International Rice Research Newsletter Vol12 No.5

Contents
GENETIC EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION

Overall progress 4 Upland rice varieties released in Brazil 4 Two medium to early-maturing rice varieties for northwest India 4 Performance of improved rice varieties in farmers fields in Bhutan 5 IR21820-154-3-2-2-3, a new, medium-duration rice variety released in Tamil Nadu as ADT38 6 Comparison of IR36 and local varieties of rice in farmers fields in Bhutan 7 DAK83 a promising new aromatic selection for small holders in Tanzania 7 CR314-5-10: a promising culture for shallow rainfed lands of the Chhotanagpur plateau region of Bihar Agronomic characteristics 8 Effect of hydrocortisone on germination of rice 8 Genotype planting system interaction for flowering in rice 9 Variability in bud number, bud length, and ratoon tillering in four rice varieties Grain quality 10 Demonstration of rice parboiling using an improved wood stove 10 Influence of planting date on milling performance of rice varieties under delayed harvesting Disease resistance 11 Reaction to rice tungro-associated viruses of rice varieties with different genes for green leafhopper (GLH) resistance Insect resistance 11 Effect of N nutrition and rice variety on leaffolder (LF), yellow stem borer (YSB), and grain yield 12 Reaction of IR and ADT varieties to green leafhopper (GLH) and tungro (RTV) 12 Rice varieties resistant to brown planthopper (BPH), whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), and leaffolder (LF) 13 High resistance to whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) in lndonesia 13 Reaction of selected rices to whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) Other pests 14 Yield ability of rice varieties in fields infested with root-knot nematode Adverse soils tolerance 14 Tiller growth as an index of salinity resistance 15 Salt tolerance in rice Oryza sativa L. 15 Salt tolerance in wild rices Temperature tolerance 16 Yield of rice under chronic air pollution stress, as influenced by soil nitrogen Hybrid rice 16 Identification and classification of fertility restorers and maintainers for cytoplasmic male sterile line V20A 17 Isozyme markers to monitor seed purity in indica hybrid rice Insects 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 28 28 28 29 Biotype populations of Nilaparvata lugens in Hunan, China A parasitic nematode in white striated planthopper (WSPH) of rice A new rice leaffolder (LF) in Kerala Effect of three insecticides on green leafhopper (GLH) population and tungro (RTV) incidence Cytogenetic effects of neem seed bitters (NSB) on green leafhopper (GLH) males Thrips control at tillering of transplanted rice Cytogenetic effects of neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) on brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens spermatocytes Outbreak of whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) near Annamalainagar, South India Effect of temperature, sustenance, and mating on rice armyworm reproduction Effect of transplanting date on leaffolder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and rice bug (RB) Leptocorisa oratorius infestation at Kuningan, West Java Yield loss caused by leaffolder (LF) damage alone and combined with yellow stem borer (YSB) damage Spiders in Madhya Pradesh, India Rice thrips, a new rice pest in Northern Telangana, India Heliothis armigera development and damage to rice
Weeds 29 Evaluation of weed control methods in Bhutan 30 Weeds disseminated with rice seedlings Other pests 31 Effect of seedling root dip and main field treatment on Hirschmanniella mucronata and rice yield
SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT

31 Response to K application of rice in iron-rich valley soils 32 Response of lowland rice to Zn 33 Effect on rice yield of nursery treatments at various levels of main field phosphorus 33 Integrated nutrient management for short-duration rice 34 Sodicity-induced morphological disorder in rice laminae 34 Effect of fineness and time of pyrites application on rice yield and alkali soil properties 35 Response of rice to input factors in farmers fields 35 N fertilizer (urea) topdressed on unsaturated soil and deep-placed using reflooding water 36 Potassium nutrition of rice 36 Breaking dormancy in Sesbania rostrata 36 lnfluence of paclobutrazol on rice seedling growth 37 Impact of level and source of slow-release N fertilizers on rice yield and yield components 37 Chemical analyses and thermal studies of azolla
PEST CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT

Diseases 18 Seed treatment against tungro (RTV) 18 Heat and chemical therapy to eradicate Pseudomonas fuscovaginae from rice seed 19 Sheath blight diseases in tropical ricefields 20 Effect of plant age at inoculation on rice tungro virus development 20 Plant parasitic nematodes associated with deepwater rice in Orissa, India 21 Disease occurrence as affected by age of transplanted seedlings 21 Inoculum distribution patterns of rice sheath blight (ShB) 22 Association of two types of viruses with stunted, yellow rice plants in southern Sri Lanka
CROPPING SYSTEMS
38 38 39 39 39 Response of transplanted rice to micronutrients and the residual effect on wheat Efficiency of complex fertilizers in a rice - rice farming system Breeding for disease resistance in rice Newsletter published for CRIN The wetlands and rice in subsaharan Africa
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Genetic Eval uation and Utilization

OVERALL PROGRESS
Upland rice varieties released in Brazil
E. P. Guimares and O. P. de Morais, National Research Center for Rice and Beans (EMBRAPA/CNPAF) - Caixa Postal 179, 74000 Goinia, Goias, Brazil
Potential area (ha) to be covered by the upland rice cultivars released in Brazil since 1985.
The National Research Center for Rice and Beans (EMBRAPA/CNPAF) started the work on rice in 1976. The first 2 yr were dedicated to national and international germplasm collection and studies on available genetic variability. In 1978, the first crosses were made at CNPAF, and evaluation started. In 1983, a national evaluation network was organized. Varieties released in 1985 are Arroz BR 4 (IAC 5544/Dourado Precoce), EMCAPA 01 (IAC 5544/ Dourado Precoce), Cuiabana (IAC 47/SR 204150-1), Rio Paranaiba (IAC 47/63-83), Araguaia (IAC 47/TOS 2578/7-4-2-3-
B2), Guarani (IAC 25/63-83) and Centro America (IAC 25/63-83). These cultivars outyield local checks and are blast resistant.
The figure shows the potential area to be covered by the new releases, representing about 70% of the total upland rice area of Brazil.
Two medium to early-maturing rice varieties for northwest India

E.A. Siddiq, V.P. Singh, F.U. Zaman, A.R. Sadananda, and R. P. Puri, Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
Table 2. Relative yield performance of Pusa 205 (IET7279) in All India Coordinated Yield Trials (UVT-2). Season, year Kharif 1983 Rabi 1984 Kharif 1984 Rabi 1985 Yield (t/ha) Pusa 205 4.0 5.5 3.6 4.3 IR36 3.6 5.1 2.8 3.6 Rasi 3.5 4.9 3.0 3.6
in 1986 for Haryana, Punjab, western Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Karnataka; Pusa 205 for Punjab, West Bengal, and Orissa.
IARI recently released 2 early-maturing varieties (120-125 d), Pusa 169 and Pusa 205, for general cultivation. Pusa 169, derived from a cross of IR28 with Pusa 140-56, and Pusa 205, derived from a cross of IR28 with Pusa
Table 1. Relative yield performance of Pusa 169 (IET7278) in All India Coordinated Yield Trials (AICRIP) (UVT-2). Season, year Kharif 1980 Kharif 1981 Kharif 1982 Yield (t/ha) Pusa 169 4.6 4.3 4.8 Rasi 3.7 3.7 3.8 Ratna 4.1 4.2 4.4
Performance of improved rice varieties in farmers' fields in Bhutan

N. Q. R. Nathaniels, P. Druba. and G. B. Chettri, Centre for Agricultural Research and Development (CARD). Agriculture Department, Wangdiphodrang. Bhutan; and A. R. Samiano, Training and Technology Transfer Department, IRRI
33-18, were identified as superior in yield performance in the medium-early and early groups in All India Coordinated Yield Trials and various on-farm and minikit trials (Table 1, 2). Yields almost equal those of popular medium-duration varieties, although the 2 varieties mature 2 wk earlier. Both varieties are moderately resistant to bacterial blight, and Pusa 205 is resistant to blast. Both have long slender grains and good cooking quality. Pusa 169 was released
Five improved rice varieties (one tall, four semidwarf) were evaluated at seven typical farmers fields in the Wangdiphodrang-Punakha valley in 1986. The sites were at altitudes between 1,250 m and 1,500 m. Soils were loam to sandy loam and sandy clay loam with pH 5.6-6.9 and 0.9-1.7% organic C.
IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)
Gain yield of improved rice varieties at 7 farmers fields in Wangdiphodrang-Punakha, Bhutan, 1986. Item Changoytang Punakha 6.8 1.40 21 12 5.6 5.5 4.2 3.5 4.5 4.6 7.0 0.6 Richa Punakha 5.6 1.01 2.5 14 6.0 6.7 5.7 5.2 6.3 6.0 6.2 0.7 Zomleytang Punakha 6.9 0.86 2.1 6 4.5 4.5 4.2 3.8 4.0 4.2 3.9 0.3 Khurutang Punakha Misina Wangdiphodrang 5.7 0.89 nil 10 3.5 3.8 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.4 8.6 0.6 Bajo Wangdiphodrang 6.4 1.43 16 12 3.4 3.6 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.2 5.6 0.3 Techuzamba Wangdiphodrang Mean
pH Organic C (%) Olsen P (ppm) FYM (t/ha) IR36 IR64 Milyang 49 IR25670-15-2-3 Local check Site mean CV (%) LSD (0.05)
Soil characteristics 5.9 1.10 6.6 20 Grain yield (t/ha) 5.1 5.0 4.1 3.7 3.3 4.2 8.9 0.7
5.9 1.66 13 (applied to preceding wheat) 7.0 7.6 6.2 5.7 6.8 3.3 4.2 0.5 5.0 5.2 4.4 4.1 4.5
Olsen available P ranged from 2.1 to 21 ppm (see table). Levels of available K and other plant nutrients were generally adequate. The land was manured and prepared by cooperator farmers. Estimates of farmyard manure (FYM) applied at each site are shown in the table. Seedlings of test varieties IR36, IR64, Milyang 49, IR25670-15-2-3, and K3996-1-1-1-2, and the local check varieties were raised in farmers dry bed nurseries and (except the check varieties) in standby nurseries at CARD in Apr and early May. In June, seedlings of each variety from farmers nurseries (or from CARD) were transplanted in line at a spacing of 20 20 cm in 2 5 m plots at each site. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block with three replications per site. Weedings were by rotary weeder and by hand once or twice between 22 and 43 d after transplanting, depending on weed pressure. Irrigations were managed by cooperator farmers. K39-96-1-1-1-2 matured considerably earlier than the other varieties, but no representative yields were obtained because it was seriously damaged by rats at most sites. There were no other significant pests or diseases. Plot yields of the remaining varieties were computed at 14% moisture content. IR36 and IR64 were consistently good, and Milyang 49 and IR25670-152-3 consistently poor across sites. Individual check variety yields fluctuated substantially across sites,
resulting in a significant (P=0.05) site variety interaction in a combined analysis of variance of all sites. Using the site variety mean square for trend examination across sites showed IR36 and IR64 to be highly significantly superior (P=0.01) to Milyang 49 and IR25670-15-2-3. The latter two did not significantly differ from the check varieties at all sites: IR64 yield was consistently higher than that of the check varieties (significant at five sites) and tended to be higher than that of
IR36, although this difference was not significant in the combined site analysis of variance. IR64 is taller than IR36, has stiffer straw and, because of its intermediate amylose grain, is similar in eating quality, to local varieties. Like IR36, however, it is susceptible to drought stress in local dry bed nurseries and to cold stress if planted toward the end of the local planting season. IR64 showed wide adaptability and may be more suitable than IR36 for increasing rice output in the valley.
IR21820-154-3-2-2-3, a new, medium-duration rice variety released in Tamil Nadu as ADT38

V. Sivasubramanian, N. Nadarajan, M. Subramanian. and S. Chelliah, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TNRRI), Aduthurai, India
Table 1. Performance of ADT38 in research station and adaptive research trials. Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu, India, 1983-86. Year Grain yield (t/ha) ADT38 Co 43 IR20 4.2 4.3 4.9 3.5 4.3 5.5
IR21820-154-3-2-2-3, isolated from the cross IR1529-680-3-2/IR4432-52-64// IR7963-30-2 and locally designated AD85004, was identified as the most promising high-yielding entry under thaladi (Oct-Jan) situations in the Cauvery Delta zone. This cultivar was evaluated at TNRRI for 4 yr. Based on its consistent performance, it was released in May 1987 as ADT38 for general cultivation in Tamil Nadu in samba and thaladi seasons, as an alternate to IR20 and Co 43. The mean grain yield over 4 yr in research station trials (5.9 t/ ha) showed
1983 1984 1985 1986 Mean 1986

a37
Research station trials 7.2 5.7 5.3 4.4 6.0 5.1 5.0 4.2 5.9 4.9 trials a Adaptive research 6.2 5.2
locations.
20 and 37% increases over Co 43 and IR20 (Table 1). In adaptive research trials in 37 farmers fields, mean grain yield (6.2 t/ha) showed 19 and 13% increases over Co 43 and IR20. Its overall performance in the trials of All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project and the International Rice
Testing Program was also good. ADT38 is a dwarf (80-85 cm), nonlodging, and heavy-tillering rice with a duration of 130-135 d. The grain is medium slender, fine, and white. Milling recovery is 68%, and cooking quality is good. ADT38 was screened under artificial conditions for the important pests and diseases of the area (Table 2). It possesses resistance to blast (Bl), brown spot (BS), green leafhopper (GLH), and
Table 2. Reaction of ADT38 and IR20 to insect pests and diseases under controlled screening. Variety ADT38 IR20
aBy
Scorea B1 0 3 BB 7 5 RTV 5 9 BS 2 2 BPH 5 7 WBPH 1 9 GLH 3 9 LF 5 9 GM 5 9
Standard evaluation system for rice.
whitebacked planthopper (WBPH). It is also moderately resistant to tungro
(RTV), brown planthopper (BPH), leaffolder (LF), and gall midge (GM).
Comparison of IR36 and Local varieties of rice in farmers fields in Bhutan

N.Q. R. Nathaniels, P. Druba, and G.B. Chettri, Centre for Agricultural Research and Development (CARD), Agriculture Department, Wangdiphodrang, Bhutan; and A. R. Samiano, Training and Technology Transfer Department, IRRI
Mean yields of IR36 and local rice varieties in 13 farmers fields. a Wangdiphodrang-Punakha valley, Bhutan, 1986. Local management Site Local variety Grainc (t/ha) 5.16 4.52 3.11 4.29 4.88 3.79 4.28 2.93 4.21 3.92 3.77 4.18 5.69 4.21 1e Straw d (t/ha) 17.13 15.60 na 12.90 15.40 11.80 na na 14.20 10.80 12.20 12.14 25.40 14.76 Grain c (t/ha) 4.46 4.99 3.36 4.43 6.66 3.62 5.87 4.59 5.39 4.22 4.72 4.91 7.69 4.96 17.7 5.3 IR36 Straw d (t/ha) na 5.27 na na 11.06 na na 6.93 na 5.80 na 6.66 17.07 8.79 0.56 14 Grain c (t/ha) 4.14 5.48 4.72 5.76 7.86 4.43 5.92 5.30 7.05 4.16 3.91 6.63 8.70 5.69 34.7 6.8 Improved management b IR36 Straw d (t/ha) na 5.80 na na 10.00 na na 9.80 na 6.40 na 9.46 19.40 10.14
In the Wangdiphodrang-Punakha valley, interest in modem fertilizerresponsive, high-yielding rice varieties is growing. Production of acceptable amounts of straw for animal fodder in winter is also important. We studied the performance of IR36 at, 13 sites in the valley at altitudes between 1,200 and 1,450 m. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design, with sites as blocks and variety-management combinations as treatments. Soils were sandy to clay loam, pH 4.5-6.2, with 1% organic C or less, and low (<10 ppm) to moderate (15-20 ppm) Olsen available P. Soil fertility is maintained by annual additions of an average 7 t farmyard manure (FYM)/ ha. At most study sites, farmers applied an estimated 9-14 t FYM/ha, but some sites received none. In late May and in June, farmers transplanted 37- to 60-d-old IR36 seedlings adjacent to the local variety in terraced fields so that, at each site, about one-half to two-thirds of a typical field was planted to IR36 and the rest to the local variety. The crops were managed following local practices. A portion of the IR36 plot (separated from the rest of the IR36 by a bund) had improved
2 3f g 4 5 6eg 7 8 9 10f 11f 12 13 Mean
Grain increase (%) 0 over local MBCRh 0 LSD (0.05) grain over all sites CV (%) grain over all sites
a na = not available. b 35 kg N/ha plus weeding at 30-40 DT. c At 14% moisture content. d Fresh weight at harvest. e IR36 affected by severe weed competition. f IR36 adversely affected by water stress at tillering or flowering. g Low soil fertility. h Based on rice seed cost of $30/ha, urea plus application cost of $46/ha, rough rice price of $0.2l/kg.
management: urea topdressing and weeding at panicle initiation (30-40 d after transplanting [DT]). Grain yields were estimated from replicated 5-m2 crop cuts from the local variety and IR36 under local and improved management at each site. Where possible, straw yield at harvest was also obtained. IR36 was susceptible to drought at the nursery stage, and at two sites where water shortage was prolonged, farmers IR36 seedlings had to be replaced with
seedlings from CARD. Pests and diseases were insignificant during the study. IR36 crop duration (161-177 d, mean 170) allowed harvest 4 to 30 d (mean 9 d) earlier than most of the local varieties. IR36 grain yield was 18% higher (P=0.05) than that of the local varieties averaged over sites (see table). With improved management, IR36 yielded 35% more grain (P=0.05) than local varieties. At individual sites, IR36 grain yield was 3.6-7.7 t/ha for farmers
practice, and 3.9-8.7 t/ha for improved practice, largely reflecting site fertility (see table). The low IR36 yields at some sites was attributed to severe weed pressure, low soil fertility where farmers applied no FYM, and prolonged water stress at tillering and flowering. The grain yield increase obtained with IR36 was economically attractive. The
marginal benefit-cost ratio (MBCR) was estimated at 5.3 with local practice and 6.8 with improved practice (see table). The data indicate that, with better management and on more fertile sites, short-statured IR36 could produce as much straw as the local varieties (1119 t/ha), but that under average conditions straw productivity may be
inferior. IR36 has the potential for high yield in the valley; however, its susceptibility to drought, lack of cold tolerance at the reproductive phase (important where rather late planting is common), and seemingly inadequate straw production preclude its wide promotion.
DAK83 a promising new aromatic selection for small holders in Tanzania

