Service Oriented Architecture

Juan Carlos Corrales, Ph.D.

Profesor Titular Universidad del Cauca
jcorral@unicauca.edu.co

Sesin 01, 01/29/2011 Universidad Autnoma de Occidente

Introduction to Service Oriented Architecture

Agenda
SOA evolution
SOA Story Service Oriented Architecture vs. Distributed Object Architecture XML - Extensible Markup Language Web Services A new Business Environment A new Enterprise Environment Pressures on the business Web Services Vs. Business Processes SOA Definitions Legacy Business Process Architectural Choke Point SOA Business Process

What is SOA?

Agenda
SOA potential benefits
SOA shifts the way we think Why an Enterprise SOA Strategy is Important Improve quality of service Vs. Drive costs down Consequences of not having an Enterprise SOA Strategy

Technology providers
Market Trends Technology Providers SOA Solution Types

SOA Evolution

What is SOA?

SOA Benefits

Tec. Providers

SOA Story
SOA is not a new concept. Software engineers understand its principles mid 80's with distributed computing and remote procedure calls. Distributed Computing Architectures of the 90 did not reach the expected acceptance:
Open Software Foundation's (OSF's) Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) Object Management Group's (OMG's) Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)
Source: http://www.gartner.com/resources/111900/111987/111987.pdf

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SOA Story
In 2003, SOA finally goes fully into the enterprise IT world, through web services Unlike CORBA and DCE, web services standards do not have detractors among manufacturers The flexibility of Web services to support multichannel applications The ability of SOAP to pass through firewalls, leveraging the ubiquity of HTTP Web services support application servers that host business logic The ESBs, which combine Web services with message-oriented middleware (MOM), plus some processing and routing capabilities
Fuente: http://www.gartner.com/resources/111900/111987/111987.pdf

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SOA Story

But why now?

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What is SOA?

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Service Orientation Vs. Object Orientation

Conceptual Relationship Several principles of service-orientation are related to and derived from object-orientation principles.
abstraction Encapsulation Interface first Composition Statelessness -- decomposition -- Reusability -- Loose coupling -- Autonomy -- Discoverability

Some object-orientation principles, such as inheritance, do not fit into the service-orientation world. Some service-orientation principles, such as loose coupling and autonomy, are not directly promoted by objectorientation. 7

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Service Orientation Vs. Object Orientation

Conceptual Differences
Service-Orientation
Loose coupling between units of processing logic.

Object-Orientation
Based on predefined class dependencies, resulting in more tightly bound objects.

Coarse-grained interfaces (service description) Fine-grained interfaces (APIs), Communication Message-based communication based on RPC or local API calls. Large unit of processing logic (service), May vary significantly in scope. Promotes the creation of activity-agnostic units of processing logic (services) that are driven into action by intelligent units of communication (message). Prefers that units of processing logic (services) be designed to remain as stateless as possible. Unit of logic (object) tend to be smaller and More specific in scope. Encourages the binding of processing logic with data, resulting in highly intelligent units (object). Promotes binding of data and logic, resulting In the creation of more stateful units (objects).

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Service Orientation Vs. Object Orientation

The Paradigm Shift
Programming Language Simula Smalltalk Objective C C++ Java Standard Specification Service-Oriented Concept & Architecture XML UDDI ebXML WSDL SOAP OWL Modeling Technology & Methodology OOAD OO Framework OODB OO Process model Technology & Methodology MDA SO Framework Ontology / Service DB SO lifecycle process

Object-Oriented Concept & Architecture

UML

Modeling

BPEL WSFL XLANG

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SOA Vs. DOA

Conceptual Relationship SOA is a radical departure from client-server architecture. Current SOAs still employ some of the technologies originally used to build client-server applications. Though more sophisticated, SOAs introduce complexity that sharply contrasts the simplicity of a two-tier client-server architecture. Distributed Internet architecture has much in common with SOA, including a significant amount of its technology. However, SOA has distinct characteristics relating to both technology and its underlying design principles.

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Distributed System Architecture

Two Tier with Thin Client
Presentation Client Server Data Management Application Processing

Two Tier with Fat Client

Presentation Application Processing Client

Server Data Management

Presentation

Server Application Processing

Server Data Management

Three Tier

Client

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Multi-Tier System Architecture

RPC-based
Client and middleware server is tightly coupled

Remote Object based

Remote objects communicates through standard interface languages Object models: OMG CORBA, SUN Java RMI, MS DCOM

Web based
Browser + Dynamic content generation Enabling techniques: CGI, Java Servlet/JSP, MS ASP

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Distributed Object Computing

Coupled with a powerful communications infrastructure, distributed objects divide monolithic client/server applications into self-managing components, or objects, that can interoperate across disparate networks and operating systems.
SUN J2EE
JavaTM 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition

MS DCOM
Distributed Component Object Model

OMG CORBA
Common Object Request Broker Architecture

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CORBA A bit of history

OMG Standard, to allow applications to communicate with one another no matter where they are located or who has designed them 1991, CORBA 1.1, IDL & API within an ORB 1994, CORBA interoperability & IIOP (Internet Inter-ORB Protocol) 2002, CORBA Component Model

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CORBA Objectives
Distributed object computing middleware that shields applications from heterogeneous platform dependencies. To simplify development of distributed applications by automating/encapsulating
Object location Connection & memory mgmt. Parameter (de)marshaling Event & request demultiplexing Error handling & fault tolerance Object/server activation Concurrency Security

CORBA defines interfaces, not implementations

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CORBA Application Structure

Object Request Broker: enables objects to transparently make and receive requests and responses in a distributed environment.
The core of the reference model, telephone exchange

Object Services: a collection of services (interfaces and objects) that support basic functions for using and implementing objects.
e.g. Naming, Trading, and Life Cycle Service

Common Facilities: a collection of services that many applications may share, but which are not as fundamental as the Object Services
e.g. e-mail facility

Application Objects: products of a single vendor on in-house development group that controls their interfaces.

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CORBA Application Structure

Application Objects Domain Facilities Horizontal CORBA Facilities

Object Request Broker

Domain Facilities

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CORBA Middleware Architecture

Interface Repository IDL Compiler Implementation Repository

Client

Object

Dynamic Invocation

IDL Stub

ORB Interface

IDL Skeleton

Dynamic Skeleton

Object Adapter

ORB Core

GIOP/IIOP/ESIOPS

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Object Request Broker (ORB)

A logical set of services
Locates the remote object, communicates the request, waits for the results and when available communicates the results back to the client Location transparency Programming language independent: interface translation and language binding Client Object

Object Request Broker (ORB)

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Interface Definition Language (IDL)

Language neutral, Language mapping
Modularized object interface Operations and attributes that an object supports Exceptions raised by an operation Data types of an operation return value, its parameters, and an objects attributes Client
IDL Stub

Object
IDL Skeleton

Object Request Broker (ORB)

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Two-way Processing
Activate server
Implementation Repository 1S

In args
Client

Obj. ref.
1C

Operation () Out args + return value

Object

3S

Process Request

Return Control to Client Wait for request to complete

4C

Locate target object

IDL Stub 3C 2C

Return Request
Send request to server

IDL Skeleton

Activate Objects Servant

4S 2S

ORB CORE

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CORBA Services
Services Object Life Cycle Naming Events Relationships Externalization Transactions Concurrency Control Property Trading Query Description Define how CORBA objects are created, removed, moved and copied Define how CORBA objects can have friendly symbolic names Decouple the communication between distributed objects Provides arbitrary typed n-ray relationships between CORBA objects Coordinates the transformation of CORBA objects to and from external media Coordinates atomic access to CORBA objects Provides a locking service for CORBA objects in order to ensure serialized access Supports the association of name-value pairs with CORBA objects Supports the finding of CORBA objects based on properties describing the services offered by the object Support queries on objects

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J2EE
A platform for developing applications
Oct. 1994, Public introduction of Java Jan. 1996, JDK 1.0 released Apr. 1997, EJB specification announced Dec. 1998, Java 2, SDK 1.2 released Jun. 1999, J2EE announced Dec. 1999, J2EE platform released Sep. 2001, J2EE 1.3 released Nov. 2003, J2EE 1.4 released

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J2EE Application Architecture

Client Side Presentation Browser Pure HTML Java Applet

Server Side Presentation Web Server JSP

Server Side Business Logic EJB Container EJB

Enterprise Information System

JSP Desktop Java Application Other Device J2EE Client Java Servlet

EJB

EJB

J2EE platform

J2EE platform

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J2EE Services
HTTP/HTTPS JAAS Java Authorization and Authentication Service JTA Java Transaction API JNDI Java Naming and Directory Service RMI-IIOP JDBC Java DataBase Connectivity JMS Java Message Service JavaMail JAXP Java API for XML Parsing Java IDL

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Advantages of Distributed Object Architecture

It allows the system designer to delay decisions on where and how services should be provided It is a very open system architecture that allows new resources to be added to it as required The system is flexible and scalable It is possible to reconfigure the system dynamically with objects migrating across the network as required

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Weakness of Distributed Object Architecture

Tightly coupled
Both ends of each distributed computing link had to agree on the details of the API. A code change to a COM object, for example, required corresponding changes to the code accessing that object.

