Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Bijwasan, New Delhi ACADEMIC PLAN FOR I SEMESTER

Class: IST YEAR

SUBJECT: APPLIED PHYSICS -I SUBJECT CODE ETPH-103

Session: 2010-2011
TOTAL TEACHING WEEKS IN SEMESTER 14 WEEKS

TOTAL LECTURE CLASSES AVAILABLE: 28 TOTAL TUTORIAL CLASSES AVAILABLE: 14

TOPICS TO BE COVERED Ist TERM Interference 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Principle of superposition, Interference due to division of wave front and division of amplitude, Youngs double slit experiment Theory of Bi-Prism, Interference from parallel thin films Wedge shaped films, Newtons ring Michelson Interferometer, Diffraction Fresnel diffraction, Diffraction at a straight edge Fraunhoffer diffraction due to single and N-slits Diffraction grating, absent spectra, dispersive power of grating Resolving power of Prism and grating Polarization Production of plane polarized light by different methods, Brewsters law, Malus law Double refraction, Nicol Prism Quarter and half wave plate Specific rotation, Laurents half shade polarimeter 2ND TERM Fibre Optics 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Introduction, Numerical aperture, Straight index and graded index fibre Attenuation and dispersion mechanism in optical fibres (qualitative only) Application of optical fibre, Optical communication Mechanics Central and non-central forces

TOTAL NO. OF LECTURE TUTORIAL

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Inverse square law and Simple harmonic motion

Damped and Un-damped oscillations Forced oscillation Relativity Frame of reference, Michelson-Morley experiment Basic Postulates of special theory of relativity, Lorentz Transformation Mass energy relation

1 1

TOPICS TO BE COVERED

TOTAL NO. OF
LECTURE TUTORIAL

3rd TERM
Optical Instruments 23. 24.

Huygens eye pieces Ramsdens eye piece and electron microscope Laser Principle of Laser, spontaneous and stimulated emission Temporal and spatial Coherence Einstein coefficient He-Ne Laser, Ruby Laser and applications of laser

1 1

25. 26. 27. 28

1 1 1 1

Recommended Books: 1. Optics-Ajoy Ghatak-Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi 2. Optics-Brij Lal & N.Subramanium-S.Chand & Co., New Delhi 3. Fundamental of Optics-Jenkins & White- McGraw Hill, New Delhi 4. Mechanics, Berkeley Physics Course Vol I-C.Kittle- Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi 5. Concepts of Modern Physics-A.Beiser- Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi 6. Engineering Physics-Vol. I-Devraj Singh-Dhanpat Rai & Co., New Delhi 7. Engineering Physics-Kakani & Kakani, CBS Publishers, New Delhi 8. Modern Engineering Physics-A.S.Vasudeva- S.Chand & Co., New Delhi 9. Essentials of Physics-Rakesh Dogra- S.K.Kataria & Sons, New Delhi

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Q. 1)

APPLIED PHYSICS I (ETPH 103) Session: 2008-2009 TUTORIAL 1 A light source emits light of two wavelengths 1= 4300 and =5100 . The source is 2

Q. 2)

Q. 3) Q. 4) Q. 5)

Q. 6)

Q. 7)

Q. 8) Q. 9) Q. 10)

used in a double slit interference experiment. The distance between the source and the screen is 1.5 m and the distance between the slits is 0.025 mm. calculate the separation between the third order bright fringes due to these two wavelengths. The inclined faces of a biprism of refractive index 1.50 make an angle of 2 with the base. A slit illuminated by a monochromatic light is placed at a distance of 10 cm from the biprism. If the distance between two dark fringes observed at a distance of 1 cm from the prism is 0.18 mm, find the wavelength of light used. A beam of parallel rays is incident at an angle of 30 with the normal on a plane parallel film of thickness 4 x 10-5 cm and refractive index 1.50. Show that the refracted light whose wavelength is 7.539 x 10-5 cm will be strengthened by reinforcement. Two pieces of glass are placed together with a piece of paper between two at one edge. Find the angle of seconds of the wedge shaped air film between the plates, if on viewing the film normally with monochromatic blue light of wavelength, = 5800 , there are 18 bands per cm. In Newtons ring experiment the diameters of the fourth and twelfth dark ring are respectively 0.420 cm and 0.726 cm. If the radius of curvature of the convex surface forming the air film is 225 cm, what is the wavelength of the radiation? What is the radius of the fourth ring at this wavelength if the medium between the convex lens and glass plate is water of refractive index 1.33? In a Newtons ring experiment, find the radius of curvature of the lens surface in contact with the glass plate when with a light of wavelength 5890 x 108 cm, the diameter of the third dark ring is 3.2 mm. The light is falling at such an angle that it passes through the air film at an angle of zero degree to the normal. Light containing two wavelengths 1 and 2 falls normally on a plano-convex lens of radius of curvature R resting on a glass plate. If the nth dark ring due to 1, coincides with the (n 12 R 1 2 +1)th the dark ring due to 2 , prove that the radius of the nth dark ring of 1 is = In a Michelson interferometer 200 fringes covers the field of view when the movable mirror is displaced through 0.0589 mm. Calculate the wavelength of monochromatic light used. A thin plate of refractive index 1.5 displaces 10 fringes when it is introduced in one of the arms of the Michelson interferometer calculate the thickness of the plate. Interference fringes are produced with monochromatic light falling normally on a wedge shaped film of cellophane whose refractive index is 1.4. The angle of the wedge is 40 seconds of an arc and the distance between the successive fringes is 0.125 cm. calculate the wavelength of light.
TUTORIAL 2