Z.L. Kanyeka, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI; P. J. Hyong and J.M.N. Kibanda, Dakawa Agro-Scientific Research Center (DARC), Mongoro, Tanzania
Grain yield of DAK83 in different trials at 4 sites in Tanzania, 1985-86. Location Entries tested (no.) 6 15 5 5.6 5 15 30 9 6 6 Grain yield (t/ha) Highest DAK83 Lowest 4.2 3.1 2.5 1.4 5.0 4.5 2.8 3.0 1.5 3.3 Check
a
Rank of DAK83
Dakawa Dakawa Dakawa Dakawa b9 Dakawa Dakawa Dakawa Mbeya-Igurusi Tabora-Mwamapuli DRF-Farms
a Check
1985 wet season 7.7 5.6 9.4 7.5 4.7 3.6 1985 dry season c 1.8 1986 wet season 5.3 6.2 5.0 7.1 4.7 5.8 4.8 7.9 4.1 4.4 5.5 4.2
4.2 (IR579) 6.1 (Katrin) 2.5 (Katrin) 3.3 (Katrin) 5.1 3.5 3.9 3.8 1.5 3.9 (IR579) (Supa) (IR60) (Kahogo) (Supa) (IRE)
2 3 3 7 2 5 6 6 2 2
Rice in Tanzania is grown predominantly by subsistence farmers. Their acceptance of a variety is determined mainly by its cooking and eating qualities. Supa India, with excellent grain quality, is widely grown, although it has several agronomic deficiencies. A breeding program to develop an improved variety with high yield potential and acceptable grain quality was initiated at DARC in 1982. Crosses were made between Supa and elite pedigree lines that were derivatives of Supa crosses made in Zanzibar. Several selections possessing intermediate plant type, earliness, and aromatic, long to medium-slender grains were isolated. DAK83-99-27-3 (DAK83) is a pregony selection from Supa India/ Line 302D (selected pedigree line from BKN6820/Supa India). It has intermediate aroma, high yield potential, and short growth duration. It was further tested in yield trials at four sites during 1985 and 1986 wet and dry seasons (see table). It yielded 3.67.5 t/ha, with an average of 5.2 t/ha higher by 1.7 t/ha than the average yield of Supa. DAK83 has average plant height of 106 cm with no tendency to lodge even at 120 kg N/ ha. It matures almost a month earlier (110 d) than Supa (135+ d), and more uniformly. Its
variety names in parentheses. bIrrigated. c 60% bird damage.
cooking and eating qualities are not significantly different from those of Supa. Farmers' acceptance of DAK83 is CR314-5-10: a promising culture for shallow rainfed lands of the Chhotanagpur plateau region of Bihar
P.K. Sinha, K. Prasad, V.S. Chauhan, and J.S. Chauhan, Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station (CRURRS), Hazaribag 825301, India
higher than that for newly released nonaromatic cultivars.
Chhotanagpur has 1.23 million ha under rice cultivation in wet season; of this, 4% is irrigated and the remaining rainfed. The rainfed area is further classified into dryland (11%), shallow rainfed bunded upland with 0-30 cm water depth (55%), intermediate rainfed with 30-100 cm water depth (27%) and deepwater with
Table 1. Performance of CR314-5-10 and check variety Ratna under direct seeded conditions at Hazaribag and Kanke, Bihar, India, 1984-85. Variety Days to 50% flowering Hazaribag Kanke 1984 CR314-5-10 89 Ratna 91 LSD (P = 0.05) Increase (%) over Ratna 93 94 3.8 2.7 0.6 40 Grain yield (t/ha) Hazaribag 1985 2.7 2.0 0.3 Kanke 1984 4.2 2.6 0.8 60
100 cm or more (3%). Rice cultivar CR314-5-10, developed at CRURRS, was identifed as the most promising culture for the bunded uplands. CR314-5-10 derived from IR42/IR5853-118-5, is a semidwarf culture with stiff straw and takes about 115 d to mature. It has good early vigor, allowing proper stand establishment and competition with weeds. It possesses a fair degree of tolerance for drought in the vegetative phase and has long panicles (27.5 cm). Grains are long and slender (1ength:width = 3.2) with white kernels; 1,000-grain weight is 24.0 g. CR314-5-10 was evaluated under direct seeded conditions in station trials and under transplanted conditions in all India Coordinated trials from 1983 to 1985. In station trials it produced significantly higher average yields than check variety Ratna over a 2-yr period
Table 2. Performance of CR314-5-10 in multilocational trials under transplanted conditions, Bihar, India, 1983-85. Average yielda (t/ha) Variety Days to 50% flowering Panicles (m2) Wet season 1983 (20) 3.9 2.8 3.6 1984 (22) 3.4 2.9 3.2 19 4 Dry season 1984 (6) 4.3 4.1 4.4 1985 (6) 4.2 3.5 4.0
CR314-5-10 Rasi IR36 Increase (96) Over Rasi b Over IR36 b

aFigures
94 83 94
288 304 320
in parentheses indicate the number of sites. bBased on mean of 4 seasons.
at Hazaribag and Kanke (Table 1). In the coordinated trials CR314-5-10 showed yield superiority to IR36 and Rasi (Table 2). CR314-5-10 performed well under the lab-to-land program and was acceptable
to farmers. On the basis of its superiority in grain yield to the check varieties, coupled with its tolerance for drought and blast disease, it has the potential to replace Ratna and Rasi in the Chhotanagpur plateau.
Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Effect of hydrocortisone on germination of rice
K. Manian. M. Jayaprakasam, N. Natarajaratnam, and S. R. Sree Rangasamy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
Effect of hydrocortisone on germination and seedling growth. Coimbatore, India. Hydrocortisone concentration (ppm) 0 (control) 50 100 200 500 CD Germination (%) 6h 60 70 80 60 65 11 24 h 80 85 85 85 70 9 Root length (cm) 6h 7.13 7.87 14.29 6.42 6.21 1.46 24 h 7.06 8.28 13.76 7.89 5.85 1.17 Shoot length (cm) 6h 3.79 4.22 8.07 3.39 3.55 1.03 24 h 3.07 3.29 7.33 3.08 2.34 0.76 Seedling dry weight (mg) 6h 16.08 15.25 14.90 15.25 15.23 ns 24 h 16.75 14.94 15.00 15.70 17.00 1.54
Hydrocortisone, a steroid hormone of higher animals, promotes cellular activity by influencing carbohydrate and protein metabolism. We studied its effect on germination and growth of rice seedlings. Seeds of IR50 were soaked in 0, 50, 100, 200, and 500 ppm concentrations of hydrocortisone solution for 6 or 24 h. Germination increased up to 100 ppm with 6 h soaking (see table). Soaking for 24 h improved germination more than 6 h soaking. Root and shoot lengths nearly doubled with 100 ppm hydrocortisone. Hydrocortisone may have promoted cell elongation or multiplication of cells, or both. Dry matter accumulation decreased with hydrocortisone, probably because
of increased utilization of seed reserves. Higher maintenance respiration might also have contributed to lower dry matter accumulation. Soaking in hydrocortisone for 24 h enhanced root growth but had a more adverse effect on shoot growth than soakirlg for 6 h. The 500 ppm concentration generally depressed germination and growth, perhaps because of the toxic effect of the chemical. These findings suggest that hydrocortisone has the potential to increase cellular activities in plants.
Detailed studies on the effect of foliar hydrocortisone sprays at different growth stages on productivity are in progress.
Genotype planting system interaction for flowering in rice

D. M. Maurya, P. C. Ram, and C. P. Vaish, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendranagar, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
The number of days to flowering or
Genotype system of planting interaction for flowering. Uttar Pradesh, India. Direction of change in transplanting compared with direct seeding a (d) 0 (no change)
Genotypes
Group 1 B2997-CTB-60-3-3, Rath, Sakun, Kn 361-1-B-6 IR6828-2-4, B635-2, NDR95, NDR311, Narendra 1 Group 2 NDR102, Jhona 349, Dular Dhaneshwar, Lalnakanda NDR80, DJ29, Tulzapur-1, Tetep Karahani, IAC25, D3-29 Kinandang Patong, NDR118, Halamaldia, Ranikajal-A, Brown Cora Mala J15, Sarya-A, Lalmati Kalkeri, Dudhi A, Lalmati Kachni, N22. NDR88, NDR119 Black Bagari, Kudia, Mutmuriya, NDR97 Bagari White Culture 62 Jalsar, Kolhapur Scented, NDR85 NDR308 IRAT115 Dehula A, NDR115 Bagari, Sawani, Ketki NDR132 Group 3 Mutmuri A, Mircirak, IR15784-14, IR48951-2-1-8 Annapurna, IRAT107 ASD7, ARC10372, IET7041, NDR83 Kiran, IET6973, IET7564 CR245-1, NDR87 Kanchan, Govind MW10, IET6639
+ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 +10 +11 +12 +13 +14 +15 +16 +17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

a+
Three groups were apparent (see table). The first group showed stable flowering behavior under both planting systems, the second exhibited a 1- to 17d delay in flowering with transplanting, and the third showed 1-7 d earliness with transplanting. The differential flowering responses of rice genotypes to direct seeding and transplanting might stem from their genetic variability with respect to plasticity for nutritional and hormonal imbalances within the plants. Seedlings uprooted for transplanting are subjected to physical mutilation that suddenly arrests the supply of water, nutrients, and other metabolites. There is also a time lag between uprooting of seedlings,
their transplanting, and further establishment in the soil. During this period the seedlings are subjected first to drought stress, then to flooding in the puddled field. These sequential conditions are known to reduce cytokinin and gibberellin synthesis in the roots and also their transport to shoots. The mutilation effects may vary in magnitude in different genotypes, depending upon the growth behavior of the root system in the nursery and the delicateness of the seedlings. Reduction in days to flowering in several rice genotypes on transplanting is still a baffling situation.
Variability in bud number, bud length, and ratoon tillering in four rice varieties
S. Gupta, S. Das, B. Patra, and S. K. Bardhan Roy, Rice Research Station. Chinsurah 712102, West Bengal, India
Bud number, bud length, and ratoon tillering in 4 rice varieties at 3 cutting heights. Chinsurah, West Bengal, India, 1985-86. Cutting height (cm) Viable buds (no./ main tiller) 1.9 2.3 3.2 1.9 2.9 3.3 2.7 3.1 4.1 2.4 3.5 4.2 Bud length on main tiller (mm) 5.2 5.7 4.9 5.5 6.3 5.7 Ratoon tillers (no./plant)
= increase (delay), decrease (earliness).
maturity is an important economic trait, and differences of even a few days can influence productivity, adaptability, cropping intensity, and cropping sequence. Compared with direct seeding, transplanting appears to extend the time to 50% flowering or by about 1 wk. However, observation of flowering among certain varieties under the two planting systems revealed differential behavior for that trait. One hundred genotypes with both dwarf and tall backgrounds from national and exotic sources were therefore grown simultaneously under the two systems.
We studied ratoon tillering ability in three photoperiod-sensitive varieties NC365, FR13A, and Patnai 23 and a longduration, high yielding variety IET5656 sown on 15 Nov 1985 in Chinsurah. The main crop was harvested May 1986. N fertilizer (10 kg/ ha) and irrigation water were applied to plots of all varieties 4 d after harvest. Viable buds per main tiller, bud length on the main tiller, and ratoon tillers per plant were measured for three cutting heights (see table). Cutting height caused a significant difference in number of viable buds on the main tiller; however, the interaction effect of variety and cutting height was not significant. Viable buds were less with the ground level cut than with higher level cuts. The correlation between viable buds per main tiller and ratoon tillers per plant over all cutting heights was statistically nonsignificant but showed a moderately positive relationship in FR13A, Patnai 23, and IET5656.
5 15 30 5 15 30 5 15 30 5 15 30 F-value a Variety Cutting height Variety cutting height CD (0.05) Variety Variety cutting height
a Significant
NC365
8.5 7.4 6.6 8.9 8.5 10.4 9.7 9.5 10.5 2.3 1.7 7.1 3.27 5.7** 4.14*
FR13A
Patnai 23 16.1 31.9 68.0 IET5656 4.7 5.7 8.2 5.63* 4.7* 3.87*
25.05** 54.11** 0.96
0.3 0.3
23.9 10.1
0.4
at 1% (**) and 5% (*) levels.
The average bud length on the main tiller for different cutting heights did not differ among the varieties except in
Patnai 23, where bud length was generally longer and showed a distinct lengthening trend with increased cutting. This is attributed largely to a varietal difference and to a variety cutting
height interaction in respect to bud length. Varietal differences in ratoon tillers per plant were not significant, but the effect of cutting height and the
interaction effect were. A higher cut produced a higher number of ratoon tillers. Bud length was not influenced by viable bud number.

GRAIN QUALITY
Demonstration of rice parboiling using an improved wood stove
H. M. Wilson, Association Pour la Productivit (APP)/ Togo, c/o USAID, Via Air Pouch (Lome I.D.), Washington, D.C. 20520, USA
market day, women were invited to taste parboiled and nonparboiled rice with a sauce. They expressed preference for parboiled rice.
A typical farmer who plants 1 ha to rice and grows 2 crops/ yr could realize $300-400 more profit by adopting parboiling.
The initial demonstration of parboiling of rice among growers of the Zio River Irrigated Perimeter in Togo, held by APP in 1985, did not result in adoption of the practice even though several advantages were clear: a 6% increase in milling yield, cleaner and fewer broken grains, and less insect damage during storage. Nonadoption was attributed to poor selection of participants and lack of follow-up. The APP agronomist felt that there were enough potential benefits to warrant reintroduction of the technique. A brief technical bulletin explaining the process and its benefits was distributed to extension agents. The targets selected this time were APP clients who were life-long residents of the village of Assome. The program included a fuelsaving wood stove and fuel wood production using Leucaena leucocephala. Three separate demonstrations covered 1) the building of mud stoves, 2) parboiling, and 3) cooking and taste tests. The first showed the need to produce fuel wood as well as save fuel. Planting Leucaena adjacent to the drying floor and warehouse was suggested. Parboiling was done in a modified metal drum. The parboiled rice gave a milling yield of 69% versus 62% for the nonparboiled. In the third demonstration, held on a
Influence of planting date on milling performance of rice varieties under delayed harvesting
F. Cuevas-Prez and L. E. Berrio, IR TP Latin America, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aereo No. 6713, Cali, Colombia
The evaluation of advanced lines for milling quality by comparing samples harvested at 20-25% moisture content with those left standing in the field 10-15 additional days is normal practice in the rice breeding program at CIAT. Such an approach is expected to predict milling performance at the farm level accurately. We studied the milling performance of varieties CICA8 and Oryzica 1 for seven planting dates in Palmira, Colombia, during Feb 1985-Aug 1986. Plantings were simultaneous on all but the third planting date, when CICA8 was planted 1 wk earlier to obtain simultaneous maturity. Two samples of 1 kg of rough rice each were taken twice for each variety and planting time when grain moisture was 20-25%, and 12-15 d later. Milling evaluations were done using standard McCill laboratory equipment. The effect of delayed harvest on the head rice yields varied according to planting date (see figure). CICA8 showed no reduction in three of the seven evaluations, and Oryzica 1 in four.
Head rice yield of 2 rice varieties harvested at 20-25% moisture content and delayed for 12-15 d, for 7 planting dates. Cali, Colombia, 1985-86.
Screening rice genotypes for tolerance for delayed harvest in the field would thus require consideration of environmental effects.
Complete slide sets of photos printed in Field problems of tropical rice, revised 1983, are available for purchase at $50 (less developed country price) or $60 (developed country price), including airmail postage and handling, from the Communication and Publications Department, Division R, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. No orders for surface mail handling will be accepted.
10

DISEASE RESISTANCE
Reaction to rice tungro-associated viruses of rice varieties with different genes for green leafhopper (GLH) resistance
Z. M. Flores, R. C. Cabunagan, G. B. Jonson, and H. Hibino, IRRI
Reaction of CLH-resistant cultivars to rice tungro-associated viruses. IRRI, 1987. Variety Pankhari 203 Jingasail Palasithari 601 IR8 Ptb 18 IR42 ASD8 TAPL 796 IR36 Modai Karuppan TN1 (susceptible check)
a
Resistance gene a Glh 1 Glh 1 Glh 2 Glh 3 glh 4 glh 4 Glh 5 Glh 6 Glh 6 Glh 7 None
Reaction to tungro b R I S S d S I R S I S
Plants (no.) tested 65 67 34 72 54 51 42 60 49 71 63
Plantc (%) RTBV+RTSV 0 42 0 8 13 43 2 0 47 47 87 RTBV 28 18 24 31 37 20 26 50 24 11 8 RTSV 0 6 0 14 0 14 0 7 0 4 5 Healthy 72 34 76 47 50 23 72 43 29 38 0
Rice varieties with different genes for resistance to GLH Nephotettix virescens were tested in the greenhouse for reactions to the rice tungro bacilliform (RTBV) and spherical (RTSV) viruses. Six-day-old seedlings of the test varieties were individually exposed for 1 d in test tubes containing 5 GLH that had fed on source plants infected with both viruses. Inoculated seedlings were indexed by the latex agglutination test 1 mo after inoculation. Varieties with the same resistance genes reacted differently to infections with the viruses (see table). Jingasail and Pankhari 203 both have the same gene,
Source: Karim and Pathak (1982), Siwi and Khush (1977). b Greenhouse mass screening data, IRRI Plant Pathology Department: 0-30% infection = resistant (R), 31-60% = intermediate (I), 61-100% = susceptible (S). c By latex test 30 d after inoculation. d Not tested.
Glh 1; but Jingasail was generally infected with both RTBV and RTSV, while Pankhari 203 was infected with RTBV alone. TAPL 796 and IR36 both have the Glh 6 gene, but IR36 was generally infected with both viruses, while TAPL 796 was infected with only
RTBV. Ptb 18 and IR42 both have glh 4 , but they reacted differently to either RTBV or RTSV. The results suggest that predominant infection with RTBV in GLH-resistant varieties is not associated with the major genes.

