Iska Ocampo

SCIENCE SESSION 2
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES:
MONOCULAR BINOCULAR
A microscope with one objective and one body tube for monocular vision. Fitted with double eyepieces for vision with both eyes to reduce eyestrain

LIGHT/ OPTICAL MICROSCOPE

Their medium is usually air, with glass lenses and mechanical focusing. Their major means of providing specimen contrast is Light Absorption.

SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
One Lens System A Light Microscope consisting of a single convex lens that is used to produce an enlarged image

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Two Lens System # The image seen with this type of microscope is two dimensional # This is the most commonly used microscope # You can view individual cells, even living ones # It has high magnification. However, it has a low resolution. # It uses changing objectives and glass slides. DISSECTING MICROSCOPE # Uses visible light as a source of radiation for image formation # Utilizes mechanical focusing and usually only has one objective, and its lenses are glass # The image that appears is three dimensional # Low magnification

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
# # # Used in archaeology, medicine, and geology to look at surfaces and layers of objects such as organs and rocks Instead of using light, these devices point a stream of electrons at the specimen and attached computers analyze how the electrons are scattered by the material. The specimen must be suspended within a vacuum chamber.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)

It magnifies 3,000- 10,000 times It uses electrons as a source of light; the image is seen in 3-D, but it is seen in black and white. It has high magnification and high resolution. The specimen is coated in gold and the electrons bounce off to give an exterior view of the specimen.

Iska Ocampo

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM)

It Magnifies up to 200,000- 250,000 times. To use this instrument, one will place ultrathin slices of microorganisms or viruses on a wire grid and then stains them with gold or palladium before viewing. The densely coated parts of the specimen deflect the electron beam, and both dark and light areas show up on the image, to give a 2D view of the specimen. It has both high magnification and resolution. It does not use regular glass lenses, but uses magnetic fields or electrostatic lenses.

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE
MECHANICAL PARTS
BASE
The bottom part of the device which makes the microscope stable

ARM
The metallic curved part of the microscope which connects the Body Tube to the Base of the device

STAGE
The area where you will place the specimen (on a glass slide) for observation

STAGE CLIPS
Holds the glass slide in place

PILLAR
A stand that supports the working parts of a microscope

REVOLVING N OSEPIECE/ TURRET

The part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change

COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB

Moves either the body tube or stage up or down to adjust the view of the specimen

FINE ADJUSTMENT K NOB

Part of the microscope that is used for focusing finer details of specimen being viewed

DUST SHIELD
Protects the lens from dust

INCLINATION J OINT
Allows the tilting of the microscope to different angles

Iska Ocampo

MAGNIFYING PARTS
OBJECTIVES
O CULAR L ENS L OW P OWER L ENS H IGH P OWER L ENS O IL I MMERSION LENS
5x- 10x 10x-15x

40x 100x

ILLUMINATING PARTS
IRIS DIAPHRAGM
Regulates the amount of light entering the body tube

CONDENSER
The lens mounted before the microscope stage, which transmits light to the object.

MIRROR/ LIGHT S OURCE

Allows light to reflect upward through the diaphragm, the specimen, and the lenses

APERTURE
Hole in the stage for the light to pass through

MICROSCOPE
MAGNIFICATION
Fixed, inscribed on the lens Total magnification= Ocular Magnification * Objective Magnification

RESOLVING POWER
Quality of the microscope depends on the ability to resolve[distinguish] problems

CONTRAST
Results from the differential absorption of light by the parts of the object Stain must be added to a specimen to increase contrast Wet Mount- Temporary Slide Reduction in the amount of light improves contrast when viewing unstained specimens

Iska Ocampo

FOCUSING
Increasing and decreasing the distance of objects

ATOM
Basic unit of matter; Building blocks of matter Atomos; Greek, unable to cut Protons Electrons Neutrons Positively charged Part of the nucleus Atomic number is equal to the number of protons Negatively charged Can be shared between atoms Can be transferred between atom Neutral Part of the nucleus

COMPOUND
Combination of two elements Pure substance that consist of one atom More than 100 elements are known, but only 2 dozen are found in the living organism Represented by a one or two letter symbol

ISOTOPES
elements that can have different number of neutrons

MASS NUMBER
Sum of Protons and Neutrons

RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
Unstable nuclei Breakdown at a constant rate over time

IMPORTANCE
Determine age of rocks and fossils Treat cancer Kill bacteria that cause food to spoil Traces to followe movement of substances within organisms

