U., and Kusterer, K., 2001, "Conjugate Heat Transfer: An Advanced Computational Method for the Cooling Design of Modern Gas Turbine Blades and Vanes," Heat Transfer in Gas Turbines, eds. B. Sundn and M. Faghri, pp. 58-108, WIT Press, Southampton, UK. [28] Baldwin B. S., and Lomax, H., 1978, "Thin Layer Approximation and Algebraic Model for Separated Turbulent Flows," AIAA-paper 78-257.

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