krusta

Generally coherent accumulation of materials on the surface. A crust may include exogenic deposits in combination with materials derived from the stone. A crust is frequently dark coloured (black crust) but light colours can also be found. Crusts may have an homogeneous thickness, and thus replicate the stone surface, or have irregular thickness and disturb the reading of the stone surface details. Relationship with the substrate : A crust may be weakly or strongly bonded to the substrate. Often, crusts detached from the substrate include stone material. Sub-type(s) : Black crust : Kind of crust developing generally on areas protected against direct rainfall or water runoff in urban environment. Black crusts usually adhere firmly to the substrate. They are composed mainly of particles from the atmosphere, trapped into a gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). matrix. - Salt crust : Crust composed of soluble salts, which develop in the presence of high salt levels, and form from wetting and drying cycles. Not to be confused with : - Encrustation, witch is also a coherent layer, but is always adherent to the subsrate. The term encrustation is preferred to crust when the accumulation clearly results from water infiltration followed by precipitation. - Alga : Algae often have a dark colour during the dry season and may be confused with black crusts. Oppositely to black crusts, algae do not adhere to the substrate, and are usally located, in outdoors situations, in area exposed to direct rain impact, or on water pathways. These two characteristics differenciate algae from black crusts. - Patina : Black iron rich patinas, which develop usually as a thin layer enriched in iron/clay minerals on iron containing sandstones, and are located on all exposed parts of the building/ sculpture, not only on parts sheltered from the rain impact. Definition : Compact, hard, mineral outer layer adhering to the stone. Surface morphology and colour are usually different from those of the stone. Relationship with the substrate : Encrustations generally adhere firmly to the stone surface When an encrustation is removed, adhering stone materials may be taken away with it. Location : Encrustations are generally found below areas of the building where water is percolating or has percolated in the past. Equivalent terms to be found in other glossaries : Incrustation. Sub-type(s) : - Concretion : Kind of encrustation having a specific shape: nodular, botryodal (grape-like) or frambodal (raspberry like). Concretions may even have conic shapes of form drapery-like vertical sheets. Stalagmites and stalactites are kinds of concretions. In general, concretions do not outline, contour the surface of the stone, and are of limited extent. Not to be confused with : - Crust : The term encrustation is used when the feature is clearly due to a precipitation process, following any kind of leaching. If there is no evidence of leaching and precipitation, the term crust will be employed. - Lichen : Some lichens (the so-called crustose ones) can look like encrustations. Lichens are not usually hard. When scratched, one can see blackish or green traces resulting from algae or cyanobacteria hosted by the lichen.

Kora-krusta

Openito koherentna nakupljanje materijala na povrini. Kore moe ukljuiti exogenic depozite u kombinaciji s materijalima izvedenim iz kamena. Kora je esto tamne boje (crna kora), ali svijetle boje se takoer mogu nai. Kora mogu imati homogen debljine, a time i odgovor kamena povrine, ili su nepravilno debljine i ometaju itanje detalja kamene povrine. Odnos s podloge: Kore moe biti slabo ili jako vezan za podlogu. esto, kora odvojen od podloge ukljuuju kamenog materijala. Sub-tipa (i): Crna koru: Vrsta kore razvijaju uglavnom na podruja zatiena od izravnog kia ili otjecanje vode u urbanim sredinama. Crna kora se obino dre vrsto na podlogu. Oni se sastoje uglavnom od estica iz atmosfere, zarobljeni u gips (CaSO4.2H2O). matrice. - Sol kore: kora se sastoji od topljivih soli, koji se razvijaju u prisutnosti visoke razine soli, i obrazac iz vlaenje i suenje ciklusa. Ne smije se rkati mijeati s: - Encrustation, koji je koherentan sloj, ali je uvijek prijanja na subsrate. Pojam encrustation preferira se kore kada akumulacija jasno proizlazi iz dubinske vode nakon taloenja. - Alga: Alge su esto tamne boje tijekom suhe sezone i moe se pomijeati s crnom kora. Oppositely do crne kore, alge ne pridravaju podloge, i obino se nalazi u otvorenom situacijama, u podruju izloeni izravnom utjecaju kie ili na vodi putove. Ove dvije karakteristike differenciate alge iz crne kore. - Patina: Crne eljezo bogata patinas, koji se razvijaju obino kao tanki sloj obogaen eljezom / minerala gline na eljezo koje sadre pjeenjaka, a nalaze se na svim izloenim dijelovima zgrade / skulpture, ne samo na dijelove zaklonjena od kie utjecaja. INKRUSTACIJA_ENKRUSTACIJA Definicija: Kompaktan, tvrdi, mineralna vanjski sloj drei kamen. Povrine morfologije i boje su obino razliite od onih kamena. Odnos s podloge: Nakupina uglavnom pridravaju vrsto kamena povrine Kada encrustation je uklonjena, drei kameni materijali se mogu uzeti i dalje s njom. Mjesto: Nakupina uglavnom nalaze ispod povrine zgrade gdje je voda percolating ili ima percolated u prolosti. Jednakim uvjetima mogu se nai u drugim pojmovnici: Inkrustacija. Sub-tipa (i): - Sraivanje: Vrsta encrustation imaju odreeni oblik: nodularni, botryodal (groa kao to je) ili frambodal (malina sl.). Konkrecije ak i svibanj imati stoasti oblik obrasca draperija poput okomite ploe. Stalagmita i stalaktita su vrste konkrecije. Openito, konkrecije ne konture, kontura povrini kamena, te su ograniene mjere. Ne smije se mijeati s: - Kora: Pojam encrustation se koristi kada je znaajka jasno zbog oborina proces, nakon bilo koje vrste ispiranja. Ako nema dokaza o ispiranja i oborine, izraz kore e biti zaposleni. - Lichen: Neki liajevima (tzv. one crustose) mogu izgledati kao nakupina. Liajevi nisu

obino teko. Kada je izgreben, moe se vidjeti crnkasta ili zelene tragove koji proizlaze iz algi ili cijanobakterije domain liaja.