Q. 1) Q. 2)

Q. 3)

Q. 4)

The diameter of the central zone of a zone plate is 2.3 mm. If a point source of light ( = 5893 ) is placed at a distance of 6m from it, calculate the position of first image. In Fraunhoffer diffraction due to a narrow slit a screen is placed 2m away from the lens to obtain pattern. If the slit width is 0.2 mm and the first minima lie 5 mm on either side of central maxima, find the wavelength of light. Diffraction pattern of a single slit of width 0.5 cm is formed by a lens of focal length 40 cm. Calculate the distance between the first dark and the next bright fringe from the axis. Wavelength = 4890 . Light of wavelength 6 x 105 cm falls on a screen at a distance of 100 cm from a narrow slit. Find the width of the slit if the first minima lie 1 mm on either side of central maximum.

Calculate the angles at which the first dark band and the next bright band are formed in the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a slit 0.3 mm wide ( = 5890 ) Q. 6) A parallel beam of light of wavelength 5460 is incident at an angle of 30 on a device containing a large no. of parallel slits which has 6000 lines/cm. Find the highest order spectrum that can be observed. Q. 7) Light is incident normally on a grating 0.5 cm. Wide with 2500 lines. Find the angles of diffraction for the principal maxima of the two sodium lines in the first order spectrum 1 = 5890 and = 5896 . are the two lines resolved. Q. 8) Find the half angular width of the central bright maximum in the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a slit of width 104 cm when the slit is illuminated by monochromatic light of wavelength 5000 . Q. 9) The diameter of the first ring of a zone plate is 1 mm. If plane wave ( = 5000 ) fall on the plate, where should the screen be placed so that light is focused on a brightest spot? Q. 10) In Fraunhofers diffraction due to a narrow slit a screen is placed 2 m away from the lens to obtain pattern. If the slit width is 0.2 mm and the first minima lie 5 mm on either side of central maxima, find wavelength of light.
Q. 5) TUTORIAL 3

Calculate the angular separation between the first order minima on either side of central maximum when the slit is 6 x 104 cm width and light 6000 . Q. 2) Light ( = 6 x 105 cm) falls on a screen at a distance of 100 cm from a narrow slit. Find the width of the slit if the first minima lie 1 mm on either side of the central maximum. Q. 3) A diffraction grating used at normal incidence gives a line (5400) in a certain order superposed on the violet line (4050 ) of the next higher order. If the angle of diffraction 30. How many lines per cm are there in the grating? Q. 4) A plane transmission grating having 6000 lines/cm used to obtain a spectrum of light from sodium light in the second order. Find the angular separation between the two sodium lines ( 1 = 5890 , 2 = 5896 ). Q. 5) How many orders will be visible if the wavelength of incident radiation is 5890 and the no. of lines on the grating is 2600 in one inch? Q. 6) A grating of width 2 is ruled width 15,000 lines per inch. Find the smallest wavelength separation that can be resolved in second order at a mean wavelength of 5000 . Q. 7) In double slit Fraunhofer diffraction, calculate the fringe spacing on a screen 50 cm away from the slits if they are illuminated with light (5000 ), slit separation is 0.12 mm and slit width is 0.025 mm. What is the linear distance from the central maximum to the first minimum of the fringe envelope? Q. 8) Deduce the missing order for a double slit Fraunhofer diffraction pattern, if the slit width is 0.16 mm and they are 0.8 mm apart. Q. 9) Calculate the aperture of the objective of a telescope, which may be used to resolve stars separated by 4.90 x 106 radians for light of wavelength 6000 . Q. 10) A plane transmission grating has 4000 line/mm. These rulings are studied with an oil immersion microscope with light of wavelength 4000 . Calculate the numerical aperture of the microscope required to just resolve the rulings.
Q. 1) TUTORIAL 4 Q. 1) Q. 2)

If the plane of vibration of the incident beam makes an angle of 30 with the optic axis, compare the intensities of extraordinary and ordinary light. What will be the state of polarization of the emerging light when a) A beam of circularly polarised light is passed through a quarter wave plate. b) A beam of plane polarised light is passed through a quarter wave plate. c) A beam of elliptically polarised light is passed through quarter wave plate.

