SELECTION OF ROOFING AND WALL MATERIAL The type of roof deck, type of purlin used, purlin spacing, deflections

of secondary structural members, roof pitch, and drainage requirements are all determined by the choice of roofing. The roof weight also affects the gravity load design of the roof system and in the case of seismic calculations, the lateral load design. Similar considerations apply to the cladding/wall systems. In selecting the roof cladding / wall system, the designer should consider the following areas: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Cost Interior surface requirement Aesthetic appearance (including colour) Acoustics and dust control Maintenance Ease and speed of erection Insulating properties Fire resistance

STEEL OR ALUMINIUM DECKING / CLADDING The modern built-up roof system consists of three basic components: steel/aluminium deck, thermal insulation, and membrane. The structural deck transmits gravity, wind, and earthquake forces to the roof framing. Thermal insulation is used for reducing heating and cooling costs, increasing thermal comfort, and preventing condensation on interior building surfaces.

GALVANIZED IRON (GI) SHEETS Most common sizes of corrugated GI sheets are as follows: (a) 8 corrugations (75 mm wide and 19 mm deep) per sheet (b) 10 or 11 corrugations (75 mm wide and 19 mm deep) per sheet The available sizes of sheets are as follows: (a) Length 1.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.8, and 3 m (b) Width 0.75 m and 0.9 m (c) Thickness 0.63, 0.8, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.6 mm

The weights of the sheets vary from 50-156 N/m2 (see Table 3.3). When the sheets are installed, side laps and end laps should be provided to make the joint water proof. The following overlaps are normally used: (a) For roof: Side overlap 1 to 2 corrugation (b) For side cladding: Side overlap 1 corrugation End overlap 100 mm

ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS Asbestos cement sheets may be used to cover the roof as an alternative to corrugated steel sheets. These sheets are banned in many countries due to the risk of lung cancer caused by inhaling the fibers, while working with these sheets.

SELECTION OF BAY WIDTH A bay is defined as the space between two adjacent bents (see Fig. 1.42). The roof truss along with the columns constitutes a bent. The space between two rows of columns of an industrial building is called an aisle or span. An industrial building may have a single span or multiple spans. Figure 14.6 shows industrial building with single, double, and multiple spans.

STRUCTURAL FRAMING For the purpose of structural analysis and design, industrial buildings are classified as (see Fig. 14.6): Braced frames Unbraced frames

In braced buildings, the trusses rest on columns with hinge type of connections and the stability is provided by bracings in the three mutually perpendicular planes. These bracings are identified as follows:]

a) Bracings in the vertical plane in the end bays in the longitudinal direction [see fig. 14.7 (a)] b) Bracing in the horizontal plane at bottom chord level of the roof truss [see Fig.14.7 (c)] c) Bracing in the plane of upper chords of the roof truss [see Figs14.7 (a) and (b)] d) Bracings in the vertical plane in the end cross sections usually at the gable ends [see Figs14.7 (a) and (c)]

KNEE BRACING OF COLUMNS In the braced frames, the roof truss is directly placed over the columns, which may be an I-section with a bracket or a built-up section. Usually the column is assumed to the fixed at the base and hinged at the top [see Fig. 14.8 (a)]. This will result in heavy bending moments (due to lateral loads) in the columns and hence are adopted when the lateral loads are small and large foundations can be provided.

UNBRACED FRAMES Unbraced frames in the form of portal frames is the most common form of construction for industrial buildings, distinguished by its simplicity, clean lines, and economy. The frames can provide large column free areas, offering maximum adaptability of the space inside the building. Such large span buildings require less foundation, and eliminate internal columns, valley gutters, and internal drainage. Portal frame buildings offer many advantages such as more effective use of steel than in simple beams, easy extension at any time in the future, and ability to support heavy concentrated loads. The disadvantages include relatively high material unit cost and susceptibility to differential settlement and temperature stresses. In addition, these frames produce horizontal reaction on the foundation, which may be resisted by providing a long tie beam or by designing the foundation for this horizontal reaction.