INSECT RESISTANCE
Effect of N nutrition and rice variety on leaffolder (LF), yellow stem borer (YSB), and grain yield
R. Saroja, R. Jagannathan, and N. Raju, Rice Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tirur 602025, India
We tested the response to N level of TM8089, a shortduration prerelease variety, at Tirur during 1985-86 navarai (Dec-Jan to Apr-May). The field trial in a strip-plot design had 3 varieties and 6 N levels; 0, 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160 kg/ha. The recommended varieties for the season ADT36 and Vaigai (Co 37) were used as checks. Twenty-five-day-old seedlings were
planted in 20-m 2 plots at 15- l0-cm spacing. Plots were fertilized with P and K at 50 kg/ha plus half the N basally before the last plowing. The remaining N was topdressed in 2 split doses at 15 and 30 d after transplanting (DT). The crop was sprayed with 250 ml phosphamidon/ha at 20 DT and with 500 ml monocrotophos/ha at 40 DT. Rice LF and YSB appeared despite the insecticide treatment. LF damage was assessed at 50 DT on 20 plants/plot. The whiteheads caused by YSB in a 10-m 2 plot were counted at dough stage. Data on LF and YSB damage, and grain yield at harvest were statistically analyzed (see table). N level and variety significantly
affected the pests and grain yield. Every increase in N caused an increase in LF and YSB infestation as well as in yield. The LF infestation level was below the economic threshold (10% leaf damage) up to 80 kg N/ha; maximum infestation was recorded at 160 kg N/ha. The yield increase was sharp and significant from 0 to 120 kg N/ha. From 120 kg N/ha, the yield differences between treatments were statistically nonsignificant. At lower N levels, TM8089 was moderately susceptible to LF, and Vaigai and ADT36 were moderately resistant. But at higher N levels (140 and 160 kg/ha), TM8089 was highly susceptible. Vaigai and TM8089 were moderately
lRRN 12:5 (October 1987)
11
Effect of N nutrition and rice variety on incidence of LF and YSB, and on grain yield.a Tirur, India, 1985-86 navarai. N level (kg/ha) 0 80 100 120 140 160 Mean LF damage (%) ADT36 2.3 (8.3) 7.2 (15.5) 11.2 (19.1) 13.7 (21.6) 25.6 (30.3) 81.9 (69.5) 23.7 (27.4) TM8089 5.1 (12.2) 12.6 (19.9) 26.9 (30.8) 28.3 (32.0) 42.4 (40.6) 85.6 (71.0) 33.5 (34.4) 7.9 5.6 13.7 Vaigai 2.1 (8.2) 4.6 (11.3) 11.0 (18.5) 10.7 (18.3) 12.3 (19.7) 26.4 (30.1) 11.2 (17.7) Mean 3.2 (9.6) 8.1 (15.5) 16.3 (22.8) 17.6 (24.0) 26.8 (30.2) 64.6 (56.9) ADT36 28.0 (5.2) 45.0 (6.7) 46.3 (6.6) 53.0 (7.2) 74.7 (8.4) 73.7 (8.2) 53.5 (7.0) YSB whiteheads (no./10 m TM8089 22.0 (4.6) 29.3 (5.4) 32.3 (5.7) 24.0 (4.9) 48.0 (6.8) 34.0 (5.8) 31.6 (5.5) 1.2 0.8 2.1 Vaigai 14.0 (3.7) 26.3 (5.0) 35.3 (5.9) 29.0 (5.4) 31.3 (5.5) 48.3 (6.9) 30.7 (5.4)
2
) Mean 21.3 (4.5) 33.5 (5.7) 38.0 (6.1) 35.3 (5.8) 51.3 (6.9) 52.0 (7.0) ADT36 2.1 2.9 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.2 3.5
Grain yield (t/ha) TM8089 2.5 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 3.8 Vaigai 2.4 2.8 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 3.6 Mean 2.3 3.2 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2
CD N level (N) Variety (V) V N interaction

a
0.1 0.1 0.3
Figures in parentheses are transformed.
resistant to YSB, while ADT36 was moderately susceptible. TM8089 gave the highest mean yield of 3.8 t/ha, while
Vaigai and ADT36 did not significantly differ.
Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.
Reaction of IR and ADT varieties to green leafhopper (GLH) and tungro (RTV)
P. Vidhyasekaran, K. Saivaraj, H.D. Lewin, and S. Chelliah, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai 612101, India
Reaction of IR and ADT varieties to GLH and RTV. Aduthurai, India. Variety TN1 (susceptible check) IR8 IR20 IR36 IR43 IR46 IR48 IR50 IR52 IR54 IR56 IR60 IR62 IR64 ADT3 ADT16 ADT20 ADT27 ADT28 ADT29 ADT33 ADT35 ADT36
a
Reactiona to GLH 9 3 5 5 1 5 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 5 9 3 5 7 7 7 7 5 5 RTV 7 6 5 6 7 6 8 5 4 0 6 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 0 7 0 6 6
We evaluated 14 IR and 10 ADT (released from Aduthurai, India) varieties against damage caused by GLH and susceptibility to RTV. Pregerminated seeds were sown in rows in seedboxes (60 40 10 cm). TN1 was the susceptible check. At 7 d after sowing, seedlings were infested with 5 third-instar nymphs/ seedling. When the susceptible check died (within 10 d), test varieties were scored for damage by the Standard evaluation system for rice (SES) (see table). To evaluate susceptibility to RTV infection, adult GLH that had been given a 24-h acquisition feeding were allowed to feed individually on 10d-old seedlings for 24 h. The seedlings were transplanted in seedboxes in rows. TN1 was the susceptible check. Infection rate
The resistance of most varieties to GLH did not correlate with their resistance to RTV infection. IR54, ADT28, and ADT33 showed high resistance to RTV but were susceptible to GLH. IR43 and ADT16 were resistant to GLH while showing susceptibility to RTV.
Rice varieties resistant to brown planthopper (BPH), whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), and leaffolder (LF)
R. Rajendran, M. Gopalan, and R. Velusamy. Agricultural Entomology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore 641003, India
Scored by SES.
was determined based on symptoms at 20 d after inoculation (see table). The trials were repeated twice.
We evaluated seven upland varieties received from the Agricultural Research Station at Paramakudi for multiple resistance to BPH, WBPH, and LF. The varieties were tested by standard screening techniques in the greenhouse
12
Reaction of rice cultures to major pests. Coimbatore, India, 1987. Variety PM5845 PM1409 PM1004 PM1123 PM1381 Nootripathu PMKl (PM1023) TKM9 (local check) PTB33 (resistant check) ASD11 (resistant check) TN1 (susceptible check)
a
Damage rating a BPH 3 3 5 7 9 7 9 9 3 3 9 WBPH 1 3 1 1 7 3 1 9 3 3 9 LF 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 7 3 3 9
at the Paddy Breeding Station, TNAU. One row of susceptible check TN1, two rows of resistant checks ASD11 and PTB33, and one row of local check TKM9 were included. The experiments were replicated twice. Damage was scored on the 0-9 scale of Standard evaluation system for rice. PM5845 and PM1409 showed good
levels of BPH and WBPH resistance (score: 1-3) and moderate levels of LF resistance (score: 5). PM1004 was resistant to WBPH and moderately susceptible to BPH (see table). These cultures are being evaluated under multilocation trials for their yield potential at various locations in Tamil Nadu.
Scored by Standard evaluation system for rice 0-9 scale.
The International Rice Research Newsletter and the IRRI Reporter are mailed free to qualified individuals and institutions engaged in rice production and training. For further information write: IRRI, Communication and Publications Dept., Division R, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
High resistance to whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) in Indonesia

M. Sudjak S., Maros Research Institute for Food Crops (MORIF), P.O. Box 173. Ujung Pandang, Indonesia
Since 1979-83 we have screened 3,872 lines and varieties originating from MORIF, Bogor Research Institute for Food Crops (BORIF), and other countries for WBPH resistance.
Lines and varieties a highly resistant to WBPH in Maros, Indonesia. Lines and varieties MORIF M57b-7-2 M57b-38-2 M57b-39-1 M67b-2-2 M170-181 M170-191 M170-192 M43c-26-2 M7d-35-8 M7d-35-9 M7d-44-1 M7d-44-2 M7d-76-1 M7d-76-2 M7d-76-3 M164-68 M164-76 M164-115 M164-116 M7d-78-1 M7d-78-2 M7d-78-3 M7d-83-1 M7d-83-3 M7d-83-4 M7d-83-5 M175d-1138 M175d-1139 M175d-1140 M175d-1144 M175d-1145 M175d-1073 M175d-1076
a
BORIF B40580-Kp23-1 B3894d-17c-Sm-37-3 B3894d-17c-Sm-48-3 B3894d-17c-Sm-54-2 B3894d-17c-Sm-63-2 B3894d-17c-Sm-64-2 B4104c-Sm-40-3 B4111c-Sm-6-2 B4111c-Sm-8-1 B4111c-Sm-22-1 B4111c-Sm-26-1 B411lc-Sm-66-1 B4126c-Sm-33-2 B3102d-2-1-Blk B3616f-Kp-148-2 B3727d-Pn-19-4-2 B3909b-Mr-269-2-1 B3909b-Mr-269-2-2 B3909b-Mr-269-2-3 B3115e-Kp-44-2 B3667d-Kp-131-1-1 B3328e-Sm-11-3 B3065b-Ck-1-K-5-2
IRRI IR93240-6-3 IR9224-117-2-3-3-2 IR8608-79-3-2 IR9782-111-2-1-2 IR9814-11-3 IR13146-29-3 IR13537-44-2 IR14632-22-3 IR1475349-2 IR15313-14-2 IR15795-151-2-3 IR15795-199-3-3 IR13240-10-1 IRl3429-47-3 IR2307-72-2-2-1 IR5853-162-2-3 IR13641-17 IR4432-28-5 IR5853-59-2-2 IR5853-33-2-2 IR4744-179-1-5-2 IR2793-18-3 IR9093-3-2-2 IR9093-211-6 IR8608-75-3-1 IR13427-60-1 IR36
Other countries Utri Rajapan Abu tmuan BKNBR1008-21 BKNBR1031-75-4 Acc. 15286 MRC603-303 IET4086 (CR14062)
Seeds were sown in l5-cm rows in 40 30- 7-cm plastic trays at 25 seeds/ row, with 4 replications. TN1 was the susceptible check, Rexoro was the resistant check. Seven days after sowing, seedlings were infested with 5thinstar nymphs at 15-25 nymphs/ seedling. Damage was scored when TN1 had 95-100% hopperburn. Ninety-one varieties and lines were highly resistant (score = 0). Of these, 34 were from MORIF, 23 from BORIF, 27 from IRRI, and the rest from other countries (see table).
Reaction of selected rices to whitebacked planthopper (WBPH)

K.K. Shukla, R.S. Saini, and A. K. Gupta, Genetics Department, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana 141004, India
Scored zero by the Standard evaluation system for rice.
We evaluated 31 rice accessions for resistance to WBPH Sogatella furcifera in the screenhouse, using the modified seedbox technique. Pregerminated seeds were sown in seedboxes. More than 20 plants of each accession were tested in 2 replications. Seedlings were infested 7 d after sowing with 2d- to 3d-instar nymphs by evenly distributing insects through the seedbox at 6-8/seedling. Reaction was measured when the susceptible check died, usually 8-9 d
13
Reaction of rice accessions to S. furcifera in seedbox screening. PAU, Ludhiana, India, 1986. Designation ARC11324 Bahbolon B4032D-MR-1-3-1 CI 5662-2 Citanduy GH147 (M) KRAD-78 GH147 (M) 30KRAD-C-PN7 GH147 (M) 40KRAD 89 IR13240-82-2-3-2-3-1 IR13475-7-3-2 IR13458-117-2-3-2-3 IR15529-253-3-2-2-2 IR15529-256-1 IR15795-151-2-3-2-2 IR17307-11-2-3-2 IR2035-117-3 IR18350-93-2 IR21820-154-3-2-2-3 IR25586-108-1-2-2-2 lR27325-27-3-3 IR13475-7-3-2 IR28154-101-3-2 IR29692-65-2-3 IR31803-32-2 IR32307-107-3-22 IR32429-47-3-2-2 IR2035-117-3 IR60 IR64 (IR18348-36-3-3) Palman 46 Rathu Heenati ARC6248 (resistant check) TN1 (susceptible check)
a
Damage
ratinga
6.3 5.0 6.5 6.8 3.9 5.0 6.5 7.4 6.6 3.7 5.2 4.1 4.3 4.8 6.7 5.3 7.7 6.1 6.2 4.2 5.1 2.4 5.4 7.6 3.3 5.3 4.9 5.0 3.2 5.8 1.7 1.9 8.9
Reaction S MR S S MR MR S S S MR MR MR MR MR S MR S S S MR MR R MR S R MR MR MR R S R R S
OTHER PESTS

Yield of rice varieties grown in fields infested with root-knot nematode M. graminicola. Ubonratchathani Rice Research Center, Thailand, 1986. Variety Yield a (t/ha) Non- Treated treated 3.8 3.6 2.9 4.3 4.4 4.3 Loss (%) 11.6 18.2 32.6
Yield ability of rice varieties in fields infested with root-knot nematode

L. Arayarungsarit, Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand
We measured yields of three Thai rice varieties RD6, Khao Dawk Mali 105, and Hahng Yi 71 growing in fields infested with root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola Golden and Birchfield in an experiment at Ubonratchathani Rice Research Center in 1986. The varieties have been considered resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible. The experiment, in 4 replications, was under upland conditions in 5- 7-m plots with 25- 25-cm spacing. Plots
RD6 Khao Dawk Mali 105 Hahng Yi 71

aAv
of 4 replications.
were fertilized with 24-24-12 kg NPK/ ha. In control plots, we applied 60 kg carbofuran 3 G/ ha; no nematocide was applied in test plots. Yield loss was highest with Hahng Yi 71 (see table).
ADVERSE SOILS TOLERANCE

Tiller growth as an index of salinity resistance
R. Krishnamurthy, M. Anbazhagan, and K. A. Bhagwat, Stress Physiology Laboratory, Botany Department, Faculty of

Science, M.S. University of Baroda, Baroda 390002, India
Means of 40 plants.
after infestation. Individual plant damage was scored using the Standard evaluation system for rice. Mean reaction of all plants was used to classify an accession as resistant (R, 0-3.49), moderately resistant (MR, 3.5-5.49), or susceptible (S, 5.5-9). Four accessions scored R, 15 MR, and 12 S (see table). IR2035-117-3, which is homozygous for Wbph 1 and Wbph 2 and is being used as a R check at IRRI, was MR in our tests, indicating a difference in biotype at IRRI and at PAU. Earlier, we reported that Wbph 1 and Wbph 2 are not effective in conferring resistance to WBPH in Punjab.
Tiller growth as an index of salinity resistance was evaluated. Seeds of resistant and sensitive cultivars were
Effect of NaCl on the tiller growth of rice cultivars, Baroda, India. Cultivar Salinity indexa Tillers (no./plant) Decrease (%) from control in Tiller height Fresh weight of tillers/plant Salt-resistant Co 43 CSC1 AU1 Salt-sensitive GR3 TKM9 Co 36 IR20 CSC2 TKM4 Mean
aSalinity
Dry weight of tillers/plant 50 29 15 84 51 94 93 34 97 61
58.8 50.9 45.6 42.2 23.5 21.1 13.6 5.2 0.9 30.2
39 46 20 50 35 64 83 46 85 52
14 12 14 46 21 43 73 7 78 34
46 41 27 75 46 85 93 33 94 60
Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.
index = grain yield of treated plants 100. grain yield of control
14
sown in earthen pots with 7 kg of soil in the screenhouse during the wet season. Salinization was imposed on 3-wk-old seedlings by adding 750 ml of NaCl solution (EC 10 dS/m) once each week. The pots were irrigated with normal
water on other days as required. Controls received only water. At 6 wk after initial salinization, the shoot system was harvested for growth measurements.
The salt-resistant cultivars AU1, Co 43, and CSC1 exhibited high salinity indices and experienced less reduction of tiller growth than the salt-sensitive cultivars (see table).
Salt tolerance in rice Oryza sativa L. M.S. Sajjad, M.L.K. Niazi, Z. Aslam, and M.A. Awan, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, P.O. Box 128, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Rice is a salt-sensitive crop, yet it covers an appreciable area of moderately saline soils in Pakistan. Even though irrigation promotes leaching of salts, salt-tolerant varieties are essential for economic yields. We compared the salt tolerance of some hybrids and mutants that have
been developed with that of other salttolerant varieties. Seedlings raised for 45 d under non saline conditions were transplanted at 1 seedling/hill and 20- 20- cm spacing in concrete tanks (254 82 23 cm) filled with gravel saturated with Hoagland nutrient solution. At 1 wk after transplanting, 2 levels of root zone salinity 2.4 dS/m (control) and 7.0 dS/m were imposed, using NaCl, Na2SO4 , CaCl2, and MgCl2 at a ratio of 4:10:5:1. Root zone salinity was checked
daily and maintained at the desired level. The plants were grown to maturity. In general, salinity caused a marked reduction in all attributes of all genotypes except NIAB Rice-I, which showed negligible reduction (see table). NIAB Rice-I yielded highest, performing better than salt-tolerant Pokkali in number of productive tillers per plant, number of grains per panicle, panicle fertility percentage, and yield under saline conditions.
Effect of saline (7.0 dS/m) and nonsaline (2.4 dS/m) conditions on yield and yield components of rice genotypes under gravel culture. Faisalabad Pakistan, 1987. Plant height (cm) Nonsaline 132.5 74.8 145.0 180.3 139.5 152.8 47.3 60.0 98.8 109.8 Saline 132.3 72.3 107.5 143.0 100.0 101.3 45.8 51.3 86.7 100.0 Productive tillers (no./plant) Nonsaline 23.5 26.8 28.5 23.3 17.8 23.3 19.6 17.5 25.0 16.0 Saline 25.0 20.5 21.0 18.5 14.0 17.0 19.3 14.3 18.0 15.0 Grains (no./panicle) Nonsaline 128.4 134.2 152.4 145.0 105.3 114.0 60.8 82.0 82.3 74.8 Saline 103.6 122.3 82.2 82.0 66.2 65.2 56.8 78.2 67.8 60.2 Panicle fertility (%) Nonsaline 88.8 86.4 92.3 82.6 78.0 78.6 88.2 89.3 51.5 59.3 Saline 86.6 81.5 71.3 65.4 63.9 58.6 82.2 69.1 46.4 45.6 Yield (g/plant) Nonsaline 52.3 38.3 45.3 58.0 16.8 25.5 11.6 17.0 14.4 18.0 Saline 47.0 30.6 14.1 16.6 11.8 7.1 7.4 6.9 8.5 6.9
Genotype NIAB Rice-I C23-3-1 RSR 1-84 Pokkali RST24 Basmati 370 NIAB6 IR6 NIAB Rice II Jhona 349/IR6
Salt tolerance in wild rices

M. Akbar, K.K. Jena, and D. V. Seshu, IRRI
Survival of Oryza species at 6,800 ppm (EC 12 dS/m) salinity. IRRI, 1987. Species O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. glaberrima nivara punctata officinalis minuto latifolia latifolia australiensis brachyantha Accession no. 100855 102163 101434 100896 101125 100885 100914 100882 100115 Genome AA AA BB CC BBCC CCDD CCDD EE FF AA AA Seedlings tested (no.) 25 21 60 88 55 46 28 54 43 60 60 Seedlings that survived (no.) 4 3 5 5 7 6 4 1 0 60 0 Survival (%) 16 14 8 6 13 13 14 2 0 100 0
Seven wild species of Oryza and the African cultivated species O. glaberrima were evaluated for salt tolerance using water culture techniques in the phytotron glasshouse at 29/21C (day/night) and 70% relative humidity. O. sativa cultivars Nona Bokra and IR28 were the tolerant and susceptible checks. Seedlings at the 2- to 3- leaf stage were subjected to salt stress of 6,800 ppm (EC 12 dS/m) concentration by adding a 1:1 mixture of NaCl and CaC1 2
Nona Bokra (tolerant check) IR28 (susceptible check)
to the nutrient solution. Salinization continued for 14 d. All species tested were susceptible to salinity during the
seedling stage (see table). Survival ranged from zero for O. brachyantha to 16% for O. glaberrima.
15
TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE
Yield of rice under chronic air pollution stress, as influenced by soil nitrogen
M. Anbazhagan, R. Krishnamurthy, and K.A. Bhagwat, Stress Physiology Laboratory. Botany Department, Faculty of Science, M.S. University, Baroda 390002, India

