Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Modern Language Association (MLA) Style is commonly used for academic writing in a wide range of subjects and disciplines, particularly in the arts and humanities. These guidelines are based on the 7th edition of the handbook, 2009. In general:
Most citations include 4 key elements: (1) author's name, (2) title or source, (3) publication information, and (4) format of publication. Italicize titles of larger works, such as books or magazines; use quotation marks for titles within larger works (book chapter, article title, poem). Follow elements with a period and one space. Citations are double-spaced throughout with a hanging indent. Order the Works Cited list alphabetically by the first element in the citation, usually the author. Consult the MLA Handbook (available at the reference desk) or the writing guide at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ for more examples. Try NoodleBib, an online citation composer tool provided by your library (good for creating and organizing Works Cited lists). This guide includes citation examples for:
Print Sources: Books (p1), Encyclopedias (p2), Articles (p3) | Online Sources: Web sites & Databases (p4) Audiovisual and Other Non-Print Sources (p5) | In-Text Notes (p5) | Formatting (p6)
PRINT SOURCES
2B
Fishman, Steven. The Copyright Handbook: What Every Writer Needs to Know. 10th ed.
Hanging indent, inch
Books
By a single author
Obama, Barack. The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown, 2006. Print.
Two authors
Newman, Janet, and John Clarke. Publics, Politics, and Power: Remaking the Public in Public Services. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2009. Print.
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Books, cont.
Three authors
Huber, Mark W., Craig A. Piercy, and Patrick K. McKeown. Information Systems: Creating Business Value. Hoboken: Wiley, 2008. Print.
Badger, Giles, et al. Wild China: Natural Wonders of the Worlds Most Enigmatic Land. New Haven: Yale UP, 2008. Print.
Unknown author
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 ed. New York: Mod. Lang. Assn., 2009. Print.
th
Kearns, Laurel, and Catherine Keller, eds. Ecospirit: Religions and Philosophies for the Earth. New York: Fordham UP, 2007. Print.
Sweeney, John J., The New Internationalism. Global Backlash: Citizen Initiatives in a Just World Economy. Ed. Robin Broad. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. 47-50. Print.
Encyclopedias
4B
A simplified citation is commonly used for well-known general encyclopedias. Include publication information for subject encyclopedias. Include volume or page number(s) only if the articles are not in alphabetical order.
General encyclopedia article Subject encyclopedia article
Marquis, Robert E. Influenza. The World Book Encyclopedia. 2005 ed. Print. Lerner, Joel. "Personal Financial Planning." Encyclopedia of Business and Finance. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007. Print.
Patterson, Rob. Punk Rock: The Art of Noise. Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History. Vol. 4. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006. 131-56. Print. 4 vols. Sherrin, Ned, ed. Oxford Dictionary of Humorous Quotations. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.
Cheng, Linsun, and Kerry Brown, eds. Berkshire Encyclopedia of China. 5 vols. Great Barrington: Berkshire, 2009. Print.
5B(
Articles
Journal article
White, Rebecca M.B., et al. Cultural and Contextual Influences on Parenting in Mexican American Families. Journal of Marriage and Family 71.1 (2009): 61-79. Print.
Fox, Justin. Whats a Banker Worth? Time 9 Nov. 2009: 33. Print.
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Articles, cont.
Article in a monthly publication Newspaper article
Levy, Stephen. "Whos Running Twitter?" Wired Nov. 2009: 146-51. Print. Pryne, Eric. Why Investment Giant Jilted Tacoma for Seattle. Seattle Times 10 Sept. 2009: A1+. Print.
Editorial
Winfrey, Carey. "A Final Verdict on the Presidential Salute. Editorial. New York Times 1 Nov. 2009: WK10. Print.
Pols, Mary. Let the Wild Rumpus Start! Rev. of Where the Wild Things Are, dir. Spike Jonze. Time 26 Oct. 2009: 57-8. Print.
ONLINE SOURCES
Anatomy of an Online Periodical Article Citation
Standard elements for a periodical article are: authors name, article title, periodical name, issue date, and page number(s). For magazine and newspaper citations, include the complete date of publication. For journal citations, include the volume and issue number and the publication year.
Title of the article in Title of the periodical, double quotes italicized or underlined Complete date of publication Database name and starting page number Database publisher
Fox, Justin. Kill the 401(k)? Time 15 Dec. 2008: 44+. Proquest Research Library. ProQuest.
