WIRELESS DATA MODEMS

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

EC2404 ELECTRONICS SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

SUBMITTED BY, R.MONIKA, 31708106074 M.ATHITHYA, 31708106079 C.MENAGA, 31708106068 NAZAREINE, 31708106083

ABSTRACT
A wireless modem is a type of modulator-demodulator which connects to a wireless network instead of using telephone of cable television lines. A mobile Internet user can connect using a wireless modem to a wireless Internet Service Provider (ISP) to get Internet access. Mobile phones, smartphones, and PDAs can be employed as data modems to form a wireless access point connecting a personal computer to the Internet (or some proprietary network). Here we made an attempt to construct a simple wireless data modem using NE555 and NE565. Modulator is constructed using NE555. Using a IR led transmission of signals are being performed. Using NE565 demodulator is constructed.

CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 TITLE Wireless data modems- an introduction 1.1An example wireless data modems used in desktops 1.2Applications 2 Fsk modulation using NE555 2.1NE555 pin diagram 2.1.1specifications 2.1.2Fsk modulation 2.1.3Fsk modulated waveforms 2.2Filters 2.3IR LED 2.3.1pin diagram 2.4Fsk demodulation using NE565 2.4.1NE565 pin diagram 2.4.2specifications 2.4.3block diagram of NE565 2.4.4description 2.4.5demodulation 2.5Pin diagram of other ICs 2.5.1IC7404 2.5.2IC741 3 Conclusion , Reference 17 17 18 13 14 15 15 16 12 7 7 8 9 10-11 6 5 PAGE NO

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO NO 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 NAME An Example wireless data modems used in desktops NE555 pin diagram Fsk modulation using ne555 Fsk modulated waveforms Filter circuits IR led IR led pin diagram NE565 pin diagram 565 block diagram Fsk demodulator IC 7404 IC741 PAGE

CHAPTER-1 WIRELESS DATA MODEMS - AN INTRODUCTION

A wireless modem is a type of modulator-demodulator which connects to a wireless network instead of using telephone of cable television lines. A mobile Internet user can connect using a wireless modem to a wireless Internet Service Provider (ISP) to get Internet access. Mobile phones, smartphones, and PDAs can be employed as data modems to form a wireless access point connecting a personal computer to the Internet (or some proprietary network). In this use the mobile phone is providing a gateway between the cellular service provider's data network technology and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) spoken by PCs. Almost all current mobile phone models support the Hayes command set, a standard method of controlling modems. To the PC, the phone appears like an external modem when connected via serial cable, USB, IrDA infrared

or Bluetooth wireless. Some cellular providers forbid this kind of usage, or charge an extra fee. Wireless FireWire, USB and Serial modems are also used in the WiFi and WiMAX standards, operating at microwave frequencies, to give a

laptop, PDA or desktop computer an access point to a network. The modems may be as large as a regular cable modem to as small as a dongle or USB-stick. If combined with Voice over IP (VoIP) technology, these computing devices can make and receive telephone calls. PCMCIA, ExpressCard and Compact Flash modems are also used. These cardmodems can also have GPS included.

1.1 AN EXAMPLE WIRELESS DATA MODEM USED IN DESKTOPS:

Fig1.1 an eg wireless data modem 1.2APPLICATIONS: Smart phones PDAs Mobile phones Used in wi-max and wi-fi standards PCMCIA ExpressCard Compact Flash

CHAPTER 2
2.1FSK MODULATION USING NE555: 2.1.1NE555 PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig 2.1 NE555 pin diagram

The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows:

Pin Name Purpose 1 2 3 4 5 6 GND TRIG OUT Ground, low level (0 V) OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below 1/3 VCC. This output is driven to +VCC or GND.

RESET A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input to GND. CTRL "Control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC). THR The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL.

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DIS

Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor between intervals.

V+, VCC Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15 V.

2.1.2SPECIFICATIONS:
These specifications apply to the NE555. Other 555 timers can have different specifications depending on the grade (military, medical, etc). Supply voltage (VCC) Supply current (VCC = +15 V) Output current (maximum) Maximum Power dissipation 4.5 to 15 V 10 to 15 mA 200 mA 600 mW

Power Consumption (minimum operating) 30 mW@5V, 225 mW@15V

2.1.3FSK MODULATION USING NE555:

Fig 2.2 circuit diagram for modulation

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A digital-to-analog modulation technique. Data is transmitted by shifting between two close frequencies with ones represented by one frequency and zeroes by the other. Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals. The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analog waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. A modem converts the binary data from a computer to FSK for transmission over telephone lines, cables, optical fiber, or wireless media. The modem also converts incoming FSK signals to digital low and high states, which the computer can understand. Whenever the message or information signal rides over the carrier it is called modulation. In electrical sense the operation of riding over the amplitude of carriermeans to alter the amplitude of carrier. This is called amplitude modulation of the carrier. Thus the message signal becomes the modulating signal and it is transmitted by variations in the amplitude of the carrier. The transmission media suffers three major problems A. Attenuation B. Distortion C. noise Due to these inherent problems, it is very difficult to have wide range of frequency in the signals that are transmitted. Therefore to transmit data over wireless medium, it is necessary to use a modulator which restore the number of frequency in the transmitted signal by employing digital modulation techniques like ASK, FSK or PSK. Also Binary PSK with non-coherent detection can also be employed. A modem is a device that takes the digital electrical pulses from a terminal or computer and converts them into continuous analog signal that is used for transmission. The binary FSK technique is employed for modulating the digital signals. IC 555 timer and transistor acting as
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switch, when the device acts as transformer. PLL IC 565 can be used for demodulator. It consists of phase detection LPF amplifier.

