International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6

IRRN GUIDELINES
The International Rice Research Newsletter objective is: To expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice-based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production or rice, inasmuch as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land-scarce nations in the world ... IRRN is a mechanism to help rice scientists keep each other informed of current research findings. The concise reports contained in IRRN are meant to encourage rice scientists and workers to communicate with one another. In this way, readers can obtain more detailed information on the research reported. Please examine the criteria, guidelines, and research categories that follow. If you have comments or suggestions, please write the editor, IRRN, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. We look forward to your continuing interest in IRRN. The International Rice Research Newsletter is a compilation of research briefs on topics of interest to rice scientists all over the world. Contributions to IRRN should be reports of recent work and work-inprogress that have broad interest and application. Please observe these guidelines in preparing submissions: The report should not exceed two pages of double-spaced typewritten text. No more than two figures (graphs, tables, or photos) may accompany the text. Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Items that exceed the specified length will be returned. Include a brief statement of research objectives and project design. The discussion should be brief, and should relate the results of the work to its objectives. Report appropriate statistical analysis. Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding lines. Specify the environment (irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, deep water, tidal wetlands). If you must use local terms to specify landforms or cropping systems, explain or define them in parentheses. Specify the type of rice culture (e.g., transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). Specify seasons by characteristic weather (wet, dry, monsoon) and by months. Do not use national or local terms for seasons or, if used, define them. When describing the rice plant and its cultivation, use standard, internationally recognized designators for plant parts and growth stages, environments, management practices, etc. Do not use local terms.
Guidelines for contributors
soil nutrient When reporting to include standard studies, be sure
Criteria for IRRN research reports
has international, or pan-national, relevance has rice environment relevance advances rice knowledge appropriate research design uses data collection methodology and reports appropriate, adequate data applies appropriate analysis, using appropriate statistical techniques reaches supportable conclusions
soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants; do not use common names or local names alone. Survey data should be quantified (infection percentage, degree of severity, sampling base, etc.). When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, tolerance, etc., report the actual quantification of damage due to stress used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/pot) or per row (g/row) for small-scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use national monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate $:local currency at the time data were collected. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, following it with the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, use the abbreviation. Define in a footnote or legend any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or figure.
Categories of research reported
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality and nutritional value disease resistance insect resistance drought tolerance excess water tolerance adverse temperature tolerance adverse soils tolerance integrated germplasm improvement seed technology research techniques data management and computer modeling CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT soils and soil characterization soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer physiology and plant nutrition crop management soil fertility and fertilizer management disease management insect management weed management managing other pests integrated pest management water management farm machinery environmental analysis postharvest technology farming systems research methodology data management and computer modeling SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT environment production livelihood EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION training and technology transfer research communication research information storage and retrieval
CONTENTS
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Genetic resources 4 Diseases and mycoflora of Oryza indandamanica Ellis. Genetics 4 External budding in rice aleurone grains 5 Genetic diversity in rice Oryza sativa L. Yield potential 5 Effect on rice yield of root damage to seedlings 6 Source-sink relationship at postflowering of rices under low light stress Grain quality and nutritional value 7 Effect of pyrile and NPK on nutritional quality of rice 7 Milling characteristics of aromatic rices Disease resistonce 8 Reaction of rice germplasm to sheath blight (ShB) 8 Genetic sources for resistance to rice blast (Bl) caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in Guilan Province, Iran Insect resistance 9 Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) survival and nymph emergence on some rice varieties 9 Reaction to brown planthopper (BPH) of varieties originating from Oryza officinalis 10 Leaffolder (LF) damage and yield loss on some selected rice varieties Adverse soils tolerance 10 Performance of selected rice genotypes in alkaline, saline, and normal soils and their interaction with climate factors 11 Extragenic basis of salt tolerance in rice Oryza sativa L. Integrated germplasm improvement 12 Release of new rice cultivar Jasmine 85 in USA 12 TTB15-1, a promising rice variety for Assam 12 Medium-duration Taichung Sen Yu 285 released in Sichuan as Chuan Mi 2 13 TTB14-1 fits ahu (autumn) season in double-cropped areas of Assam 19 20 20 21 Influence of potassium-kinetin synergism on rice grain weight Effect on rice of partial substitution of N by azolla Response of rice to sources, methods, and levels of N Effect of azolla and N on rice grain and straw yield Disease management 21 Effect of N on bacterial leaf streak (BLS) and bacterial blight (BB) diseases in some scented rice varieties 22 Rhizoctonia solani: an agent of rice boot blight 22 Effect of roguing on rice tungro virus (RTV) incidence and rice yield 23 Use of phytoalexin-inducing chemicals to control rice sheath blight (ShB) 23 Sensitivity of three sclerotial rice pathogens to plant oils 24 Fungicide timing to control rice sheath blight (ShB) 24 Influence of rice plant density and spacing on brown leaf spot incidence 24 Effect of N on false smut (FS) in upland rice Insect management 25 Using fluorescent dye to map dispersal pattern of rice green leafhopper (GLF) 26 Effect of neem seed and leaf bitters on oviposition and development of green leafhopper (GLH) and brown planthopper (BPH) 27 Color morphism of rice swarming armyworm larvae 28 Feeding behavior of three Nephotettix species on selected rices and graminaceous weeds 28 Effect of neem oil on courtship signals and mating behavior of brown planthopper (BPH) females 29 Functional response of Lycosa pseudoannulata on brown planthoppers (BPH) and green leafhoppers (GLH) 30 Insects feeding on rice grain in Bhutan 30 Predatory coccinellids in ricefields at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 30 Vertical distribution of two hopper species on rice plants 32 Rice leaf miner Hydrellia griseola in Australia 32 Yield loss caused by rice stem borers (SB) in southern Bhutan 33 Crop losses due to hispa beetle damage in deepwater rice (DWR) 33 Predation of wolf spider on mirid bug and brown planthopper (BPH) Managing other pests 34 Control of Hirschmanniella oryzae nematodes in rice Farming system 34 Introducing high-yielding rice into a jute cropping system with limited nutrient supply
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer 13 Effect of boiling water treatment on germination and growth of Sesbania rostrata Physiology and plant nutrition 14 Effect of herbicides on nutrient leaching from rice leaves 15 Effect of aqueous azolla extract and NaCl stress on rice Crop management 15 Physiological characteristics of seedlings grown in dry-wet nursery (DWN) 16 Effect of N application timing on ratoon rice 16 Yield of rice sown in standing water 17 Herbage production from deepwater rice in farmers' fields Soil fertility and fertilizer management 17 Effect of topdressing potash on rice nutrient uptake and yield 18 Influence of rate and time of N application on growth and yield of rice in Pakistan 18 Effect of humic acid on wet season rice
SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Livelihood 35 Profitability of urea supergranules in rice
EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION

Training and technology transfer research 35 Information gaps in transmitting rice recommendations to farmers
ANNOUNCEMENTS
36 36 IRTP now INGER New IRRI publications
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Genetic resources
Diseases and mycoflora of Oryza indandamanica Ellis.
M. M. Ansari, Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI), Port Blair (present address: Plant Pathology Division, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006); and T. V. R. S. Sharma, CARI, Port Blair, India
A new species of wild rice O. indandamanica was recently reported
from Rutland, a small island of South Andaman in the Andaman and Nicobar group. To enable its use in breeding, knowledge of its tolerance or resistance to various diseases and pests is needed. Samples of O. indandamanica collected from the Rutland locality exhibit typical symptoms of blast (Bl) and sheath blight (ShB) as well as necrotic areas on the leaves. Isolations from ShB- and Blaffected samples produced cultures of
Rhizoctonia solani and Pyricularia oryzae. In addition, isolations from necrotic leaves revealed the presence of Pestalotia, Fusarium, and Curvularia spp. Pathogenicity of R. solani and of P. oryzae were proved on O. indandamanica and on cultivated rice C14-S. However, the Fusarium sp., Curvularia sp., and Pestalotia sp. failed to produce typical necrotic symptoms.
Genetics
External budding in rice aleurone grains
N. E. Alyoshin, E. R. Avakyan, E. V. Lebedev, V. E. Lebedev, and E. P. Alyoshin, All-Union Rice Research Institute, P.O. Belozernoe, Krasnodar 353204, USSR
The nature of aleurone grains (aleurone protein bodies) is an important problem in Poaceae cytology: Are the subcellular particles of vacuolar or plastid origin? We have produced electron microscopy pictures that confirm plastid origin; they show external budding of rice aleurone grains. Caryopses of Krasnodarsky 424 at 15-35 d after flowering were used. Ultramicrosections of the aleurone layer were fixed with gluteraldehyde and osmiate, contrasted with uranyl acetate, stained with lead-citrate, and studied under the electron microscope. Some aleurone grains showed external buds (see figure). In some sections, the ultramicrotomic knife went through the bud and made visible the connection of the grain and bud matrices. Budding is the characteristic feature of the semi-autonomous compartments (mitochondria, plastids,
Electron microscopy pictures of the aleurone layer of Krasnodarsky 424 endosperm. a and b show external heads, c shows connection of grain and bud matrix.
3 IRRN 14:5 (December 1989)
etc.) that have their own genetic material. The aleurone grains may be regarded as a specific type of plastids (alongside with chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts, proteoplasts, etc.).
Table 2. Average intracluster and intercluster D 2 -values, showing divergence of variety clusters. Omon, Vietnam, 1989 dry season. Cluster I II III IV V I 7.1751 II 14.6391 9.0341 III 16.5844 15.7413 8.9537 IV 19.6446 23.3252 10.9978 0.0000 V 21.3976 14.0877 21.4578 27.1334 0.0000
Genetic diversity in rice Oryza sativa L.

Bui Chi Buu and Tran Minh Tuan, Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Omon, Haugiang, Vietnam
The materials were grouped into five clusters by Tochers method (Table 1). Clusters separated by the largest statistical distance (D2) show the maximum divergence (Table 2).
Plant height (frequency 8-43%) and days to 50% flowering (frequency 7-37%) contributed to divergence the most.
Divergence analysis was performed to identify diverse genotypes for hybridization and to generate crosses that give transgressive segregants in later generations. The parental divergence study used varieties released in Mekong Delta. Materials came from IRRI (21), India (3), Korea (l), Sri Lanka (l), and Vietnam (6). The experiment was conducted at Omon in 1989 dry season, with 32 treatments in a randomized block design with three replications. Plots were 10 m 2 , spacing was 15 20 cm. Clustering (Mahalonobis D2 statistics) was based on plant height, days to 50% flowering, panicle length, grains per panicle, unfilled grain percentage, effective tillers per plant, grain weight, and grain yield.
Table 1. Varieties partitioned into clusters on the basis of eight characters. Omon, Vietnam, 1989 dry season. Cluster I Varieties OM576, IR13240-10-1, IR25588-73-1, IR31868-64-2, IR19728, IR66, IR31802-48-2, OM296, IR17433641-1, IR36, IR17434, IR9782111-2, OM91, IR1352, IR39357133-3, IR65, IR64, IR74, IR9129192-2, IR21015-80-3,OM201, IR13240-10-1, OM620, IR4265269-4-2 IR42, OM80, Bharain, Basmati 370 (mutant) A69-1, IR48 IR68 Basmati 3 70
Yield potential
Effect on rice yield of root damage to seedlings
G. R. Das and T. Ahmed, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Titabar 785630, India
During droughts, uprooting of rice seedlings is difficult particularly in clay soils. Seedlings sustain severe root damage, in extreme cases losing almost all their roots. We evaluated the effect of different levels of root damage on yield in a field experiment during 1986 ahu (autumn). Six varieties and four levels of seedling root damage were
used in a split-plot design with three replications (see table). Plot size was 4 m2 . Seedlings were pulled at 25 d after seeding and transplanted 29 May, 1 seedling/hill at 15- 20-cm spacing. No fertilizer was applied. There was no interaction between variety and root damage for any of the characters considered (see table). Seedlings with 50% roots removed did not differ from seedlings with intact roots in survival, yield attributes, and yield, but they flowered earlier. Seedlings with 98% roots removed by cutting at the bottom nodes and
Effect of seedling root damage and variety on yield, yield components, hill mortality, and flowering duration of rice. Titabar, India, 1986 autumn. Treatment Seedling root damage Intact roots 50% removed 98% removed 100% removed LSD (0.05) Variety Pusa 2-21 IET6155 IET6148 IET7983 IET7617 Culture 1 LSD (0.05)
a Angular
Grain yield (t/ha) 2.4 2.2 1.7 0.4 0.4 1.9 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 0.4
Hill mortalitya (%) 24 24 35 69 7 38 30 32 42 46 39 9
Panicles (no./m2 )
Panicle weight (g) 0.88 0.71 0.78 0.50 0.20 0.81 0.79 0.70 0.77 0.67 0.56 ns
Days to 50% flowering 92 90 94 98 1 96 102 100 94 90 80 2
287.1 310.3 232.2 67.4 40.4 201.5 268.6 230.5 217.7 204.9 222.5 ns
II III IV V
transformed data.
IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)
seedlings with all roots removed by cutting at ground level showed increased mortality and yield reduction. Seedlings with 98% roots removed could be used at higher numbers/hill to counteract hill mortality. IET6155 and IET6148 had significantly lower hill mortality under all levels of root damage, indicating their ability for quick establishment.
Source-sink relationship at postflowering of rices under low light stress

C. R. Dash, M. Panda, J. N. Tripathy, and Ch. N. Rao, Central Rice Research Institute (CRRl), Cuttack 753006, India
We screened cultivars for tolerance for low light during ripening and assessed
the source-sink relationship. Seedlings (25 d old) of 15 early- and mediumduration rice varieties were transplanted at 10- 10-cm spacing. Four uniform tillers/hill were selected at flowering. Five hills each were subjected to normal light and low light (50% normal), with two replications. The desired light intensity was obtained by covering the rice canopy with a wooden screen fitted on iron frames and adjusting the distance between the slats. Data on shade index (ratio of grain yield under low and normal light) indicate variation in varietal response (see table). Under low light, Co 41, Archana, Jalgaon 5, and Ptb 10 showed about 50% yield reduction. Other varieties had higher yield reductions. Shading during ripening increased sterility and decreased 1,000-grain weight. Ratna, Pusa 33, Indira, and
Pallavi had more than 85% sterility. The product of leaf area and solar radiation or leaf area and photosynthetic rate at flowering was taken as the source of carbohydrate. The product of spikelet number and test weight was taken as the sink. The correlation between source and sink under normal light was positive and significant ( r = 0.76 **a and 0.64**b ), resulting in good correlation between source and grain yield (r = 0.54*). Those relationships were observed under low light. Under low light, the association between stem weight ratio at flowering and yield was positive (r = 0.72 ** ). The stem losses were higher under low light. The balance of source and sink under natural light appears to be disturbed under low light stress, causing more stem loss.
Influence of low light during ripening on yield and yield characters of 15 rice varieties. CRRI, India. Variety Yielda (g) 100% light 50% light Shading index Grain no. Normal light 787 764 572 611 680 628 1206 742 793 771 551 683 569 725 635 714 19 7 27 Low light 114 546 281 231 375 55 546 364 348 388 136 176 369 219 140 286 Stem loss (g) (flowering-harvest) Normal light 2.38 0.42 0.47 0.92 2.14 5.36 2.21 2.40 8.56 5.30 1.68 4.08 5.32 1.01 1.02 2.88 0.70 0.25 0.99 Low light 4.02 4.71 6.25 3.24 10.48 6.48 3.38 8.38 14.14 8.57 3.57 7.28 9.90 4.79 1.73 6.48 Sterility (%) Normal light 67.9 53.8 71.7 57.3 72.9 61.8 42.5 34.7 64.7 29.6 70.4 63.8 65.1 59.0 55.9 58.1 1.5 0.6 2.2 Low light 91.5 58.0 73.0 76.6 77.5 93.0 62.6 51.8 65.1 62.2 86.2 83.1 70.5 80.0 87.5 74.6 1000-grain wt (g) Normal light 18.3 17.5 20.4 19.9 21.1 17.7 20.7 23.7 23.8 25.1 20.5 21.3 19.7 21.6 20.1 20.8 0.7 0.3 1.0 Low light 14.8 14.4 14.9 16.2 19.4 15.1 15.8 20.6 22.1 23.7 14.5 17.8 17.5 17.6 16.2 17.8
Pusa 33 Co 41 Cauvery Saket 4 Jalgaon 5 Ratna ADT3 2 Karikalan Swarnaprabha Ptb 10 Indira CR157-190 Archana IR36 Pallavi Mean LSD (0.05) Variety (V) Shading (S) VS
aFrom
14.3 13.4 11.7 12.2 14.4 11.1 25 .0 17.6 18.8 19.3 11.3 14.5 11.2 15.7 12.8 14.9 1.2 0.4 1.7
1.6 7.9 4.2 3.8 7.3 0.8 8.7 7.5 7.7 9.2 2.0 3.1 6.4 3.9 2.3 5.1
11 59 36 31 51 9 35 43 41 47 17 22 58 25 18 33 9
20 tillers.
The International Rice Research Newsletter invites contributions of concise summaries of significant current rice research for publication. Contributions should be limited to no more than 2 pages typed double-spaced, accompanied by no more than 2 figures, tables, or photographs. Contributions are reviewed by appropriate IRRI scientists and those accepted are subject to editing and abridgment to meet space limitations. Authors are identified by name and research organization. See inside front cover for more information about submissions.
Grain quality and nutritional value