Table 1. Effect of air pollution on the yield attributes of rice cultivars. a Baroda, India.
Cultivar
Panicle length (cm) Regime C P 10.5 14.4 14.0 14.4 13.9 11.8 13.2 2.60 16.5 15.2 18.8 15.8 16.6 14.7 16.3
Panicles/ plant C 2.6 3.0 2.8 4.2 3.4 3.8 3.3 3.90 P 3.8 4.0 11.2 11.6 6.0 5.0 6.9
Spikelets/ panicle C 7.3 6.3 8.6 7.9 5.3 5.0 6.7 2.73 P 4.8 6.1 6.9 6.9 5.2 4.3 5.7
Filled grains/ Unfilled grains/ plant plant C 131.0 127.0 116.2 50.0 102.8 52.8 96.6 P 1.4 17.6 156.2 246.2 125.2 47.2 88.0 3.70 C 61.0 68.6 45.0 95.8 43.0 50.0 60.6 2.50 P 180.8 191.8 264 271 156.8 107.8 195.4
Co 43 GR3 TKM9 Mean CD (0.05)

a
LN HN LN HN LN HN
We evaluated the response of varieties Co 43, GR3, and TKM9 to chronic air pollution by a fertilizer plant (GSFC in Baroda, India) during 1985 wet season. Seeds were exposed 350 m in the windward direction from the pollution source. Air pollutant daily averages at the test site were 16.5 g SO2/m3, 25 g Nox/m3, 16.4 mg NH 3/m3, 0.403 M F/cm2, and 233.7 g suspended particulate matter/m3.
C = control, P = polluted, LN = low nitrogen, HN = high nitrogen.
At 30 d after seeding, seedlings potted in 8 kg soil were fertilized with N as urea (low level, 0.069 g N/pot 2 times; high, 1.69 g N/pot 3 times). Controls
were maintained 10 km away from the test site, using the same soil and water: GR3 performed better under high N and TKM9 under low N (Table 1,2).
Table 2. Effect of air pollution on yield of rice cultivars. Baroda, India.
Cultivar
Regime
Dry wt (g) of filled grains/ plant C P 0.02 0.19 2.32 3.75 2.10 0.75 1.52
Dry wt (g) of unfilled grains/ plant C 0.15 0.12 0.20 0.43 0.15 0.21 0.21 0.29 P 0.35 0.42 1.21 1.31 0.65 0.36 0.72 C
Straw wt (g/plant) P 7.97 5.56 5.38 5.55 3.67 3.02 5.19
100-grain wt (g) C 3.19 3.36 3.02 2.71 2.84 2.63 2.87 P 1.20 1.10 5.38 5.55 3.66 3.02 3.32 C 5.19 6.74 5.12 3.89 4.65 3.68 4.88
Yield (g) P 8.34 6.17 8.81 10.05 6.42 4.13 1.86 7.32 C 0.361 0.309 0.365 0.184 0.363 0.231 0.302
Harvest index P 0.002 0.031 0.256 0.377 0.293 0.180 0.190
Co 43 GR3 TKM9 Mean CD (0.05)
LN HN LN LN HN
1.81 1.63 1.90 0.74 1.66 0.84 1.43
3.19 3.36 3.02 2.71 2.84 2.63 2.96
0.59
1.29
0.07
0.005

HYBRID RICE
Identification and classification of fertility restorers and maintainers for cytoplasmic male sterile line V20A
M. R. K. Singh and P. K. Sinha, Plant Breeding and Genetics Department, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi 834006, Bihar, India
Since rice is a strictly self-pollinated crop, heterosis breeding must have an effective male sterility and restorer system to produce a bulk quantity of hybrid seeds. Among the commercially usable cytoplasmic male sterile lines, V20A is one of the most stable. V20A was crossed with 40 indica varieties to identify their fertility-
restoring ability and the maintenance capacity of V20A. The F1s were raised in 4 replications, each consisting of 40 plots with an interplot spacing of 50 cm. Each plot had 1 row of 5 singleplant hills, with a spacing of 25 cm between hills. At maturity, all plants were harvested, and their grain fertility calculated. The varieties were then
16
classified according to grain fertility percentage. Of the 40 varieties studied, 19 were classified as restorers, 12 as partial restorers, and 9 as maintainers (see table).
Fertility restorers, partial restorers, and maintainers of cytoplasmic male sterile line V20A. Bihar, India. Variety or line Grain fertility (%)
Table 1. Discriminative power of isozyme markers among indica rices: probability (P) that 2 randomly chosen varieties differ for each individual marker and for a certain number of markers. IRRI, 1985. Object of comparison Individual marker Amp-1 (2) Block ( Amp-3, Est-2 ) b (3) Pgi-2 (3) Pgi-1 (4) Sdh-1 (6) Pox-2 c (6) Acp-1 (6) Est-9 (7) Amp-2 (8) Adh-1 (11) Pgd-1 (11) Est-1 c (?) Acp-4 (?) Mal-1 (?) Number of markers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >9
aChromosome a
P 0.13 0.61 0.50 0.13 0.5 2 0.50 0.04 0.45 0.02 0.02 0.55 0.06 0.39 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.1 1 0.21 0.26 0.21 0.1 1 0.04 0.01 0.00
Restorer (> 7.5% fertility) 89.6 RAU4045-2A IR19748-28 88.8 BAU120-9 88.5 IR58 88.5 IR19728-3-2-3-3 88.0 IR54 85.7 IR36 85.5 IR60 85.4 Amrose 84.4 BAU146-9-2 82.9 BAU151-51 82.7 IRAT-112 82.1 RAU4045-6 81.9 BAU147-22 81.9 BAU151-54 81.3 IR50 77.9 IR24 77.9 P-33 77.7 OR165-28-4 75.7 Partial restorer (10- 7.5% fertility) Pusa 2-21 65.3 RAU4045-3 60.0 IR8 53.3 Kiran 49.3 Changlei 45.8 Culture-1 27.4 RP1848-21-3-5 21.3 Ratna 20.2 BAU151-56 17.2 Badshah Pasand 15.0 Saket-4 10.1 BAU122-2 10.1 Bala CR404-48 CH1039 IET7918 Annapurna CH988 ADT30 CR407-19 Cauvery Maintainer (<10% fertility) 8.3 6.8 6.5 6.2 6.1 4.8 4.2 3.8 3.2
number in parentheses. b Block of 2 tightly linked loci, showing strong linkage disequilibrium. cInvolving one null allele (recessive) in significant frequency.
hybrid seed production by differentiating the seeds resulting from the expected combination from those produced by selfing and those produced by foreign pollen. We investigated polymorphism of genes coding for isozymes among the indica rices to determine their potential to address this matter. The survey of 900 traditional varieties identified 14 polymorphic genes expressed in young shoots, among which 9 are highly polymorphic. Thus, isozymes provide a very powerful means of discrimination among indica rices (Table 1). We used some of these enzymes to characterize six cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS), four maintainer (B), and eight restorer (R) lines for the wild aborted (WA) cytosterility system (Table 2). Each line presents a dominant allelic combination, with minor combinations observed in variable frequencies. The dominant combination in any CMS linc is different from that in any R line. Thus, after preliminary purification, these genes will be useful in determining hybrid seed purity.
Table 2. Variation at 10 loci among 6 CMS, 4 B, and 8 R lines of the WA cytosterility system. IRRI, 1987. Line A lines Zhen Shan 97A V20A IR46830A IR54752A IR54753A IR54754A B lines Zhen Shan 97 V2OA IR46830 IR54752 R lines Milyang 46 Milyang 54 IR9761-19-1 IR13292-5-3 IR14753-120-3 IR19392-211-1 IR20933-68-21-1-2 IR54R
a1
Plants analyzed (no.) 156 88 801 605 167 88 114 102 144 104 147 110 104 213 154 117 110 131
Most frequent allelic constitution at 10 loci a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2* 1* 2* 1* 1* 1 2 1* 2 1* 1 2 1* 2 2* 2* 2 2* 3 2* 2* 1 1* 1 1 2 2* 1* 1 4* 1 1 1 1* 1 1* 1* 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2* 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 7 1* 1* 2 2* 2* 2* 1 1* 2 2* 2* 1* 1* 2* 1* 1* 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1* 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0* 9 2* 2* 1 1* 1* 1* 2 2* 1 1* 1* 2* 2* 1* 2* 2* 2 2
Frequency (%) of 10* other types 2* 2* 1 1 1 1 2 2* 1 1 2 1 1 2* 1 1 1 1 32.1 31.8 5.0 0.5 0.6 1.1 0 8.8 2.8 2.9 0.7 15.5 6.7 8.5 9.7 11.1 1.8 5.3
CD (P=0.05) 6.66 CV = 9.00%
Isozyme markers to monitor seed purity in indica hybrid rice

J. C. Glaszmnn, O. Edralin, and S.S. Virmani, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI
Simple genetic markers are needed to assess the efficiency of systems for
= Pgi-1, 2 = Pgi-2, 3 = Sdh-1, 4 = Adh-1, 5 = Amp-1, 6 = Amp-2, 7 = Amp-3, 8 = Est-1, 9 = Est-2, 10 = Est-9, l = locus where several alleles have been found within the line.
17
Pest Control and Management

DISEASES
Seed treatment against tungro (RTV)
M. Sudjak S., Maros Research Institute for Food Crops, P. O. Box 173, Ujung Pandang, Indonesia
Effect of seed treatment on GLH population and RTV incidence in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Treatment (g furathiocarb/kg seed) 10 15 20 25 40 Control 10 15 20 25 40 Control
a
GLH/hill (WAS) 1 wk 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 13 abc 17 bc 10 ab 13 abc 8a 20 c 2 wk Maros 0.7 0.4 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.0 Lanrang a 25 a 24 a 23 a 24 a 22 a 32 a 3 wk 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.4 1.2 1.3 17 17 13 13 11 26 ab ab ab a a b 4 wk 0.7 0.9 0.8 1.4 1.4 2.0 13 ab 15 bc 11 ab 9 ab 7a 22 c
RTV incidence (%) 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.3 65 81 77 26 20 88
We evaluated five levels of furathiocarb (Promet 40 SD) for seed treatment against RTV in Maros and Lanrang, South Sulawesi. Seed was submerged 24 h and air-dried 10 min, then mixed with furathiocarb powder. Seeds were planted 24 h after treatment in 2- 4-m seedbeds. Green leafhopper (GLH) populations were estimated by covering each hill once a week to 4 wk after sowing (WAS) with a 20- 20- 30-cm transparent mylar cage and counting GLH in the cage. Ten cages per seedbed were used with 3 replications. In Maros, GLH population and RTV
In a column, means followed by the same letter do not significantly differ at the 5% level (DMRT).
incidence were low even 7 WAS (see table). Although GLH populations were quite high in Lanrang, RTV infection did not appear until 4 WAS. Incidence
was 20-90% 7 WAS. Furathiocarb at 25 and 40 g/kg seeds provided the best control in Lanrang.
Heat and chemical therapy to eradicate Pseudomonas fuscovaginae from rice seed
R.S. Zeigler, M. Rubiano, and E. Alvarez. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Apartado Aereo 6713. Cali, Colombia
Seedborne and seed-transmitted fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. have been shown to cause sheath rot, and grain discoloration and sterility in Japan, southern Europe, Africa, and Latin America. The pathogens have been identified as P. syringae pv. syringae, P. fuscovaginae ( = P. marginalis = P. fluorescens biovar II), but the taxonomy is unclear. National quarantine norms often require that imported seed be free of seed-transmitted pathogens. We undertook studies to evaluate chemical seed treatment and heat therapy for eradicating pathogens from rice seed.
Dry heat is known to eradicate P. fuscovaginae from seed, but the longterm effect on seed viability is not known. Hot water therapy (55C, 20 min) to eradicate Aphelenchoides besseyi from seed is a common practice. Tetracycline is known to reduce P. fuscovaginae infection, but agricultural chemicals registered for rice have not been tested. Kasugamycin, propineb, captan, mancozeb, edifenphos, tricyclazone, benomyl, and captafol, which are commonly used in Latin America to control grain discoloration and neck blast, were prescreened for ability to limit in vitro colony growth of isolates from Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Only kasugamycin showed a significant negative effect on colony growth of P. fuscovaginae, and none had a significant effect on P. syringae pv. syringae or P. avenae (nonfluorescent). Therefore, dry heat and hot water were compared with kasugamycin at 0.2 g ai/kg seed for
their efficiencies in eradicating the pathogens. Test seed was harvested from plants inoculated with Latin American isolates of P. fuscovaginae. The two heat therapies were completely effective (Table 1). Kasugamycin significantly reduced but did not eradicate the pathogen. We assessed the effect of dry heat
Table 1. Comparison of heat a and antibiotic treatments for eradicating Pseudomonas fuscovaginae from rice seed. b Cali, Colombia, 1987. Isolate Contamination (%) Untreated 33 31.9 28 Kasugamycin at 0.2 g ai/kg seed 4.0 0 2.9
BCE-3 BCE-23 532

a The
heat treatments (65C for 6 d, or 55C water for 20 min) produced no contamination. b Seed from plants inoculated at booting with pathogenic isolates of P. fuscovaginae. Mean of 2 replications, 100 seeds each. All treatments had significantly lower contamination than the untreated for the 3 isolates.
18
therapy (65 C, 6 d) on the viability of seed of 15 commonly grown Latin American rice varieties. Germination (in petri plates) and field emergence of seed kept at 65 C for 6 d were compared with those of seed kept at 55 C for 3 d to break dormancy and with untreated seed. Readings were taken immediately after treatment (1 mo after harvest) and after 5 and 8 mo of post-treatment storage at room temperature. Because hot water therapy has little effect on germination and viability in most varieties, it was not included in the viability studies. Even after 8 mo of room storage, the treatments differed little in germination, most being around 80% (Table 2). The slight negative effect on field emergence was not enough to prevent a good stand. The choice of seed treatment depends on the Pseudomonas species involved, available facilities; quantity of seed to be treated, and its destination or use. For seed for international exchange and for genetic or basic seed, heat treatment is relatively easy. For commercial certified seed, treatment with kasugamycin could greatly reduce contamination with P. fuscovaginae and offer some protection against leaf blast in the seedling stage.
Sheath blight diseases in tropical ricefields

Yin Shangzhi and T. W. Mew, IRRI
The several kinds of sheath diseases of rice, usually caused by fungus pathogens, produce different types of sclerotia. Their pathogenicity and occurrence have been reported in Japan, China, America, and other places, but little is known about their distribution, frequency, and significance in tropical rice-growing areas. We surveyed their distribution patterns in relation to rice sheath disease incidence in 1985. Sclerotia extracted from soil samples from several fields were examined under a dissecting microscope. They were identified by size, shape, and color. Distribution frequencies were calculated. Pure cultures of fungal sclerotia isolated were grown on potato dextrose
19
agar at 25 C for 4 d to use as inocula. Plants of rice cultivar IR36 were inoculated at both seedling and early maturity stages. Lesion appearance and size were observed to determine their virulence. Three pathogenic sclerotia-producing fungus pathogens Rhizoctonia solani, R. oryzae-sativae, and R. oryzae were identified. The frequencies of the inoculum extracted from the soil were 57.3% for R. solani, 42.3% for R. oryzae-sativae, and 0.4% for R. oryzae (see table). Tests for pathogenicity indicated that R. solani and R. oryzae were more aggressive on rice than R. oryzae-sativae. They infected rice plants at both seedling and adult stages; R. oryzaesativae infected plants only at the adult stage. Symptoms caused by R. solani and R. oryzae were similar, but R. oryzae caused dark reddish brown or brown margins. The lesions caused by R. solani and R. oryzae were also much
Distribution of sclarotial populations responsible for sheath diseases of rice in the tropics. IRRI, 1985. Site and population C14 Population A Population B Combined B40 Block A Apr May Block B Apr May Total or av R. solani no. 111 110 221 67 57 74 64 483 Frequency (%) 53.6 52.1 52.9 53.6 64.8 65.5 64.7 57.3 R. oryzae-sativae no. 96 101 197 57 30 38 35 357 Frequency (%) 46.4 47.9 47.1 45.6 34.1 33.6 35.3 42.3 no. R. oryzae Frequency (%)
1 1 3
10.8 1.1 0.9 0.4
larger than those by R. oryzae-sativae, which were aggregated small spots. We concluded that R. solani is the major causal organism of sheath diseases of rice in the tropics. Although less aggressive .on rice than the two other fungi, R. oryzae-sativae was a
relatively large part of the entire sclerotial population found and may play an important role in causing rice sheath diseases in tropical areas. R. oryzae is very virulent on rice, but its sclerotial population was relatively low.
Effect of plant age at inoculation on rice tungro virus development

G. N. Rao and P. Narayanasamy, Plant Pathology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
figure). The negative correlation between plant age and infection percentage was highly significant. Mean incubation
period progressively increased with plant age. These two factors were positively correlated.
Twenty 10- to 20-d-old plants of variety TN1 were inoculated using 5 green leafhoppers Nephotettix virescens per plant after 24-h acquisition feeding. Susceptibility was high in 10-d-old plants, with percentage of infection decreasing with increased plant age (see
Plant parasitic nematodes associated with deepwater rice in Orissa, India

S. Ray and S.N. Das, Nematology Department, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India, and H.D. Cotling, IRRI
Plant parasitic nematodes associated with deepwater rice in Orissa India. Nematode species Aphelenchoides besseyi Helicotylenchus dihystera H. crenacauda Hemicriconemoides cocophilus Hirschmanniella mucronata H. oryzae Hoplolaimus indicus Meloidogyne sp. Pratylenchus zeae b
a
Frequency (%) 25 20 25 5 65 5 15 5 10
Density L L L-M L M-H M L H L
Relationship between plant age, infection (%), and incubation period.
Rice, the principal crop of Orissa, is grown in habitats ranging from fully rainfed unbunded uplands to deepwater situations with more than 50 cm water for the major part of the year. Deepwater situations exist not only in the coastal belt at mean sea level (MSL) but also at altitudes as high as 1,067 m above MSL in the interior districts. The varieties grown under such situations are all local and take more than 180 d to mature. In a survey of plant parasitic nematodes associated with deepwater
L < 100 nematodea/250 ml soil, M = 100-250 nematodes/250 ml soil, H > 250 nematodes/ 250 ml soil. b New record.
rice in Cuttack, Balasore (coastal belt), and Koraput (high altitude) districts, nine species were found (see table). Hemicriconemoides cocophilus and Pratylenchus zeae were prevalent in the
20
basal root area in deepwater situations, Hirschmanniella mucronata in the nodal roots, and a Meloidogyne sp. in typical deepwater situations. H. cocophilus had
earlier been found in the rice rhizosphere in 50 cm water. Of the rice plant samples, 25% were symptomless carriers of the white-tip
nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi; 3 samples with ufra symptoms (1 from Cuttack and 2 from Balasore) did not yield Ditylenchus angustus.
Disease occurrence as affected by age of transplanted seedlings