A beam of plane polarised light is passed through a quarter wave plate such that the vibrations of the plane polarised light falling on the quarter wave plate makes an angle of 45 with the optic axis. Q. 3) Calculate the thickness of (i) a quarter wave plate and (ii) a half wave plate given that E = 1.553 and 0 = 1.544 and = 5000 . Q. 4) A beam of linearly polarised light is changed into circularly polarised light by passing it through a sliced crystal of thickness 0.03 cm. Calculate the difference in refractive indices of the two rays in the crystal an using their to be of minimum thickness that will produce the effect. The wavelength of light used is 6 x 107 m. Q. 5) Calculate the specific rotation for sugar solution using the following data : Length of the tube = 20 cm Volume of the tube = 120 cm3 Quantity of sugar dissolved = 6 g Angle of rotation of the analyser for reforming equal intensity = 6.6 Q. 6) A 200 mm long tube and containing 48 cm3 of sugar solution produces an optical rotation of 11 when placed in a polarimeter. If the specific rotation of sugar solution is 66, calculate the quantity of sugar contained in the tube in the form of a solution. Q. 7) A transparent plate is given. Using two Nicol prisms how would you find whether the given plate is a quarter wave plate or a half wave plate or a simple glass plate. Q. 8) A glass plate is to be used as a polarizer. Find the angle of polarisation for it. Also find the angle of refraction ( for glass = 1.54). Q. 9) A certain length of 5% solution causes the optical rotation of 200. How much length of 10% solution of the same substance wil cause 350 rotation. Q. 10) At what angle the light should be incident on glass plate ( = 1.5697) to get a plane polarised light by reflection.
TUTORIAL 5 Q. 1)

d)

Q. 2) Q. 3)

Q. 4)

Q. 5)

Q. 6) Q. 7) Q. 8)

Q. 9)

Polymer optical fibre with high purity poly methyl methacrylate core and fluorinated polymer cladding are commercially available with a numerical aperture of 0.50. What is corresponding maximum angle of acceptance? Calculate the Numerical Aperture and hence the acceptance angle for an optical fibre given that of core and cladding are 1.45 and 1.4 respectively. Consider a step index fibre for which 1 = 1.475 and 2 = 1.46 and a = 25 m (a being core diameter) (a) What is the maximum value of ?. Calculate the number of reflection that would take place in traversing a kilometre length of the fibre. A graded index fibre has core diameter of 50 m and numerical aperture of 0.22 at a wavelength of 0.85 m. What is the V number or f-number and the number of modes guided in the core? The core diameter of multimode step index fibre is 60 m. The difference in refractive indices is 0.013. The core refractive index is 1.46. Determine the number of guided modes when operating wavelength is 0.75 m. The numerical aperture for a certain fibre is 0.5612. A ray entering the fibre with an angle of 36 with the fibre axis will be transmitted successfully or not? Why? The acceptance angle for a certain fibre is 29. The refractive index of the curve is 1.42. Determine the refractive index of cladding. A single doped silica fibre has a dispersive power coefficient of 40ps/nm-km at a centre wavelength 1.3 m. The light source has a spectral width 1.5nm. Find the material dispersion if length of fibre is 40km. A certain optical fibre has an attenuation of 3.5dB/km at 850nm. If 0.5mW of optical power is initially launched with optical fibre then calculate the power level after 4 km.

Q. 10)

Compute the material dispersion in a 10km length of fibre from the following data-(RI of Core=1.558 and relative/fractional RI=0.026).
TUTORIAL 6

