Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Pasteurs Experiment
Question being asked? Hypothesis? Experimental prediction?
Image source: Sadava,Hillis, Heller, and Berenbaum (2011). Life: The science of Biology, 9th ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA
Pasteurs Experiment
Image source: Sadava,Hillis, Heller, and Berenbaum (2011). Life: The science of Biology, 9th ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA
Eukaryotic cells
Possess organelles separated by membranes Plants, animals, protists, and fungi are eukaryotic
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane
Darwins contribution
Evolution is not his idea How it occurs: natural selection
Heredity?
Modern genetics
Mendels contribution
1866, but ignored till 1900s Discrete heritable factors Retain individuality generation after generation
Nucleus
DNA
Nucleotide
Cell
Darwins Insight
What did he know and what did he infer?
By mid 1800s, new knowledge due to
Global exploration: diversity and similarity of life Comparative anatomy Fossils and geology
Darwins Insight
Global exploration: diversity and similarity of life
Emu
Ostrich
Rhea
Darwins Insight
Global exploration: diversity and similarity of life
Darwins Insight
Comparative anatomy (Ernst Haeckels drawings from 1874)
Darwins Insight
Fossils and geology Giant Irish Elk and Cuviers anatomical works Neither moose, nor reindeer, it was extinct
Image source: Freeman and Herron, 2007, Evolutionary Analysis, 4 th edition, Pearson Education, Inc.
Darwins Insight
Fossils and geology General pattern of correspondence between Fossils and living forms from the same locale Giant ground sloth in Argentina
Darwins Insight
Fossils and geology General pattern of correspondence between Fossils and living forms from the same locale Glyptodonts and armadillos in Argentina
Darwins Insight
What did he know and what did he infer?
By mid 1800s, new knowledge due to
Global exploration: diversity and similarity of life Comparative anatomy Fossils and geology Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon and origin of species Charles Lyell: theory of uniformity
Darwins Insight
What did he know and what did he infer?
1. Malthus writings: human individuals produce more offspring than the environment can support
Inferred?
Darwins Insight
What did he know and what did he infer?
1. Malthus writings: human individuals produce more offspring than the environment can support 2. Variation in populations
Inferred?
Darwins Insight
What did he know and what did he infer?
1. Malthus writings: human individuals produce more offspring than the environment can support 2. Variation in populations 3. Some variation is heritable
Inferred?
Darwins Insight
What did he know and what did he infer?
1. Malthus writings: human individuals produce more offspring than the environment can support 2. Variation in populations 3. Some variation is heritable 4. Artificial selection by animal breeders
Inferred?
Presented evidence to support the idea of evolution Proposed a mechanism for evolution called natural selection
3 Reproduction of survivors
There will be differential survival AND reproduction: natural selection of adaptive traits
10
Steps
1. Observation 2. State the problem
3. Form a Hypothesis
4. Test/ Experiment 5. Collect and analyze the data 6. Draw conclusions 7. Repeat
Observations
What do you see?
Why is it interesting? Can it be tested?
11
Hypothesis
The statement of the problem. Is the statement testable? Is the statement falsifiable? State the hypothesis as a null hypothesis. Cant prove something true but can prove something false.
12
Conclusion
Reexamine the hypothesis in light of the evidence collected Did the data disprove the null hypothesis? Restate the hypothesis in light of the evidence
Future Directions
What new questions are raised?
What should be the next step?
13
14
15
Pasteurs Experiment
Dependent variable? Indepdendent variable? Standardized variables? Control(s)?
Image source: Sadava,Hillis, Heller, and Berenbaum (2011). Life: The science of Biology, 9th ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA
Origin of Life
When and How did life begin? When:
earth formed about 4.5 BYA radiometric dating of the oldest known rocks: 3.9 BYA Chemical indicator of organic synthesis:
C12 : C13 Ratio
16
Electron cloud
Nucleus 2e
2 2
Protons Neutrons
Mass number = 4
Electrons
17
Origin of Life
When and How did life begin? When:
earth formed about 4.5 BYA radiometric dating of the oldest known rocks: 3.9 BYA Chemical indicator of organic synthesis:
C12 : C13 Ratio
Origin of Life
When and How did life begin? When:
oldest bacteria impressions ~ 3.5 BYA South Africa and Australia microfossils: 3.1-3.4 BYA eukaryotic cells about 2 BYA
Origin of Life
When and How did life begin? How?
18
Origin of Life
When and How did life begin?
How do we know the conditions of the early earths atmosphere?