Hanging indent, inch
Date of access
Include author (if named); title of the article or page within the web site (in quotes); name of the web site (italics); publisher or sponsor (if unavailable, use N.p.); document date or date of the last revision (if unavailable, use n.d.); the medium (Web); the date you accessed the site. Include the URL only when the reader cannot locate the source without it or when your instructor requires it. Enclose it in angle brackets following the date of access.
Journal article from a research database
Whitson, Jennifer R., and Kevin D. Haggerty." Identity Theft and the Care of the Virtual Self." Economy & Society 37.4 (2008): 572-94. SocINDEX with Full Text. Ebsco. Web. 11 Nov. 2009.
Magazine article from publishers web site Newspaper article from publishers web site
Harding, Kate. Sure, Its Violent, But Can You Dance To It? Salon. Salon Media Group, 25 Nov. 2009. Web. 30 Nov. 2009. Bernton, Hal, and Justin Mayo. Logging and Landslides: What Went Wrong? Seattle Times. Seattle Times, 13 July 2008. Web. 15 Nov. 2009.
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A More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans & the U.S. Constitution. Smithsonian National Museum of American History, 1990-2001. Web. 16 Aug. 2009.
Page or article within a web site, no publisher or sponsor, no date Video Audio Interview
Pasold, Lisa. "Paris Architecture Explained." Paris Notes. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 June 2009. XPLANE, et al. Did You Know 4.0. YouTube. 14 Sept. 2009. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. McLaughlin, Margaret. Rescuing Katrinas Four-Legged Victims. Interview with Terry Gross. Fresh Air. Natl. Public Radio. KPLU, Tacoma. 14 Sept. 2005. Web. 2 Sept. 2009.
Encyclopedia
Language. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Academic Edition. Encyclopdia Britannica, 2009. Web. 6 June 2009.
Audi, Robert. Moral Value and Human Diversity. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. NetLibrary. Web. 30 Sept. 2009.
De Maupassant, Guy. The Necklace. The Short Story. Ed. Brander Matthews. New York: American Book Co., 1907. Bartleby.com: Great Books Online. Web. 29 July 2009.
Joyner, James. Affordable Organic Food Is Not Sustainable. Current Controversies: Food. Ed. Jan Grover. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Web. 6 July 2009.
Blog post
Owens, Simon. What Newspaper Cartoonists Can Learn from Web Comics. MediaShift. PBS, 30 Sept. 2009. Web. 11 Nov. 2009.
Belinoff, Deanne. Deanne Belinoff: visual artist. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2009. United States. Dept of Justice. Dept. of Community Oriented Policing Services. Community Policing: Looking to Tomorrow. By Drew Diamond and Deirdre Mead Weiss. 2009. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Web. 17 Nov. 2009.
Art work
Kahlo, Frida. Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair. 1940. Museum of Mod. Art, New York. Web. 28 Apr. 2009.
Map
Afghanistan-Pakistan Administrative Divisions. Map. Perry Castenada Library Map Collection. Univ. of Texas, 2008. Web. 10 Nov. 2009.
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What the Bleep Do We (K)now!? Dir. Morgan Spurlock. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2004. DVD.
Television program
The Medicated Child. Prod. Marcela Gaviria. Frontline. PBS. KCTS, Seattle. 8 Jan. 2008. Television.
Jackson, Michael. Beat It. Thriller. Epic, 2001. CD. Gates, Bill. Personal Interview. 17 Oct. 2009.
IN-TEXT NOTES
The author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or idea is taken must appear in the text. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase. If there is no author to cite, use an abbreviated version of the work's title as listed in the entry on the Works Cited page. Show page number(s) in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. If there are no page numbers, as is the case with many web sources, no number can be listed in the parenthetical reference.
Wordsworth, William. The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1932.
Paraphrase
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263). Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional ("Wordsworth Is A Loser" 100). With research showing varying results, it is difficult to predict the extent to which the cochlear implant will make a significant difference for deaf children. (Christiansen & Leigh 318). Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).
Quote 1
Quote 2
No author
Two authors
Indirect quote
All examples from: OWL Online Writing Lab <http://owl.english.purdue.edu>. See the MLA Handbook for more examples.
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To turn off automatic underlining for Web addresses 1. 2. 3. 4. Click the Microsoft Office Button Click Proofing. Click AutoCorrect Options, and then click the AutoFormat As You Type tab. Clear the Internet and network paths with hyperlinks check box. , and then click Word Options.
NOTES
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