Find the central forces under which the trajectory of a particle is given as : (i) r = +cos ii) r = e ) ( Where and are constants. Q. 2) A particle follows a spiral orbit given by the r = cunder an unknown force law. Prove that such an orbit is possible in a central field. Also find the form of force law. Q. 3) The motion of a participle under the influence of a central force is described by r = a sin. Find the expression for force. Q. 4) Prove that angular momentum is conserved under application of central force. Q. 5) Consider a satellite is moving in a circular orbit near a planet of mass M and radius R. Show that if is density of planet and T is time period of revolution of satellite, T 2is a universal constant. Q. 6) Starting from the general equation of conic section derive the equation in Cartesian coordinates. Discuss the shape of the curve for e<1.0, = 0. & > 1. Q. 7) Show that the area swept out per unit time (or areal velocity) is constant under a central force motion. Q. 8) What is the shortest period of revolution for a satellite revolving about a planet whose radius is 1.0 103 km and whose surface value of g is 5 m/s 2? Calculate the orbital speed and centripetal acceleration of a satellite 1.0 102 km above the planets surface. Q. 9) A satellite of mass m is moving in a circular orbit of radius r. Calculate its angular momentum with respect to the centre of the orbit in terms of mass of the earth. Q. 10) Halleys Comet goes around sun once every 76 years. At its point of closet approach, its distance from sun is 8.9 x 1010m. Calculate the farthest distance of the comet from the sun. Mass of sun = 2 x 1030 kg.
Q. 1) TUTORIAL 7 Q. 1)

A particle is moving under SHM. When the distance of the particle from the equilibrium position has the values X1 and X2, the corresponding values of velocities are V1 and V2. show that the period is:
T = 2
2 X 2 X1 2 2 V12 V2

Q. 2) Q. 3) Q. 4)

Q. 5) Q. 6) Q. 7) Q. 8) Q. 9)

For a damped harmonic oscillator, the relaxation time is 50s. Find the time in which the amplitude and energy of the oscillator falls to 1/e times its initial value. The quality factor of tuning fork is 104. Calculate the time interval, after which its energy becomes 1/10 of its initial value. The frequency of the fork is 250Hz. An under damped harmonic oscillator has its amplitude reduced to 1/10th of its initial value after 100 oscillations. If its time period be 1.15s then calculate (i) damping constant (ii) relaxation time. A forced harmonic oscillator shows equal amplitude of oscillation at frequencies 1=300rad/s & 2=900 rad/s. Find the resonance frequency at maximum amplitude. Prove that frequency of an oscillator is reduced by 12.5/Q2 % in presence of damping force. If the quality factor in forced vibration is 50 then find the ratio of amplitude and maximum amplitude at p/ 0=0.99. (p: frequency of driving force, 0: natural frequency) A forced harmonic oscillator shows equal amplitude of oscillations at frequencies 300rad/s and 400rad/s. find the resonance frequency maximum amplitude. Using Katers pendulum the value of g from the following: Distance of one knife edge from centre of gravity=23.5 cm 6

Distance of one knife edge from centre of gravity=76.3 cm Time period about first edge=2.002 s Time period about second edge=2.004 s. Q. 10) A harmonic oscillator of quality factor 10 is subjected to a sinusoidal applied force at frequency three and a half times the natural frequency of the oscillator. If the damping is small, obtain (i) the amplitude of the force oscillation in terms of its maximum amplitude (ii) the angle by which it will be out of phase with the driving force.
TUTORIAL 8 Q. 1)

Q. 2)

Q. 3) Q. 4)

A certain star is 20light year away. How much time will be taken by a spaceship travelling with speed 0.95C to reach that star from earth as measured by observer (a) on earth (b) on the spaceship? -mesons with a proper life of 2.2 s formed at the top of the earths atmosphere have a velocity of 0.998c. What is the vertical distance they travel in their mean life time before decaying as observed by a person on the surface of the earth? If the length of a spaceship is measured to be exactly half if its actual length, what is the speed of the spaceship relative to observer. Show that the moment of a particle of rest mass m0 and kinetic energy KE is
K p= 2 E + 2M 0 K E

C2

The rest mass of electron is about 0.5MeV/c2.At what speed its kinetic energy becomes equal to the rest mass energy? What is the corresponding momentum of the electron? Q. 6) Calculate the percentage contraction in length of a rod in a frame of reference moving with a velocity 0.8 c in a direction (a) parallel to its length (b) at an angle 60 within length. Q. 7) The velocity of a particle is 6i + 5j + 4k in a fame of reference S moving with a velocity 0.8 c along the axis of x, relative to a reference frame S at rest. What is the velocity of particle in the latter frame? Q. 8) A spaceship is moving relative to earth. An observer on the earth finds that, according to her clock, 3601 s elapse between 1 pm and 2 pm on the spacecrafts clock. What is the spacecrafts speed relative to the earth? Q. 9) A spacecraft is moving relative to earth. An observer on the earth finds that, between 1 PM and 2 PM according to her clock, 3601 s elapse on spacecrafts clock. What is the speed relative to earth? Q. 10) Spacecraft A is moving at 0.9c with respect to the earth. If spacecraft B is to pass. A at a relative speed of 0.5c in the same direction, what speed must B have respect to the earth.
Q. 5) TUTORIAL 9 Q. 1) Q. 2) Q. 3) Q. 4) Q. 5) Q. 6) Q. 7)