Effect of pyrite and NPK on nutritional quality of rice
C. P. Awasthi, A. Singh, A. K. Shukla, S. K. Addy, and R. Singh, Food Technology Department/Soil Science Department, N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad 224229, India
Nutritional quality of rice can vary with soil type, fertilizer, and soil amendment. We studied the effect of pyrite and NPK fertilizers on the biochemical and nutritive makeup of rice grain. The soil was slightly saline-alkali with moderate pH and exchangeable sodium. Experimental treatments were 150, 300, and 600 kg pyrite/ha and 4020-20, 80-40-40, and 120-60-60 kg NPK/ha in nine combinations. To ensure complete oxidation, pyrite was applied 10 d before transplanting Saket 4. Half the N as urea and all the P as single superphosphate and K as
muriate of potash were applied at transplanting; the remaining N was applied 30 d after transplanting. Grain samples were harvested with a sickle, dried in an oven at 60 C, hand-pounded to brown rice, ground to powder, and passed through a 60-mesh sieve. Defatted samples were used to determine proximate composition following standard procedures. Protein and total free amino acids increased in most treatments (see
table). The highest value was with 600 kg pyrite and 120-60-60 kg NPK/ha. However, lysine and tryptophan content decreased slightly with pyrite and NPK application. Total carbohydrate (mainly starch) content declined slightly. Amylose content decreased progressively with increase in NPK. It appears that protein synthesis and its accumulation in the grain intensified with pyrite and NPK, at the expense of carbohydrates.
Influence of pyrite and NPK on nutritional quality of brown rice. Faizabad, India, 1985-86 wet season. Content (% dry basis) Character Control Range Protein Total free amino acids Lysine Tryptophan Total carbohydrates Amylose 8.06 0.25 0.30 0.11 78.67 21.98 8.10-9.05 0.35-0.95 0.22-0.30 0.08-0.10 71.44-77.48 20.06-21.43 Treatment Mean 8.63 0.73 0.26 0.09 74.34 20.56 LSD at 5% 0.40 0.12 0.04 0.01 2.46 0.58
Milling characteristics of aromatic rices

T. P. Yadav, Genetics Division, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India; and V. P. Singh, Plant Breeding Department, IRRl
Table 1. Milling characteristics of aromatic rices evaluated Jun-Nov 1986 at IARI, India. Shape and L:W Hulling (%) Range 74.0-80.6 76.0-80.2 76.6-79.6 77.0-80.6 Mean 77.9 77.5 77.8 78.6 Milling (%) Range 65.4-72.8 67.4-74.8 65.4-73.4 68.0-74.4 Mean 68.7 69.8 70.4 70.2 Head rice recovery (%) Range 32.0-68.4 41.0-67.4 38.8-66.8 51.4-70.8 Mean 47.5 53.0 54.5 63.5 71 13 10 8 Varieties (no.)
Long slender rice grains (an important quality character of aromatic rices) are more prone to breakage during milling than shorter grain rices. We evaluated brokens in 102 traditional aromatic varieties (120-140 d) received from the International Rice Germplasm Center Jun-Nov 1986 at MI. Harvested rice was hand threshed, air-dried at 30 C to 14% moisture, cleaned, and stored 4 mo at room temperature. Samples of 100 g rough rice were dehulled in the Satake Rice Machine, Type THU, and milled in the ONEPASS Rice Whitening and Caking Machine, Type MC250. Broken grains were separated by hand.
Group I. Slender, >3.00 Group II. Medium, 2.4-3.0 Group III. Bold, 2.0-2.39 Group IV. Round, <2
a
As % brown rice.
Table 2. Varieties showing better hulling, milling, and head rice recovery. IARI, India, 1986. IRGC acc. no. Group I 27796 27821 Group II 27802 Group III 27815 60008 Group IV 5896 Name Hulling (70) 78.2 78.6 76.2 79.6 76.8 75.2 Milling (%) 71.4 70.4 69.8 13.4 70.2 71.4 Head rice recovery (%) 68.4 65.4 67.4 66.8 66.6 70.8 Country Pakistan Pakistan Pakistan Pakistan China India
Basmati Surbh 161 Basmati 370A Basmati 106-12 Basmati 213 Xiang Geng Dao Ambemohar 159
Varieties were classified into four groups on the basis of grain length-towidth ratio. The ranges of variation in hulling and milling percentage in all four groups were similar, suggesting that these characters are independent of grain shape (Table 1). However,
head rice recovery increased with a decrease in L:W, to a 63.5% average in the round-grain group. Varieties with high head rice recovery and better hulling and milling qualities are listed in Table 2. Accessions 27796 and 27821 may be
better choices for improving these characteristics in long- and slendergrain, high-yielding varieties. In addition, accessions 27790, 27792, 27829, and 27830 in group I; 27802 and 27816 in group II; and 733 in group IV gave 80% hulling.
Disease resistance
Reaction of rice germplasm to sheath blight (ShB)
N. D. Majumder, M. M. Ansari, and A. B. Mandal, Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, India
for resistance to ShB during wet seasons (May-Dec) of 1986,1987, and 1988. Each entry was transplanted in 3 rows (2 m long) 21 d after seeding at 20- 15-cm spacing. ShB infection was rated during panicle emergence and at initiation of ripening. Each entry was also tested in the laboratory through artificial
We evaluated 1,200 varieties and lines
inoculation (detached leaf method) with isolates of Thanatephorus cucumeris. Of the lines evaluated, 19 showed good tolerance for ShB (see table). Considering days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle numbers, panicle length, and yield, HM34-6-4-F and F47 appear promising.
Promising rice cultivars with tolerance for ShB and their agronomic traits in Andaman, India. 1986-88 wet seasons. a Cultivar HM23-3 HM33A-2-1-1-2F HM22-25-7-121 DR92 F47 HM33A-21-2 HM37-16-7-110-1 HM22-18-1-132 HM46-1-21-F HM23-2 HM22-2-5-402 HM131-1-33 HM34-6-1-1 HM34-6-4-F HM44-30-7-1 HM16-2-6-1 HM33A-5-7-F HM19-7 HM22-23-4 Mashuri (local check)
a
Cross IR29/Rasi Mirikrak/Ngoba IR29/Ngoba Released variety CCI47F-112-18-4-106 Mirikrak/Ngoba DR92/Pusa 33 IR29/Ngoba IR28/Pawnbuh/IR28 IR29/Rasi IR29/Ngoba Mirikrak/Rasi Mirikrak/Rasi Mirikrak/Rasi IR28/Ngoba/IR28 IR29/Ngoba Mirikrak/Ngoba IR29/Khonorullo IR29/Ngoba Released variety
Disease score b Field 4 3 5 5 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 2 4 1 2 3 2 4 2 7 Laboratory 2 4 2 3 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 5 3
Days to 50% flowering 90 94 96 98 92 92 68 113 98 94 108 105 90 88 90 88 86 98 95 112
Height (cm) 122.8 114.3 116.3 123.8 113.7 113.2 116.2 125.3 121.2 116.7 108.5 109.4 109.1 112.7 108.7 119.1 103.3 116.6 110.6 144.0
Panicles /plant (no.) 6.2 5.9 6.4 8.5 6.5 6.5 6.8 8.9 8.2 4.4 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.9 7.4 8.3 7.1 6.2 6 .0 6.8
Panicle length (cm) 23.6 24.3 24.4 26.0 22.4 22.5 18.2 23.5 23.8 20.8 23.1 21.6 22.8 24.9 24.0 19.6 21.8 26.1 22.0 22.5
Yield/ plant (g) 20.1 20.8 20.7 22.2 19.4 19.2 18.8 16.8 13.9 13.4 23.1 13.1 17.4 28.5 16.3 12.3 12.8 19.0 15.7 19.9
Data are means of 1986, 1987, and 1988. b Standard evaluation system for rice.
Genetic sources for resistance to rice blast (BI) caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in Guilan Province, Iran
M. Izadyar, Plant Pests and Diseases Research Laboratory of Guilan, P.O. Box 133, Bondar-Anzali, Iran 8 IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)
We tested 1,265 rice cultivars in B1 screening nurseries at Rasht, Roudsar, and Bandar-Anzali 1978-84. In addition to natural infection, some artificial inoculations were made using conidial suspensions of international races identified in Guilan and from lesions on heavily infected leaves
collected at the 3- to 4-leaf stage from different areas. Each year, susceptible entries were dropped and resistant entries tested against some additional strains the following year. All cultivars except seven Iranian cultivars were susceptible to the races and strains tested (see table). There
Cultivars screened for rice blast resistance a in Guilan, Iran, 19784-84. Cultivars (no.) Resistant Susceptible 255 33 32 11 15 6 537 13 6 2 24 2 1 937 Total entries tested (no.) 391 76 67 45 43 17 9 544 19 3 9 2 4 2 26 1 1 1 3 2 1265
Origin
IRRI 139 Japan 43 USA 35 Taiwan 34 India 28 Pakistan 11 China 9 Iran 7 Philippines 6 Italy 3 Senegal 3 Korea 2 Hong Kong 2 Indonesia 2 USSR 2 Vietnam 1 Bangladesh 1 Egypt 1 South America 1 Thailand 1 Total
aStandard
and ARC6650 rice varieties. We used 40-d-old plants in three replications. Ten freshly emerged nymphs/plant were enclosed in a polyethylene cage to the adult stage. Three 3-d-old gravid females/plant were confined to study nymph emergence. After 10 d, the adults were removed and emerging nymphs counted periodically. The varieties differed significantly in WBPH survival and nymph emergence (see table). Survival was lowest on ARC10550, followed by
ARC6650 and CO 22. Nymph emergence was low on highly resistant varieties. Among the moderately resistant varieties, CO 22, IR28, IR30, and IR60 permitted more nymph emergence than Ptb 12 and Ptb 19. Effects of resistant accessions on nymph development were also observed. Average nymph duration on resistant accessions was longer than on the susceptible check. In the resistant and moderately resistant varieties, nymph development was delayed.
Growth of WBPH nymphs on resistant and moderately resistant rice varieties.a Madurai, India.
Variety ARC6650 ARC10550 CO 22 IR28 IR30 IR50 IR60 Ptb 12 Ptb 19
Survival (no.) 3.00 b (1.70) 1.66 a (1.27) 3.66 c (1.91) 6.00 e (2.45) 7.33 ef (2.70) 8.00 g (2.82) 6.30 ef (2.52) 5.0 d (2.24) 4.66 d (2.16) 8.66 h (2.94) 0.19
Nymph emergence (no.) 51.33 a (7.16) 55.00 a (7.39) 82.66 cd (9.07) 94.33 de (9.71) 104.00 ef (10.16) 127.33 g (11.28) 108.66 f (10.41) 67.33 b (8.20) 71.66 bc (8.45) 164.00 h (12.80) 0.66
Nymph duration (d) 13.0 a (3.61) 13.0 a (3.6 1) 12.6 b (3.56) 13.0 a (3.61) 13.0 a (3.61) 12.0 c (3.46) 13.0 a (3.6 1) 13.0 a (3.61) 12.6 b (3.56) 11.6 d (3.4 1) 0.04
328
evaluation system for rice.
were no effective resistance genes in Guilan cultivars, but many exotic sources had genes for resistance to P. oryzae races found in Guilan. In general, varieties that possess Pi-a, Pi-i, and Pi-ta resistance genes were resistant to rice Bl in Guilan Province.
Insect resistance
Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) survival and nymph emergence on some rice varieties
K. Ramaraju, P. C. Sundara Babu, and K. Gunathilagaraj, Agricultural Entomology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, India
TN1 (susceptible check) LSD (P=0.05)

a
Mean of 3 replications. Figures in parentheses are transformed values. In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.
Reaction to brown planthopper (BPH) of varieties originating from Oryza officinalis

Luong Minh Chau and R. C. Saxena, Entomology Department, IRRI
We studied survival and nymph emergence of WBPH on susceptible TN1 and IR50; moderately resistant Ptb 12, Ptb 19, CO 22, IR28, IR30 and IR60, and highly resistant ARC10550
We screened 86 lines originating from wild rice O. officinalis against BPH using the modified seedling bulk test. Test lines were sown 20 seeds/row in 10-cm-long rows in iron seedboxes 105
60 5 cm filled 3 cm deep with fine soil, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Seedlings were infested 10 d after seeding with second- to third-instar BPH biotype 2 nymphs at 8-10 nymphs/ plant. Plant damage was assessed when 95% of susceptible check TN1 had died. Forty lines showed resistance to BPH 19 lines at grade 1 and 21 lines at grade 3 (see table).
IRRN 14:6 (December 1989) 9
Reaction to BPH biotype 2 of wild rice lines originating from Oryza officinalis.a IRRI, 1989. Variety IR54742-1-11-17-12-3 IR54742-1-11-17-26-2 IR54742-1-11-17-26-3 IR54742-1-17-12-26-2 IR54742-1-17-20-8-1 IR54742-1-17-20-8-3 IR54742-1-18-12-11-1 IR54742-1-18-12-11-2 IR54742-1-18-12-11-3 IR54742-5-36-4-17-1 IR54742-5-36-4-17-3 IR54742-6-20-3-9-2 IR54742-6-20-3-9-3 IR54742-6-20-3-22-2 IR54742-6-20-3-22-3 IR54742-11-1-9-15-2 IR54742-11-2-8-2-1 IR54742-11-2-8-2-3 IR54742-11-17-10-5-2 IR54742-18-17-20-15-3 lR54742-22-14-24-22-2 IR54742-22-19-3-7-3 IR54742-22-19-3-15-1 IR54742-23-11-19-6-1 IR54742-23-11-19-6-3 IR54742-23-19-16-12-1 IR54742-23-19-16-12-2 IR54742-23-19-16-12-3 IR54742-31-9-26-15-2 IR54742-31-21-20-10-2 IR54742-33-18-20-3-2 IR54742-33-18-20-3-3 IR54742-38-13-15-2-2 IR54742-38-26-10-17-1 IR54742-41-15-30-23-1 IR54742-41-15-30-23-2 IR54742-41-15-30-23-3 IR54742-41-40-20-19-1 IR54742-4140-20-19-2 IR54745-2-2-25-26-1 IR54745-2-2-25-26-3 IR.54745-2-10-17-8-2 IR54745-2-21-12-17-1 IR54745-2-21-12-17-2 IR54745-2-21-12-17-4 IR54745-2-21-12-17-5 IR54745-2-21-12-17-6 IR54745-2-23-19-8-1 IR54745-2-23-19-8-2 IR54745-2-23-19-8-3 IR.54745-2-28-22-7-2 IR54745-2-37-5-26-1 IR54745-2-37-5-26-2 IR54745-2-37-5-26-3 IR54745-2-45-3-24-2 IR54748-1-17-12-1 IR54748-1-17-12-3 IR54748-1-17-25-3 IR54742-9-44 IR54742-9-4-5 IR54742-19-2-3 IR74 (resistant check) TN1 (susceptible check) a Damage ratingb 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 9
Leaffolder (LF) damage and yield loss on some selected rice varieties
S. K. Shrivastava, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagdalpur 494005, Madhya Pradesh (MP), India (present address: IERP [IGKVV], c/o Dy. Director of Agriculture, Durg 491001, M.P., India)
We studied the effect of LF Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guene infestation on panicle length and weight during 1987 wet season. Kranti, Madhuri, Mahsuri, Asha, Gurmatia, Safri 17, Makdo, and CR1014 were transplanted in 5- 4.60-m plots at 20- 15-cm spacing. The crop was fertilized at 40-30-20 kg NPK/ha. After flag leaf emergence, 15 hills
of each variety were selected at random. Infested and healthy leaves were counted. Panicle length and panicle weight were measured at harvest. The data suggested that all the varieties were susceptible to LF (see table). The degree of susceptibility was in order Kranti > Mahsuri > Madhuri > Asha > Gurmatia > Safri 17 > Makdo > CR1014. Correlations indicated that the higher the infestation, the shorter the panicle length and the lighter the panicle weight. But correlation coefficients were significant only between leaf damage and panicle weight in Gurmatia and Safri 17 and only between leaf damage and panicle length in CR1014, Kranti, and Madhuri.
LF damage and yield of selected rice varieties. Madhya Pradesh, India, 1987 wet season. Leaf damage (%) 12.21 24.63 24.32 15.96 15.13 23.46 16.52 13.39 Panicle wt (g) Range 2.00-2.56 1.52-2.30 2.59-2.79 1.43-1.83 0.86-1.01 1.73-1.96 1.68-2.14 1.96-2.30 Mean 2.17 1.87 2.26 1.64 0.94 1.81 1.87 2.22 Panicle length (cm) Range 16.01-19.01 17.01-20.09 15.08-17.04 17.06-21.01 16.03-17.03 17.06-22.05 16.01-20.05 15.03-18.03 Mean 17.07 18.08 16.05 17.09 16.08 20.09 19.07 16.04 Correlationa Damagepanicle wt 0.30 0.18 0.45 0.98* 0.68* 0.23 0.41 0.39 Damagepanicle length 0.78* 0.63* 0.47 0.19 0.27 0.52* 0.48 0.14
Variety
CR1014 Kranti Mahsuri Gurmatia Safri 17 Madhuri Asha Makdo