R.B. Baltazar and N. G. Tangonan, Southern Mindanao Agricultural Research Center (SMARC) Plant Pathology Department, College of Agriculture, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato 9311, Philippines
Rice seedlings are usually transplanted at 20-25 d after sowing. Seedlings more than 30 d old recover more slowly than younger seedlings, especially if they have stem or root injury. We studied diseases of IR18348 to assess the severity of infection by age of seedlings. Treatments with 20-d, 25-d, and 30-d seedlings were in a randomized complete block design replicated 3 times. Seeds were sown together in a wet bed, but transplanting was staggered according to seedling age. Standard cultural practices, except for pesticide application, were followed. All diseases that occurred from seedling to maturity were identified and percentage incidence and severity of infection assessed. Sample plants were
Table 1. Percent infection and severity of diseases observed in IR18348 by age of seedlings. Cotabato, Philippines. Seedling age (d) 20 25 30 RTV infection (%) 13.8 15.0 20.0 Severity (%) BS 4.9 4.8 4.5 NBS 19.2 18.5 19.5 ShB 17.2 9.7 17.2 FSm 1.4 0.7 0.9
taken from the middle rows of each plot. For foliar diseases, 5 leaves from 25 sample tillers taken at random in an X pattern were rated. Percentage infection and grain yield were recorded from plants in a 3-m 2 area. Five diseases tungro (RTV), brown spot (BS), narrow brown spot (NBS), sheath blight (ShB), and false smut (FSm) were observed in IR18348, regardless of seedling age. Only RTV Inoculum distribution patterns of rice sheath blight (ShB)
Yin Shangzhi and T. W. Mew, IRRI
was of major importance. Percentage infection of RTV and disease severity of NBS, BS, ShB, and FSm did not vary significantly (Table 1). However, 30-d seedlings had the highest NBS severity and 20-d seedlings had the lowest RTV percentage. Seedlings transplanted at 25 d after sowing had the highest grain yield (Table 2).
Disease incidence in each quadrat was calculated at early maturity, following Hashibas equation
D = (1.62 X -32.4)A /100
Table 2. Grain yield of IR18348 by age of seedlings. Cotabato, Philippines. Seedling age (d) 20 25 30
a Means
Mean grain yield a (kg/5 m 2 ) 2.07 b 2.42 a 2.03 b
of 4 replications. Significant at the 5% level by DMRT.
Rice ShB caused by Rhizoctonia solani has become a major production-limiting disease in some localities in recent years. Sclerotia of R. solani formed on infected plants and dislodged on the field have been considered a primary source of inoculum. Avoidance of fields with high inoculum densities could reduce losses, but this requires knowing the spatial pattern of inoculum and diseased plants. Accurate, reliable sampling methods are needed to determine that. We sprayed two ricefields (C14 and B40) at IRRI Jan-Aug 1985 on the basis of ShB incidence in previous cropping. The fields were divided into contiguous quadrats. Soil samples were collected with a 5-cm-diam soil sampler after harvest in C14 and both after harvest and after land preparation in B40. Samples from each quadrat were processed separately and numbers of sclerotia counted. Mean number of sclerotia, standard deviation, and ratio of variance to mean were calculated for each field and each sample date. Four statistical probability distribution models Poisson, negative binomial, Neyman type A, and Thomas double Poisson were used for data analysis; goodness of fit was tested by chi-square.
where D is disease severity, X is the ratio of height of the uppermost lesion to total plant height, and A is percentage affected hills. Seven simulated sampling paths were compared with the quadrat method used. R. solani sclerotia distribution patterns were clumped and best described by Thomas double Poisson and Neyman type A models. The variance to mean ratios of diseased plants found were significantly greater than unity, indicating that plant distribution did not coincide with the distribution patterns of sclerotia. Disease incidence was probably influenced by wind direction. Comparison of the quadrat method and seven Simulated sampling paths indicated that sampling path depended on the degree of clustering of inoculum in the fields. No single sampling path provided the best estimate of sclerotial populations. But the distance between samples could be increased to cover a larger area to retain a minimum number of samples without losing accuracy. Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.
IRRN 12:5 (October 1987) 21
Association of two types of viruses with stunted, yellow rice plants in southern Sri Lanka
K. W. Jayasena, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Angunukolapelessa, Sri Lanka
Incidence of RTBV and RTSV in rice plants collected from fields in Angunukopelessa Sri Lanka, 1986-87. Location Muthukandiya, Monaragala Medamulana, Hambantota Angunulrolapelessa, Hambantota Variety BG94-1 BG400-1 BG94-1 BG94-1 TNl (check) Plants tested (no.) 20 20 40 10 10 Plants (%) infected with RTBV+RTSV 75 90 50 10 0 RTBV 20 10 12.5 60 0 RTSV 5 12.5 30 0
Stunted rice plants with yellow discoloration were observed in maha season (Sep-Feb) 1986-87 in Monaragala and Hambantota districts. Insect transmission tests with brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens showed that the disease can be transmitted to TNl plants by N. virescens. The second youngest leaf of plants collected from affected fields were
homogenized individually. The sap was mixed with an equal amount of latex (Difco-Bacto Latex 0.81) suspension sensitized with antisera to rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) or rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) and shaken for 45 min. The presence of latex particle
clumps in the sap indicated virus antigens. Most of the samples tested contain RTBV or RTSV alone or both (see table), indicating tungro disease and the association of RTBV and RTSV with tungro in Sri Lanka.

INSECTS
Biotype populations of Nilaparvata lugens in Hunan, China
Lei Hui-zhi, Liu Gui-qiu, Wu Mei-wu, and Jiang Jian-yun, Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
Varietal reaction to populations of N. lugens collected in Hunan, China, 1980-86. Collection site Score a TN1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Mudgo 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.7 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.0 2.3 1.0 1.6 2.3 0.3 1.0 1.6 1.0 ASD7 1980 1.6 1981 1.6 1.0 1982 3.9 3.0 1.0 1.1 3.9 1983 1.0 2.3 1.6 2.0 1.3 1.3 1984 2.3 1986 3.6 1.6 Ptb 33 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 3.0 2.2 2.0 3.0 2.3 1.6 3.0 3.0 0.6 1.6 1.0 1.6 1.0 2.2 Babawee Rathu Heenati
Changsha Changsha Yueyang Ningxiang Yiyang Changde Hengyang Xiangtan Guiyang Lingling Shaoyang Huaihua Yongshun Changsha Changsha Yiyang Changsha
a
We collected brown planthopper (BPH) populations from 12 districts across Hunan Province during 1980-84 and 1986 to detect biotypes of N. lugens. Mudgo, ASD7, Ptb 33, Babawee, and Rathu Heenati were used as standard differential varieties. TNl was the susceptible check. Germinated seeds were sown in a 60 30 10 cm seedbox with 5 cm row spacing, 3 replications per variety. A week after sowing, seedlings were thinned to 20/ row. Plants were infested with 5 second- or third-instar nymphs per seedling at the 2- to 3-leaf stage. Grading for plant damage began when 80% of the susceptible check plants were dead and was repeated twice, at 2-d intervals. The final rating was an average of the three grading. Damage in all but two differential varieties was below 3; ASD7 scored
1.0 1.6 3.0 3.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1-3 = resistant. 5-9 = susceptible.
below 3 with populations from 3 sites and Babawee with the population from Yongshun in 1983 (see table). All
populations of N. lugens in Hunan can be considered to belong to biotype 1. In 1976, hybrid rice was first released
22
in Hunan. In 1983, hybrid varieties HA79317-7 and Xiangwanxian-1 which have moderate resistance to BPH, were grown in about 6% of the hybrid rice area (36% of the Hunan rice area). One of HA79317-7s parents is IR36;
Xiangwanxian-1 is a cross with ASD7 (both IR36 and ASD7 carry gene bph 2). Most hybrid rice varieties appeared to be moderately resistant in the field. Most local improved varieties were susceptible to BPH. This
investigation suggests that HA79317-7 and Xiangwanxian-1 and the hybrid combinations currently used, that are not known to have resistance genes, have not caused the phenotypic changes in N. lugens populations of Hunan.
A parasitic nematode in white striated planthopper (WSPH) of rice

M. Jayanthi, G. Shankar, and P. Baskaran, Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, India
A new rice leaffolder (LF) in Kerala

L. Nadarajan and N. Rajappan Nair, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Pattambi, Kerala 679306, India
The occurrence of parasitic nematodes in some leafhoppers and planthoppers of rice has been reported in many places. Nephotettix spp., Nilaparvata lugens (Stl) and Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) were reported to have been parasitized by two parasitic nematodes Agamermis unka and Hexamermis sp. We have encountered some individuals of WSPH Nisia nervosa (Motsch), another planthopper occasionally seen on rice, parasitized by an unclassified nematode (see figure). The nematode measures about 2-3.5 cm long. About 12% of field-collected WSPH were observed to be parasitized during the winter months (Nov-Dec) at Annamalainagar.
LF infestation in Kerala has so far been attributed mainly to a single species, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guene. But recent reports from other states indicate that the LF population is a multispecies complex. Observation of LF-damaged leaves in ricefields in and around RARS revealed a new species, Brachmia atrotraea Meyrick (family Gelechiidae), which was earlier reported in Cuttack, Orissa, and Madurai, Tamil Nadu, and in Malaysia. The population is commonly found in leaves of ratoon rice and in weeds. The fully grown larva is distinguished from other LF in having a distinct black head and a prothoracic shield. It folds rice leaves longitudinally, mostly from the tip, and feeds by scraping the epidermal tissues (Fig. 1). Larval length is about 9 mm.
3. Adult of B. atrotraea.
Nisia nervosa adult parasitized by nematode.
1. Larva of Brachmia atrotraea with its leaf fold. Kerala, India, 1987.
The brownish larva, measuring about 6 mm, pupates in the folded leaf (Fig. 2). The pale strawcolored and small adult emerges within 1 wk (Fig. 3). Probably because its damage is similar to that caused by C. medinalis, B. atrotraea went unnoticed.
23
Effect of three insecticides on green leafhopper (GLH) population and tungro (RTV) incidence
R. F. Macatula, O. Mochida, and J. A. Litsinger, IRRI
a Table 2. Effect of 3 insecticides on RTV and yield. IRRI, 1986.
Insecticide b
Rate (kg ai/ha)
Hills (%) showing RTV symptoms 40 DT 65 DT 24 a 35 ab 36 ab 45 b 41 b 46 b 64 c
Yield (t/ha)
Cypermethrin Monocrotophos BPMC Control

a Av
We tested full and half of recommended rates of 3 common insecticides to control GLH: cypermethrin at 0.05 and 0.025 and monocrotophos and BPMC at 0.750 and 0.375 kg ai/ha. IR22 seedlings raised under netting to 21 d after sowing on the IRRI farm were transplanted in 5.0 9.8 m plots at 25 25- cm spacing, in 4 replications. Insecticides were sprayed 5 times at 14-d intervals from 2 to 58 d after transplanting (DT). GLH numbers were monitored (FARMCOP suction
0.05 0.02 0.75 0.37 0.75 0.37
10 a 13 a 16 a 13 a 19 a 17 a 43 b
2.9 a 2.8 a 2.5 ab 2.4 ab 2.2 b 2.1 b 1.6 c
of 4 replications, In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. b Insecticides were applied at 2, 16, 30, 44, and 58 DT.
sampler machine) 1 d after each insecticide application. RTV incidence was visually estimated at 40 and 65 DT. Cypermethrin, monocrotophos, and BPMC were effective against GLH at
half of recommended rates (Table 1). Significantly fewer RTV-infected hills also were found (Table 2). Cypermethrin was superior to BPMC in controlling GLH and RTV.
Table 1. Field evaluation of 3 insecticides to control GLH. a IRRI, 1986. GLH adults (no./10 sweeps) Insecticide b Rate (kg ai/ha) 0.05 0.02 0.75 0.37 0.75 0.37 1st spraying 1 DBT 4.8 a 4.0 a 6.5 a 6.5 a 6.3 a 4.8 a 6.8 a 1 DAT 1.3 a 2.5 a 2.8 a 2.0 a 3.8 a 5.0 ab 8.5 b 2d spraying 1 DBT 7.8 a 10.5 ab 7.5 a 10.3 ab 6.8 a 8.0 a 14.5 b 1 DAT 1.5 a 3.0 ab 5.8 abc 8.8 bc 8.0 10.3 14.8 bc cd d 3d spraying 1 DBT 7.0 abc 4.5 a 7.0 abc 10.5 bc 5.8 ab 7.3 abc 11.3 c 1 DAT 3.0 a 6.5 ab 6.8 ab 9.0 b 9.8 b 9.0 b 16.3 c 4th spraying 1 DBT 5.5 a 4.8 a 7.0 ab 8.0 ab 8.0 ab 9.8 ab 12.0 b 1 DAT 4.0 a 3.3 a 4.8 a 5.3 a 4.0 a 7.5 a 13.0 b 5th spraying 1 DBT 5.5 a 7.0 ab 11.5 bc 12.0 bc 9.5 abc 13.0 c 13.8 c lDAT 0.3 a 0.0 a 1.3 a 1.3 a 2.8 a 8.0 b 9.8 b
Cypermethrin Monocrotophos BPMC No insecticide (control)
a DBT = day before treatment, DAT = day after treatment. Av of 4 replications. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. b Insecticide applied at 2, 16, 30, 44, and 58 DT. Spray volume, 300-500 liters/ha.
Cytogenetic effects of neem seed "bitters" (NSB) on green leafhopper (GLH) males
R. C. Saxena, Entomology Department, IRRI, and A. A. Barrion, Genetics Laboratory, University of the Philippines at Los Baos
Mean frequencies of meiocytes and nonmeiocytes, and meiotic indices in progeny derived from N. a virescens parents caged on NSB-treated TN1 rice plants. IRRI, 1987. NSB treatment (ppm) 0 (control) 100 500 2500
a Av
Frequency (no.) Meiocytes 484 450 86 17 a a b b Nonmeiocytes 96 197 91 89 a b b b
Meiotic index 0.83 a 0.69 b 0.48 c 0.45 c
Exposure to neem seed derivatives has recently been found to reduce the reproductive potential of several species of insect pests. We investigated this phenomenon in Nephottetix virescens. Using the lacto-aceto-orcein squash technique, we examined the meiotic cells of male progeny derived from N. virescens parents caged on TN1 rice
of 15 replications. 1 insect replication. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
plants sprayed with an aqueous solution of 100, 500, and 2,500 ppm NSB and compared them with those from control progeny. The meiotic process, but not interphase, was significantly affected at
500 and 2,500 ppm NSB. Few spermatogonia carried on the meiotic divisions that produced primary and secondary spermatocytes. This significantly reduced the meiotic index in the progeny derived from treated
24
Meiotic chromosomes of male progeny derived from N. virescens parents caged on TN1 rice plants treated with 500 and 2,500 ppm NSB, IRRI, 1987. a) Metaphase arrest, b) chromosome stickiness and elongation.
parents (set table). The arrest of metaphase I stage in meiotic chromosomes of primary spermatocytes (see figure) was most evident at 500 and 2,500 ppm NSB. Of 450 meiocytes, about 40-60% were at first metaphase. The meiotic cells of progeny derived from treated parents lacked the ample spindle fibers needed for normal disjunction of chromosomes during succeeding stages of spermatogenesis. About 18 and 21% chromosomal abnormalities were caused in treatments with 500 and 2,500 ppm NSB,
respectively. At 500 ppm, meiotic cells showed 10% chromosome elongation and 8% reduction in chromosome number due to autosomal stickiness and fusions. At 2,500 ppm, chromosome elongations were 13% and chromosome fusions 8%. The reduced reproductive fitness of N. virescens caged on rice plants treated with neem derivatives can be attributed to cellular and chromosomal dysfunctions during spermatogenesis, leading to nonviability and senescence of sperm cells.
Thrips control at tillering of transplanted rice

S. Murugesan, M.S. Venugopal, and M. Bharathi, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI), Aduthurai 612101, Tamil Nadu, India
Table 2. Effect of granular and spray formulations of insecticides on thrips control. TRRI, Aduthurai, India, 1986. Thrips a Dose (no./10 (kg ai/ha) hand passes) at 3 DAT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 13 ab 14 ab 9a 17 ab 20 bc 17 ab 34 c 20 bc 18 ab 25 bc
Insecticide
Rice thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis Bagnall causes severe damage to seedlings in the nursery and to the transplanted crop in the main field at tillering. We evaluated 5 new insecticides 3 granular and 2 spray formulations for thrips control in a field experiment during thaladi season (Oct 86-Feb 87). Checks were
Table 1. Effect of new insecticides on thrips control. TRRI, Aduthurai, India, 1986. Thrips a Dose (no./10 (kg ai/ha) hand passes) at 3 DAT 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.09 0.5 14.8 16.3 13.5 14.0 ab b ab ab
Phosphamidon 85 EC Monocrotophos 40 EC Chlorpyrifos 20 EC Quinalphos 25 EC Endosulfan 35 EC Phosalone 35 EC Carbofuran 3 G Chlorpyrifos 10 G BHC 10 D 25 kg/ha No insecticide (untreated check)
a Mean of 3 replications. Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level based on CD value. DAT = days after treatment.
Insecticide Chlorpyrifos 10 G Cartap4G Ethoprop 10 G Carbofuran 3 G (standard check) Chlorpyrifos 40 EC Dadeci 5.9 EC (decamethrin 150 g + buprofezin 9 g) Phosalone 35 EC (standard check) No insecticide (untreated check)
a Mean
carbofuran 3G and phosalone 35 EC. Rice variety IR20 was grown. Insecticides were applied at 20 d after
transplanting (DT) and at 40 DT, if thrips incidence was found. In a second field experiment, insecticides commonly used to control different rice pests were evaluated for thrips control. They were applied at 38 DT if thrips population and damage were observed. Thrips populations were sampled by a field worker passing his wet palm over leaves at 10 places/plot; damage was sampled by counting total and affected leaves on 10 hills/plot at 3 and 14 d after first insecticide application. Spray formulations of chlorpyrifos 40 EC at 0.5 kg ai/ha and Dadeci 5.9 EC at 0.09 kg ai/ha, and granular ethoprop at 1.5 kg ai/ ha were as effective as the standard checks for controlling thrips damage (Table 1). Chlorpyrifos 20 EC at 0.5 kg ai/ ha significantly reduced thrips populations 3 d after spraying (Table 2).
13.5 ab 15.3 ab 12.5 a 22.0 c
Cytogenetic effects of neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) on brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens spermatocytes
R.C. Saxena and A.A. Barrion, Entomology Department, IRRI
of 3 replications. Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level, baaed on CD value. DAT = days after treatment.
Exposure to neem Azadirachta indica seed derivatives is known to reduce the reproductive potential of several insect pest species. We investigated the effect
on reproductive fitness of first generation male progeny of BPH male and female parents caged on rice plants sprayed with 100 or 500 ppm of aqueous NSKE. Primary and secondary spermatocytes of BPH progeny collected from NSKEtreated and untreated plants were examined using the lacto-aceto-orcein squash technique. Frequency of meiotic cells was significantly less in progeny collected from NSKE-treated plants.
25
Frequency of nonmeiocytes was not affected. Therefore, the meiotic index was significantly reduced (see table). The majority of the primary spermatocytes in control male progeny had 15 bivalent chromosomes. In the progeny exposed to 100 ppm of NSKE, the primary spermatocytes had reduced numbers of homologs. Of 225 cells examined at diakinesis, 28% contained fewer bivalents: 1% of the cells had 11 bivalents, 3% had 12 bivalents, 5% had 13 bivalents, and 19% had 14 bivalents. The reduction in chromosome number was due to centric fusions, and stickiness of bivalents was a common feature (Fig. la, e, f). At metaphase I, one or two autosomes lagged behind the equatorial clumping (Fig. 1b, c). Secondary spermatocytes in the progeny exposed to NSKE also had fewer univalents than those in the control progeny. Some univalents were elongated. Anomalies were detected in late telophase II cells - the tetrads failed to undergo complete cytokinesis (Fig. 1d). The significance of these abnormalities is not known. Chromosomal defects also occurred in primary and secondary spermatocytes of progeny exposed to 500 ppm of NSKE. More centric fusions resulted in 39% abnormal chromosome counts during diakinesis: 2% had 9 bivalents, 2% had 10 bivalents, 4% had 11 bivalents, 3% had 12 bivalents, 14% had 13 bivalents,
Mean frequencies and indices of BPH males in first generation progeny collected from NSKE-treated and untreated rice plants.a IRRI, 1987. Treatment (ppm NSKE) 100 500 0 (control)
a
Meiocytes (no.) 82.1 b 80.6 b 232.1 a
Nonmeiocytes (no.) 220.6 a 273.3 a 374.6 a
Meiotic index 0.278 b 0.224 b 0.384 a
In a column, means followed by e common letter are not significantly different at 1% level by t-test. Based on 10 replications, 1 male/replication.
Spermatocytes of first-generation male BPH progeny collected from rice plants sprayed with 100 ppm (a-f) and 500 ppm (g) of NSKE. Magnification, 1000 (oil immersion).
and 14% had 14 bivalents. The fused homologs were highly heterochromatic. In addition to these abnormalities, 5 cells contained 18 relatively smaller chromosomes, possibly as a result of fragmentation. A few cells possessed elongated chromosomes. Also, there
were unique localized clumpings at the lower polar ends of primary spermatocytes (Fig. 1g). The chromosomal abnormalities led to inviability of gametes and reduced the insemination potential of first generation male progeny exposed to NSKE.
Outbreak of whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) near Annamalainagar, South lndia