Origin of Life
atmosphere:
CO, CO2, H2, N2, NH3, CH4, H2S, H2O vapor no ozone, lots of reactive H 2
Origin of Life
What does it mean to be living?
19
Origin of Life
Need:
1 basic blocks of life 2 cellular organization
Origin of Life
Need:
1 basic blocks of life
organic compounds: monomers and polymers Time to review some basic chemistry
20
Transfer of electron
Na Sodium atom
Cl Chlorine atom
Cl Chloride ion
Na+ Cl
21
22
()
()
O H (+) H (+)
Hydrogen bond
23
Ion in solution
Salt crystal
A balance between the two is critical for chemical processes to occur in a living organism
24
pH scale 0
1 Battery acid Increasingly ACIDIC (Higher concentration of H+) 2 Lemon juice, gastric juice
Acidic solution
NEUTRAL [H+]=OH]
Neutral solution
Basic solution
14
25
EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The search for extraterrestrial life centers on the search for water
An important question is, has life evolved elsewhere?
Water is necessary for life as we know it
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has evidence that water was once abundant on Mars
Scientists have proposed that reservoirs of water beneath the surface of Mars could harbor microbial life
3.2 Characteristic chemical groups help determine the properties of organic compounds
An organic compound has unique properties that depend upon
The size and shape of the molecule and The groups of atoms (functional groups) attached to it
26
Estradiol
Female lion
Testosterone
Male lion
CARBOHYDRATES
Sugars: (CH2O)n
27
Fructose (a ketose)
Polysaccharide
Starch granules in potato tuber cells STARCH Glucose monomer
GLYCOGEN
Cellulose molecules
28
Water
29
PROTEINS
Polymers of Amino Acids = Polypeptides May have several polypeptides together as one protein
Amino group
Carboxyl group
30
Peptide Bonds
Groove
Polypeptide chain
Collagen
31
32
Base pair
Origin of Life
Theory of Abiogenesis: Alexander Oparin Needed:
synthesis of macromolecules, esp. proteins separation from their environment heredity and replication machinery
33
Origin of Life
Miller-Urey experiments 1950s
atmosphere: CH4, NH3, H2O, H2 gases no O2
liquid water
temperature less than 100 C bombarded with electrical energy
Origin of Life
Miller-Urey experiments 1950s
Results:
formaldehyde (CH2O) hydrogen cyanide (important for amino and nucleic acids) formic acid (HCOOH) some amino acids urea (N H2CON H2)
Origin of Life
Later experiments:
other amino acids adenine (need for nucleic acids) from
HCN and NH3
34
Origin of Life
Polymerization:
Sidney Fox's work near hydrothermal vents The importance of clay particles
Origin of Life
Cellular Organization
membrane-bound bag derived primarily through production of fatty acids and some polypeptides beginning of plasma membrane
Water
35
Origin of Life
Replication
need RNA for protein synthesis in cells need enzymes to replicate RNA the chicken or egg question! Thom Cech (and Sidney Altman) discovered ribozymes in 1986
1989 Nobel Prize!
Origin of Life
Origin of Life
36
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane
10 m
Human height
1m
Chicken egg
Frog egg
1 mm 100 m
Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion Mycoplasmas (smallest bacteria) Viruses
10 m
1 m
100 nm
10 nm 1 nm
0.1 nm
Atoms
Electron microscope
37
Pili Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome Cell wall Capsule A typical rod-shaped bacterium Flagella A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)
38
39
NUCLEUS: Nuclear envelope Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Chromosomes Nucleolus
Lysosome Centriole Peroxisome CYTOSKELETON: Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion
Central vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall Plasmodesmata Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Cell wall of adjacent cell
40
Mitochondrion
Inner membrane
Cristae
Matrix
Flagellum
41
Cross sections:
Bacterial flagellum
Salmonella
Image sources: http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/02/58702-004-429BF178.jpg http://morayeel.louisiana.edu/SeaweedsLab/Gavio/bacterial%20cell%20copy
Figure 16.4 D
Origin of Life
42
Origin of Life
1. 2. Trace the history of prokaryotic and eukaryotic life on earth as outlined in the article. What was Wallins theory of mitochondrial evolution and why was it rejected at the time?
3.
4. 5. 6.
Why does Lynn Margulis believe that endosymbiosis was the result of adaptation to an aerobic environment?
What are the basic tenets of the theory of Autogeny? What are some problems associated with this theory? What evidence is presented in support of the SET? If the assumption that endosymbiosis was the result of adaptation to an aerobic environment turns out to be incorrect, how might it affect the scientific acceptance of the theory of serial endosymbiosis?
Origin of Life
43