a*
= significant at the 0.05 level.
Adverse soils tolerance

Performance of selected rice genotypes in alkaline, saline, and normal soils and their interaction with climate factors
J. E. Marassi, M. Collado, R. Benavidez, and M. J. Arturi, CIC, Prov. Bs. As.; and J. J. N. Marassi, Central Experiment Station, Faculty of Agronomy, La Plata National Universty, CC 46, Suc. 6, La Plata (1900), Argentina
Av of 3 replications. All entries, except TN1 showed resistance. b By the Standard evaluation system for rice.
Soil salinity and alkalinity associated with low temperature are the major problems of the coastal area of the Salado River basin, Buenos Aires Province.
We evaluated 81 cultivars and 9 local lines and varieties for alkalinity and salinity tolerance, under temperate climate conditions (35 south latitude). The severely deteriorated alkali soil (Typic Natraqualf) of the Salado River basin is characterized by high pH (9.6), sodicity (exchangeab1e sodium percentage exceeding 60), calcium carbonate precipitation, clay texture. Soil salinity was created artificially by adding NaCl to 8 dS/m at seeding. Normal soil was a Typic Argiudoll with excellent agronomic characteristics. Entries were dry seeded in problem soils 1 and 2 Oct 1987 and in
10
Agronomic data for test entries. La Plata, Argentina, 1987.a Alkaline Designation Scores VP Gz1368-5-2 Gz1368-5-54 IR10154-117-2-3-3-3 IR10206-29-2-1 IR19392-33-3 IR19743-25-2-2-3-1 IR28 IR31375-3-3-3 IR32307-107-3-2-2 IR32429-47-3-2-2 IR37379-20-1-2-1-1 IR8238-B-B-57-2-1 KS-282 IR9129-209-2-2-2-3 Local checks Itape P.A. Yerua P.A. H198-1-3-2-3-1 H198-8-1-2-1 H238-5-1 H238-20-1-1 H238-47-1 H238-82-2-1 H175
a
Saline DuraScores Germi- Plant Panicle length tion nation ht (d) VP RP PA (%) (cm) (cm) 175 168 152 178 148 152 178 173 154 141 174 172 163 153 153 165 161 164 162 6 6 5 5 6 5 5 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 not not 5 4 6 4 7 5 5 8 7 6 7 7 6 30 20 35 20 10 10 30 20 20 25 20 20 50 67 65 54 72 60 62 50 64 19 17 18 29 18 18 16 19
Normal DuraScores Germi- Plant Panicle Duralength tion tion nation ht (d) VP RP PA (%) (cm) (cm) (d) 166 173 162 151 169 165 147 131 160 164 153 134 160 146 138 152 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 2 4 4 4 2 3 4 2 2 2 3 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 6 5 5 20 20 30 30 10 5 10 30 30 20 40 40 30 30 79 82 71 84 72 70 90 92 78 65 56 87 80 72 19 21 18 21 18 17 21 21 21 20 14 22 21 20 165 165 178 168 164 174 161 174 169 178 174
Germi- Plant Panicle nation ht length RP PA (%) (cm) (cm) 4 4 5 6 7 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 4 5 4 4 7 5 4 6 15 5 10 5 10 35 35 15 50 40 55 30 50 55 59 62 47 57 42 51 56 72 56 60 45 73 61 53 17 17 16 18 15 16 18 20 22 17 16 19 19 18
6 6 6 6 6 5 6 5 4 4 5 5 4 6 4 5 3 4 3 4
4 3 2 2 2 2 was not 3 2 4 2
5 40 5 35 4 60 4 10 3 30 4 25 seeded 3 30 3 45
5 4 3 3 3 3 3 169 was 159 was
3 50 3 30 3 15 3 15 3 10 3 20 3 20 seeded seeded
VP = vegetative phase, RP = reproductive phase, PA = phenotypic acceptability.
normal soil 20 Oct, at 1 row/entry and 25-cm spacing. Germination began 17 Oct, the test plot was irrigated 15 d later. Agronomic data were collected each 15 d and subsumed into values for vegetative phase, reproductive phase, and phenotypic acceptability (see table).
All exotic lines were affected adversely, mainly by temperature and photoperiod. Climate-adapted local checks showed the best performance under both treatments. Entries showed more tolerance in the reproductive than in the vegetative
phase. More plants died during the vegetative phase. Plant height and panicle length correlated strongly with soil problems and were more affected by alkalinity than by salinity.
Extragenic basis of salt tolerance in rice Oryza sativa L.

M. S. Sajjad and M. A. Awan, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan
CaCl2, and Na2SO4 in a 1:4:5:10 equivalent ratio. The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized block design
with three replications. Interrow and intrarow spacing was 20 cm. Data for yield and yield components were recorded on 10 plants/replication.
Inheritance of yield and yield components under normal and saline sodic soils. a Faisalabad, Pakistan. Parent or F1 combination Nonsaline soil b Plant ht (cm) b a a b Productive tillers (no./plant) 13.8 b 21.6 a 20.4 a 19.0 a Flag leaf Yield area (g/plant) (cm2) 36.7 d 39.7 b 42.9 b 59.0 a 13.5 c 17.0 b 18.4 ab 20.4 a Plant ht (cm) 126.8 b 143.9 a 144.9 a 122.7 b Saline soilc Productive Flag leaf tillers area (no./plant) (cm 2) 9.0 c 18.0 a 19.0 a 15.6 b 25.0 c 34.8 b 34.1 b 51.4 a Yield (g/plant) 9.0 c 14.0 b 12.9 b 17.1 a
NIAB Rice-1 has been found to be relatively salt tolerant and Basmati 370 to be relatively salt sensitive. To clarify the extragenic basis of salt tolerance, we made reciprocal crosses between the two genotypes. The F1 hybrids and the parents were transplanted at 45 d after seeding on nonsaline and saline sodic field basins. Salinization of the field basins was accomplished using four commercial salts of MgCl, NaCl,
Basmati 370 139.8 Basmati 370/ 162.8 NIAB Rice-1 NIAB Rice-l/ 159.2 Basmati 370 NIAB Rice-1 143.8
a In a column, values followed by identical letters are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. bpH 7.6, EC 3.0 dS/m, SAR 9.0. c pH 8.7, EC 6.2 dS/m, SAR 20.0.
Productive tillers/plant, flag leaf area, and yield/plant of Basmati 370 and NIAB Rice-1 in both environments differed significantly (see table). Plant height did not differ. Performance of the F1s of Basmati 370/NIAB Rice-1 and NIAB Rice-1/Basmati 370 did not
differ. The F1s showed heterosis over Basmati 370 for all the traits studied. However, true heterobeltiosis was observed only for plant height. These results indicate the absence of any extragenic basis of salt tolerance, at least for these two genotypes.
Integrated germplasm improvement

Release of new rice cultivar Jasmine 85 in USA
C. N. Bollich, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA, Route 7, Box 999, Beaumont, Texas 77713, USA
The release of Jasmine 85, a new longgrain rice cultivar, was announced by ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture and the agricultural experiment stations of Texas, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Jasmine 85 (IR841) derives from the IRRI cross IR262/Khao Dawk Mali
105. IR262 was from the cross Peta *3/ Taichung Native 1. Jasmine 85 is an aromatic (scented) rice possessing the flavor and aroma of fragrant rices of Thailand. Average amylose content is 17% and alkali spreading value 6.5. This characterizes Jasmine 85 as a lowamylose, low-gelatinizationtemperature type similar to Thai fragrant rices. Typically, cooked grains of Jasmine 85, like those of the Thai fragrant rices, are soft and cohesive with the cooked kernels tending to cling together.
TTB15-1 is 90 cm tall with intermediate tillering ability and 114125 d duration. It is awnless, mediumgrained, with fully exserted panicles. The 1,000-grain weight is 22.0 g. It has nonglutinous endosperm with translucent white kernels and acceptable cooking quality. TTB15-1 is moderately resistant to bacterial blight, brown planthoper, and whitebacked planthopper but susceptible to blast. It is resistant to shattering. In eight transplanting trials in Karimganj and Titabar, yield was 836.8% higher than that of check varieties (see table). In on-farm trials, its yield advantage was higher because a low yielding local traditional ahu variety was used as the check.
Medium-duration Taichung Sen Yu 285 released in Sichuan as Chuan Mi 2

Deng Jutao, Luo Wenzhi, Yuan Zuolian, and Yin Guoda, Rice Research Institute (RRI), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
TTB15-1, a promising rice variety for Assam

T. Ahmed, R. K. S. M. Barua, K. C. Sarma, G. R. Das, K. K. Sarma, D. K. Barua, U. Kalita, P. K. Pathak, and A. K. Pathak, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Assam Agricultural University, Titabar 785630, Assam, India
TTB15-1 is a medium-duration variety suitable for transplanted ahu (autumn) season in Assam under rainfed conditions. The variety was developed at RARS from IR24/CR44-118-1 and has been recommended for cultivation in relatively flood-free medium-altitude ricelands.
Grain yield and duration of TTB15-1 in trials in Assam, India, 1984-88. Growing condition TTB15-1 Yield (t/ha) 4.3 3.6 2.2 2.8 2.8 2.9 4.0 5.5 3.5 Ahu Ahu 2.7 4.2 Duration (d) 115 123 116 114 118 124 124 125 120 125 123 Takuguni Takuguni Designation Yield (t/ha) 3.8 3.2 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.9 4.0 2.9 1.4 1.9 117 114 Check Duration (d) 111 134 111 103 111 132 116 128 Increase over check (%) 15 14 17 32 8 20 34 37 23 97 125
Year
Location
1984 1984 1985 1986 1987 1987 1987 1988
Titabar Titabar Karimganj Karimganj Karimganj Titabar Titabar Titabar
Ahu Ahu Ahu Ahu Ahu Ahu Sali Ahu
Ch 63 TTB2-6-1-1 IR50 IR50 IR50 TTB2-6-1-1 Ratna Ratna
Mean On-farm trial 1986 Gelapukhuri 1988 Gelapukhuri
Taichung Sen Yu 285, an International Rice Testing Program (IRTP) entry from Taiwan, evaluated in Sichuan since 1983at RRI for 3 yr and in regional provincial tests for 2 yrwas released in Mar 1989 as Chuan Mi 2 for cultivation in Sichuan. Mean grain yield over 3 yr in RRI trials was 7.6 t/ha, 7% higher than the local check (see table). In the 1986-87 regional test for grain quality, mean grain yield was 7.4 t/ha, 6% higher than the local check. In 1988 Adaptive Research Trials in three counties, mean grain yield was 7.4 t/ha, 7% higher than the local check. Chuan Mi 2 is a semidwarf (90-95 cm), heavy-tillering rice with 135-140 d duration. Grain is medium slender, fine and white, with 3.6% amylose and 10.73% protein content. It has 73% milling recovery and good cooking quality.
12
Performance of Chuan Mi 2 at the Sichuan RRI in regional tests, and in adaptive research trials. Luzhou, Sichuan, China, 1983-88. Year Grain yield (t/ha) Chuan Mi 2 Local check
popularity among farmers because of its high yield potential and because its 110-120 d growth duration enables
planting in double-cropped areas. General characteristics and yield are given in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 2. Yield and duration of TTB14-1 at different locations. Assam, India, 1984-88. TTB14-1 Year Location Seasona Yield (t/ha) 3.1 2.5 3.0 4.7 4.0 3.4 Duration (d) 118 117 110 120 110 115 Designation Ch63 Takuguni Ratna Ratna Takuguni Check Yield (t/ha) 1.7 1.4 2.9 4.0 1.9 2.4 Duration (d) 113 117 118 128 114 118
1983 1984 1985 Mean 1986 1987 Mean 1988
Rice Research Institute trial 7.2 6.9 8.0 8.3 7.2 6.4 7.6 7.1 Regional test in Sichuan Province 7.7 7.4 7.1 6.6 7.4 Adaptive research trial 7.4 7.0 6.9
1984 1986 1987 1988 1988

aAhu
Titabar FTS, Gelapukhuri Titabar Titabar FTS, Gelapukhuri = fall, sali = winter.
Ahu Ahu Sali Ahu Ahu Mean
Chuan Mi 2 was screened in the greenhouse for resistance to important diseases of the area: it is resistant to blast.
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer
~
TTB14-1 fits ahu (autumn) season in double-cropped areas of Assam

T. Ahmed, R. K. S. M. Barua, K. C. Sarma, G. R. Das, K. K. Sarma, P. K. Pathak, and A. K. Pathak, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Assam Agricultural University, Titabar 785630, Assam, India
Effect of boiling water treatment on germination and growth of Sesbania rostrata

M. N. Sheelavantar, R. S. Bhat, and P. S. Mattiwade, Agronomy Division, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580005, India
TTB14-1, a semidwarf variety derived from CRM13-3241/Kalinga 2 at RARS, Titabar, is suitable for ahu (autumn) season in rainfed high to mediumaltitude lands in Assam. Optimum sowing and transplanting dates are Mar/Apr and Apr/May, respectively. In transplanting experiments 1984-88, average TTB14-1 yield was 3.4 t/ha. This variety has been gaining
Table 1. Characteristics of TTB14-1. Assam, India, 1984-88. Plant height Panicle length Grain type 1000-grain weight Grain length Grain length/width Kernel length Kernel length/width Kernel color 95 cm 23.0 cm Medium 22.0 g 7.89 mm 2.94 5.75 mm 2.36 White
Dormancy in S. rostrata seeds can be broken by boiling water treatment. We studied the effect of length of boiling water treatment on germination and growth in a pot experiment Jan-Mar 1989.
Well-developed seeds (25/set) were treated with 98 C water for 0 to 75 s at 15-s intervals, with 3 replications. Seeds were sown in pots filled with Vertisol and grown for 65 d with regular watering. Plants were uprooted and root and shoot portions separated and dried in a hot air oven at 65-70 C to a uniform moisture content. Treatment with boiling water significantly improved germination (see table). Duration of treatment did not significantly affect dry matter production.
Influence of boiling water (98 C) seed treatment on germination and dry matter production of Sesbania rostrata at Dharwad, India. Treatment Control (no treatment) Treatment with 98 C water for 15 s 30 s 45 s 60 s 75 s SE LSD (P=0.5) Plants/pot (no.) 1.0 15.3 17.3 19.0 19.0 19.3 0.4 1.4 Germination (%) 4 62 70 76 76 78 Shoot dry weight (g/pot) 1.47 4.93 6.50 5.75 5.50 5.98 0.75 2.36 Root dry weight (g/pot) 0.30 0.83 1.10 0.90 0.96 0.81 0.12 0.36 Total dry weight (g/pot) 1.77 5.76 7.60 6.65 6.46 6.79 0.85 2.69
Effect of flooding duration on germination and growth of Sesbania rostrata

M. N. Sheelavantar, R. S. Bhat, and P. S. Mattiwade, Agronomy Division, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580005, India
Influence of irrigation on germination and dry matter production of Sesbania rostrata. Dharwad, India, 1989. Treatment Control (no flooding) Flooding throughout Flooding 7 d after sowing (DAS) Flooding 15 DAS Flooding 22 DAS Flooding 30 DAS SE LSD (P=0.05) Plants/pot (no.) 20.3 5.6 10.6 16.3 18.6 18.0 2 .0 6.4 Germination (%) 81.2 22.4 42.4 65.2 74.4 72.0 Shoot dry weight (g/pot) 5.05 0.23 1.42 2.51 3.03 4.00 0.32 1.00 Root dry weight (g/pot) 0.51 0.04 0.13 1.03 1.18 1.21 0.032 0.100 Total dry weight (g/pot) 5.56 0.27 1.55 3.54 4.21 5.21 0.34 1.08
Alley cropping of green manure with irrigated rice could save time and crop area. We conducted a pot culture experiment Jan-Mar 1989 to study the effect of six irrigation schedules on germination and growth of S. rostrata. Pots were filled with Vertisol to 5 cm from the brim. Seeds treated with sulfuric acid for 40 min were sown at 25/pot. Six treatments were imposed with three replications. The crop was grown for 65 d. Germination was drastically
reduced when irrigation started immediately after sowing (see table). Flooding 22 days after sowing (DAS) did not affect germination significantly. Shoot dry weight significantly decreased with continuous flooding but increased with delay in flooding. Flooding 30 DAS did not significantly
aff.ect total dry matter production. S. rostrata could be established as an alley crop with rice if irrigation is delayed to 15 DAS. For better establishment and dry matter production, the green manure crop should not be flooded before 30 DAS.
Physiology and plant nutrition