Proprietary
Microsoft controlled DCOM Implementing a CORBA architecture typically necessitated the decision to work with a single vendor's implementation of the specification.

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SOA -- Evolution vs. Revolution

SOA is developed upon the weaknesses of distribute object computing technique.
Standard-based
Reliance upon universally accepted standards provides broad interoperability among different vendors solutions

loosely couples
Separates the participants in distributed computing interactions so that modifying the interface of one participant in the exchange does not break the other.

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eXtensible Markup Language (XML)

Based on Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) Version 1.0 introduced by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1998 Bridge for data exchange on the Web

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Authoring XML Elements

An XML element is made up of a start tag, an end tag, and data in between. Example: <director> Matthew Dunn </director> Example of another element with the same value: <actor> Matthew Dunn </actor> XML tags are case-sensitive: <CITY> <City> <city> XML can abbreviate empty elements, for example: <married> </married> can be abbreviated to <married/>

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XML Data Model: Example

<BOOKS> <book id=123 loc=library> <author>Hull</author> <title>California</title> <year> 1995 </year> </book> <article id=555 ref=123> <author>Su</author> <title> Purdue</title> </article> </BOOKS>
BOOKS

book loc=library
123

article ref
555

author title Hull

year

author

title

1995 California

Su

Purdue

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Document Type Definitions (DTD)

An XML document may have an optional DTD. DTD serves as grammar for the underlying XML document, and it is part of XML language. DTDs are somewhat unsatisfactory, but no consensus exists so far beyond the basic DTDs. DTD has the form: <!DOCTYPE name [markupdeclaration]>

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DTD (contd)
Consider an XML document: <db><person><name>Alan</name> <age>42</age> <email>agb@usa.net </email> </person> <person> </person> . </db>

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DTD (contd)
DTD for it might be: <!DOCTYPE db [ <!ELEMENT db (person*)> <!ELEMENT person (name, age, email)> <!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT age (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT email (#PCDATA)> ]>

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Comparisons

XML
Extensible set of tags Content orientated Standard Data infrastructure Allows multiple output forms

HTML
Fixed set of tags Presentation oriented No data validation capabilities Single presentation

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Web Services

Web services is an effort to build a distributed computing platform for the Web. Yet another one!

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Designing Web Services I

Goals
Enable universal interoperability. Widespread adoption, ubiquity: fast!
Compare with the good but still limited adoption of the OMGs OMA.

Enable (Internet scale) dynamic binding.

Support a service oriented architecture (SOA).

Efficiently support both open (Web) and more constrained environments.

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Designing Web Services II

Requirements
Based on standards. Pervasive support is critical. Minimal amount of required infrastructure is assumed.
Only a minimal set of standards must be implemented.

Very low level of application integration is expected.

But may be increased in a flexible way.

Focuses on messages and documents, not on APIs.

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What is SOA?

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Web Services Model

Web service applications are encapsulated, loosely coupled Web components that can bind dynamically to each other

Video 1

SOA Evolution

What is SOA?

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Tec. Providers

Client/Server WSDL CORBA NFS VT3270 MQ RPC EJB VT100 EAI SOAP TCP/IP WWW

Distributed Computing Program Paradigm

Assembler
1950 1960

SOA SOA

Stored Procedure COBOL Modular2 Pascal Smalltalk Java PROLOG Ada SIMULA
1970 1980

C# C++
1990 2000

Agenda
SOA evolution
SOA Story Service Oriented Architecture vs. Distributed Object Architecture XML - Extensible Markup Language Web Services A new Business Environment A new Enterprise Environment Pressures on the business Web Services Vs. Business Processes SOA Definitions Legacy Business Process Architectural Choke Point SOA Business Process

What is SOA?

SOA Evolution

What is SOA?

SOA Benefits

Tec. Providers

A New Business Environment

Business outsource every non-essential function. Concentrate on core function and values. Vertically integrated enterprises are being broken apart Replaced by heavily networked ones. Applications that used to be internal are now provided by outside parties. Corporate boundaries become fuzzier. Does todays IT models support the new business environment? Today it is vital to adapt the computing model to the business interaction model.

SOA Evolution

What is SOA?

SOA Benefits

Tec. Providers

A New Enterprise Environment

Enterprises as IT Islands

Value added networks and proprietary protocols support most B2B interactions Ad-hoc bridges support interorganizational interactions.

Most application interactions take place inside the enterprise.

Most applications belong to a single administrative domain.

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What is SOA?

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A New Enterprise Environment

Fully Networked Enterprises
Web based interactions become pervasive, based on standard protocols

The frequency of external interactions and their reach inside the enterprise increases dramatically.

Internal applications seamlessly reach out of the enterprise.

Interacting applications naturally belong to multiple administrative domains.

