TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 : Motivation: Introduction and Historical Foundations Motivation Defined Relation of Motivation to Learning and Performance

Motivation Theory and Research Theory and the Study of Motivation Motivation Research Paradigms Assessing Motivation Indexes of Motivation Methods of Assessment Historical Theories of Motivation Volition/Will Instincts Freud's Theory Behavioral Theories Drive Theories Purposive Behaviorism Arousal Theories Cognitive Consistency Functional Autonomy of Motives Humanistic Theories Contemporary Perspectives on Motivation Summary Further Reading Applications Applied Research Tables Figure Chapter 2 : Expectancy-Value Theories of Motivation Historical Perspectives on Expectancy-Value Theories Lewin's Level of Aspiration Atkinson's Achievement Motivation Current Expectancy-Value Theory Theoretical Framework The Role of Expectancies and Self-Perceptions of Ability The Role of Task Value Beliefs Developmental Differences in Expectancies and Values Level and Accuracy of Self-Perceptions of Competence Developmental Changes in Values Group Differences in Expectancies and Values Gender Differences in Expectancies Ethnic Differences in Expectancies Gender and Ethnic Differences in Task Values Summary Further Reading Applications Applied Research Tables Figures Chapter 3 : Attribution Theory Overview of the Attributional Model The Antecedents of Attributions

The Role of Environmental Factors The Role of Personal Factors The Consequences of Attributions Conditions that Foster Spontaneous Attributional Search The Content of Attributional Thinking The Motivational Dimensions of Attributions Linkage of Dimensions of Attributions to Expectancy Beliefs Linkage of Dimensions of Attributions to Emotions The Role of Responsibility Judgments Developmental and Group Differences in Attributions Developmental Differences Gender and Ethnic Differences Attribution Retraining Summary Further Reading Applications Applied Research Tables Figures Chapter 4 : Social Cognitive Theory Historical Influences Theories of Imitation Social Learning Theory Theoretical Framework Reciprocal Interactions Learning and Motivation Enactive and Vicarious Learning Modeling Processes Functions of Modeling Characteristics of Effective Models Functions of Modeled Consequences Reciprocal Teaching Motivational Processes Self-Efficacy Goals Motivated Learning Social Comparison Festinger's Theory Development of Social Comparison Motivation and Achievement Self-Regulation and Volition Self-Regulation Volition Social Motivation Group Motivation Collective Efficacy Conformity and Compliance Applications Motor Skills Career Choices Health and Wellness Summary

Further Reading Applications Applied Research Tables Figures Chapter 5 : Goals and Goal Orientations Historical Perspectives on Needs and Goals Murray's Taxonomy of Needs Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Critique Current Cognitive Perspectives on Goals Social Cognitive Theory Motivational Systems Theory Goal Content Social Goals Goal Processes Goal Orientation Theories Conceptual Overview Mastery and Performance Goals Relations with Motivational and Cognitive Outcomes Personal and Contextual Predictors of Goals Summary Further Reading Applications Applied Research Tables Chapter 6 : Interest and Affect Historical Foundations of Interest and Affect Personal and Situational Interest Three Perspectives on Interest Measures of Interest and Research Findings Developmental and Individual Differences in Interest Self-Worth Theory Overview Conceptual Model Emotions and Educational Outcomes Taxonomy of Emotions Effects of Emotions on Learning and Motivation Emotions and Goals Test Anxiety Defining Text Anxiety Effects on Learning and Performance Interventions Summary Further Reading Applications Applied Research Tables Figures Chapter 7 : Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Characteristics of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Early Views of Intrinsic Motivation

Effectance Motivation Arousal and Incongruity Mastery Motivation Harter?s Theory Research Evidence Perceived Control Locus of Control Personal Causation Self-Determination Theory Assumptions Motivational Processes Research on Self-Determination Development of Self-Determination Emergent Motivation and Flow Flow Research on Flow Rewards and Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation Experimental Findings Overjustification Controlling and Informational Aspects of Rewards Developing Intrinsic Motivation Summary Further Reading Applications Applied Research Table Figures Chapter 8 : Sociocultural Influences Peers and Student Motivation Theoretical Background Goals and Achievement Motivation Peer Networks School Adjustment School Dropout Familial Influences and Socio-Economic Status Socio-Economic Status Home Environment Parenting Styles and Parent-Child Interactions Parental Involvement in Schooling Early Intervention Programs Head Start Other Intervention Programs Community Involvement Types of Involvement School Development Program Effects on Student Motivation Cultures and Motivation Summary Further Reading Applications Applied Research Tables

Chapter 9 : Teacher Influences Instructional Practices Planning and Decision Making Instructional Grouping Effective Teaching Use of Models Teacher-Student Relations Teacher Feedback Rewards Classroom Climate Praise and Criticism Unsolicited Help Teacher Expectations The Pygmalion Study Models of teacher Expectation Effects Differential Teacher Behaviors Critique Teacher Self-Efficacy Causes and Consequences Collective Self-Efficacy Constructivist Teaching Summary Further Reading Applications Applied Research Tables Chapter 10 : Classroom and School Influences Classroom Organization and Management Classroom Organization Classroom Management School Culture and Organization Norms, Values, and Shared Beliefs Climate Task and Work Structures Authority and Management Structures Recognition and Reward Structures Grouping Practices Evaluation Practices Time Use External Constraints and Opportunities Type of Students School Size Parental and Community Involvement District- and State-Level Constraints and Opportunities Transitions in Schooling Transition into Elementary School Transition into Middle School Transition into High School School Reform and Motivation Summary Further Reading Applications

Applied Research Tables Figure