Effect of herbicides on nutrient leaching from rice leaves
R. D. Vaishya, V. K. Singh, and M. F. Qazi, Agronomy Department, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Effect of herbicides on nutrients in rice leaf leachates. Uttar Pradesh, India, 1987 wet season. Treatment Control Thiobencarb Butachlor LSD (0.05) Control Thiobencarb Butachlor LSD (0.05) Control Thiobencarb Butachlor LSD (0.05) 10 DE 10.9 13.0 11.9 0.8 30.0 45.3 43.1 1.7 2.8 4.9 4.4 0.2 15 DE 20 DE 25 DE 14.7 14.9 15.5 0.4 42.7 58.3 53.9 1.8 3.6 6.5 7.5 0.4 30 DE 15.9 17.0 17.6 0.5 43.5 61.5 58.4 2.1 4.5 6.8 7.2 0.3
Na (g/kg fresh leaves) 15.0 15.5 16.8 19.6 15.5 15.5 0.5 0.3 K (g/kg fresh leaves) 38.4 43.6 47.8 49.1 46.6 52.0 1.4 1.2 Fe (g/kg .fresh leaves) 2.5 3.6 5.0 6.9 5.8 6.5 0.4 0.3
Pesticidal spray is known to alter the constituents of leaf leachates, which in turn have a direct effect on disease incidence, yield, and yield quality. Certain fungicides are known to induce leaching of different micronutrients. We studied the effect of thiobencarb and butachlor on leaching of Na, K, and Fe from rice leaves. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications during 1987 wet season. Saket 4 was seeded and recommended fertilizers and irrigation practices were followed. Thiobencarb and butachlor at 1.5 kg/ha were sprayed 3 d after seeding as preemergence herbicide. Control plots were not sprayed. Rice leaf samples were collected 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 d after emergence (DE). Leaf leachates were collected by
immersing freshly collected leaves in distilled water for about 6 h. Free Fe content was estimated using potassium persulphate reagent, Na and K content by Flame photometer method. Nutrients in leaf leachates increased from 10 to 30 DE in untreated and treated leaves (see table). Na content increased between 10 and 20 DE, decreased at 25 DE, and increased again at 30 DE.
Herbicides significantly increased Na, K, and Fe content. Application of thiobencarb resulted in more leaching of Na at 10, 15, and 20 DE; K at 10, 25, and 30 DE; and Fe at 10 and 20 DE. Application of butachlor resulted in more leaching of Na at 25 and 30 DE; K at 20 DE; and Fe at 15, 2.5, and 30 DE. At 15 and 20 DE, the differences in leaching of K due to thiobencarb and butachlor were not significant.
14
Effect of aqueous azolla extract and NaCl stress on rice

S. A. Ali, A. Rami, and S. M. Alam, Atomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre, Tando Jam, Sind, Pakistan
Effect of azolla and salt on germination and seedling growth of rice.a Sind, Pakistan. Treatment No azolla, no salt Azolla alone 0.2% salt 0.4% salt 0.6% salt 0.2% salt + azolla 0.4% salt + azolla 0.6% salt + azolla
a
Shoot length (cm) 7.49 6.67 6.14 5.19 3.63 6.08 5.27 3.33 a ab a b
Decrease over control (%) 10.9 10.0 30.7 51.5 18.8 29.6 55.5
Root length (cm) 7.31 4.66 7.13 6.56 5.08 5.31 4.48 2.23 a a a b b b b
Decrease over control (%) 36.2 2.5 10.2 30.5 27.4 38.7 69.5
We studied the allelopathic effects of Azolla pinnata extract on rice seedlings. A 2.5% (wt/vol) extract was prepared by soaking dried azolla in distilled water for 24 h. Five ml azolla extract was added to 0.8% sterilized agar gel with 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% sodium chloride. Fifty ml of the media was poured in glass bowls. A similar set without azolla extract also was prepared. All treatments were in randomized design with four replications. Seeds of rice cultivar IR6 were sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min and rinsed with distilled water. Ten seeds were planted in a circle on the surface of each bowl with
c c
d d
In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
the embryo side up and pointing inward. The bowls were covered with petri dishes and incubated at 30 C for 7 d. Shoot and root lengths were measured. Results are the average of duplicate experiments. Azolla alone and 0.2% salt alone had no significant effect on seedling growth (see table). But 0.2% salt with azolla extract significantly reduced seedling height. At 0.4 and 0.6%
salinity, a significant reduction in seedling height occurred in all treatments. All salinity levels combined with azolla extract significantly reduced root length. Even azolla alone had significant depressing effect on root growth. The effect of 0.2 and 0.4% salinity alone was not significant. We concluded that azolla depresses root growth under saline conditions.
Crop management
Physiological characteristics of seedlings grown in dry-wet nursery (DWN)
Zonghong Huang, Institute of Rice, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China
A flexible dry-wet method of raising rice seedlings developed for rainfed regions of Guizhou Province, China, could be adapted for areas where water deficit affects seedling growth and development. We evaluated physiological differences of seedlings grown in drywet nursery (DWN), wet nursery (WN), and dry nursery (DN) in the greenhouse. Pregerminated seeds of Ef-15, IR20-3, IR545-39, IR8-8, and IR8-1 were sown in 16-cm-tall, 15-cmdiameter plastic pots 18 Feb 1989 at Kansas State University, USA. Each pot was fertilized with 3 g 18-45-0 NPK. Seeds were sown 14 Mar, 24 Mar, 3 Apr, and 13 Apr at 30/pot.
For WN, the soil was puddled and water depth after sowing kept at 3 cm. For DN and DWN, soil was lightly sprinkled before sowing to keep moisture at about 80% of field capacity. After sowing, DN received 400 ml water daily. DWN received 400 ml water daily to 25, 35, 45, or 55 d after sowing (DAS), when it was submerged to 3 cm depth for 10 or 20 d before pulling seedlings. Thus, there were four seedling ages for all nursery methods and two flooding durations before pulling seedlings for DWN At 35, 45, 55, and 65 DAS, 3 seedlings/pot were removed to measure plant fresh weight (PFW). Three fully developed leaves (second from top leaf) were excised to measure leaf water potential (LWP) with an ISSD 34693-3 pressure chamber. DWN seedlings were as tall as those in the conventional WN and taller than those in the conventional DN. Roots were deeper and thicker and growth more vigorous than in WN or DN (see figure). DN had the highest LWP; DWN with submergence for 10 d
Seedlings of Ef-15 by WN (A), DWN (B), and DWN (C) at 45 DAS. 1989.
was similar to WN (see table). Both DWN and WN showed higher PFW than DN. DWN seedlings therefore were more vigorous than DN seedlings and used less water than WN seedlings.
Effect of 3 methods of raising rice seedlings on leaf water potential and fresh weight, 1989. a Seedling age (d) Leaf water potential (Pa) WN DN 10 d 35 45 55 65 LSD (0.05) =
a
Fresh weight (g/plant) WN 20 d 1.04 0.95 1.04 LSD (0.05) = 1.1 1.4 1.2 3.2 0.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 2.3 DN 10 d 1.2 1.7 1.4 2.6 DWN 20 d 1.7 1.7 2.6
DWN
7.7 1.0 1.0 0.96 0.6
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2
1.05 1.06 0.95 0.97
The International Rice Research Newsletter is published to expedite communication among scientists concerned with rice research and the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based farming systems. Readers are encouraged to write authors at their published addresses to discuss the research and obtain more details.
Mean of 5 cultivars or lines. WN = wet nursery; DN = dry nursery; DWN = dry-wet nursery.
Effect of N application timing on ratoon rice

K. Srinivasan, National Pulses Research Centre, Pudukkottai 622303; and S. Purushothaman, Agricultural College, Madurai 625104, India
Effect of N application timing on ratoon yield. Madurai, India, 1988 wet season. Yield (t/ha) at given time of N application Variety Complete basal 2.0 3.0 2.5 SE 0.118 0.142 0.203 Two splits Three splits Mean yield (t/ha) 1.8 2.8
N rate and frequency are critical factors in managing rice ratoon crops. We studied split N application during 1988 wet season. The ratoon crop received 100-5050 kg NPK/ha. N was applied to medium-duration rice varieties Ponni and Bhavani as complete basal immediately after harvest of main crop; half as basal and half 30 d after harvest of main crop (DH); and one-third as basal, one-third 15 DH, and one-third 30 DH. The experiment was laid out in
Ponni Bhavani Mean Variety Time of N Interaction
1.7 2.7 2.2 LSD (0.05) 0.263 0.294 ns
1.6 2.6 2.1
a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Soil was sandy clay loam with pH 7.3. Bhavani produced significantly higher ratoon yield (2.8 t/ha, 50% of its main crop yield). All N as basal
produced a ratoon yield of 2.5 t/ha (see table). Basal application significantly improved all yield attributes and grain and straw yields, probably because of early sprouting and healthy ratoon tillers.
Yield of rice sown in standing water

L. Saikia, A. K. Pathak, and B. P. Baruah, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Titabar 785630, Assam, India
during 1988 wet season. Two seed treatments were used: soaking in water 12 h and soaking until seed sprouted. Seeds were sown in 12 cm standing water on 25 Aug; water depth was maintained for 12 d. In both varieties, nonsprouted
seed germinated well and more seedlings emerged better than those from sprouted seed. Panicle weight and grain yield were significantly higher with nonsprouted seeds (see table). Panicles/m 2 did not differ significantly. Yield differences were possibly
In large areas of Assam, flooding frequently destroys the wet season rice crop transplanted in Jul. In such situations, farmers direct seed rice in Sep, when floodwaters have receded. We experimented with sowing in standing water, to move direct seeding to earlier in the season. Cultivars Culture 1 and CR66668 were tested on a clay loam soil
Influence of underwater sowing on yield and yield-related attributes of rice. Titabar, India, 1988. Variety Culture 1 Culture 1 CR666-68 CR666-68 LSD (0.05) Method Nonsprouted Sprouted Nonsprouted Sprouted Panicles (no./m 2) 192 164 190 166 24 Panicle weight (g) 1.94 1.88 1.89 1.86 0.09 Grain yield (t/ha) 2.2 1.6 2.0 1.5 0.2
due to floating or clumping of sprouted seeds, resulting in scattered or dense stands. Nonsprouted seeds settled on the underwater soil surface and developed comparatively more
vigorous seedlings. The technology is being tested under natural conditions in farmers fields. Other researchers have found that seeding into standing water can be
done only when water temperature is low and oxygen level high. Studies on water temperature and oxygen level are needed.
Herbage production from deepwater rice in farmers fields

T. Kupkanchanakul and S. Roontun, Huntra Rice Experiment Station, Ayutthaya 13000, Thailand
We sampled eight deepwater rice farmers fields for herbage and grain yield at Amphur Bangpahan and Amphur Maharat, Ayutthaya (central plain) in 1988 wet season. Two
treatmentscut and not cutwere arranged in random complete block design with 10 replications. The varieties and agronomic practices of the farmers are shown in Table 1. In the cut plots, leaves were removed at the collar of the last fully developed leaf during vegetative growth. Average herbage harvest was 1 t dry matter/ha. Leaf herbage protein content has been shown to be high.
Leaf removal did not significantly affect agronomic characteristics, yield components, and grain yield (Table 2). On average, panicle number, yield, and harvest index were improved by cutting. These results indicate that in the floodplain of Thailand, where pasture and herbage availability is minimal during the rainy season, it is possible to harvest herbage from deepwater rice without decreasing grain yields.
Table 1. Deepwater rice varieties and farmers agronomic practices. Central Thailand, 1988-89 wet season. Location Bangpahan Bangpahan Bangpahan Bangpahan Maharat Maharat Maharat Maharat Variety Khao Puang Nak Luang Pratharn Khao Kaset Khao Prakuad Khao Prakuad Khao Lod Chong Pin Gaew 56 Sai Bua Seeding rate (kg/ha) 150 120 120 120 150 150 150 150 Sowing date 15 May 28 May 30 May 30 May 02 Jul 10 May 07 May 07 May Emergence 25 10 12 12 10 20 15 15 May Jun Jun Jun Jul May May May Cutting date 15 25 11 02 10 25 19 02 Sep Aug Aug Aug Sep Jul Jul Aug Water level (cm) 60 15 15 20 8 57 0 60 Maximum water Depth Date (cm ) 90 45 40 40 30 195 180 180 20 15 15 15 20 15 30 20 Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Harvest date 15 12 25 25 13 13 07 05 Jan Jan Dec Dec Jan Jan Jan Jan
Table 2. Grain yield, herbage yield, and production components of deepwater rice with and without herbage harvest. Ayutthaya, Thailand, 1988-89 wet season.
Location
Variety
Herbage (t/ha) 0.90 0.95 0.80 0.99 0.95 1.33 1.06 0.96 0.99
Grain yield (t/ha) Control 2.3 2.2 4.0 3.1 1.9 0.9 2.2 2.0 2.3 Cut 2.3 2.6 4.1 3.3 1.9 1.2 2.2 1.8 2.4
Panicles (no./m2) Control 106 113 139 129 106 68 99 95 107 Cut 112 129 141 139 106 77 103 88 112
Spikelets /panicle Control 151 122 144 126 88 97 112 153 124 Cut 156 114 130 115 96 104 109 136 120
Fertility (%) Control 92 89 93 94 83 91 92 92 91 Cut 92 88 94 95 84 92 93 93 91
1000-grain wt (g) Control 24.6 24.4 28.6 28.4 27.5 26.8 25.8 26.0 26.5 Cut 24.9 24.2 29.2 29.2 27.0 26.9 26.1 25.6 26.6
Harvest index Control 0.20 0.24 0.35 0.31 0.31 0.25 0.18 0.20 0.26 Cut 0.21 0.30 0.40 0.34 0.35 0.25 0.19 0.20 0.28
Height (cm) Control 248 153 186 168 119 193 296 284 206 Cut 239 147 171 156 125 207 291 282 202
Bangpahan Bangpahan Bangpahan Bangpahan Maharat Maharat Maharat Maharat
Khao Puang Nak LuangPratharn Khao Kaset Khao Prakuad Khao Prakuad Khao Lod Chong Pin Gaew 56 Sai Bua Average
Soil fertility and fertilizer management
Effect of topdressing potash on rice nutrient uptake and yield

T. Senthilvel and SP. Palaniappan, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 3, India
We studied the effect on irrigated rice of topdressing potash through NK granules (27-0-27) during 1983-84 wet (WS) and dry (DS) seasons. Soil was Typic Haplustalf with pH 8.1 and 328 kg available N/ha, 13.6 kg P/ha, and 530
kg K/ha. After deducting the N supplied through NK granules, prilled urea was broadcast at 75 kg N/ha m WS and 100 kg N/ha in DS. P as superphosphate was applied at 37.5 kg/ ha in WS and 50 kg/ha in DS. Irrigation water was good quality (EC 0.15 dS/m) and did not contribute any appreciable K. Rice cultivars were IR50 in WS and Co 43 in DS. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications (see table for treatment details). In WS, nutrient uptake and grain yield were similar across treatments, but higher than no K. During DS, nutrient uptake was higher
Effect of topdressing NK granules on nutrient uptake and yield of rice. a Coimbatore, India, 1983-84. Wet Season Treatment N uptake (kg/ha) 91 b 112 a 100 a 107 a 118 a K uptake (kg/ha) 147 b 186 a 169 a 178 a 170 a Yield (t/ha) 4.2 5.9 5.0 5.1 5.8 a a a a b N uptake (kg/ha) 101 d 115 a 106 c 112 ab 109 bc Dry season K uptake (kg/ha) 158 d 204 a 170 c 177 b 181 b Yield (t/ha) 4.6 5.0 4.8 5.1 5.0 a b
No K Muriate of potash, all basal NK granules - basal NK granules at tillering NK granules at tillering + panicle initiation
b a a
a In a column, means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
with basal application of muriate of potash, and grain yield equaled that with NK granules topdressed at
tillering and at tillering + panicle initiation.
Influence of rate and time of N application on growth and yield of rice in Pakistan
T. Hussain, G. Jilani, and A. Ghaffar, Soil Science Department, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Effect of time a and N level on growth and yield of rice. Faisalabad, Pakistan. N level (kg/ha) Tillers (no./hill) Yield (t/ha) Grain f 2.6 3.2 f 3.5 d 3.7 b 3.6 c 3.5 d 2.7 h 2.9 g 3.3 e 3.3 e 3.6 c 3.9 a i Straw N uptake (kg/ha) N recovery (%) 52.0 45.3 53.3 42.2 42.5 20.3 27.7 30.9 35.8 46.0 N-use efficiency (kg rice/kg N) 18.8 14.8 12.0 8.4 6.4 6.7 9.5 6.4 7.5 7.9
We studied the effect of different N levels and timing of prilled urea application on rice in a Typic Camborthids soil (sandy clay loam texture, pH 7.8, EC, 1.22 dS/m, CEC 9.2 cmol/kg, 0.038% N, 10.2 ppm available P, 140.2 ppm K, and 3.4 ppm Zn). Single basal and equal split N application at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg N/ha were compared in a split-plot design with three replications. Plot size was 30 m2. All treatments received 28 kg P/ha as single superphosphate. Basal N was broadcast and incorporated in dry soil before transplanting Basmati 370. Tillers/hill and straw yield increased with each increment of N
0 30 60 90 120 150 0 30 60 90 120 150