A Ramsdens eye piece is to have an effective focal length of 3 cm. Calculate the focal length of the lens component, and their distance of separation. Two thin convex lenses of focal length 12 cm and 4 cm are kept separated by a distance of 8 cm. Plot the position of the cardinal points for the combination. A convex lens of 25 cm focal length is placed at 15 cm from a convex lens of 15 cm focal length. Locate the cardinal points of the system. The equivalent focal length of Ramsdens eyepiece is 9.0cm. Find the separation between both lenses of eyepiece. In Huygens eyepiece, the focal length of eye lens is 20.0cm. Find focal length and power of eyepiece. Calculate the resolving power of an electron microscope if numerical aperture given on the object = 0.12 and the wavelength of light used =6.010-5 cm. What is the magnetic lens?

Focal length of the more convergent lens of a Huygens eyepiece is 1.5 cm. Calculate the focal legth of the eyepiece and locate on a diagram the positions of its focal points. Q. 9) An electron microscope is used to resolve equally bright point object separated by -5 5.5510 cm. Calculate: (i) the numerical aperture of the objective if light of wavelength 546 m is used, and (ii) an overall magnification of the microscope to take full advantage of the numerical aperture of the objective? Given numerical aperture of eye to be 0.004. Q. 10) Discuss the following : i) Why a Huygens eyepiece is referred to as a theoretically perfect but a negative eye piece? ii) Why cannot a cross-wire be used with a Huygens Eye piece? iii) Whether condition of achromatism and minimum spherical abbreviation is satisfied or not for Ramsdens eye piece. iv) Why is it necessary to use an eyepiece consisting of more than one lens?
Q. 8) TUTORIAL 10 Q. 1)

Q. 2) Q. 3)

An optical filter has a line width of 1.5 nm and mean wavelength 550 nm. With white light incident on the filter. Calculate (i) coherence length (ii) number of wavelengths in the wave train. The ratio of two energy levels out of which upper one corresponds to a metastable state is 1.059 10-30. Find the wavelength of light emitted at 330 K. A quasi-monochromatic source emits radiations of mean wavelength = 5461 and has a band width = 109 Hz. Calculate. (i) Coherence time (ii) Coherence length (iii) Frequency stability
2

Q. 4)

Prove that the expression for coherence length, of a wave in terms of the line width corresponding to a frequency band is given by =
2

The coherence length for sodium light is 2.945 x 102m. The wavelength of sodium light is 5890 . Calculate (i) the number of oscillations corresponding to the coherence length (ii) coherence time. Q. 6) Define the following: i) Optical pumping ii) Population inversion iii) Spontaneous and stimulated emission Q. 7) Calculate the frequency band width for white light (range 4 x 1014 Hz to 7.5 x 1014 Hz) Also find the associated (i) Coherence time (ii) Coherence length Q. 8) Find the ratio of population of the two energy states of the Ruby laser, the transition between which is responsible for the emission of photons of wavelength 6928 . Assume the ambient temperature is 180C. Q. 9) A laser beam has a power of 50mW. It has an aperture of 5mm and it emits light of wavelength 7200 . The beam is focussed with a lens of focal length 10cm. Calculate the area and intensity of image. Q. 10) If we consider the sun as the source, then we have the angle subtended by the sun at the slit, =32 minutes, determine the transverse coherence length, if =5x10-4cm.
Q. 5)

List of Experiment 8

1. 2. 3.

Verification of Malus law. To determine the moment of inertia of a flywheel. (a) To determine acceleration due to gravity using Katers pendulum. (b) To determine acceleration due to gravity using bar pendulum. (c) Verification of Hooks law and determination of spring constant 4. To determine frequency of A.C. mains using Sonometer. 5. Franck Hertz experiments. 6. To determine the dispersive power of prism using spectrometer and mercury source. 7. To determine the wavelength of sodium light using Newtons Ring Method. 8. To determine the wavelength of various lines of mercury source using diffraction grating. 9. Measurement of magnetic susceptibility by Quincks Method. 10. To find the wavelength of He-Ne Laser. Books for experiments: 1.Engineering Physics Practical-Navneet Gupta-Dhanpat Rai & Co., New Delhi 2.Physics Practical-C.L.Arora-S.Chand & Co.,Delhi 3.Physics Practical-S.L.Gupta and V.Kumar, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut 4. B.Sc. Practical Physics-Geeta Sanon-R. Chand & Co., New Delhi