2.1.4FSK MODULATED WAVE FORMS:

The wave forms produced due to modulation is as shown in the figure a) Binary data b) Modulated signal c) Frequency characteristic signal

2.2FILTERS:
Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. Electronic filters can be:

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passive or active analog or digital high-pass, low-pass, bandpass, band-reject (band reject; notch), or all-pass. discrete-time (sampled) or continuous-time linear or non-linear infinite impulse response (IIR type) or finite impulse response (FIR type)

The most common types of electronic filters are linear filters, regardless of other aspects of their design. See the article on linear filters for details on their design and analysis.

Fig 2.4 filter circuits

Passive implementations of linear filters are based on combinations of resistors (R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C). These types are collectively known as passive filters, because they do not depend upon an external power supply and/or they do not contain active components such as transistors. Inductors block high-frequency signals and conduct low-frequency signals, while capacitors do the reverse. A filter in which the signal passes through an inductor, or in which a capacitor provides a path to ground, presents less attenuation to low-frequency signals than high-frequency signals and is a low-pass filter. If the signal passes through a capacitor, or has a path to ground through an inductor, then the filter presents less attenuation to high-frequency signals than low-frequency
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signals and is a high-pass filter. Resistors on their own have no frequency-selective properties, but are added to inductors and capacitors to determine the time-constants of the circuit, and therefore the frequencies to which it responds.

The inductors and capacitors are the reactive elements of the filter. The number of elements determines the order of the filter. In this context, an LC tuned circuit being used in a band-pass or band-stop filter is considered a single element even though it consists of two components.

At high frequencies (above about 100 megahertz), sometimes the inductors consist of single loops or strips of sheet metal, and the capacitors consist of adjacent strips of metal. These inductive or capacitive pieces of metal are called stubs

2.3IR LED:

Fig 2.5 IR LED

An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength. Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminium gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, are commonly used as sensors. The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not, unlike a common LED. To overcome
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this problem, the camera on a cellphone can be used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit. 2.3.1Pin Diagram:

Fig 2.6 pin diagram 2.4FSK DEMODULATION USING NE565: 2.4.1NE 565 PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig 2.7 NE565 pin diagram

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2.4.2SPECIFICATIONS:
1.Operating frequency range : 0.001 Hz to 500 kHz. 2.Operating voltage range : 6 to 12 V. 3.Input impedance : 10 k Q typically. 4.Output sink current :1mA typically. 5.Output source current : 10 m A typically. 6.Drift in VCO centre frequency with temperature : 300 ppm/ C typically. 7.Drift in VCO centre frequency with supply voltage : 1.5 %/V maximum. 8.Input level required for tracking : 10 mVrms minimum to 3 V peak-to-peak maximum. 9.Bandwidth adjustment range : < 1 to > 60 %.

2.4.3BLOCK DIAGRAM OF NE565:

Fig 2.8 block diagram of NE565

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2.4.4DESCRIPTION:
The NE/SE565 Phase Locked Loop(PLL) is a self-contained, adaptable filter and demodulator for the frequency range from 0.001Hz to 500kHz. The circuit comprises of a voltage controlled oscillator of exceptional stability and linearity, a phase comparator, an amplifier and a low pass filter as shown in block diagram. The center frequency of the PLL is determined by the free Running frequency of VCO. This frequency can be adjusted externally with a resistor or capacitr. The LPF which determines the capture characteristics of the loop is formed by internal resistor and an external capacitor.

2.4.5FSK DEMODULATION USIN PLL 565:

Fig 2.9 an fsk demodulator

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A very useful application of the 565 PLL is as a FSK demodulator. In the 565 PLL the frequency shift is usually accomplished by driving a VCO with the binary data signal so that the two resulting frequencies correspond to the logic 0 and logic 1 states of the binary data signal. The frequencies corresponding to logic 1 and logic 0 states are commonly called the mark and space frequencies. Several standards are used to set the mark and space frequencies. An FSK signal demodulator can be built as illustrated in figure. The demodulator receives a signal at one of the two distinct carrier frequencies, 1,270 Hz or 1,070 Hz representing the RS-232 C logic levels of mark (- 5 V) or space (+ 14 V), respectively. Capacitance coupling is used at the input to remove a dc level. As the signal appears at the input of 565 PLL, the PLL locks to the input frequency and tracks it between the two possible frequencies with a corresponding dc shift at the output. Resistor R1 and capacitor C1 determine the free-running frequency of the VCO. Capacitor C2 is a loop filter capacitor that establishes the dynamic characteristics of the demodulator. Capacitor C2 is chosen smaller than usual one to eliminate overshoot on the output pulse. A threestage RC ladder filter is employed for removing the sum frequency component from the output. The VCO frequency is adjusted with R1 so that the dc voltage level at the output (pin 7) is the same as that at pin 6. An input at frequency 1,070 Hz drives the demodulator output voltage to a more positive voltage level, driving the digital output to the high level (space or + 14 V). An input at 1,270 Hz correspondingly drives the 565 dc output less positive with the digital output, which then drops to the low level (mark or 5 V).

2.5PIN DIAGRAMS OF OTHER ICS USED IN MODULATION AND DEMODULATION:

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2.5.1IC 7404:

Fig 2.10 Ic 7404 2.5.2IC 741:

Fig 2.11 IC741

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CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION:
FSK signals take many different forms depending on their intended application. With the increasing sophistication of electronics and signal detection theory, it is clear that FSK demodulators, are required to optimally demodulate the many different signal formats. A modem is a device that takes the digital electrical pulses from a terminal or computer and converts them into continuous analog signal that is used for transmission. The binary FSK technique is employed for modulating the digital signals. IC 555 timer and transistor acting as switch, when the device acts as transformer. PLL IC 565 can be used for demodulator. It consists of phase detection LPF amplifier.

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