G. Shankar and P. Barkoran, Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamahinagar 608002, India
WBPH Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) is a relatively lesser known insect pest compared with brown planthopper (BPH) in this part of Tamil Nadu. But in December 1986, a severe outbreak of WBPH occurred in a village 3 km from Annamalainagar. It affected about 50 ha of transplanted IR20 and IR50, the
latter being more seriously affected. Early planted fields were the worst affected. We observed about 250-300 WBPH nymphs and adults/hill and 4045 BPH/hill. The WBPH were mostly macropterous. They crowded on leaf blades also. The reasons for the flare-up of planthoppers, especially WBPH, could be either failure of the farmers to notice them on time or favorable weather conditions for insect buildup. The input of pesticides has always been minimal and possibly never exceeded two applications of organophosphates.
Effect of temperature, sustenance, and mating on rice armyworm reproduction

R. Singh, Entomology Department, Haryana Agricultural University (HAU), Hisar 125004, India
Adults of rice armyworm Mythimna separata (Wlk.) from a mass culture raised in the laboratory were used in 3 sets of experiments conducted at 15, 18, 20, 25, and 30 C temperatures and 5580% relative humidity in BOD incubators. For each set, 10 pairs (female + male) of adults were tested
26
Effect of temperature and mating on reproductive biology of rice armyworm adults fed with 10% sucrose solution. a Hisar, India. Temperature (C) 151.5 151.5 151.5 181.5 201.5 201.5 201.5 251.8 251.8 251.8 302.2 302.2 302.2 302.2
aAv
Age of adults before release Male Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh 6d Fresh 6d Fresh 9d Female Fresh Fresh 12 d Fresh Fresh Fresh Fresh 6 d Fresh Fresh Fresh 6 d Fresh
Association period To death None None 5d 2d 3d To death To death 6d To death To death To death To death To death
Preoviposition period (d) 7 12 13 13 8 9 11 10 6 7 11 10
Oviposition period (d) 19 11 3 1 10 5 3 4 8 7 6 9
Postoviposition period (d) 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 1
Adult longevity (d) Male 29 30 29 16 11 21 16 13 12 17 17 12 18 Female 28 29 25 17 17 20 15 16 17 17 15 18 20
Eggs (no./female) 939 370 192 53 606 457 406 380 743 600 523 600
Hatching (%) 70 45 0 0 42 68 65 45 25 32 30 40
of 10 replications, 1 pair (female + male) of adults/replication.
individually in separate glass jars (15 10 cm) containing dry sugarcane leaves for egg laying. In the first set, adults were kept without food or water; in the second, with water alone; in the third, with 10% sucrose solution. Adults remained together for different periods. Adults without food did not survive more than 6 d at all temperatures and Effect of transplanting date on leaffolder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and rice bug (RB) Leptocorisa oratorius infestation at Kuningan, West Java
H. Suharto and I. P. Noch, Sukamandi Research Institute for Food Crops (SURIF), Subang, West Java, Indonesia
died without laying eggs. Water-satiated adults also did not lay eggs and survived 4-8 d. Sucrose-fed females laid eggs at all temperatures (see table). Mating was essential for oviposition; unmated females did not lay eggs even when males were in the same glass jar but kept away by wire gauge. When the adults were brought together, mating
took place within 48 h to 12 d after emergence. Continuous association of adults resulted in higher egg output; 23 d association resulted in unfertilized and fewer eggs. Adult longevity, egg output, hatching, and oviposition period were maximum at 15 C. At 30 C, adult longevity and hatching were considerably reduced.
Table 1. Effect of transplanting date on LF and RB infestation, and yield of rice variety Cisanggarung.a SURIF, West Java, Indonesia, 1985 wet season. Infestationb Transplanting date Tillers with LF (no./20 hills) 22 DT Early (30 Dec 1985) Simultaneous (30 Jan 1986) Late (2 Mar 1986) CV (%)
a
RB (no./25 m 2) 26.89 b 9.56 a 302.00 c 18.9
Yield (g/20 hills)
42 DT 10.83 b 10.82 b 4.06 a 9.0
63 DT 15.10 b 4.06 a 4.06 a 5.8
3.45 b 3.47 b 2.07 a 28.8
479 509 314 14.0
a a
An experiment in Kuningan (550 m above sea level) in the 1985 wet season evaluated the effect of transplanting date and insecticide application on rice pest infestation. Variety Cisanggarung was transplanted in a split-plot arrangement with transplanting date as main plots and insecticide application as subplots with three replications. The subplots were 5 5 m. LF infestation was assessed by counting the number of tillers with insects on 20 hills. LF infestation with late transplanting (1 mo after farmers date) was lower than with early (1 mo before farmers date) or simultaneous transplanting
In a column, numbers followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by HSD. b DT = days after transplanting.
Table 2. Effect of diazinon and BPMC on LF infestation.a SURIF, 1985 wet season. Treatment Control Diazinon BPMC CV (%)
a
Tillers with LFa (no./20 hills) 22 DT 3.47 b 2.66 a 2.80 ab 18.4 42 DT 8.10 b 1.64 a 9.36 b 7.1 63 DT 1.13 a 1.44 a 8.05 a 7.4
In a column, numbers followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by HSD.
(Table 1). In contrast, RB infestation was highest with late transplanting. The yield with late transplanting was significantly lower than with early or simultaneous transplanting, presumably because of heavy RB infestation. Diazinon was more effective than BPMC in LF control (Table 2). Insecticides had no effect on RB infestation because they were applied at the very early flowering stage, and had no residual effect when infestation occurred.
27
Yield loss caused by leaffolder (LF) damage alone and combined with yellow stem borer (YSB) damage
H. V. Pandya, A. H. Shah, and M.S. Purohit, Entomology Department, N. M. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Navsari Campus, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
LF alone and 50 for infestation by LF and YSB (whiteheads). Grain was collected from individual plants. Regressions of grain yield by percentage LF infestation alone and percentage LF and YSB infestation were calculated (see figure). For every unit of
increase in LF infestation alone, yield decreased 1.4% during summer and 1.46% during kharif. For every unit of increase in LF and YSB infestation, yield decreased 1.12% during summer and 1.27% during kharif.
LF Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gn.) and YSB Scirpophaga incertulas (Wlk.) are major pests of rice in Gujarat. We estimated yield loss caused by LF infestation alone and in combination with YSB infestation during 1986 summer and kharif seasons. Commercially grown cultivar GR11 was the test variety. Fifty plants were observed periodically for infestation by
Spiders in Madhya Pradesh, India

D. Bhardwaj and A.D. Pawar, Central Biological Control Station, Raipur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Spiders recorded in Madhya Pradesh, India, 1984-86. Spider Neoscona sp. Runcinia sp. Thornisus sp. Arctosa sp. Pardosa sp. Tetragnatha sp. Oxyopes sp. UIoborid sp. Eusparassid sp. Aelurillus sp. Bianor sp. HyIIus sp. Thyene sp. Family Araneidae Thomisidae Thomisidae Lycosidae Lycosidae Tetragnathidae Oxyopidae Uloboridae Eusparassidae Salticidae Salticidae Salticidae Salticidae
Weekly surveys were made of spiders contributing to rice pest control from the nursery stage until harvest in the rice zone (Chhattishgarh region) of Madhya Pradesh during 1984-86 rabi (Jan-May) and kharif (Jul-Nov). Nearly 10 ha were sampled weekly. At the early crop stages, spiders were collected by 100 sweeps/ ha of a sweep net swinging through 180 with a l50-cm radius and covering 350 cm 2/sweep. From panicle initiation onward, spiders were sampled using 70- 30-cm plastic bags. The bag was held horizontally beside the rice hill to be sampled, and the hill was struck firmly four times so that spiders fell into the bag. About 250 hills were sampled
each week. The Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International Institute of Entomology at the British Museum, London, identified the spiders (see table). This is the first record of spiders in Chhattishgarh region.
Rice thrips, a new rice pest in Northern Telangana, India

K.L Reddy, C. Srinivas, T. G. Nageshwar Rao, and P. Srinivas Rao, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS). Jagtial 505327, India
Regression of grain yield on LF infestation (a) and on combined LF and YSB infestation in summer (b) and in kharif (c) Gujarat, India, 1986.
Incidence of rice thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagn), hitherto a minor pest of rice, was severe in the Jul-Nov crop in the Northern Telangana zone of Andhra Pradesh, especially during Aug-Sep. Incidence also was severe in about 100 ha of rice planted during the last week of Aug. Farmers in this area normally sow in Jun and transplant in Jul. In 1986, sowing was delayed by the late onset of monsoon. The normal cropping pattern is rice - rice.
Thrips damage was severe during a prolonged dry spell after the onset of the monsoon. The late rice was more prone to pest infestation than the early crop. Typical symptoms were inward leaf rolling, wilting, and fine yellowish or silvery longitudinal streaks developing from the margin to the midrib. Thrips damage was severe in transplanted Surekha, followed by IR50, WGL 22245, BPT1235, and WGL 3996. Incidence was lowest in WGL 44645. One-month-old nurseries of IET1994, IR20, IET9553, IR36, IET8906, IET8559, TN1, and IET9999 were severely infested when sown in late Aug. Temperatures during Aug were 23.932.2C, with a mean rainfall of 70.8 mm. The same cultures transplanted in plots suffered pest
28
incidence in Oct, when temperatures were 20.7-32.7 C with a mean rainfall of 18.2 mm. In general, thrips damage was high after heavy rains followed by a prolonged (40-45 d) dry spell.
Development and gain damage by 6 Heliothis armigera phenotypes a on IR1917-3-17 rice. b IRRI greenhouse, Nov 1985-May 1986. Ovipositional preference c (no. of eggs/plant) 30 DAS 6 c 8 c 6 c 26 a 18 b 22 ab 75 DAS 62 c 88 b 59 c 110 a 94 ab 103 a 87 a 90 a 88 a 94 a 86 a 92 a 88 c 81 c 79 c 126 a 0.3 ab 0.2 b 119 a 102 b 0.4 a Egg hatch (%) Larval wt (mg) Growth index d Adult Wt (mg) 157 a 143 b 138 b Longevity (d) 4a 4a 2 b Damaged grains e (%) 31 b 28 b 20 c 45 a 40 a 19 c
Phenotype source Pigeonpea Mungbean Tobacco Maize Sorghum Wheat
Heliothis armigera development and damage to rice A. T. Barrion and J.A. Litsinger, IRRI Heliothis armigera (Hbner), a highly polyphagous insect, has occasionally been reported as a rice pest. Larvae from six host plants maize, sorghum, wheat, pigeonpea, mungbean, and tobacco were reared on the hosts. Upon emergence, mated pairs from each host were caged in 12- 39-cm mylar tubes with 30- and 75-d-old IR1917-3-17 rice plants. Honey solution (10%) was added in a wick receptacle. Moths laid eggs on the rice leaves and fully exserted panicles for 5 d. Growth and development of H. armigera and potential damage of rice panicles by larvae were determined. The six phenotypes of Heliothis laid more eggs on 75-d-old plants, with 88% of the eggs laid on grains between the lemma and palea (see table). The higher
a Heliothis phenotype from tobacco was collected by Dr. K. Klaus from Pangasinan. b In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. c DAS = days after sowing. d Growth index = no. of larvae becoming pupae (%) divided by mean developmental period (d). e Damaged grains = no. of grains with holes/450 grains 100 (Note: the number of grains of 5 panicles was thinned to 450).
oviposition rate in 75-d-old rice plants could have been triggered by their floral nectar production. Egg hatch was high, 86-94%. Newly hatched larvae readily fed on young leaves and soon dispersed. Larvae that were able to locate the panicles grew; those that failed, died. Heliothis phenotypes from legumes and tobacco developed only to the 4th instar. Phenotypes reared from graminaceous crops maize, sorghum, and wheat developed completely. Rice and these crops may have similar
chemical constituents. Development from egg to adult took 39-52 d. No additional molt (7th instar) that prolonged larval development was observed. Host potential of rice was very low, with a 0.2-0.4 growth index, 79-126 mg larvae weight, 138-152 mg adult weight, and 24 d adult longevity. The larval stages of all phenotypes damaged grain. In a no-choice test, larvae produced 19-45% damaged grains. The damage was similar to that made by Conocephalus.

WEEDS
Evaluation of weed control methods in Bhutan P. M. Pradhan and G. B. Chettri, Centre for Agricultural Research and Development (CARD), Department of Agriculture, Wangdiphodrang, Bhutan Labor constraints can make timely weeding of rice crops difficult in Bhutan. We compared hand and rotary weeding with butachlor alone or supplemented with a single hand or rotary weeding. The trial was conducted at CARD in a split-plot design with three replications. Varieties Pusa 33 and IR36 were subplot
Effect of weed control method on rice yield. CARD, Wangdiphodrang, Bhutan, 1984. Weed control method Mean grain yield a (t/ha, 14% MC) Pusa 33 IR36 Rotary weeding 35 DT Rotary weeding 21 and 40 DT Hand weeding 35 DT Hand weeding 21 and 40 DT Butachlor 2 DT Butachlor 2 DT + rotary weeding 35 DT Butachlor 2 DT + hand weeding 35 DT Weedy check Weed-free check 5.9 5.6 5.2 5.4 6.3 5.8 6.5 4.2 6.7 6.0 5.9 5.6 6.0 1.2 6.8 6.6 4.8 7.1 Mean b 5.9 5.8 5.4 5.7 6.8 6.3 6.5 4.5 6.9 bcd cd d cd abc abcd ab a Weeding operation Time c Cost d (d/ha) ($/ha) 16 22 27 53 2 7 9 13 18 22 44 50 55 56 RAVC e MBCR e ($)
1228 negative 1196 negative 1102 0 1153 3.3 1368 10.5 1270 6.1 1317 7.3
a MC = moisture content. b Separation of means by DMRT at the 5% level. c Includes time taken to apply butachlor. d Based on a labor cost of $0.83/day. Includes cost of butachlor at $1.22/kg formulated product (5% granules). e Based on a rough rice price of $0.21/kg.
29
treatments and weed control methods, including a weed-free and weedy check, were main plot treatments. Seedlings were transplanted in lines at 20- 20- cm spacing in a field fertilized with 5 t farmyard manure/ha. Hand and rotary weeding were performed once at 35 d after transplanting (DT), or twice at 21 and 40 DT. Butachlor granules were broadcast 2 DT at 2 kg ai/ha with or without one hand or rotary weeding at 35 DT. Weeding costs were estimated on the basis of current labor charges, cost of herbicide, and time taken to apply it. A minimum 10 m 2 from the center of each plot was harvested to determine grain yield. Weed control methods were compared to local farmer practice (one hand weeding) by calculating return above variable cost (RAVC) and marginal benefit-to-cost ratio (MBCR). Principal weed species were Cyprus rotundus and Fimbristylis miliacea. Other species found were Cyperus spp., Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa spp. and Paspalum distichum. All weed control treatments gave a significantly higher yield than the weedy check (see table). Response of the varieties to the treatments was broadly similar. The highest yields, comparable to that of the weed-free check, came from the butachlor treatments and were not significantly different from yields with one or two hand or rotary weedings. There was no yield advantage in supplementing butachlor with hand or rotary weeding. A single rotary weeding 35 DT appeared to be more effective than a single hand weeding, and was statistically comparable to 2 rotary weedings. Compared with farmer practice (one hand weeding), rotary weeding treatments had substantial RAVC, reflecting both reduced costs and increased benefits. But unlike the alternative weed control treatments, which can be applied in randomly planted rice (the common practice in Wangdiphodrang), rotary weeding requires line planting. That may entail increased costs if more planting time is needed.
Of the remaining treatments, a second hand weeding gave some economic advantage over farmer practice, but a single application of butachlor was outstanding economically. Weeds disseminated with rice seedlings
A. N. Rao and K. Moody, IRRI
Both butachlor and rotary weeding appear to be promising labor-saving weed control methods in rice under Bhutanese conditions.
In Guimba, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, we observed that weed seedlings and weed seeds were disseminated with rice seedlings during transplanting. An average of 51 weed seedlings were counted in each of 450 rice seedling bundles, which contained an average 684 rice seedlings. Farmers did not separate out the weed seedlings before transplanting. Fourteen species belonging to five families were transplanted with the rice seedlings: the most common were
Echinochloa glabrescens and Paspalurn distichum (see table). These weeds are highly competitive with rice and difficult to control. An average 427 weed seeds were found attached to the roots of rice seedlings in each of 300 bundles examined. Twenty weed species, predominantly Cyperus difformis, Fimbristylis miliacea, Rotala catholica, and Lindernia antipoda, which were disseminated in this manner, added to the weed seed reserves in the soil. Depending on dormancy and viability, they will be a source of infestation, not only in the crop in which they were disseminated but also in future crops.
Weeds disseminated with rice seedlings in farmers fields, Guimba, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Weed species Ammannia baccifera L. Ammannia octandra L. f. Cyperus difformis L. Cyperus iria L. Cyperus rotundus L. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook. f. Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. Lindernia antipoda (L,) Alston Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Ludwigia perennis L. Melochia concatenato L. Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl Paspalum distichum L. Panicum repens L. Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. Rotala catholica (Cham. & Schlecht.) B. van Leeuwen Scirpus supinus L. Trianthema portulacastrum L. Family Lythraceae Lythraceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Cyperaceae Poaceae Scrophulariaceae Onagraceae Onagraceae Sterculiaceae Pontederiaceae Poaceae Poaceae Euphorbiaceae Lythraccae Cyperaceae Aizoaceae Seedlings (no.) 5.7 0.1 1.1 1.2 3.1 10.9 5.0 0.1 4.4 0.9 0.1 0.3 13.6 4.8 Seeds (no.) 10.5 16.2 104.0 3.3 1.8 2.8 9.3 3.3 86.5 65.7 2.8 6.7 0.2 25.2 0.8 0.3 0.3 67.5 18.7 1.5
The International Rice Research Newsletter and the IRRI Reporter are mailed free to qualified individuals and institutions engaged in rice production and training. For further information write: IRRI, Communication and Publications Dept., Division R, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
30

OTHER PESTS
Effect of seedling root dip and main field treatment on Hirschmanniella mucronata and rice yield
B. N. Routaray and S. N. Das, Nematology Department, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar 751003, Orissa, India
A microplot field trial at the OUAT Central Research Station in 1985 kharif investigated suitable control measures for the rice root nematode Hirschmanniella mucronata. Jaya seedlings of age 28 d were raised in an untreated nursery with an initial average nematode population of 105/200 cm 3
soil. The main experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 7 treatments (subplot size 4 m 2), each replicated 5 times: roots dipped for 6 h in normal water (T 1 = control) or in 0.1% aqueous solutions of isofenphos (T 2), diazinon (T3), BPMC (T4), monocrotophos (T 5), oncol (T6), or carbofuran (T7). The recommended dose of NPK fertilizer was applied. The treated seedlings were transplanted at a spacing of 20 15 cm. Carbofuran was broadcast at 1 kg ai/ha at 50 d after transplanting. The H. mucronata population before transplanting ranged from 131 to
136/200 cm3 soil, but at harvest it was maximum in the control and minimal in T 4 (see table), indicating poor population buildup with BPMC. T 7 and T 4 plots had low nematode populations/gram of root, and supported a greater number of flowering tillers and taller plants at harvest than the other treatments. T 7 had maximum grain harvest, followed by T 2 and T 4, which did not differ significantly. Isofenphos, BPMC, and carbofuran gave yield increases of 21-23% over control, indicating their superiority to the other treatments.
Effect of seedling root dip and main field treatment on H. mucronata and rice yield. a OUAT, Orissa, India, 1985 kharif. Nematodes (no.) Treatmenta Per 200 cm3 soil Before planting T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 CD (0.05)
a
Ai harvest 395 212 206 182 199 2 24 199 21
Per g root 7.8 4.8 5.8 4.6 6.0 5.6 4.4 0.8
Flowering tillers (no.) 4.2 5.0 5.0 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.6 ns
Plant height (cm) 82.0 93.0 93.4 95.8 94.4 94.4 99.4 5.0
Yield g/4 m2 t/ha 2.1 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.5 2.6
Increase (%) over control 23 14 21 2 17 23
132 136 136 131 132 134 133 ns
842 1032 960 1017 860 986 1037 52
Mean of 5 replications.
Soil and Crop Management