a
8.1 12.7 13.3 13.2 13.6 16.4
c bc bc b a
N applied BT 4.4 i 32.2 i 4.7 h 47.8 g 6.0 f 59.4 f 7.1 d 80.2 d 7.8 c 82.8 c 9.1 a 95.9 b j
9.2 e 11.7 d 12.5 c 13.0 bc 13.5 b 16.6 a
N applied BT + at PI 4.0 j 30.9 4.4 i 37.0 5.2 g 47.5 6.4 e 58.7 6.4 e 73.9 8.3 b 99.9 a
h g f
BT = before rice transplanting in dry soil, PI = at panicle initiation stage before flooding. In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
fertilizer, and were higher with single N application (see table). Grain yield was reduced above 90 kg N/ha with all N applied as basal. Yields with split application were not reduced up to 150 kg N/ha. At lower N rates, split application resulted in relatively lower
grain and straw yields. In general, N recovery and agronomic efficiency were lower with higher N rates applied once because of the yield decrease. With split placement of N fertilizer, the rate of yield increase was linear.
season
Effect of humic acid on wet

rice
B. K. Mandal, P. Chatterjee, and S. P. Bhattacharya, Agronomy Department, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
Humic acidsthe complex organic molecules formed by the breakdown and neo-synthesis of organic matteras liquid salts may help maintain adequate amounts of organic matter in ricefields. We evaluated Energiser 12 PCT (a liquid formulation of alkaline [KOH]
extraction containing 12% humic acid) on growth and yield of rice during 1988 wet season. Soil was gangetic alluvial (Entisol), sandy loam in texture, with 0.6% organic C, 0.04% total N, 9.3 mg available (Olsen) P/kg, 50 mg available
Table 1. Effect of humic acid on growth of rice. West Bengal, India, 1988 wet season.
a
Treatment
Root dry weight (g/m2) Maximum tillering Panicle initiation 31.2 38.4 46.2 48.1 52.2 60.3 66.7 57.1 7.8
Top dry weight (g/m 2) Panicle initiation 188 238 252 243 250 263 255 200 48.9 Flowering 432 485 530 547 551 579 614 562 56.5
Tillers/m2 (no.) Panicle initiation 419 459 495 483 523 554 535 467 33.7 Flowering 407 447 480 460 469 502 553 480 38.4
Plant height (cm) Panicle initiation 52.2 55.8 56.4 55.0 57.9 59.5 56.7 55.5 3.7 Flowering 80.7 84.4 86.4 84.0 84.3 87.2 86.9 85.0 ns
Untreated control (only NPK) NPK + SD in HA @ 25 ml/liter of water NPK + SD + FS of HA @ 1 ml/ liter of water NPK + SD + FS of HA + FS of urea 2% NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 5 liters/ha NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 10 liters/ha NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 15 liters/ha NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 20 liters/ha LSD (0.05)
a
21.5 25.6 24.2 20.9 28.1 32.5 37.9 31.1 3.5
SD = Seedling root dipping in humic acid solution (HA), FS = foliar spray, SA = soil application. All plots received 60-13-25 kg NPK/ha. Table 2. Effect of humic acid on yield components and grain and straw yield of rice. West Bengal, India, 1988 wet season. Treatment Untreated control (only NPK) NPK + SD in HA @ 25 ml/liter of water NPK + SD + FS of HA @ 1 ml/liter of water NPK + SD + FS of HA + FS of urea 2%, NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 5 liters/ha NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 10 liters/ha NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 15 liters/ha NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 20 liters/ha LSD (0.05) Effective Filled tillers grains (no./m2) (no./panicle) 335 385 407 383 425 453 487 443 73 67 76 79 77 78 84 93 83 6 1000grain wt (g) 21.4 21.9 21.8 22.2 21.8 22.4 22.3 22.1 0.4 Grain Straw Harvest yield yield index (t/ha) (t/ha) 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.0 0.3 2.4 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.4 0.5 49 46 46 45 46 46 46 48 ns
K/kg, and pH 7.4. Three application methods were tested (Table 1). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Plot size was 15 m2. All plots received 60-13-25 kg NPK/ha as urea, single superphosphate, and muriate of potash. All the P and K and 1/2 the N and soil-applied humic acid were applied as basal; 1/2 the N and soil-applied humic acid were topdressed in equal splits at maximum tillering and panicle initiation. Foliar spray of humic acid and urea were applied in equal splits at tillering and panicle initiation. MW10 (25 d old) was transplanted 27 Jul and harvested 16 Oct. Root-dipped seedlings produced more effective tillers and filled grains/ panicle and significantly higher grain and straw yields than the control
(Table 1,2). Root-dipping + soil application of humic acid resulted in better growth, yield-attributing characters, and yields than rootdipping only. With soil-applied humic acid, 15 liters/ha produced the best growth and yield attributes. Rootdipping + soil application of 15 liters
humic acid/ha produced the highest grain and straw yields. Further study is needed regarding the influence of humic acid on physical properties of soil and on the chemical reactions and biological activity in the soil.
Influence of potassium-kinetin synergism on rice grain weight

I. Sakeena and M. A. Salam, Kerala Agricultural University (KAU), Cropping Systems Research Centre (CSRC), Karamana, Trivandrum 695002, India
Potassium-kinetin interaction on 1000-grain weight of cultivar Triveni at Karamana, India, 1987. Kinetin level 0 (water spray) 10 ppm at flowering 10 ppm 10 d after flowering (DF) 10 ppm at flowering + 10 DF Mean K B KB 1000-grain wt (g) at given K2 O (kg/ha) level No K 22.4 22.7 22.7 23.2 22.7 SEM 0.074 0.074 0.148 17.5 23.4 23.8 24.1 24.9 24.1 35 24.8 25.6 26.1 26.7 25.8 LSD (0.05) 0.215 0.215 0.430 70 26.1 26.8 27.0 27.0 26.7 Mean 1000-grain wt (g) 24.2 24.7 25.0 25.4
We studied the effect of four levels of K and four levels of kinetin on 1,000grain weight of cultivar Triveni during summer 1987. Soil was sandy loam with pH 4.5 and 84.3-13.6-63.8 ppm available NPK. Treatments are given in
19
the table. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Grain weight increased with levels of K. Kinetin also improved grain weighttwo sprayings resulted in the highest grain weight. The potassium-kinetin interaction was significant: plants treated with 70 kg K2O/ha plus a single spray of 10 ppm kinetin at 10 d after flowering produced heavier grains.
applied in two equal splits: at transplanting and 20 d after transplanting. Azolla was surface applied at 300 g/m2 , allowed to grow for 25 d, then incorporated. Azolla alone was not effective. Yields were better with azolla + N than with N alone. Yield with 60 kg N/ ha + one azolla crop statistically equaled yield with 100 kg N/ha without azolla: incorporation of one azolla crop saved about 40% of inorganic N.
Effect on rice of partial substitution of N by azolla

M. K. Arvadia, T. M. Shah, F. N. Saiyed, C. B. Pavagadhi, R. D. Seth, D. K. Patel, S. S. Rathore, and S. Raman, National Agricultural Research Project, Gujarat Agricultural University, Navsari, India
Response of rice to sources, methods, and levels of N

S. K. Patra and A. K. Padhi, Regional Research Station, NARP, G. Udayagiri 762100, Orissa University of Agricu1ture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
We studied azolla as a N substitute for rice in 1985 and 1986 wet seasons. Soil was clayey with pH 7.5, 0.59% organic C, 0.047% total N, 9.0 kg available P/ ha, and 315 kg available K/ha. All plots received 22 kg P/ha through single superphosphate at puddling. Rice variety GR11 was grown both years. Azolla alone and azolla with different N levels (10 treatments) were laid out in a randomized block design with four replications (see table). N as urea was
We studied the effect of three N fertilizers applied using different methods and at different N levels on IR36 in the northeastern Ghat region of Orissa. Soil was sandy loam with pH 5.6, 0.35% organic C, 0.03% total N, CEC 6.5 meq/100 g, 18 ppm available P (Olsen), and 105 ppm available K (NH4OAC extractable). Uniform 25 kg K/ha was applied as basal through muriate of potash; P was not added
because available P was high. Urea and large granule urea (LGU) were broadcast in two and three splits; urea supergranules (USG) were placed manually at 8-10 cm depth between rows, 8 d after transplanting. The experiment was laid out in a random block design with three replications. Seedlings were transplanted at 20- 10-cm spacing. N application significantly increased grain yield (see table). Yield increased with each increment of N, irrespective of source and method of application. USG recorded the lowest number of tillers/hill, panicles/hill, panicle length, and test weight. The terraced, 2% slope of the field plus the porous sandy loam soil warranted irrigation at intervals of 3-4 d. N from USG applied all at basal might have been subjected to greater percolation and volatilization losses, resulting in lower efficiency. At 30 and 60 kg N/ha, urea recorded the highest yield attributes, but at 90 kg N/ha, LGU had the highest. At each N level, yields were similar. Highest return was with LGU at 90 kg N/ha. USG recorded lower returns at all N levels because of its high application cost combined with lower efficiency.
Influence of source, method, and level of N on grain and straw yields, yield attributes, and returns. NE Orissa, India. Treatmenta No N 30 kg N/ha As urea in 2 splits As USG As LGU in 2 splits 60 kg N/ha As urea in 3 splits As USG As LGU in 3 splits 90 kg N/ha As urea in 3 splits As USG As LGU in 3 splits LSD (0.05)
a2
Effect of azolla plus N on rice yield. Navsari, India, 1985 and 1986 wet seasons. Treatment One crop azolla incorporated Two crops azolla incorporated Three crops azolla incorporated One crop azolla not incorporated 30 kg N/ha 60 kg N/ha 100 kg N/ha 30 kg N/ha + 1 crop azolla incorporated 60 kg N/ha + 1 crop azolla incorporated No azolla, no N LSD (0.05) Yield (t/ha) 1985 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.5 4.1 4.5 3.9 5.2 2.8 0.6 1986 2.0 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.3 4.1 3.8 3.9 2.7 0.7 Mean 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.7 4.3 3.9 4.6 2.8 0.6
Straw yield (t/ha) 2.0 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 2.9 3.3 4.2 3.4 4.2 0.2
Grain yield t/ha 2.2 3.1 2.8 3.0 3.5 3.1 3.3 4.1 3.4 4.3 0.2 % increase 41.7 26.5 36.4 59.1 40.1 50.0 85.6 56.8 94.8
Tillers (no./hill) 8.0 12.0 9.1 9.8 13.1 12.2 13.0 14.0 13.5 14.6 0.75
Panicles (no./hill) 7.2 8.5 7.5 7.8 9.5 9.2 9.3 10.2 10.1 11.5 0.23
Panicle 1000length grain (cm) wt (g) 17.6 18.0 17.8 17.9 18.3 18.0 18.1 18.4 18.2 18.5 0.23 18.9 19.5 19.1 19.4 19.8 19.5 19.6 20.2 19.7 20.5 0.40
Returns ($/ha) 50.0 182.0 118.7 163.3 222.7 135.3 194.0 303.6 181.7 331.9
splits = broadcast at transplanting and at tillering; 3 splits = broadcast at transplanting, at tillering, and at panicle initiation.
For information on ordering IRRI publications, write Communication and Publications, Div. R, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, 1099 Manila, Philippines.
Effect of azolla and N on rice grain and straw yield

S. M. Alam, Atomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre (AEARC), Tando Jam, Pakistan
We evaluated the relative advantage of using azolla A. pinnata as a supplemental source of N alone or in combination with N fertilizer in a pot experiment, 1988 wet season. Soil was silty clay loam, with pH 7.4, 1.03% organic C, 0.07% total N, 3 ppm available P, 0.78 meq exchangeable K/ 100 g soil, CEC 21 meq/100 g soil, and ECe 0.12%. Single superphosphate at
25 mg P/kg soil was applied basally to all pots. Two levels of urea N, 30 mg N/kg soil and 60 mg N/kg soil, and one level of azolla N, 2.05 mg N/kg soil, were used in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fresh azolla, with 93.4% moisture content and (dry weight basis) 4.15% N, 0.45% P, 4.38% K, 0.35% Ca, and 1.42% Na was incorporated 1 d before transplanting rice cultivar IR8-5. Azolla alone and with urea stimulated growth and significantly increased grain yield (see table). The order of yield increases was 30 mg N/kg
Effect of azolla and N on rice straw and grain yields. Tando Jam, Pakistan, 1988 wet season. Treatment (per kg soil) No N 750 mg fresh azolla 30 mg N 30 mg N + 750 mg fresh azolla 60 mg N Straw yield (g/pot) 21.96 27.84 26.36 c e d Grain yield (g/pot) 8.24 10.68 9.84 12.92 a 11.92 b c d e
30.36 a 28.92 b
soil plus azolla > 60 mg N/kg alone > azolla alone > 30 mg N/kg alone > no N. Straw yield increased significantly with azolla.
Disease management
Effect of N on bacterial leaf streak (BLS) and bacterial blight (BB) diseases in some scented rice varieties
P. Ranga Reddy, G. B. Manna, K. S. Rao, and B. T. S. Moorthy, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
Damage from BB caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae and BLS caused by X. campestris pv. oryzicola depends on the cultivar and on crop management practices. Degree of cultivar susceptibility and duration, N application method, and prevailing weather conditions influence the pattern of disease buildup. BLS becomes severe during incessant rain; BB increases gradually and spreads irrespective of weather. We studied disease buildup in scented rice cultivars Basmati 370, Pakistan Basmati, T412, IET8580, IETS579, and Badshabhog under four N levels during 1988 wet season, in a random block design with two replications. Plot size was 2.25 4 m. N as urea was applied in 30-kg increments, from 0 to 90 kg N/ha, 50% at transplanting, 25% 20 d after transplanting, and 2.5% at panicle initiation. Disease was scored at 10-d intervals from 1 mo after transplanting
to panicle initiation. Severity was estimated as the percentage of leaf area damaged in each plot. All six varieties were susceptible to BLS and BB, with disease severity depending on N level. Percentage of infected leaf area for both disease, varied among varieties. The analysis of variance was significant for N level, variety, and N variety interaction for both diseases. BLS incidence during early crop growth stages was severe in Basmati
370, IET8580, and Badshabhog, with 10 to 35% damage to leaf area, depending on N level; BLS was only 0-5% in Pakistan Basmati, IET8579, and T412. At 60 and 90 kg Nha, disease severity increased between 35 and 45 d after transplanting (DT), with a steep decline thereafter (Fig. 1). This may be due to abundant availability of N initially, coupled with favorable weather conditions. Continuous rainfall during the season increased
1. Buildup of BLS and BB diseases in 4 rice varieties at 4 N levels. Cuttack, India, 1988 wet season.
2. Weekly averages of maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and sunshine hours during crop growth. Cuttack, India, 1988 wet season.
relative humidity to 90% and above and decreased number of sunshine hours. Temperatures remained optimum for multiplication of BLS (Fig. 2). The decrease in severity from 55 to 65 DT might be attributed to reduced available N and heavy rain that could have washed bacterial exudate
from the diseased leaves, limiting disease spread. BB disease was severe at 60 and 90 kg N/ha, causing 15-42% leaf area damage in Pakistan Basmati, T412, IET8580, and IET8579. Basmati 370 and Badshabhog suffered the least damage at all N levels. The disease
levels established during early growth stages gradually increased through the season, although peak incidence was between 35 and 45 DT. Disease intensity overlapped at 60 and 90 kg N/ ha in Pakistan Basmati; intensity increased with increascd N in IET8580 (Fig. 2).
Rhizoctonia solani: an agent of rice boot blight

