Dr.

Glee Ramos
Ior Classroom Use Only
AII Iiving beings come from un egg AII Iiving beings come from un egg
Sumetogenesis Sumetogenesis
Oogenesis & folliculogenesis
in the ovary
Spermatogenesis in the
seminiferous tubules of the testes
Gametogenesis Gametogenesis
overview overview
Gametogenesis Gametogenesis
Series o changes, processes where the. Series o changes, processes where the.
Specialized sex cells/
gametes
PGCs
(Primordial germ cells)
germplasm
gametes
(Specialized generative cells)
Phases of gametogenesis Phases of gametogenesis
Generation of germ cells and migration to the gonads Generation of germ cells and migration to the gonads
Multiplication of germ cells in the gonads (mitosis) Multiplication of germ cells in the gonads (mitosis) Multiplication of germ cells in the gonads (mitosis) Multiplication of germ cells in the gonads (mitosis)
Reduction in the number of chromosomes by half Reduction in the number of chromosomes by half
(meiosis) (meiosis)
Maturation and differentiation Maturation and differentiation
1he germ cells and their origin 1he germ cells and their origin
Arise outside the gonads Arise outside the gonads
Recognizable at early stage of development Recognizable at early stage of development
Anuran amphibians: Anuran amphibians:
I
Unfertilized egg
cleavage gastru,la
Amniotes (birds, reptiles, mammals): Amniotes (birds, reptiles, mammals):
PGCs identified in the PGCs identified in the yolk sac endoderm yolk sac endoderm
PGCs chars: large size, high content of alkaline PGCs chars: large size, high content of alkaline
phosphatase phosphatase
In humans recognizable 24d post fertilization in the In humans recognizable 24d post fertilization in the yolk yolk
sac endodermal layer sac endodermal layer
*** mouse: *** mouse: *** mouse: *** mouse:
Hahnel & Lddy (J986): Hahnel & Lddy (J986):
PGCs originally reside in the epiblast of gastrula PGCs originally reside in the epiblast of gastrula
Ginsburg (J990): Ginsburg (J990):
localized the region to the LxLmbryo. mesoderm localized the region to the LxLmbryo. mesoderm
posterior to the primitive streak in a 7 posterior to the primitive streak in a 7
th th
d embryo d embryo
1.Primordial germ cells
2.Allantois
3.Rectum
4.Lctoderm
5.loregut
6.Primordial heart
.Secondary yolk sac
8.Lndoderm ,yellow,
9.Mesoderm ,red,
10. Amniotic caity
In the third week, the primordial germ cells
wander - in an amoeboid manner - rom the
primary ectoderm into the yolk sac wall and
collect near the exit o the allantois. 1he
primordial germ cells are now
extraembryonal, lying in the endoderm and
mesoderm o the yolk sac wall.
Iig. 3
laing emigrated rom the
ectoderm, the primordial germ
cells are now situated among
the endoderm cells in the
secondary yolk sac wall.
1.Rectum
2.Vitelline
3.Allantois
4.Nephrogenic cord ,pink,
5.Gonadal ridge ,green,
6.Primordial germ cells ,red dots,
.leart prominence
Proposed migration pathway Proposed migration pathway
PGCs in the
LxLmbry. mesoderm
Yolk sac
endoderm
PS mesoderm
Lndoderm
via allantois
Dorsal mesentery via hindgut
Left and right
genital ridges
2 populations of cells
Left genital ridge
Right genital ridge
Proliferation of germ cells (mitosis) Proliferation of germ cells (mitosis)
PGCs
Primordial germ cells
oogonia
_spermatogonia _spermatogonia
Mitotic patterns in the gonads differ widely
between males and females
Lx: human female vs male
Reduction in chromosome Reduction in chromosome
number by half number by half
(Meiosis) (Meiosis) (Meiosis) (Meiosis)
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis
PGCs
spermatozoa
= mitotic multiplication
= Meiosis
= spermeiogenesis
***mitosis in male occurs throughout life
*** PGCs at the genital ridge sex cords
Seminiferous tubules
1ubular epithelium
Sertoli cells
Stem cells
Last to undergo mitosis
MLIOSIS
Undergo spermeiogenesis
Cytoplasmic bridges
Categories of changes during spermeiogenesis: Categories of changes during spermeiogenesis:
Reorganization of the cytoplasm Reorganization of the cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus
Centrioles Centrioles
mitochondria mitochondria mitochondria mitochondria
Progressive reduction in nuclear size Progressive reduction in nuclear size
Nuclear elongation Nuclear elongation
Loss o water Loss o water
Llimination o RNA, leaing only DNA Llimination o RNA, leaing only DNA
Summary of the major stages in spermeiogenesis starting with
spermatid (A) and ending with mature spermatozoon (B)
Sperm maturation among ertebrates that Sperm maturation among ertebrates that
undergo external ertilization dier rom undergo external ertilization dier rom
those that undergo internal ertilization those that undergo internal ertilization
Sidelights & speculations Sidelights & speculations
BMP8B (bone morphogenetic protein 8B) BMP8B (bone morphogenetic protein 8B)
= = synthesized by spermatogonia synthesized by spermatogonia
= regulates the initiation of spermatogenesis during = regulates the initiation of spermatogenesis during
puberty puberty
spermatogonia
BMP8B
critical concentration
spermatids
BMP8B
critical concentration
Oogenesis Oogenesis
PGCs
Mature oocytes
Cellular
Molecular phenomena Molecular
Physiological
phenomena
Distinct features of Oogenesis Distinct features of Oogenesis
JJ
0 0
oocyte undergo arrested stages oocyte undergo arrested stages
Unequal cytoplasmic divisions during meiotic Unequal cytoplasmic divisions during meiotic
divisions divisions divisions divisions
Only one functional oocyte produced per Only one functional oocyte produced per
cycle, polar bodies produced cycle, polar bodies produced
Mammalian oogenesis as reference point: Mammalian oogenesis as reference point:
PGCs
Prophase I
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
diplotene
Diakinesis
oogonia J
0
oocyte
Diakinesis
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
1elophase I
2
0
oocyte
J
0
polar body
Meiotic
arrest I
2
0
oocyte
Prophase II
Anaphase II
Metaphase II
J
0
polar body
PB
PB
Meiotic arrest II
Anaphase II
1elophase II
2
0
polar body Mature oocyte
Ixnl oocyte
Summary of major events in human oogenesis and follicular development
Hormonal Control of Oocyte Maturation
ISH
estrogen
Granulosa cells
LH receptors aromatase
Stimulate female
reproductive activity
testosterone
1hecal cells
LH surge
Granulosa cells
ISH
cAMPgen.system
estradiol
Sequence of follicle maturation in the ovary
SUMMARY SUMMARY
Oogenesis in Avian Oogenesis in Avian
Oogenesis in Amphibian Oogenesis in Amphibian