Response to K application of rice in iron-rich valley soils
B. P. Singh and B. N. Singh, Indian Council of Agricultural Research Complex for N. E. H. Region, Shillong, Meghalaya 793004, India
We studied the effect of applied K on Fe toxicity and associated nutritional disorders under conditions of shallow water table in wetland rice soil rich in Fe
at Farm Barapani, East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya (25.7 N, 91.9 E). The soil was sandy loam, pH 5.05, 1.55% organic C, Brays P 1 6 mg/kg, 55 mg exchangeable K/ kg, and 1.97% active Fe. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with eight K treatments (muriate of potash) replicated four times. A basal dose of 80 kg N as urea and 40 kg P as single
superphosphate/ ha were applied. Rice variety Ngoba was transplanted in Jun 1985 (monsoon season). Plant samples taken at 35 and 70 d after transplanting (DT) and total K, P, and Fe contents of grain and straw yield samples were estimated using standard procedures. Where no K was applied, at 50 DT emerging leaves were erect and narrow. Early symptoms of Fe toxicity were yellowing followed by reddish brown
31
Effect of K appliation on yield and total P and K uptake. Meghalaya, India. Treatment T1 T2 T3 T4 (no K) (33 kg K/ha) (66 kg K/ha) (99 kg K/ha) Grain (t/ha) Submergence 2.2 2.9 3.5 3.9 3.1 Drainage 2.1 2.1 2.9 4.0 2.8 Straw (t/ha) Mean Submergence 2.1 2.5 3.2 3.8 4.4 5.0 7.0 5.0 0.4 ns 0.5 Drainage 3.6 4.9 4.8 8.0 5.1 Total K uptake (kg K/ha) Mean Submergence 3.7 4.6 4.5 7.5 68.90 89.70 120.70 162.70 110.40 Drainage 67.90 92.20 97.30 184.00 110.30 8.10 ns ns Mean 68.40 90.90 109.00 173.00 Total P uptake (kg P/ha) Submergence 4.98 7.11 7.06 9.32 7.12 Drainage 4.81 5.47 5.74 10.91 6.73 0.34 0.48 ns Mean 4.89 6.29 6.40 10.11
Mean
CD (0.05) for K 0.2 CD (0.05) for water 0.1 management treatment CD (0.05) for K ns water management treatment
Effect of K application on K, P, and Fe contents in rice shoots. Meghalaya, India, 1985.
spots at the base of the leaves. The spots coalesced to give a bronze appearance, then leaves developed marginal tip burning. Plots with more than 66 kg K/ ha were almost free from such disorders and exhibited luxuriant vegetative growth and better grain filling. Grain and straw yields increased significantly with increasing K levels (see table). The greatest yield response was with 99 kg K/ ha. Yield differences might be attributed to the effect of K on alleviating K and P deficiencies as well as Fe toxicity in the plants (see figure). K content increased with increasing K and was more pronounced at flower initiation. P content increased with K application, while Fe concentration was drastically reduced, indicating K-P synergism and K-Fe antagonism.
The highest K and P uptake were with 99 kg K/ha. Fe concentration was drastically reduced in grain with each increase in K. Grain yield and K concentration (r = 0.78*), K:P ( r = 0.72) and K:Fe (r =
0.96*) in shoot at flowering, and K concentration in straw ( r = 0.80*) all had significant correlations. K concentration in rice shoot or in straw could be used as simple tools for predicting yield response to K.
Response of lowland rice to Zn

B.K. Ghosh and S.K. Sahu, Plant Physiology and Soil and Agriculture Chemistry Departments, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of AgricuIture and TechnoIogy (OUA T), Bhubaneswar 751003, Orissa, India
Effect of Zn on rice yield. Semiliguda, Orissa, India, 1979. Method Control Seed soaking for 12 h Seedling root dip for 12 h Foliar spray at maximum tillering CD (0.05) Zn conen (ppm) 0 454 908 454 908 454 908 Grain yield (t/ha) 4.2 4.5 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.7 0.1
We studied the effect of Zn on yield under lowland situation at the Regional Research Station, Semiliguda, Koraput, during 1979 kharif. Soil was clay loam
32 IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)
(Haplaquept) with pH 6.2, 0.829% organic C, and 0.86 ppm DTPAextractable Zn (slightly above critical deficiency). Two levels of Zn sulfate, 454 and 908 ppm Zn, were used for seed soaking, seedling root dip, and foliar
spray at maximum tillering. The experiment was in a randomized block design with four replications. Rice variety Pankaj responded well to Zn treatment (see table). Seed soaking with 908 ppm Zn produced the highest on characters of 25-d-old seedlings and grain yield of TKM9 rice. Soil was a Sandy loam with pH 5.3 and 308-11.4112.8 kg available NPK/ha. The experiment had a factorial randomized block design and was replicated three times. Nursery application of diammonium phosphate (DAP) at 2 kg/40 m2 and superphosphate + urea equivalent to 2 kg DAP/40 m2 significantly influenced
yield, followed by foliar spray at the same concentration. At 454 ppm Zn, both seedling dip and foliar spray produced identical yields. Root dip with 908 ppm Zn yielded the lowest.
Effect on rice yield of nursery treatments at various levels of main field phosphorus
S. Rajagopalan, Rice Research Station, Ambasamudram, and J. Krishnarajan, Agricultural College, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
We evaluated the effect of 6 nursery treatments and 3 field treatments of P
seedling height, leaf number, root length, and N uptake (Table 1). Basal application of 2 kg DAP/40 m 2 to the nursery was best and yielded highest (Table 2). The different levels of P applied to the field did not influence grain yield signifcantly, perhaps because of the existing P status of the soil. The study indicates the advantage of transplanting DAP-treated rice seedlings.
Table 1. Effect of nursery treatment on TKM9 seedling characters Tamil Nadu, India, 1984 kharif. Nursery treatment Seedling height (cm) 18.1 18.3 30.2 19.4 28.2 18.6 1.5 Leaves (no./seedling) 4.2 4.4 5.5 5.3 5.3 4.6 0.4 Root length (cm) 9.6 10.0 13.6 12.2 12.0 9.1 0.5 N uptake (g/m 2) 2.6 3.1 6.0 3.2 6.4 3.1 0.5
Control (no fertilizer) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (1%) Diammonium phosphate (DAP) (2 kg/40 m 2 ) Farmyard manure (FYM) (50 kg/40 m 2) Superphosphate + urea (N and P equal to 2 kg DAP) Root dipping of seedlings in superphosphate slurry (5%) CD (0.05)
Integrated nutrient management for short-duration rice

S. Rajagopalan and M. Subramanian, Rice Research Station (RRS), Ambasamudram 627401, Tamil Nadu, India
Table 2. Effect of nursery treatment and main field P application on grain yield and plant charactars.a Tamil Nadu, India, 1984. Treatment Panicles (no./hill) Panicle weight (g) 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.4 2.1 0.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 ns Filled grains (no./panicle) 1,000-grain weight (g) Grain yield (t/ha) 4.02 3.99 4.89 4.10 4.53 3.96 0.16 4.20 4.29 4.26 ns
The effects on IR50 yield of individual and combined applications of Azospirillum and organic manure with various N levels were compared during 1986 kharif at RRS. The experiment in a split-plot design was on sandy loam with pH 6.8, EC 0.43 dS/m, and 297-18Effect on rice yield of organic manure and biofertilizer application with various levels of N. a Tamil Nadu, India, 1986. Rice yield (t/ha) Treatment Control Farmyard manure (5 t/ha) Azospirillum (2 kg/ha) Farmyard manure + Azospirillum Mean No N 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 49 kg 73 kg 98 kg Mean N/ha N/ha N/ha 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.2 4.5 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9
Nursery treatment Control seed treatment with potassium dihydrogen phosphate (1%) DAP (2 kg/40 m 2 ) Farmyard manure (50 kg/40 m 2 ) Superphosphate + urea (N and P equal to 2 kg DAP/40 m2 ) Root dipping of seedlings in superphosphate slurry (5%) CD (0.05) Field treatments No P (control) 11 kg P/ha 22 kg P/ha CD (0.05) ns = nonsignificant.
8.1 8.0 9.4 7.7 9.0 7.9 0.4 8.1 8.5 8.6 0.3
69 68 88 73 89 71 6 75 77 78 ns
24.5 24.5 25.6 24.4 25.1 24.2 0.5 24.6 24.6 24.8 ns
3.3
3.8
4.0
4.3
CD Biofertilizer organic matter N level 0.2

a N was applied per soil test recommendation. with 98 kg N/ha as full dose.
33
127 kg available NPK/ha. Farmyard manure (FYM) (0.562% N, 0.13% P, 0.75% K) was applied on a dry weight basis at 5 t/ha as an organic source for the main field only. Azospirillum was applied as a biofertilizer at 2 kg/800 m2 of nursery area and at 2 kg/ ha for the main field. P and K were applied,
per soil test recommendation, at 2.2 and 120 kg/ha, respectively, uniformly to all plots. N at four levels (see table) was applied as 50% basal and the remainder in equal splits at active tillering and panicle initiation. The effect on yield of biofertilizer and organic manure either individually or in
combination was not significant, but in the subplots, N level was significant. N applied per soil test recommendation (98 kg N/ ha) recorded significantly higher grain yield (4.3 t/ ha) than the other treatments (see table) and a 30% yield increase over the control (3.3 t/ha).
Sodicity-induced morphological disorder in rice laminae

A. Qadar, Genetics and Plant Physiology Division, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal 132001 Haryana, India
Soils having pH 7.4, 9.4, 9.8, and 10.0 were achieved by saturating sieved dry soil of pH 7.4 with different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate solution. The saturated soil was
subjected to repeated cycles of drying and wetting for 2 mo and then potted. We planted 35-d-old seedlings of rice variety T3 in the pots. About 30 d after transplanting, white bands started appearing in the upper 1/3 portion of the first to third laminae from the top in plants growing at pH 10.0 (see figure). The white portion collapsed and the affected part withered. The symptoms were minor in some tillers at pH 9.8 and were not found at pH 7.4 and 9.4. Laminae with symptoms at pH 10.0
were separated into 1/3 affected and 2/3 healthy parts. Laminae without symptoms at pH 7.4 were separated into upper 1/3 and lower 2/3 parts. Samples in three replications were analyzed for Na, K, Ca, and Mg content. Laminae at pH 7.4 showed almost uniform Na content in upper 1/3 and lower 2/3 parts, but K content was more than double in the lower 2/3 (see table). Ca and Mg were higher in the upper part. Laminae at pH 10.0 showed increased Na and Mg content, but K and Ca decreased. Distribution between the two parts was similar for Ca and Mg, but Na + was less in the upper 1/3. K content did not show marked differences in the two parts. It is difficult to say whether such localized chlorosis, followed by withering, at higher sodicity is a cause or effect of marked change in distribution of K between the upper 1/3 and lower 2/3 of laminae.
Effect of fineness and time of pyrites application on rice yield and alkali soil properties
R. R. Singh, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal; R. P.S. Chauhan, R. B.S. College. Bichpuri (Agra); and M. V. Singh, CSSRI, Karnal, India
Healthy and chorotic laminae from rice plants growing at pH 7.4 and 10.0. CSSRI, Karnal, India. Elemental composition of upper (U) 1/3 and lower (L) 2/3 of healthy and affected laminae of rice variety T3 growing in sodic and nonsodic soils. CSSRI, Karnal, India. Percent dry weight pH U1/3 7.4 10.0 0.05 0.82 Na L2/3 0.04 0.96 U1/3 1.07 0.70 K L2/3 2.26 0.72 U1/3 0.38 0.29 Ca L2/3 0.24 0.22 U1/3 0.37 0.54 Mg L2/3 0.32 0.45
The efficiency of using pyrites to reclaim alkali soils depends upon sulfur transformation, which is influenced by the fineness of the pyrites and the time allowed for oxidation before mixing into the soil. We studied the effect of 3 degrees of fineness (<3, 3-5, and 510 mm) and 3 times (0, 1, and 2 wk before transplanting) of application. The experiment was a factorial randomized block design with four replications.
34
The alkali soil in Awagarh, Uttar Pradesh, had a loamy texture with initial pH 9.2, EC 1.4 dS/m, 38% exchangeable Na, hydraulic conductivity 0.019 cm/h, and 2.0% CaCO3 for the surface 0-15 cm soil. Pyrites containing 22% S (4 t/ha) was applied at field moisture capacity. It was broadcast, mixed in the top 10-12 cm soil, and good quality tubewell water ponded for 1 wk to leach down soluble salts. Seedlings of 35-d-old Jaya rice were transplanted. Recommended agronomic practices were followed. Increasing pyrites fineness to 3 mm and allowing 1 wk before mixing pyrites into the soil increased yields significantly (see table). Applying 5-mm pyrites 1 wk before mixing into alkali soils was most efficient for reclamation.
Effect of fineneas and time of application of pyrites on rice yield and reclamation of alkali soil of Awagarh, Uttar Pradesh. Yield Grain (t/ha) Pyrites fineness (mm) <3 3.58 3-5 3.34 5-10 2.71 Time (wk before mixing into soil) 0 2.84 1 3.45 2 3.34 CD (0.05) for fineness or application time 0.42 Straw (t/ha) pH 2 Soil (0-15 cm) characteristics after rice EC2 (dS/m) ESP HC (cm/h) CaCO 3 (%)
6.40 5.28 5.00
8.40 8.57 8.86
.6 1 .65 .90
21 25 30
.067 .064 .034
0.68 1.01 1.50
4.85 6.24 5.84
8.76 8.53 8:5 0
.83 .71 .64
29 24 23
.04 2 .062 .067
1.18 1 .00 1.00
0.88
0.09
0.1 0
.08
0.22
Response of rice to input factors in farmers fields

B.H. Shahani, A.B. Khan, and M.B. Ahmad, Agricultural Research Station, D.I. Khan; and M. Ayaz Khan, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, North- West Frontier Province, Pakistan
followed by recommended variety and plant population (see table). The yield gap 3.1 t/ha was significant (see figure). Low plant population was the main constraint to high rice yield.
N fertilizer (urea) topdressed on unsaturated soil and deep-placed using reflooding water
Chen Rongye, Zhang Jiancai, Guo Wangmo, and Chen Wei, China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Rice response to three input factors variety, plant population, and fertilizer was studied in farmers fields during 1985 kharif (wet season) at five locations using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The varieties tested were IR6 (local) and
Yield response of rice to input factors in farmers fields. Pakistan 1985 kharif. a Levelb of input factors Variety F R F R F R F R Plant population F F R R F F R R LSD (.05) (.01) Fertilizer F F F F R R R R Yield (t/ha) 3.4 4.4 4.3 5.4 4.4 4.6 5.0 6.5 1.4 1.9 Yield gap and percentage contribution of individual input factors. D.I. Khan, Pakistan, 1985 kharif.
aAV
of 5 locations, 3 replications. b F = farmers practice, R = recommended practice.
KS282 (improved). Plant populations were 125,000 and 250,000 hills/ha, and fertilizer rates were 75-22 and 120-40 kg NP/ha. All P and 50% N were applied before transplanting, and the remaining N was topdressed 30 d after transplanting. All other recommended cultural practices were followed. The highest yield (6.5 t/ha) was produced by all recommended inputs,
We evaluated a simple, practical, and efficient technique for deep placement of urea topdressed in irrigated ricefields. The technique combined N fertilizer application with soil moisture control. Urea was topdressed on drained ricefields and the fields reflooded immediately. The fertilizer was deepplaced in the reduced zone by the infiltrating water. The experiment was laid out in a clay loam soil, pH 6.2, 3.28% organic matter, 0.22% total N, 0.06% total P, and 2.01% total K. Fertilizer N efficiency was substantially increased compared with conventional broadcasting of N fertilizer on flooded ricefields (see table).
35
Effects of deep placement of urea by reflooding water. a CNRRI experimental farm, Hangzhou, China, 1986. Application method Control Surface broadcast Deepplaced by water Surface broadcast Deepplaced by water
a
Urea N applied (kg N/ha) BT b 0 0 0 67.5 28.3 10 DT c 30 DT c Total 0 112.5 112.5 135.0 112.5
Grain yield (t/ha) 6.6 7.2 7.4 7.4 7.4 b a a a c
Brown rice protein (%) 6.74 7.66 7.78 7.62 7.74
N uptake (kg/ha) 93 129 145 148 149

b
Utilization (%) of applied urea N 0 32 d 46 b 41 c 50 a
N efficiency (kg grain/kg N) 71 55 51 50 50
0 56.25 56.25 33.75 56.25
0 56.25 56.25 33.75 28.20
b ab ab a
In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
Before transplanting. c Days after transplanting.
Potassium nutrition of rice

M.S. Zia, M. Aslam, and M. T. Rashid, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, National Agricultural Research Centre, Soil Science Section, P. O., N.I. H., Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
Effect of K application method on rice growth, yield, and K concentration. a Islamabad, Pakistan. Treatment Plant height (cm) 121.3 124.0 132.3 126.0 7 b b a ab Productive tillers/ plant 6.4 c 13.3 b 16.0 a 12.7 b 2.5 Straw yield (g/pot) 46.1 c 49.9 bc 61.7 a 55.4 b 11.1 Grain yield (g/pot) 20.2 c 21.5 c 29.5 a 25.6 b 3.5 K concentration (mg/g) Straw 10.90 11.81 13.10 13.90 a a a a 4.4 Grain 6.76 13.88 17.03 13.39 b a a a
We studied K nutrition of rice in a pot experiment using poor-fertility loam soil: 0.56% organic matter, 0.045% N, 1.8% P, 61 ppm K, pH 8.3, and EC 0.6 mmho/cm. Treatments are in the table. Twentyday-old Basmati 370 seedlings were used. Half were dipped in 0.7% K 2SO4 solution and half in distilled water. Fertilizer was 100 kg N and 44 kg P/ha. Dipping seedling roots in a 0.7% solution of K 2SO4 for 72 h before
Control 166 kg K/ha 0.7% K2SO4 166 kg K/ha +0.7% K 2SO4 LSD (0.05)
a
In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different.
transplanting resulted in significantly taller plants, more of productive tillers per plant, and higher straw and grain yield. K concentration in straw was not significantly affected by the treatments, but K application method affected K
concentration in rice grain. When 166 kg K/ha was applied with root dipping, plant height, productive tillers, and straw and grain yield were slightly lower.
Breaking dormancy in Sesbania rostrata