N. I. Singh, Km. R. K. T. Devi, and Kh. U. Singh, Botany and Plant Pathology Department, Manipur Agricultural College, Iroisemba, Imphal 795001, India
During disease surveys at different growth stages of rice in several ricegrowing areas in Manipur 1978-88, we identified a severe boot blight disease. The blight occurs on the uppermost leaf sheath enclosing young panicles. Early lesions are ellipsoid or ovoid greenish grey, coalescing to occupy the whole sheath. The center of lesions becomes greyish white with a brown margin. Sclerotia of the fungus forming on or near the affected area (see figure, a), are easily detached. Infected panicles rot within the sheath or emerge only partially. Infected grains become chaffy brown.
Sometimes a few panicle branches within an infected sheath emerge sidewise (see figure, b) and become chaffy. We collected several samples of diseased rice and isolated the causal fungus on potato dextrose agar (PDA) slants. Mycelium is white when young, becoming brown and septate. Its internodal area range is 20 120-40 350 m. Sclerotia are more or less globose when young, becoming dark brown. Individual sclerotium measures as long as 4 mm. Pathogenicity test was performed by inserting artificially infected rice grains or mature sclerotia inside the leaf sheaths enclosing young panicles. The causal fungus was identified as Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, the causal agent of rice sheath and leaf blight. This is the first report of the occurrence of R. solani causing boot blight in India.
Rice panicles infected with Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, Imphal, India, 1988. A = fungal sclerotia, B = infected panicle branches.
Effect of roguing on rice tungro virus (RTV) incidence and rice yield
D. B. Estano, Entomology Department, IRRI; and B. M. Shepard, Clemson University, Coastal Research and Education Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29414, USA
RTV is controlled by planting resistant rice varieties. However, resistance has broken down in many areas. In these cases, early insecticide application and frequent removal, or roguing, of diseased rice plants are recommended. The principle behind roguing is to remove the source of inoculum, reducing the chances of disease spread by the green leafhopper (GLH) vector.
We transplanted 21-d-old seedlings of rice variety IR42 (moderately resistant to GLH, susceptible to RTV), on a 1/8 ha field at IRRI farm in 1988 wet season. The area was divided into 12 plots; 6 were rogued, 6 were not. RTV-infected hills were rogued and replaced with healthy plants from adjacent hills beginning 14 d after transplanting (DT) and continuing weekly to 60 DT. RTV-infected hills were counted at 30, 45, and 60 DT. Grain yield was taken from the center of each plot, leaving two border rows. RTV was significantly lower in rogued than in nonrogued plots at 45 and 60 DT, but yields did not differ significantly (see table). Yields were
RTV incidence and yield of IR42 in rogued and nonrogued plots. a IRRI, 1988 wet season. Plot treatment Rogued Nonrogued RTV incidence (%) 30 DT 1.9 a 3.2 a 45 DT 60 DT Grain yield (t/ha) 1.8 a 1.7 a
7.2 a 12.0 a 18.0 b 29.7 b
a DT = days after transplanting. In a column, treatment means having a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
low with and without roguing. Our conclusion is that, while roguing may help reduce RTV incidence, it is not likely to help if RTV intensity is high.
Use of phytoalexin-inducing chemicals to control rice sheath blight (ShB)

M. L. Sarkar and A. K. Sinha, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani 741235, India
Effect of seed treatment with phytoalexin-inducing chemicals on ShB disease in rice. a Kalyani, India, 1988. Treatment Disease score b (0-9) 2 wk Control (healthy) Control (inoculated) Sodium selenite Ferric chloride Cycloheximide SE(m) LSD (0.05) LSD (0.01)
a
Panicles (no./plant)
Filled grains (no./plant)
100-grain wt (g)
3 wk 6.6 5.3 4.7 3.9 0.4 1.2 1.8 3.67 3.27 3.39 3.47 3.52 120 70 78 89 96 4 16 24 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1
We tested three chemicals that have been found to be highly effective against brown spot and blast infections for their effect on ShB caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Grains of susceptible cultivar Cauvery were soaked in aqueous solutions of sodium selenite (l0 -5M), ferric chloride (10 -4M), and cycloheximide (10-6 M) for 24 h before sowing in 20-cm pots, with three replications per treatment. Watersoaked grains were used as the control. Six-week-old plants (5/pot) were artificially inoculated by inserting sclerotium into the leaf sheath. ShB
5.6 3.9 3.8 3.0 0.2 0.5 0.7
Mean of 3 replications. b By the Standard evaluation system for rice.
symptoms were assessed 2 and 3 wk after inoculation. All three chemicals significantly reduced ShB symptoms (see table). Panicle numbers, filled grains/plant, and 100-grain weight improved with treatment, in line with symptom inhibition. When the experiment was
repeated, results were the same. These results support the view that phytoalexin-inducing chemicals confer general resistance on rice plants, possibly through activation of innate defense mechanisms. The level of protection may not be the same against different pathogens.
Sensitivity of three sclerotial rice pathogens to plant oils

S. Banerjee, Plant Pathology Department, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal (WB), India (present address: Deepwater Rice Project, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah RS., Hooghly 712102, WB, India); and I. Bhattacharya and N. Mukherjee, Plant Pathology Department, BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia, WB, India
Effect of plant oils on germination of sclerotia (av of 4 replications). West Bengal, India. Fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae Sclerotium hydrophyllum LSD (0.01) Oil Fungus Oil fungus Germination Control 0 0 20 3.108 13.803 26.73 Neem 80 100 100 Mahua 40 0 20 (%) Karanja 50 70 20 Citronella 80 100 100
Three sclerotial fungi were isolated and purified on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Sclerotia were harvested from l-mo-old cultures. Plant oils from neem Azadirachta indica, mahua Madhuca indica, karanja Pongamia glabra, and citronella Cymbopogon nardus were emulsified with Tween-80. Sclerotia were soaked in 5% plant oil emulsion (POE) and allowed to germinate on sterilized wheat grains in petri plates. Each plate contained 10 sclerotia. The plates were incubated at 28 1 C for 48 h. Neem and citronella oils strongly inhibited germination of sclerotia of all
fungi; mahua oil had no inhibitory activity (see table). Karanja oil was effective only against Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae and Sclerotium rolfsii. In another experiment, PDA medium was amended with 5% oil emulsified with 0.1% emulsifier in total volume. The center of each plate was inoculated with a 5-d-old culture of the fungi. Growth of fungi diameter was measured. Citronella, neem, and karanja showed similar types of inhibition against fungi growth; mahua had little result (see figure).
Effect of plant oils on growth of sclerotial fungi, West Bengal, India. SR = S. rolfsii, RO = R. oryzae-sativae, SH = S. hydrophyllun.
23
Fungicide timing to control rice sheath blight (ShB)

T. A. Thangasamy and M. Rangaswamy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Rice Research Station, Ambasamudram 627401, India
Effect of time of application and rate of fungicide for control of rice ShB. Ambasamudram, India, 1987-88. Fungicide Mancozeb 1000 g/ha Mancozeb 1000 g/ha Mancozeb 1000 g/ha Carbendazim 250 g/ha Carbendazim 250 g/ha Carbendazim 250 g/ha Carbendazim 250 g/ha Mancozeb Carbendazirn Mancozeb No fungicide LSD Time of application Disease grade 1 Disease grade 3 Disease grade 5 Disease grade 1 Disease grade 3 Disease grade 5 At panicle initiation and heading At panicle initiation and heading At heading At heading ShB grade 3.6 4.9 5.8 3.6 5.0 5.7 2.8 3.3 3.5 3.4 6.0 1.4 Yield (t/ha) 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 ns
We tested control of ShB caused by Thanatephorus cucumeris by carbendazim and mancozeb applied at different crop growth and disease development stages during 1987 and 1938 pishanam. Plot size was 5 4.5 m, plant spacing 20 10 cm, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fertilizer was applied at 120-162.5-147.5 kg NPK/ha (Ec 0.16, pH 5.8). IR8 was transplanted 30 d after seeding (DAS) on 11 Nov 1987 and 12 Dec 1988. Fungicides were applied when
disease severity was 1, 3, and 5 and at panicle initiation (PI) (65 DAS) or at heading (80 DAS), or both. Both fungicides sprayed at grade 1 disease stage controlled the disease at grade 3.6 (see table). Spraying at grade 3 or 5 did
not prevent the disease from developing to higher levels. Carbendazim and mancozeb sprayed at PI and 15 d after PI also controlled disease development. Yield differences were not significant.
Influence of rice plant density and spacing on brown leaf spot incidence
R. Viswanathan and P. Narayanasamy, Plant Pathology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
Influence of plant density (1 or 2 seedlings/hill) and spacing on brown leaf spot incidence in rice. Coimbatore, India, Jan-Mar 1989. Disease incidence (%) Spacing (cm) 1 10 10 10 15 10 20 Mean 35.56 31.61 26.17 31.11 30 d after transplanting 2 39.31 34.69 27.84 33.95 Mean 37.44 33.15 27.01 1 43.19 38.57 35.20 38.98 50 d after transplanting 2 44.95 40.63 35.27 40.29 Mean 44.07 39.60 35.24
We studied the influence of seedlings/hill and spacings between hills on brown leaf spot disease Jan-Mar 1989. LSD (0.05) ns ns Rice cultivar ASD16 was Seedlings/hill 3.89 4.11 Spacing transplanted at one and two seedlings/ ns ns Interaction hill and three spacings in 4- 5-m plots, in randomized factorial block design with six replications. Normal was applied. Brown leaf spot incidence fertilizer schedule of 100 kg N/ha as was assessed at 30 and 50 d after urea, 50 kg P/ha as superphosphate, transplanting. and 50 kg K/ha as potash was applied Plots with closer spacing (10 10 as basal and topdressing. No fungicide
cm) had significantly higher disease incidence than wider spacing at both density levels and at both observation times (see table).
Effect of N on false smut (FS) in upland rice

C. L. Bhardwaj, K. S. Thakur, D. R. Thakur, and K. Bassi, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (HPKV), Regional Research Station, Bajaura 175125, India
We studied the effect of N level on FS

caused by Ustilaginoidea virens in rainfed rice. The experiment was conducted during 1987 wet season using rice variety Himalaya 741 (CR125-42-5/IR2061-213) at Malan. Two sources of N, two N levels, and three application schedules were compared with farmer's practice, in randomized block design with three
replications. False-smutted panicles and healthy panicles in 3 random hill samples and false-smutted florets on 30 random panicles were counted in each treatment. Higher N levels in split applications resulted in higher number of smutted florets/m 2 (see table). There were no significant differences in
Influence of 2 forms of N fertilizers, N level, and timing of N application on FS severity in rainfed rice.a Bajaura, India, 1987 wet season. Treatments N source Urea Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea
aIn
Severityb Time of application 100% after germination 100% after germination 50% after germination, 50% 4 wk after 50% after germination, 50% 4 wk after 35% after germination, 65% 4 wk after 35% after germination, 65% 4 wk after 100% after germination 100% after germination Smutted panicles (%) 2.61 a (8.75) 2.39 a (6.07) 2.68 a (8.68) 2.30 a (5.22) 2.60 a (7.20) 1.86 a (3.00) 1.92 a (4.08) 1.77 a (3.28) Smutted florets (no./m 2) 19.79 ab (198.0) 9.78 ab (141.6) 8.73 ab (102.3) 10.06 ab (166.1) 11.86 b (195.5) 7.17 ab (70.8) 9.73 (144.58)
Dose (kg/ha) 80 80 80 80 80 80 40 40 40 40 25
5.08 a (35.0) 7.40 ab (77.8) 7.52 ab (69.5) 6.73 (64.6) 4.26 (28.1)
50% after germination, 2.10 a (4.06) 50% 4 wk after 50% after germination, 1.81 a (3.62) 50% 4 wk after Farmers practice 1.78 a (2.69) (4 wk after germination)
6.94 ab (76.1) 4.76 a (28.1)
a column, figures followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other by DMRT (P=0.05). bSquare root transformed values. Figures in parentheses are original means.
percentage of smutted panicles. Analysis of variance results indicate
that both N source and timing influenced disease severity.
Insect management
-
their location can be determined directly in the field at night. We released 1,250 marked l-d-old N. virescens adults in late afternoon from a central rice hill to study the effect of host plant resistance on trivial movement of GLH in wetland rice. The fields had been transplanted at 20 20 cm with susceptible IR1917 (43 d after transplanting [DT]) and resistant IR29 (31 DT). Although differing by 12 d in age, height and tillering of the two crops were nearly the same. Sample hills were located in a cruciform design around the source hill, with 2 hills per cardinal direction or 8 hills per distance interval. Marked GLH per hill up to 15 hills from the release center were counted in the evening at 3, 27, 51, and 75 h after release. The number of GLH remaining on the source plant was determined after the last field count. Leafhopper density in both varieties decreased sharply with increasing distance from the source (see figure). However, the dispersal gradient in resistant IR29 flattened considerably over time compared to that of IR1917.
Using fluorescent dye to map dispersal pattern of rice green leafhopper (GLH)
H. Bottenberg, Entomology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; and J. A. Litsinger, Entomology Department, IRRI
We developed an efficient technique to mark large numbers of GLH for dispersal studies, using a fluorescent dye with excellent adhering properties and low water solubility. One-day-old, greenhouse-reared Nephotettix virescens adults were tagged with dry Saturn Yellow (MF-1) fluorescent powder. As the insects were sucked one by one through a plastic tube (1 m long, 1 cm inner diameter) into the collecting vial of an electrical-powered aspirator, they came in contact with the dye which adhered to the ventral side of their
bodies. About 1,000 insects/h could be processed. The marked insects were placed on a caged rice plant for recovery. Even after grooming, small specks of dye remained on the coxae, femora, abdominal sterna, ovipositor, and in the margin between the wings and pronotum. In a replicated greenhouse test, the dye (which is insoluble in water) was retained for at least 10 d and did not affect insect survival. At night, marked insects illuminated with long-wave UV light glow bright yellow. An inexpensive, portable UV lamp can be made from a standard lantern by replacing the original lamp with a G-W long-wave UV unit (GTE Sylvania ). GLH is not attracted to the light emitted. Recapture of fluorescent-dyemarked insects is not necessary to detect their patterns of movement:
Dispersal gradients of marked green leafhopper N. virescens (Distant) at different times after release
in translpanted IR29 and IR1917. IRRI, 1982 wet

season.
Regression analysis showed that GLH density (1n y+ 1) was positively related to the inverse of distance in both cultivars. The relationship within time was negative in IR29 but positive in IR1917 (see table). At 75 h after release, 358 (28.6%) marked GLH were counted on the source plant in IR1917; only 20 (1.6%) were counted in IR29. Leafhoppers tend to make less plant-to-plant movements on
Best-fit regression equations relating GLH density/hill (y) to time after release in hours (x1) and distance from source in hills (x 2 ), IRRI, 1982 wet season. Numbers in parentheses are t -values of regression coefficients. a Cultivar IR29 IR1917
a
Model 1n(y+1) = 0.026 0.003x1 + 1.153(1/x2) (0.8 ns) (4.1**) (23.2**)
df 2,435 2,451
F value 276.9** 322.3**
R2 0.56** 0.59**
1n(y+1) = 0.129 + 0.002x 1 + 1.838(1/x2) (3.7**) (2.4*) (25.3**)
ns = not significant, * = 0.01 <p<0.05, ** = p <0.01
susceptible rice. Antixenosis may stimulate dispersal on resistant rice,
but higher mortality rates may suppress the number of dispersing insects.
Effect of neem seed and leaf bitters on oviposition and development of green leafhopper (GLH) and brown planthopper (BPH)
A. A. Kareem, R. C. Saxena, M. E. M. Boncodin, and M. T. Malayba, Entomology Department, IRRI
daily. Plants were dissected and unhatched eggs counted. Total viable and unhatched eggs represented number of eggs laid. In another trial, roots of 7-d-old TN1 rice seedlings were dipped for 12 h
in 100, 500, or 2,500 ppm solutions of NLB or NSB. Each seedling was transferred to a test tube (1.6 by 12.5 cm) with about 2 ml water and infested with a 1st-instar GLH or BPH nymph. Treatments were replicated 10 times.
Neem seed bitters (NSB) have shown promise for controlling rice leafhoppers and planthoppers. Neem leaves could also be a source of bitters principals (NLB). We compared the effect of NLB and NSB on oviposition and development of GLH Nephotettix virescens and BPH Nilaparvata lugens pests. NLB were extracted from fresh or dried ground leaves; NSB were extracted from crushed kernels using water as a solvent, followed by lyophilization. TN1 rice plants (10 tillers/l2-cm-diam pot) were sprayed at 30 d with aqueous solutions of NLB from fresh and from dried leaves and NSB at 500, 2,500, and 5,000 ppm, using an ultralow-volume applicator. Control plants were sprayed with water. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Caged plants were infested with five pairs of newly emerged GLH or BPH males and females. Insects were removed after 5 d and caged plants were kept at 27 1C and 70 5% relative humidity for nymph emergence. Nymphs were counted
Comparison of GLH and BPH eggs laid, eggs hatched, and nymphs that developed to adult stage on rice plants treated with a solution of neem seed bitters (NSB), or bitters from dried (NLBD) or fresh leaves (NLBF), IRRI, 1988. Mean separation at each concentration by DMRT at 5% level. In each box, means at each concentration followed by the same letter are not significantly different.
26
Percentage of nymphs becoming adults and the developmental period were recorded. Neem treatment significantly reduced GLH and BPH egg laying, and nymph emergence and development (see figure). Fewer eggs were laid on plants sprayed with NSB at 5,000 ppm. No GLH nymphs became adults on
seedlings treated with either NSB or NLB extracted from dried leaves at 500 ppm; 16% of the nymphs developed on seedlings treated with NLB extracted from fresh leaves at 500 ppm. Development on seedlings treated with NLB from dried and from fresh leaves at 2,500 ppm was completely suppressed.
BPH development was reduced to 20% with 2,500 ppm NLB from dried leaves and to 39% with NLB from fresh leeaves. No BPH nymphs developed on seedlings treated with 2,500 ppm NSB.
Color morphism of rice swarming armyworm larvae

