LOCAL LITERATURE Literature Review Performance of a student depends upon many factors.

Nevertheless, three factors, family, teacher, and personal profile of students are most likely critical (Diaz, 2003). Significance of factors may vary depending upon the context, culture, level of education etc. Family interaction and Socio Economic Status (SES) of family can play an important role in the performance of students. The parents and teachers approach are important factors that influence students in their school performance. For instance, the way parents take care of their children and the way teachers deal with the students have an influence on the students behavior in school. The way parents relate with their child and teachers handle their students also help explain a students academic performance in school. Marchesi and Martin as cited by Diaz have elaborated the role of aptitude of the students. They say that "that the pupils socio cultural level and his previous aptitudes indirectly influence the results of learning since they delimit the classroom procedures" Aptitude is a broad term; it covers skill, talent, ability etc and these factors are major contributors in the performance of a student Ergul (2004) has discussed the role of self-motivation, level of discipline, learning style of students in the distance-learning program. Ergul concludes that motivation of a student plays a leading role in the whole learning process. Motivation is a broad term, which explains the inspiration, persuasion, inducement, impulse, incitement etc. Ergul also emphasizes that self- efficacy is also a major contributing factor. The possible explanation of all above discussion is that SES and interaction of family, ability/skill of teacher, and the profile of a student are key factors in the whole learning process. This list is not exhaustive in nature. Might be there are many more factors which are missing here have a significant correlation with the performance of students. A content analysis of 10 interviews of students revealed that themes revolved around the family are still considered central to their lives. However, further inspection showed that the nuclear family has failed in its role of socializing its young and has neglected to help resolve problems related to the self (Fernando, 1997). The absence, the weakening or breakdown of the nuclear family structure is a major contributory source of students problems. The common traits associated with father-absent adolescents are self-centeredness, a strong need for freedom and independence, desire for material wealth, jealousy and insecurity and susceptibility to influence (Sanchez, 1986). Furthermore, the study of Barrameda (1980) indicates that one-parent adolescents had more problems in school,

at home and with the family and ones self. The study showed that there are problems and coping strategies that are particular to one-parent adolescents as compared to twoparent adolescents. Todays youth claimed to enjoy school a lot but when seen against their performance and grades, studying had very little to do with why they enjoyed it . Over two-thirds said they were average performers with passing grades as the objective. They hardly showed any desire to do better, demonstrating little value for excellence. This lack of application was highlighted by the finding that less than half completed assignments most of the time. Only one-third completed assignments all the time. This kind of work ethic should be cause for grave concern. Females performed better in school, studied longer and applied words with actions more than males despite the fact tat they had more responsibilities at home. It must be noted that the school can be an effective agent of change or advocate of tradition through its curricular emphasis. The media has truly become a surrogate parent to the youth providing programs to watch music to listen to, favorite pop idols and reading materials. It has been the youths touchstone and source of authority regarding what is right and wrong and what is important, according to a study by Ogena (2001) that compared young peoples shifting lifestyles in the 1970s to the 1990s. Despite the shift away from home-based leisure activities, compared to data from a 1987 study, teenagers continue to take in over 30 hours of broadcast media weekly securing its position of dominance and influence. In 1989, slightly more than 77 percent of the youth spent at least three hours daily watching local entertainment and local information programs on TV (Ogena, 2001). Among students of the University of the Philippines, Lanuza (2000) found openness to the influence of Western culture via the mass media and new information technologies. The media, of all the agents of socialization discussed as far, has the most pervasive influence on the youth. It is through mass that most respondents have gotten their sexual information and have experienced sexual activities such as phone sex and cybersex. It has also been able to penetrate the homes through the VHS, VCD and the Internet. In the absence of a socially integrated stable natural family, the adolescent can find his or her self-anchor through membership and participation in a formal group that appears to provide room for personal growth and a means for offsetting the adverse effects of

family problems (Fernando, 1997). Membership in these formal groups also prepares the youth for autonomy and self-independence, qualities expected from members of the adult world (Lanuza, 2000). The peer group reproduces the dominant, adult culture by providing anticipatory socialization to students to learn the values of loyalty, trust, commitment, camaraderie, cooperation and the drive for excellence. This, of course, is not to downplay the negative results that might ensue from peer association. Bad habits such as smoking, taking prohibited drugs, drinking alcoholic beverages and sex-related experiences are learned mostly from the peer group (Lanuza, 2000). Socio-economic status (SES) was also an important contributing factor to the students view of several family life. The financial capacity of a family has a great influence on their happiness and well-being as members. The less the economic problems were besetting a family, the more positive is the members outlook on life and a closer and more harmonious relationship exists among them. Adolescents with high SES had more positive descriptions of their families. In a study done on college students, courtship was defined as: 1) a part of the process in forming a romantic relationship; 2) a way for two people to get to know each other well; 3) a way to express/show affection for a person; and 4) a form of deception. Courtship may lead to a relationship but not necessarily to a marriage (Billedo, et al, 1997). Physical intimacies (such as holding hands, hugging and kissing) happen towards the latter part of to after the courtship, once the couple has formally committed themselves to a relationship. Among the three forms of substance use, drinking seems to be the most socially acceptable, with more than half of the youth having tried it (Domingo and Marquez, 1999). Males are more predisposed to smoking than females, and there are more males than females who smoke, the least common among the three forms is drug use. In 1994, only 1.5 percent among the youth used drugs. Males and females differ in terms of pattern of initiation to these activities: males are likely to try smoking first, followed by drinking alcoholic beverages and then try taking drugs. Females, on the other hand, would try using first then smoking and lastly, alcoholic beverages. It is important to mention that parents serve as models for these practices. Adolescents whose parents smoke and drink are more inclined to do the same (Domingo, 1995).