A.S. Halepyati, M. N. Sheelavantar, and L. A. Dixit, Agronomy Department, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580005, Karnataka, India
Germination of seeds of Sesbania rostrata as affected by various treatments. Dharwad, India, 1986. Treatment Control Hot water (60 C for 5 min) Gibberellic acid (GA3 0.1%) Sand scarification Overnight soaking in water Soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid 20 min Soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid 25 min Soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid 30 min Soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid 35 min Soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid 40 min Germination (%) 0 4 8 8 12 28 44 88 88 96
germination with time of treatment. Germination increased from 28% with 20 min to 96% with 40 min.
Influence of paclobutrazol on rice seedling growth

Pan Rui-chi, Biology Department, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
In an attempt to multiply seeds of S. rostrata, we planted on 19 Jun 1986 and harvested mature pods on 3 Nov 1986. In Mar 1987, practically no germination of seeds occurred, indicating the existence of dormancy. Attempts were made to break dormancy. Fifty seeds per treatment were arranged on soaked germination paper and kept in a germinator (25 C). Germination was recorded daily to 7 d after treatment. Soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid
was most effective in breaking dormancy (see table). However, there was considerable variation in
Rice Bai You Zhan No. 33 seedling growth was influenced by a soil drench of paclobutrazol granules at the one-leaf stage. Treated seedlings had faster leaf growth, shorter and stronger seedlings, higher tiller numbers, richer chlorophyll content, stronger rooting ability, and somewhat greater chilling resistance (see table).
36
Effect of paclobutrazol on rice seedling growth a , Gungzhou, China. Chlorophyll content Treatment b (g/m2 ) 0 1.67 3.34
aAt
Rooting ability c (mg/plant) Fresh wt of root 60.8 65.6 76.5 Dry wt of root 5.9 8.0 8.2
Shoot ht (cm) 26.5 22.3 21.2
Width of false stem (cm) 0.2 0.3 0.3
% of seedlings with No tiller 73.3 46.7 40.0 1 tiller 26.7 16.7 26.7 2 tillers 0 30.7 23.3 3 tillers 0 6.7 10.0 Chla 0.66 0.97 1.06
(mg/g fresh wt) Chlb 0.36 0.46 0.51 a+b 1.01 1.43 1.57
four-leaf stage. bGranules containing 0.6% paclobutrazol. cNew root growth after total removal of old roots.
Impact of level and source of slowrelease N fertilizers on rice yield and yield components
N.A.J. Cowda, Badrinath, P.S. Herle, K. B. Rao, University of Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Research Station, Mangalore, India
Effect of N source and level on grain yield and yield components of rice. a Mangalore, India, 1986. Treatment Level (kg N/ha) No N 37.5 75.0 112.5 CD (0.05) CV (%) Sources (S) PU RPCU GCU CD (0.05) CV (%) Interaction (L S)
a
Plant height 40 DP (m) 56 64 69 72 6 7 62 67 67 ns 8 ns
Plant Tiller height 40 DP at harvest (av no.) (cm) 81 85 90 89 2 2 87 87 86 ns 2 ns 10 12 12 14 2 18 12 12 12 ns 16 ns
Productive tillers at harvest (no.) 8 9 10 9 1 10 9 9 9 ns 6 ns
Panicles (no./m 2 )
Grain yield (t/ha)
1000grain wt (g)
Straw yield (t/ha)
We evaluated four levels of N applied as prilled urea (PU), rock phosphatecoated urea (RPCU, 31.2% N), and gypsum-coated urea (GCU, 32.2% N) during 1986 wet season. The experimental site has pH 5.5, EC 0.2 dS/m, 0.48% organic C, 24.2 kg P/ha, 49.8 kg K/ ha, 0.78 ppm Zn, 1.71 ppm Cu, 40.95 ppm Fe, 0.65 ppm Mn, and 0.74 ppm B. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design. Three 28-d-old IET3232 mediumduration seedlings were transplanted at 20 15 cm spacing 23 Jul 1986. PU was applied 50% basal, 25% at tillering, and 25% at panicle initiation. Recommended 35 kg P, 73 kg K/ ha, RPCU, and GCU
260 312 327 321 24 7 295 319 30 1 ns 8 ns
4.8 5.1 5.1 5.2 0.2 5.9 5.1 5.2 4.9 0.2 6.3 ns
21.9 21.8 22.0 22.0 ns 3.7 22.0 22.0 22.0 ns 3.2 ns
4.6 5.8 (6.4) 7.0 1.0 22.0 5.9 5.6 6.4 ns 25.0 ns
DP = days after planting.
were applied basally. The field was flooded from transplanting to harvest and the crop protected from insects, diseases, and weeds. Harvest was 12 Nov 1986. All yield components but 1,000-grain
weight showed a significant response to N level (see table). But responses to N sources were not similar in all characters. Slow-release N fertilizers at low levels increased grain yield in the high rainfall areas of Mangalore.
Chemical analyses and thermal studies of azolla

M.S. Aldima, R. Mendoza, and K.S. Nagaraja, Chemistry Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
Azolla, recognized as a natural nitrogenous fertilizer for rice, barley, rye, and wheat crops, also has been recommended as a food additive in animal feeds. We report here trace element content, calorific value, and thermal decomposition studies. Azolla pinnata and A. microphylla samples were collected from IRRI
ricefields, washed with distilled water, and air-dried. Trace elements were analyzed using Pye Unicam 281 and Shimadzu AA 630-01 atomic absorption spectrophotometers. X-ray fluorescence spectra were recorded on Geigerflex 3064 using Rb target (supplied by M/s. Rgaku Corporation, Japan). N analysis was done by Kjeldahl method. Calorific value was determined using Parr bomb calorimeter with correction for S. TG and DTA were recorded on ShimadzuDT 30 simultaneous thermal analyzer. X-ray fluorescence analysis indicated the presence of several trace elements essential for animals and plants (see
table). Quantitative analysis revealed the absence of lead, mercury, and arsenic in azolla, indicating its safety as a fodder. The heavier elements are not detected because of limitations of the target employed. The presence of N, phosphate, and essential elements suggests azolla as a molybdenum supplement to animal feed, especially for mammalian animals such as cattle. Its calorific value of 4.84 kcal/g indicates that azolla is actively involved in metabolic pathways. TG and DTA studies indicated that in air, azolla undergoes decomposition in four stages. In the first stage, moisture
37
Analytical data on A. pinnata. De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines. Analysis Ash Moisture N Mg K Ca Mn Fe Zn As As Mo Hg Pb PO4 SO 4
a SP
Method a
Percentage b 20.0 11.0 0.015 3.50 0.60 3.8 0.60 0.13 0.90 0.01 0.01 ND 5 10 -4 ND ND 0.56 1.40
325-420, and 440-490 C. The exothermic peak temperatures in the DTA curve are at 287, 305, 358, and 460 C for A. pinnata and 283, 310, 353,
and 460 C for A. microphylla. The first and fourth peaks indicate the major decomposition process; the second and third peaks are less intense.
SP Kjeldahl AA Flame emission AA AA AA AA AA Gutzeib (UV-vis) AA Flameless AA AA SP Turbidimetric
Rice-based Cropping Systems

Response of transplanted rice to micronutrients and the residual effect on wheat
U.C. Panigrahi and S.K. Sahu, Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Department, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Orissa, India
= spectrophotocalorimetric, AA atomic absorption. b ND = nondetectablc.
TG and DTA of azolla. A = A. pinnata, B = A. microphylla.
We studied the effect of Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe sulfates on yield of transplanted rice Pratap in the 1985 wet season and yield of wheat in the 1985-86 winter season. The soil and foliar applications of the micronutrients were compared with 5 t farmyard manure (FYM)/ ha containing 54% moisture. Soil was silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquept) with pH 8.3, 1.303% organic matter, EC 0.22 dS/m, cation exchange capacity 24.5 meq/100 g soil, and DTPA-extractable Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe at 0.80, 15.0, 0.18, and 15.5 mg/kg soil, respectively. FYM contained 0.45% N, 0.10% P, 0.35% K, and 40,200,. 69, and 1,500 mg Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe, respectively, /kg (oven dry
Direct and residual effects of micronutrients on rice and wheat yields. Keonjhar, Orissa, India, 1985-86. Treatment Application method Grain yield (t/ha) Rice Control FYM 5 t/ha Zn 4.5 kg/ha Zn 0.11 mg/liter Mn 14.2 kg/ha Mn 0.18 mg/liter Cu 2.5 kg/ha Cu 0.07 mg/liter Fe 10 kg/ha Fe 0.10 mg/liter CD (0.05) 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.0 0.1 Wheat 1.8 1.9 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.8 ns
basis). Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized block design. Both crops received 80-17.4-33.3 kg NPK/ha in all treatments. Soil and foliar applications of Zn and Cu increased rice yields significantly (see table). FYM with its micronutrients also increased rice yield significantly. Wheat yield was not significantly influenced by any treatment.
Efficiency of complex fertilizers in a rice - rice farming system

S. N. Misra, A. Misra, and P. K. Mahapatra, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
loss occurs. In the second, organic components are lost, followed by decarbonization and decomposition of inorganic sulfides and carbonates. The subsequent stages yield inorganic residue. The similarities in the TG-DTA curves of A. pinnata and A. microphylla indicate that the basic matrix is similar (see figure). A. pinnata exhibits weight losses of 12.42, 42.55, 62.13, and 78.30% in the temperature range 80-110, 210320, 330-425, and 435-490 C, respectively. A. microphylla shows 12.15, 44.93, 66.39, and 83.40% respectively in the range 75-110, 215-315,
Soil Foliar Soil Foliar Soil Foliar Soil Foliar
We evaluated four N sources in a randomized block design with four replications during the 1984 dry season (DS) and 1985 wet season (WS). Soil was lateritic sandy loam (pH 5.7, EC 0.115 dS/m, 0.680% organic carbon, 18 kg available P, and 150 kg available K/ ha. Rice variety Daya (120 d) was transplanted at 15- 10-cm spacing. The recommended dose of 60-13-25 kg NPK/ha was applied through complex mixtures A and B (18-7.86-5 kg NPK/100 kg mixture) produced by Hari Fertilizer Factory, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India; urea; and calcium ammonium nitrate plus P and K. N is in the form of NH4 Cl in mixture A and (NH4)2 SO4 in mixture B. The shortfall in N and K were adjusted with urea and muriate of potash. All P and K were applied at transplanting. Treatments received 50% N at transplanting, 25% at tillering, and 25% at panicle initiation. Grain yield was highest with N as NH4 Cl (3.8 t/ha) (see table). N as
38
Effect of fertilizer mixtures on yield and yield attributes. Bhubaneswar, India, 1984-85. Treatment Panicle-bearing tillers/hill DS Mixture A Mixture B Urea Calcium ammonium nitrate Control (no N) CD (0.05) 5.3 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.5 0.6 WS 5.0 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.3 0.6 Grains/panicle DS 82 81 71 75 72 1.3 WS 70 68 67 63 62 1.7 1,000-grain wt (g) DS 22.8 22.4 22.0 21.9 21.8 ns WS 24.0 24.1 23.5 23.5 23.4 0.5 Grain yield (t/ha) DS 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.8 0.5 WS 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.0 0.2
(NH4)2SO4 was better than urea and calcium ammonium nitrate in DS and equal in WS. Panicle-bearing tillers/ hill, grain number/panicle, and test weight were higher with mixtures A and B, contributing directly to higher grain yield. Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.
Announcements
Breeding for disease resistance in rice
Authors: S. Gangopadhyay and S. Y. Padmanabhan. 1987. 340 p., hardbound, 939 references, subject index. Price: Rs. 96.00. ISBN 81-204-0198-0
Newsletter published for CRIN A bulletin of the Caribbean Rice Improvement Network (CRIN) has been initiated. Vol. 1, no. 1, was published in Jun 1987 by Manuel J. Rosero, IRRI liaison scientist and network coordinator. CRIN is coordinated through the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical rice program with participation of IRRI-IRTP and Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura of the Dominican Republic and funded by the Canadian International Development Agency, International Development Research Centre, and the United Nations Development Programme. Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Manuel J. Rosero IICA Apartado 71 1 Santo Domingo, Republica Dominicana
The wetlands and rice in subsaharan Africa The proceedings of the international conference on wetland utilization for rice production in subsaharan Africa, 48 Nov 1985, in Ibadan, Nigeria, has been published by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. The volume includes 25 papers presented at the conference. Major sections are Wetlands in subsaharan Africa, Water management, Improvement of rice varieties, Crop protection and nutrition, Cropping systems, Mechanization, and Transfer of technology. Place orders for The wetlands and rice in subsaharan Africa, 318 p., with IITA, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria.
The authors of this book have synthesized published information on major rice diseases. They describe symptomatology, etiology, morphological and physiological variations of pathogens, pathogenic variability, types of varietal resistance, biochemical and anatomical traits of varieties in relation to resistance, genetics of resistance, and methods and strategies in breeding for resistance to various rice diseases with special emphasis on the blast pathogen. Send orders to the publisher: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 66 Janpath, New Delhi 110001, India, or Park Hotel Bldgs., 17 Park Street, Calcutta 700016, India.
39
IRRN growing and changing

The International Rice Research Newsletter is in its 12th year of publication. In its first issue, October 1976, the IRRN objective was stated as: "To expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice-based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice, inasmuch as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land-scarce nations in the world . . . IRRN is a mechanism to help rice scientists keep each other informed of current research findings." That remains our objective. To meet that objective in the expanding and increasing complexity of the rice research world, we are initiating some changes, effective with the 1988 publication year. The family of rice researchers is growing exponentially. We distributed 6,000 copies of IRRN Vol. 1, No. 1; we will distribute close to 13,000 copies of Vol. 12, No. 4, to individual scientists and to the libraries of research institutions. The first issue totaled 24 pages; some issues this year totaled 54 pages. The number of research brief reports being submitted has more than doubled, and grows daily. For IRRN to continue to meet its objective efficiently and with increased quality, the categories of research reported are being expanded to include new specializations and topics now being researched. The Guidelines for Contributors have been expanded and specified more precisely. Criteria for reviewers emphasize the global nature of rice research work reports that will be accepted. The concise reports contained in IRRN are meant to encourage rice scientists and workers to communicate with one another. In this way, readers can obtain more detailed information on the research reported. Please examine the new categories and the new guidelines that follow, If you have comments or suggestions, please write the editor, IRRN. We look forward to your continuing interest in IRRN.
Guidelines for contributors to IRRN

The International Rice Research Newsletter is a compilation of research briers on topics of interest to rice scientists all over the world, Contributions to IRRN should be reports of recent work and work-inprogress that have broad interest and application. Please observe these guidelines in preparing submissions: The report should not exceed two pages of double-spaced typewritten text. No more than two figures (graphs, tables, or photos) may
accompany the text. Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Items that exceed the specified length will be returned. Include a brief statement of research objectives and project design. The discussion should be brief, and should relate the results of the work to its objectives. Report appropriate statistical analysis. Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding lines. Specify the environment (irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, deep water, tidal wetlands). If you must use local terms to specify landforms or cropping systems, explain or define them in parentheses. Specify the type of rice culture (e.g., transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). Specify seasons by characteristic weather (wet, dry, monsoon) and by months. Do not use national or local terms for seasons or, if used, define them. When describing the rice plant and its cultivation, use standard, internationally recognized designators for plant parts and growth stages, environments, management practices, etc. Do not use local terms. When reporting soil nutrient studies, be sure to include standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants; do not use common names or local names alone. Survey data should be quantified (infection percentage, degree of seventy, sampling base, etc.). When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, tolerance, etc., report the actual quantification of damage due to stress used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/pot) or per row (g/row) for small-scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use national monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate $:local currency at the time data were collected. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, following it with the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, use the abbreviation. Define in a footnote or legend any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or figure.
IRRN: categories of research reported
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality and nutritional value disease resistance insect resistance drought tolerance excess water tolerance adverse temperature tolerance adverse soils tolerance integrated germplasm improvement research techniques data management and computer modeling IRTP seed technology
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
soils and soil characterization soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer physiology and plant nutrition crop management soil fertility and fertilizer management INSFFER disease management insect management weed management managing other pests integrated pest management water management farm machinery environmental analysis postharvest technology farming systems ARFSN research methodology data management and computer modeling
SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

environment production livelihood
EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
training and technology transfer research communication research information storage and retrieval
Criteria for IRRN research reports
has international, or pan-national, relevance has rice environment relevance advances rice knowledge uses appropriate research design and data collection methodology reports appropriate, adequate data applies appropriate analysis, using appropriate statistical techniques reaches supportable conclusions

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Contents

GENETIC EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION

SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT

PEST CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT

Genetic Eval uation and Utilization

Two medium to early-maturing rice varieties for northwest India

Performance of improved rice varieties in farmers' fields in Bhutan

IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)

IR21820-154-3-2-2-3, a new, medium-duration rice variety released in Tamil Nadu as ADT38

1983 1984 1985 1986 Mean 1986

IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)

Scorea B1 0 3 BB 7 5 RTV 5 9 BS 2 2 BPH 5 7 WBPH 1 9 GLH 3 9 LF 5 9 GM 5 9

Standard evaluation system for rice.

whitebacked planthopper (WBPH). It is also moderately resistant to tungro

Comparison of IR36 and Local varieties of rice in farmers fields in Bhutan

2 3f g 4 5 6eg 7 8 9 10f 11f 12 13 Mean

IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)

DAK83 a promising new aromatic selection for small holders in Tanzania

variety names in parentheses. bIrrigated. c 60% bird damage.

higher than that for newly released nonaromatic cultivars.

IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)

CR314-5-10 Rasi IR36 Increase (96) Over Rasi b Over IR36 b

288 304 320

in parentheses indicate the number of sites. bBased on mean of 4 seasons.

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Genotype planting system interaction for flowering in rice

The number of days to flowering or

IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)

+ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 +10 +11 +12 +13 +14 +15 +16 +17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

= increase (delay), decrease (earliness).

25.05** 54.11** 0.96

at 1% (**) and 5% (*) levels.

IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Plants (no.) tested 65 67 34 72 54 51 42 60 49 71 63

Plantc (%) RTBV+RTSV 0 42 0 8 13 43 2 0 47 47 87 RTBV 28 18 24 31 37 20 26 50 24 11 8 RTSV 0 6 0 14 0 14 0 7 0 4 5 Healthy 72 34 76 47 50 23 72 43 29 38 0

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

lRRN 12:5 (October 1987)

CD N level (N) Variety (V) V N interaction

0.1 0.1 0.3

Figures in parentheses are transformed.

Vaigai and ADT36 did not significantly differ.

Reactiona to GLH 9 3 5 5 1 5 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 5 9 3 5 7 7 7 7 5 5 RTV 7 6 5 6 7 6 8 5 4 0 6 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 0 7 0 6 6

IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)

Damage rating a BPH 3 3 5 7 9 7 9 9 3 3 9 WBPH 1 3 1 1 7 3 1 9 3 3 9 LF 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 7 3 3 9

Scored by Standard evaluation system for rice 0-9 scale.

High resistance to whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) in Indonesia

Reaction of selected rices to whitebacked planthopper (WBPH)

Scored zero by the Standard evaluation system for rice.

IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Yield ability of rice varieties in fields infested with root-knot nematode

RD6 Khao Dawk Mali 105 Hahng Yi 71

ADVERSE SOILS TOLERANCE

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Dry weight of tillers/plant 50 29 15 84 51 94 93 34 97 61

index = grain yield of treated plants 100. grain yield of control

IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)

Salt tolerance in wild rices

Nona Bokra (tolerant check) IR28 (susceptible check)

IRRN 12:5 (October 1987)

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

25.05 54.11 0.96