J. L. A. Catindig, A. T. Barion, and J. A. Litsinger, IRRI Identification of Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides (Guene) larvae collected in the field is often difficult, because of color variations. We reared newly hatched larvae individually to the last instar on 35-d-old TN1 rice. The insects were kept at an average 28 C temperature and 80% relative humidity. Color patterns on seven abdominal areas-three dorsal (median, subdorsal, dorsolateral) and four lateral (laterodorsal, midlateral, laterobasal, basal) M were recorded daily (see figure).
Lateral view of S. m. acronyctoides larva: dorsum (1) median, (2) subdorsal, (3) dorsolateral; lateral (4) midlateral, (5) laterodosal. (6) laterobasal, and (7) basal. IRRI, 1989.
Bodies of 1st- and 2d-instar larvae were green. However, the 2d-instar larvae had a reddish violet posterior half laterodorsal and whitish laterobasal. Third-instar larvae exhibited four color morphs. The first was yellowgreen with brownish violet laterodorsal and pinkish laterobasal. The other
color morphs were a combination of green, dull brown, brownish violet, and brownish green. Laterodorsal and laterobasal color bands were the most stable in the four color morphs observed. Traces of subdorsal black semilunar spots were already discernible on color morphs II and III. Five color morphs were exhibited by 4th- and 5th-instar larvae (see table). Black semilunar spots were, prominent subdorsally on the firs three color morphs but were replaced by a thin black line on the fourth color morph. The prominent broad, semilunar spots with black laterodorsal band in mature 5th-instar larvae were the most important distinguishing character of S. m. acronyctoides larvae. Color morph III was the most dominant.
Color polymorphism in the 4th and 5th larval instars of Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides. IRRI greenhouse, Jun-Jul 1988. Abdominal region Dorsum Median Subdorsal Color morph I Grayish brown Very black sublunar spots Light grayish brown Dark grayish brown, light beneath grayish brown Black Grayish brown Dark greenish 36 II Dull brown Dirty brown with black lunar spots Dull green Dark green and beneath is dull green line Black Dull brown Dull greenish 71 III Dull brown Dirty brown with black lunar spots Dull brown Tinged green and brown IV Tinged pink and violet Greenish with thin black line beneath Dull green Greenish V Tinged pink and violet Dark green with 4 black lunar spots on 1/3 of body anteriorly Dull green Dark green and dull green beneath Black Dark pinkish violet Dark green 23
Dorsolateral Lateral Midlateral
Laterodorsal Laterobasal Basal n
Black Dull brown Brownish green 175
Black Dark pinkish violet Greenish 35
27
Feeding behavior of three Nephotettix species on selected rices and graminaceous weeds
A. N. M. Rezaul Karim and R. C. Saxena, Entomology Department, IRRI
Most studies on green leafhoppers (GLH) involve Nephotettix virescens, because it occurs abundantly in many Asian rice-growing countries and because it transmits rice tungro viruses (RTV) more efficiently than other Nephotettix species. However, in recent surveys in RTV-infected ricefields in Palawan, Negros Occidental, Nueva Ecija, and Isabela Provinces of the Philippines, N. nigropictus comprised 41% and N. malayanus 10% of the Nephotettix populations. Higher populations of these two species can aggravate RTV incidence and
cumulative populations can worsen RTV outbreaks. Graminaceous weeds Leersia hexandra and Echinochloa glabrescens are alternate hosts of these Nephotettix species and of RTV. RTV transmission is linked to insect ability to feed in the phloem of the host plant. We examined the feeding behavior of the three GLH species on GLH-resistant rice varieties Pankhari 203 and IR29 and susceptible TN1, on resistant wild rice Oryza officinalis (IRRI acc. # 100896), and on L. hexandra and E. glabrescens weeds. Feeding response of 2-d-old GLH females on 30-d-old plants were monitored for 3 h with an electronic recorder. Each plant type was tested seven times for each GLH species, using fresh insects and fresh plants. A bromocresol-green-treated filter paper disk placed below each feeding insect
collected its honeydew. The disk turned blue when the insect fed in the phloem and dull-white when it fed in the xylem. Feeding response on test plants (probing, salivation, xylem drinking, and phloem ingestion) was the same for the three GLH species (see figure). Durations of each feeding event differed for different GLH species and for different plants. In general, the insects probed more frequently, salivated longer, did more xylem drinking, but did less phloem ingestion on resistant rices and on the wild rice than on susceptible hosts (TN1 for N. virescens and N. nigropictus and L. hexandra for N. malayanus). Blue color reaction of the honeydew on the treated filter paper also confirmed phloem feeding. The ability of the GLH species to ingest phloem sap from resistant rices and graminaceous weeds renders GLHresistant rices vulnerable to transmission of phloem-specific tungro viruses. It also implies that RTV can be transferred from weeds to rice and back again.
Effect of neem oil on courtship signals and mating behavior of brown planthopper (BPH) females
R. C. Saxena, Z. T. Zhang, and M. E. M. Boncodin, Entomology Department, IRRI
Waveforms recorded with an electronic monitoring device during probing by N. virescens, N. nigropictus, and N. malayanus on resistant Pankhari 203 and IR29 and susceptible TN1 rice plants, wild rice O. officinalis, and graminaceous weeds L. hexandra and E. glabrescens, IRRI, 1989. Charts are to be read from right to left.
We noticed a decrease in the buildup of BPH Nilaparvata lugens population on neem-treated rice plants. We examined whether courtship signals and mating behavior of BPH females were adversely affected by neem oil. Before mating, planthoppers emit signals which are recognized by both sexes. Fifth-instar BPH nymphs were caged on 30-d-old TN1 rice plants. Females were isolated 3 h after emergence and subjected to -40 C for 2 min. Neem oil was topically applied on their dorsum at 1, 2.5, or 5 g/ female. Control females were treated with 0.1 l acetone. The females were
28
caged on 30-d-old TN1 plants for 4 d before mating experiments. In a separate trial, 30-d-old TN1 plants were sprayed with 3, 6, or 9% neem oil emulsified with 1.6% Teepol. Control plants were sprayed with Teepol in water. One hour after spraying, 20 newly emerged females were caged on treated and control plants for 4 d before the mating experiment. Courtship and mating behavior of individual females was recorded, the signals transferred to a strip chart recorder through a wave detector and filter, and the charts analyzed for wave pattern and pulse repetition frequencies (PRF). Both topical application and foliar sprays of neem oil disrupted normal courtship signal production and mating behavior of BPH females. Normally, a virgin, mature female and a mature male call alternately before mating. Many treated females (8-25%) did not emit signals and failed to mate; others (8-58%) emitted abnormal signals (see figure for altered waveform .patterns) that could not be recognized by mature BPH males. Other females emitted normal signals, but PRF tended to increase and the duration of each call decrease significantly as neem oil concentration increased (see table). Males often failed to copulate with treated females because the female continuously moved their abdomens. The premating period, from the time a female and a male meet to the start of copulation, was extended with neem-treated females.
Effect of neem oil on signal wave patterns on N. lugens female. A = control (acetone), B = foliar treatment with 9% neem oil, C = topical treatment with 5.0 g neem oil, D = topical treatment with 25% neem oil. Time marks at 1-s intervals. RC of filter: 0.007 s.
Effect of neem oil on courtship signals and mating behavior of N. lugens females.a IRRI, 1988. Treatment Topical (g/female) 1.0 2.5 5.0 0 (control) Foliar (%) 3 6 9 0 (control)
aIn
PRF of signalb (Hz)
Duration of female call c (s)
Premating periodd (s)
Duration of matinge (s)
21.5 21.9 20.3 18.7 20.8 20.8 21.2 19.1
b b ab a b b b a
75.9 a 38.7 b 14.8 c 84.2 a 52.1 b 27.0 bc 20.2 c 82.8 a
113.5 230.0 314.6 89.8
a ab b a
66.5 72.8 65.0 76.9 64.2 66.7 55.5 65.5
a a a a a a a a
91.2 a 268.0 b 219.5 ab 94.8 a
a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. bAv of 8 replications. cAv of 36 replications. d Av of 12 replications. eAv of 10 replications.
Functional response of Lycosa pseudoannulata on brown planthoppers (BPH) and green leafhoppers (GLH)
K. L. Heong and E. G. Rubia, Entomology Department, IRRI
Functional response of a predator-prey relationship can be defined as the change in number of prey attacked per unit time by a single predator as prey
density changes. The number attacked will reach a plateau beyond which the predator cannot increase its rate of attack further. Three Holling's response curves have been identified. In type I, prey intake is proportional to prey density to satiation (e.g., filter feeders). In type II the number of attacks per predator shows a negatively accelerating rise to the plateau. In type III, a lag in rate of attack due to learning is followed by an
exponential increase in attack rate (e.g., vertebrates). Type II response is typical of invertebrates, although type III response has been shown. The curves are described by Royama's random predator equation, characterized by searching efficiency and, the handling time (time spent pursuing, subduing, eating, resting, and waiting). We evaluated the functional responses of spider L. pseudoannulata
adult females exposed to adult hoppers in the greenhouse experiments. The L. pseudonnnulata used were captured from ricefields. Spiders of similar size were selected and starved for 3 d. They were released in 19-cm-diam, 54-cmhigh mylar cages at 10 hopper densities, with 10 replications. Responses were fitted to Holling's type II curve (see figure). Since L. pseudoannulata is a sit-and-wait hunter that does not actively seek out prey, one would not expect it to show a type III functional response. L. pseudoannulata spiders searched more efficiently for BPH than for GLH. They also had lower handling
Predatory coccinellids in ricefields at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

S. Parasuraman, Agricultural Entomology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, India
Functional response of Lycosa pseudoannulata on BPH and GLH. IRRI, 1989.
time, resulting in a higher plateau of prey attacked. This implies that BPH is the preferred prey.
Insects feeding on rice grain in Bhutan

G. S. Arida, Entomology Department, IRRI; C. Dorji, Department of Agriculture, Gaylegphug Bhutan; and K L. Heong Entomology Department, IRRI
Insects feeding on developing grain are common in southern Bhutan. We measured the density of this group of pests in 13 fields in 9 areas Oct-Nov 1988. Insect samples were taken from crops between flowering and the hard dough stage.
Each field was sampled five times, using 10 net sweeps while walking across the field/sample. Insects were preserved in 70% alcohol and brought to the laboratory. Species collected included Leptocorisa spp., 40% Paromius sp., 26 % Menida sp., 24% Nezara s p . , 2% Cletus sp., 3% Others, 6% Very high densities were found in some areas with visible grain damage (see table).
We surveyed the experimental farm for predatory coccinellids in rice and in cowpea, black gram, and soybean. Eight species of predatory coccinellids were found feeding on brown planthoppers, whitebacked planthoppers, and leafhoppers in rice and aphids Aphis craccivora in pulses. Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) 4.3% Rodolia concolor (Lewis) 8% R. pumila (Weise) 8% R. cardinalis (Lewis) 8% Scymmus sp. (Kamiya) 10% Micraspis discolor (Fabricius) 5% Hormonia octomaculata (Fabricius) 9% Sticholotis punctata (Crotch) 25% S. substriata (Crotch) 25%
Vertical distribution of two hopper species on rice plants

E. G. Rubia and K. L. Heong, Entomology Department, IRRI
Numbers of grain feeders collected from different areas of southern Bhutan, Oct-Nov 1988. Location New area Bhur Lalai Variety planted Modern Traditional Traditional Traditional Traditional Traditional Traditional Traditional Modern Modern Traditional Traditional Traditional Growth stage Soft dough Soft dough Soft dough Soft dough Soft dough Soft dough Hard dough Hard dough Hard dough Flowering Flowering Soft dough Hard dough Grain feeders a (no./10 sweeps SE) 14.8 3.2 29.0 1.8 5.2 1.0 3.0 1.1 1.3 0.2 8.2 2.6 1.3 0.6 59.4 18.2 56.4 18.0 25.2 3.0 8.4 2.5 3.4 0.5 6.0 2.9
Taklai Surey Lodrai Bhur Farm Leopani Patabari Hiley

aAv
of 5 replications/location. Leptocorisa, 40% (L. acuta = 70% and L. oratorius = 30%); Nezara, 2%; Cletus, 3%: Menida, 24%; Paromius. 25%; others, 6%.
The rice canopy is the habitat of several species of hemiptera: Nilaparvata lugens, Nephotettix virescens, Sogatella furcifera, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, and Nisia atrovenosa. The predominant species, brown planthopper (BPH) N. lugens and green leafhopper (GLH) N. virescens, are usually found at the base of the rice canopy. This raises questions about interspecific competition. We introduced varying densities of 1-d-old female BPH and GLH adulls separately and in combination on 35-dold TN1 potted rice plants and recorded vertical distributions (see figure). At low densities, more than 80% BPH remained at the base of the plant close to the water surface. At
30
higher densities, BPH was found higher up, but most remained at the plant base. At low densities, most GLH were found 6-20 cm above the water surface. At higher densities, GLH were more
evenly distributed. Vertical distributions were similar with BPH and GLH combined. BPH remained at the base of rice plants, 5 cm above the water; GLH were more dispersed.
This implies that at low densities, interspecific competition is unlikely. Even at higher densities, direct competition would be slight because of distribution.
Vertical distribution of BPH and GLH on rice plants. IRRI, 1989.
Rice leaf miner Hydrellia griseola in Australia

K. H. Halfpapp, Entomology Branch, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba, North Queensland, Australia
The smaller rice leaf miner H. griseola (Falln) (Diptera: Ephydridae) damaged 30% of the rice crop in the Mareeba Irrigation Area (17 05' S, 145 20' E) in Sep 1987. It was found in the Philippines in 1979-80; it had previously been found in Europe, North and South America, temperate regions of Asia, and Malaysia. This is the first record of this species in Australia. Damage occurred after fields were irrigated in Sep 1987. Larvaemined leaf damage appeared as bare patches at the edges of bays and in deeper water (100-150 mm) (see figure). Heavy infestations caused general thinning of plant stands. Aerial application of trichlorphon at 700 ml of 625 g/liter per hectare gave excellent control.
General thinning of plant stand and damage at edge of bay. North Queensland, Australia, 1987.
Insecticide was applied by a Piper Pawnee agricultural aircraft fitted with eight A U 5,000 micronaire units producing droplets of 150 microns. Two braconid parasites were reared from field-collected H. griseola:
Dolichogenidea sp. (Microgasterinae) and an unidentified species of Alysiinae, but the level of parasitization found would not make an impact on the pest population.
Yield loss caused by rice stem borers (SB) in southern Bhutan

G. S. Arida and K. L. Heong, Entomology Department, IRRI; and C. Dorji, Department of Agriculture, Gaylegphug, Bhutan
Rice SB damage (whiteheads) and yield of 4 rice varieties. a Gaylegphug, Bhutan, Nov 1988. Whiteheads (no./hill) 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3
a
Tillers (no./hill) 10.0 9.9 12.2 11.2 14.6 13.4 11.7 13.7 12.6 13.2 8.9 11.4 9.8 9.5 11.6 8.9 10.0 9.0 11.0 b b ab b a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
SB (no./hill) Jaya 0.1 d 3.4 c 6.0 ab 7.0 a 4.3 bc BR 153 0.2 b 4.3 a 5.6 a 2.9 a 4.9 a Traditional (farmers field) 5.6 a 7.1 a 8.2 a 6.1 a 5.0 a Traditional 2.5 4.3 4.5 4.4 (Dhursray) a a a a
Panicles (no./hill) 10.7 10.3 11.4 9.5 13.5 21.2 11.5 12.8 11.0 11.7 8.7 10.9 9.7 9.0 10.6 9.0 9.9 8.1 10.5 b b ab b a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
Yield (g/hill) 19.1 19.4 15.3 13.2 16.9 20.5 16.3 16.0 13.4 10.2 14.0 15.7 10.0 9.7 9.5 17.8 21.3 11.5 10.3 a a a a a a ab ab b b ab a b b b a a a a
We sampled fields heavily infested with SB Chilo sp. and Scirpophaga sp. Varieties planted were Jaya, BR153, and Dhursray at Bhur Experimental Farm and a traditional variety in a farmer's field. Ten hills with different number of whiteheads were sampled from each field. No significant differences in yield were observed in Jaya and Dhursray; for the traditional variety, a slight yield increase was found in plants attacked by one whitehead (see table). Only in BR153 did hills with more than 2 whiteheads have significantly lower yields. This implies that hills with as many as four whiteheads may compensate for insect damage.
32 IRRN 14:6 (Decembcr 1989)
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different from each other at the 5% level by DMRT.
Crop losses due to hispa beetle damage in deepwater rice (DWR)