MAJOR ELEMENTS IN A LIVING SYSTEM

Iska Ocampo C O H N P S Ca

Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur Calcium

Backbone of organic compound Major source of fuel in the production of energy Essential part of water molecule and many compounds Key element in Lifes giant molecules Major component of nucleic acids and energy rich compounds Part of some amino acids and vitamins Major component of bone; biological signal

B ENTHIC O RGANISM
Benthos area Bottom part of water Can walk under water

CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CARBON D IOXIDE
Waste product of cells Essential to plants

BASES
Turns red litmus paper to blue Counteract hyperacidity

SALTS
Dissolves easily in water Needed by the body

ACIDS
Turns blue litmus paper to red

ELECTROLYTES
Salts that conduct electricity; can be found in the body Any compound that conducts electricity and is decomposed (electrolyzed) by it Ionizable substance in solution What cells use to maintain voltages across their cell membranes and to carry electrical impulses across themselves and to other cells

Iska Ocampo Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium

C ATHODE
Ions that move to the cathode (cations) are positively charged

A NODE
Ions that move to the Anode (anions) are negatively charged

WATER

BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROPERTIES OF WATER

Liquid at Room Temperature Universal Solvent High Surface Tension- Forms a skin at its surface Ice floats on water- ice is less dense than liquid water Adhesion High Specific Heat High Latent Vaporization Heat of Liquid environment inside the cells; Aquatic environments for organisms to live in Chemical reactions happen in aqueous solution; Also the main transport medium in organisms Water forms a surface film at an air-water interface; Allows some aquatic organisms: pond skaters to land on the surface of pond and move over it Ice forms on the surface of a body of water and insulates the water below, allowing aquatic life to survive Allows capillarity so that, for example water can move upwards through narrow channels in soil, against gravity The environment inside organisms resists temperature changes; aquatic environments have relatively stable temperature Heat is lost form a surface when water evaporates from it; this is used as a cooling mechanisms, for example sweating in mammals and transpiration in plants Transmission of sunlight enables aquatic plants to photosynthesize Water supports organisms as large as whales; it also supports and disperse reproductive structure such as larvae and large fruits such as coconut Water is an important structural agent, acting as a skeleton (called a hydrostatic skeleton) in worms and turgid plants) Water is a major raw materials for photosynthesis; it also takes part in many digestive reactions, breaking down food molecules by hydrolysis Most organic molecules occur in a hydrated form in cells; if the water is removed, their physical and chemical properties are affected Water can flow freely through narrow vessels; watery solutions can act as a lubricant, for example mucus allows food to move easily down the esophagus Continuous columns of water can be pulled all the way up to the top of a tree in xylem vessels during respiration.

Colorless and Transparent Denser than Air Difficult to Compress Takes Part in Many Chemical Reactions Combines with many organic molecules to form hydrated molecules Low viscosity High Tensile Strength

Iska Ocampo

PH LEVEL; ACID AND BASE

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CARBOHYDRATES
Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms Used as a main source of energy Common formula: Cx(CH2O)y where x and y are variable numbers that may be the same or different

M ONOSACCHARIDES
Simple sugar molecules Glucose, Galactose, Fructose Formula: (CH2O)n ; n can be ant number from 3 to 7 n n n n n

3 4 5 6 7

Triose Tetrose Pentose Hexose Heptose

Glucose takes up a number of different shapes (isomerism) Isomer same formula but different structural formula

Alpha glucose from starch Beta Glucose formed into cellulose

Iska Ocampo

P OLYSACCHARIDES
Large macromolecules formed from Monosaccharides

C ONDENSATION
Bind 2 disaccharides to form 1 monosaccharide Its byproduct is H2O

H YDROLYSIS
Add water (H20)

G LUCOSE

LIGNIN (PLANT )
Polymer Chitin- Exoskeleton; crab, lobster, some insects

LIPIDS
Large and varied group of biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms Can be used to store energy; important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings

U NSATURATED
tend to be liquid at room temperature Olive oil, corn oil, canola oil

P OLYUNSATURATED

Iska Ocampo More than one unsaturated structure

TRANS FAT
Maximum number of hydrogen Solid at room temperature

S ATURATED

NUCLEIC ACIDS
Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus Polymers assembled from individual monomers known as Nucleotides Consist of three parts: 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base Polynucleotide: nucleotides joined by covalent bonds Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information

R IBONUCLEIC ACID
RNA Contain sugar ribose

D EOXYRIBONUCLEIC A CID
DNA Contains deoxyribose

PROTEINS
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Polymers of molecules called amino acids Compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end Among the diverse macromolecules Made up of chains of amino acids folded into complex structure Control the rate of reaction; regulate cell processes; used to form bones and muscles; transport substances into or out of cells to fight diseases