Z. Islam, Deepwater Rice Project, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, Bangladesh
Effects of Dicladispa armigera adult hispa beetle on potted DWR variety Chamara grown in metal tanks with gradually increasing water depth. a BRRI, Gazipur, Bangladesh, 1988. Stem density (no./pot) Stage of hispa attack Maximum tillering Elongation Undamaged control Level of significance (%) CV (%)
a
Maximum tillering 19.9 a 20.9 a 20.0 a ns 11.2
Early elongation 13.4 b 26.9 a 27.0 a 1.0 21.3
Panicle density (no./pot) 6.4 b 16.9 a 16.0 a 1.0 48.0
Panicle wt (g) 2.9 a 1.4 c 2.1 b 1.0 28.8
Grain yield (g/pot) 18.9 b 24.9 ab 39.7 a ns 57.6
Yield loss (%) 52.4 37.3 -
We investigated the effects of severe hispa beetle Dicladispa armigera (Olivier) infestation on DWR in a pot experiment in water-controlled metal tanks in 1988. Experimental treatments were hispa attack at maximum tillering, attack at elongation, and no attack. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with seven replications. Water in the tanks was raised at 5 cm every 2 d to a maximum 70 cm. Severe adult hispa beetle attack at maximum tillering followed by a gradual rise of water significantly reduced stem numbers 50% and
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
panicle density 64% (see table). Damaged plants compensated to some extent by producing heavier panicles, but grain yield was still 52% lower than undamaged control. Damage at stem elongation did not reduce panicle density hut reduce panicle weight 33%. Grain yield was 37% lower than in the control.
These preliminary results demonstrated the potential effects of hispa beetle on DWR yields. Indications are that early damage is more detrimental than late damage and that flooding increases losses of hispadamaged stems.
Predation of wolf spider on mirid bug and brown planthopper (BPH)

K. L. Heong, Entomology Department, IRRI; S. Bleih, Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, Kafr-Elsheikh, Egypt; and E. Rubia, Entomology Department, IRRI
Wolf spiders Lycosa pseudoannulata (Boes et Strand) are polyphagous predators. They feed on pests such as planthoppers and leafhoppers, but they also prey on other beneficial species in the rice ecosystem, such as mirid bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis and hymenopteran parasitoids. Mirid bugs feed on hopper eggs and nymphs. When the wolf spider is exposed to both hoppers and mirid bugs, which will it prefer? We evaluated predation of L. pseudoannulata attacking C. lividipennis in functional response experiments in the insectary. Adult spiders were caged individually with different densities of 3d and 4th instars and adults of mirid bugs. Each prey density was replicated four times. Mortality was recorded after 21 h. Data
were fitted into Royama's random predator equation, and searching efficiency and handling time estimated using nonlinear least squares technique. Handling time is when the predator is not searching (i.e., resting, grooming, pursuing). Both male and female spiders attacked all stages of mirid bugs equally. An adult spider could consume as many as 22 mirids a day. This implies that wolf spiders can have negative impact on hopper control, since they can consume beneficial mirids as well as hoppers. Evidence of preference may be shown experimentally by analyzing the deviation of the proportion of one prey type attacked from the proportion available in the environment. We exposed male and female adult spiders to different ratios of mirid bug and BPH adults. Mortality was recorded after 24 h and the ratios calculated. The ratios of BPH and mirid bug killed were plotted against the ratios of initial prey numbers exposed (see figure). Preference can be detected and tested as a deviation from the slope of unity passing through the origin.
Predation by wolf spider L. pseudoannulata when presented with BPH and mirid bug adults.
Both male and female L. pseudoannulata showed significant preference for BPH. This could be due to differences in inherent searching efficiencies for the two prey or to changes in behavior when two prey types are encountered.
Managing other pests

Control of Hirschmanniella oryzae nematodes in rice
A. Singh, Haryana Agricultural University (HAU), Rice Research Station, Kaul; M. R. Dalal and D. S. Bhatti, HAU, Hisar, India
Effect of treatments on yield. fresh weight of roots, panicles/hill, and nematode population of rice in Kaul, India. Plant Panicles Total ht (no./hill) fresh weight (cm) (g) 69.8 77.0 73.2 76.4 73.6 79.3 77.7 77.2 77.0 5.04 6.0 8.6 8.0 7.8 6.8 8.9 8.4 8.2 7.0 0.7 28.2 44.2 41.9 3 7.8 39.2 49.4 47.3 42.0 43.4 Nematode population (no.) at harvest In 2 g roots In 100 g soil 14.8 6.8 7.8 8.8 8.5 4.0 4.5 5.5 5.2 1.4 41.2 21.2 25.0 28.0 30.5 18.8 22.2 24.5 29.8 9.6 Grain Yield yield increase (t/ha) (%) 4.4 5.1 4.9 4.8 4.7 5.5 5.2 5.1 5.0 0.7 15 11 10 7 25 20 16 13
Treatment Untreated Nursery - carbofuran Nursery - phorate Nursery - diazinon Nursery - MOCAP Nursery + field carbofuran Nursery + field - phorate Nursery + field - diazinon Nursery + field - MOCAP LSD (0.05)
An experimental field infested naturally with 50 H. oryzae nematodes, 100 g soil was used to evaluate nematicides in 1987. A section of the field with a uniform nematode population was used as nursery. Pregerminated seeds of rice cultivar Jaya were sown in 10 1- 1-m beds at 40 g seed/m 2 . Eight plots were treated with nematicides at 1.0 kg ai/ha (two plots each with carbofuran, phorate, diazinon, and MOCAP and two plots
untreated). Seedlings were transplanted 30 d after seeding in 5 - 2-m plots. Half the plots were treated with the same chemicals 50 d after transplanting, in a random block design with four replications.
Yields in all treated plots increased (see table). Significant yield increases were only with carbofuran and phorate treatments in the nursery and in the field. Nematodes/l00 g soil at harvest were lowest in these plots.
Farming systems
Introducing high-yielding rice into a jute cropping system with limited nutrient supply
R. K. Roy and R. C. Choudhary, Jute Research Station, Katihar, Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, India
Grain yield of rice and net profit with different rates of fertilizer applications. Bihar, India, 1983-85
Fertilizer
(kg/ha)
No N Mean grain yield (t/ha) 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 Net return (Rs/ha) 1606 1957 1782 1719 1844 1781
20 kg N/ha Mean grain yield (t/ha) 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
40 kg N/ha
60 kg N/ha Net return (Rs/ha) 2348 2448 2398 2607 2188 2396 Mean grain yield (t/ha) 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2
Mean Net return (Rs/ha) 1990 2169 2120 2039
Mean Net return grain (Rs/ha) yield (t/ha) 1850 1918 1884 1888 1881 1884 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
Net Mean return grain (Rs/ha) yield (t/ha) 21 55 2354 2255 2266 2243 2254 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.4
8.6 P 17.2 P Mean 8.3 K 16.6 K Mean
Jute ( Corchorus capsularis L.) is the most important cash crop in northeastern Bihar. It is mostly grown as a wet season crop. If jute harvest is delayed after mid-Aug, fields are generally left fallow in the wet season. It has been reported that soil fertility improves after jute, because of the positive rhizosphere, root residues, and leaf-fall. We studied the possibility of growing short-duration rice variety Pusa 2-21 after jute under limited NPK for 3-yr (1983-85) in different fields. Experimental soil was clay loam with pH 7.2 and medium in fertility (0.060.08% available N, 8-10 kg available P/ ha, and 125-175 kg available K/ha). Average annual rainfall at Katihar is
LSD (0.05) (t/ha) (Rs/ha)
N 0.2. P 0.1 (ns) (ns)
N K0.2 (ns)
1,360 mm, 13% received in Mar-May and 85% in Jun-Oct. Maximumminimum temperatures are 40.1-8.6 C. A normal jute crop of variety JRC 212 was planted with 40-8.6-16.6 kg NPK/ha. For rice following jute, four levels of N, two levels of P, and two levels of K (see table) were applied in a randomized complete block design with four replications. All the P and K were applied as basal; N was applied 50% as basal and 50% 2 wk after transplanting. Rice was transplanted
(25-d-old seedlings) the first week of Sep and harvested the last week of Nov. Yields with 20 kg N/ha were not significantly higher than with no N; yields with 40 and 60 kg N/ha were similar and significantly higher. Yields with 17.2 kg P/ha were superior to those with 8.6 kg P/ha. K could not produce any significant difference in grain yield, but its interaction with N was significant. Net return/ha did not differ significantly.
SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Livelihood
Profitability of urea supergranules in rice
P. C. Pandey, G. L. Sharma, P. S. Bisht, and P. Lal, Agronomy Department, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Nainital 263145, Uttar Pradesh, India
We compared the economics of N applied as urea supergranule (USG) and as prilled urea (PU) at three N levels in field experiments 1985 and 1986 wet seasons, in a randomized block design with four replications. Experimental soil was silt loam, classified as Aquic Hapludoll. The site lies about 30 km south of the Shivalik range of the Himalayas, 29 N, 7929' E,
Comparative economics of USC placement and PU split app1ication. a Uttar Pradesh, India, 1985 and 1986. Item N rate (kg/ha) 29 58 10 1.21 12.10 0.80 89.60 2 1 3 3.63 8.47 2.15 10.62 78.98 87 10 1.21 12.10 1.00 112.00 2 1 3 3.63 8.47 3.22 11.69 100.31
and is a subtropical, subhumid climatic zone. Rice cultivar Pant Dhan 4 was transplanted (45-d-old seedlings) at 20 20-cm spacing 15 Jul both years. PKZn (18 kg P, 33 kg K, 10 kg Zn/ha) was broadcast and incorporated 1 d before transplanting (DBT). USG was placed 8-10 cm deep 1 d after transplanting in the middle of every four hills. PU was applied 1/2 broadcast and incorporated 1 DBT, 1/4 topdressed at tillering, and 1/4
topdressed 5-7 d before panicle initiation. All costs were the same except for N. Prices were $112/t for rough rice, $0.37/kg N for PU, and $0.41/kg N for USG. Cost of N application was estimated as $1.21/labor d, with 3 labor d/ha for PU and 8-10 labor d/ha for USG. Increased yield with USG compensated for additional costs of application (see table).
EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION

Training and technology transfer research
Information gaps in transmitting rice recommendations to farmers
M. Wijeratne, Agricultural Economics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka
Labor d/ha for USG 8 placement 1.21 Wages ($/d) Total labor cost/ha for 9.68 USG placement ($) Incremental yield 0.40 (t/ha) from USG b 44.80 Added value of rice ($) Labor d/ha for basal 2 application of PU Labor d/ha for top1 dressing of PU Total labor d/ha for 3 PU application Total labor cost for 3.63 PU ($) Difference in labor 6.05 cost (USG-PU) ($) Difference in material 1.08 cost (USG-PU) ($) Total additional 7.13 cost ($) Additional return 37.67 from USG ($)
aMean
of 1985 and 1986. bPrice of rough rice = $112.00/t.
Technological innovations in rice culture are usually transmitted to farming communities through extension recommendations. A recommendation will contain a certain amount of information that farmers can use to improve their productivity. In many instances, however, we find an information gap. Information gap refers to the amount of information contained in the information input, but not in the information output. The Training and Visit (T & V) System of Agricultural Extension is an extension management tool. Special
attention has been given to its implementation in the rice subsector of Sri Lanka. The T & V System is organized to disseminate information from research stations through extension to farmers, and vice versa. We focused on selected rice recommendations given by the T & V System. This study reports the intensity of information gaps. Data were collected in one wet zone district of southern Sri Lanka during the major rice-growing season, Sep 1986-Feb 1987. Subject Matter Officers (SMOs) and Agricultural Officers (AOs) of the district were interviewed. Their extension recommendations were considered as information input. Information items were extracted from selected recommendations and standard scores computed. A sample of 100 farmers were surveyed to obtain the information output.
On varietal recommendation, the information gap is low (see table). For preseeding treatments and chemical weed control recommendations. information gaps are higher; the knowledge acquired by farmers is insufficient. The variation in the information gap could be due to the fact that varietal recommendations were introduced some years ago, and extension efforts to popularize them have been continuous. The recommendations are simple and seeds are a low-cost innovation that farmers can practice with low capital outlay. Even though preseed treatment recommendations are low-cost innovations, some are too complex for the farmers technical competence.
Information gap for different recommendations. Sri Lanka, 1986-87. Recommendation High-yielding rice varieties Preseeding treatments Chemical weed control Information input (Extension specialists score) 3.0 7.0 5.0 Information output (Farmers score) 2.5 4.0 3.1 Information gap (%) 17 43 38
Weed control recommendations are high-cost innovations and, due to commercial competition, a large number of chemicals are available on the retail market. These factors do not have a positive impact on farmers information output, resulting in higher information gaps. The T & V System utilizes serial communication. The recommendations
that ultimate users receive pass through many communicators. Hence, this system may be more appropriate for transmitting information about simple, low-cost innovations. To reduce the information gaps observed with complex recommendations, alternate methodologies (training classes, demonstrations, etc.) may need to be intensified.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
IRTP now INGER
The International Rice Testing Program, established in 1975, has become the International Network for Genetic Enhancement of Rice (INGER), effective 1 Jul 1989. INGER is a component of a new project, the International Cooperative Rice Improvement Project for Sustainable Rice Farming, which is funded by the United Nations Development Programme and coordinated by IRRI. The network is the worlds largest for agricultural research: scientists from more than 70 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America participate.
New IRRI publications

Bacterial blight of rice Progress in irrigated rice research Research highlights for 1988

International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

IRRN GUIDELINES

Guidelines for contributors

soil nutrient When reporting to include standard studies, be sure

Criteria for IRRN research reports

Categories of research reported

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION

A new species of wild rice O. indandamanica was recently reported

3 IRRN 14:5 (December 1989)

Genetic diversity in rice Oryza sativa L.

Hill mortalitya (%) 24 24 35 69 7 38 30 32 42 46 39 9

Days to 50% flowering 92 90 94 98 1 96 102 100 94 90 80 2

IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)

Source-sink relationship at postflowering of rices under low light stress

IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)

Grain quality and nutritional value

Milling characteristics of aromatic rices

IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)

We evaluated 1,200 varieties and lines

Disease score b Field 4 3 5 5 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 2 4 1 2 3 2 4 2 7 Laboratory 2 4 2 3 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 5 3

Days to 50% flowering 90 94 96 98 92 92 68 113 98 94 108 105 90 88 90 88 86 98 95 112

Variety ARC6650 ARC10550 CO 22 IR28 IR30 IR50 IR60 Ptb 12 Ptb 19

evaluation system for rice.

TN1 (susceptible check) LSD (P=0.05)

Reaction to brown planthopper (BPH) of varieties originating from Oryza officinalis

CR1014 Kranti Mahsuri Gurmatia Safri 17 Madhuri Asha Makdo

= significant at the 0.05 level.

Adverse soils tolerance

IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)

Germi- Plant Panicle nation ht length RP PA (%) (cm) (cm) 4 4 5 6 7 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 4 5 4 4 7 5 4 6 15 5 10 5 10 35 35 15 50 40 55 30 50 55 59 62 47 57 42 51 56 72 56 60 45 73 61 53 17 17 16 18 15 16 18 20 22 17 16 19 19 18

5 4 3 3 3 3 3 169 was 159 was

VP = vegetative phase, RP = reproductive phase, PA = phenotypic acceptability.

Extragenic basis of salt tolerance in rice Oryza sativa L.

IRRN 14:6 (December 1989) 11

Integrated germplasm improvement

Medium-duration Taichung Sen Yu 285 released in Sichuan as Chuan Mi 2

TTB15-1, a promising rice variety for Assam

1984 1984 1985 1986 1987 1987 1987 1988

Titabar Titabar Karimganj Karimganj Karimganj Titabar Titabar Titabar

Ahu Ahu Ahu Ahu Ahu Ahu Sali Ahu

Ch 63 TTB2-6-1-1 IR50 IR50 IR50 TTB2-6-1-1 Ratna Ratna

Mean On-farm trial 1986 Gelapukhuri 1988 Gelapukhuri

IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)

1983 1984 1985 Mean 1986 1987 Mean 1988

1984 1986 1987 1988 1988

Ahu Ahu Sali Ahu Ahu Mean

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

TTB14-1 fits ahu (autumn) season in double-cropped areas of Assam

Effect of boiling water treatment on germination and growth of Sesbania rostrata

IRRN 14:6 (December 1989) 13

Effect of flooding duration on germination and growth of Sesbania rostrata

Physiology and plant nutrition

IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)

Effect of aqueous azolla extract and NaCl stress on rice

IRRN 14:6 (December 1989) 15

7.7 1.0 1.0 0.96 0.6

1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2

1.05 1.06 0.95 0.97

Effect of N application timing on ratoon rice

Ponni Bhavani Mean Variety Time of N Interaction

1.7 2.7 2.2 LSD (0.05) 0.263 0.294 ns

1.6 2.6 2.1

Yield of rice sown in standing water

Model 1n(y+1) = 0.026 0.003x1 + 1.153(1/x2) (0.8 ns) (4.1) (23.2)

F value 276.9 322.3