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A New Enterprise Environment

Fully Networked Business Interactions
The distinction between internal and external applications and providers looses importance

Many potential providers can be found for each required function.

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What is SOA?

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Tec. Providers

A New Enterprise Environment

IT for the New Enterprise: Business Components
Need to raise the level of IT abstractions. Concentrate on business function and requirements. Need to encapsulate business function to make it available to partners: service components. Different level granularity coarse grained business services vs. fine grained objects. Services must be defined by explicit contracts to allow independent party access. Consequence is automatic binding. Core concern of business is to integrate business processes and functions. Business components are integrated creating service compositions. New value is created through integration/composition. New components are recursively created.

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Pressures on the business

New Demands Evolving Business Objectives
Supplier Customer Partner Technology Regulation/ Deregulation Mergers & acquisitions Economy Innovation

Leadership Customer satisfaction

Continuous business transformation

Satisfying Unpredictable Needs Business agility

Competition

Changing Markets

Growth, profit, and value

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Web Services Vs. Web Processes

Web Services Self-describing, modular software application Vehicle for cross-organizational integration of heterogeneous applications Network-connected application One of the most appealing aspects of Web services is having the ability to aggregate the functionality of individual Web services by composing them to create Web processes Aspects of Web processes Standard descriptions Suitable WS discovery Dynamic binding WS

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Web Process An Example

Organization A
t1
Setup
+

Organization B
+

Organization C
t6 t7
Sequence Processing

t5 t2
Prepare Sample

t8
Process Report

t3
Prepare Clones and Sequence

t4
Assembly

Test Quality Get Sequences

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Web Process extended Definition

Web Processes are next generation workflow technology to facilitate the interaction of organizations with markets, competitors, suppliers, customers etc. supporting enterprise-level and core business activities encompass the ideas of both intra and inter organizational workflow. created from the composition of Web services can use BPEL4WS to represent composition

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Globalization of Processes
B2B E-Services

Workflows Enterprise

Distributed Workflows Inter-Enterprise

Processes driving the Networked Economy

Web Processes Global

Video 2

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What is SOA?

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What is Service-Oriented Architecture?

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architectural style. Applications built using an SOA style deliver functionality as services that can be used or reused when building applications or integrating within the enterprise or trading partners.
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SOA
Uses open standards to integrate software assets as services Standardizes interactions of services Services become building blocks that form business flows Services can be reused by other applications
53

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Legacy Business Process

Business Process 1

Business Process 2

Business Process 3

54

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Architectural Choke Point

Monolithic Extremely complex Very tightly coupled Difficult to find clean integration points Lack of standards makes it difficult to integrate Rigid architecture makes even small changes complex and costly
55

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What is SOA?

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SOA Business Process

Business Process

Shared Service

Information Framework Supplier

56

Video 3

Agenda
SOA evolution
SOA Story Service Oriented Architecture vs. Distributed Object Architecture XML - Extensible Markup Language Web Services A new Business Environment A new Enterprise Environment Pressures on the business Web Services Vs. Business Processes SOA Definitions Legacy Business Process Architectural Choke Point SOA Business Process

What is SOA?

Agenda
SOA potential benefits
SOA shifts the way we think Why an Enterprise SOA Strategy is Important Improve quality of service Vs. Drive costs down Consequences of not having an Enterprise SOA Strategy

Technology providers
Market Trends Technology Providers SOA Solution Types

SOA Evolution

What is SOA?

SOA Benefits

Tec. Providers

SOA shifts the way we think

Traditional Applications
Designed to last Tightly Coupled Integrate Silos Detailed Long development cycle Cost, supply centered Middleware makes it work Favors Homogeneous Technology

Service Oriented Architecture

Designed to change Loosely Coupled, Agile and Adaptive Compose Services Abstracted Interactive and iterative development Business, demand centered Architecture makes it work Favors Heterogeneous Technology

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What is SOA?

SOA Benefits

Tec. Providers

Why an Enterprise SOA Strategy is Important

Create structure around federated SOA efforts avoid IT mavericks Provide guidance and recommendations to Business and IT teams wanting to implement SOA solutions Manage and govern the architectural landscape planning, preparing, and applying principles, techniques, and technologies to make the business adapt to change. Manage semantic interoperability through Services Reduces integration expenses
Web based SOA reduces integration expense through standardization

Increases Asset Reuse

Helps eliminate duplicate functionality Reduces time to market Promotes consistency

Reduces risk
More control over business processes by business people

Improves Business Agility

Allows the business direct control of business processes to manage rapid change

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Improve quality of service Vs. Drive costs down

Support rapid change
Security Performance

Outsourcing Emerging applications Distributed systems Mobility

Drive costs down

Improve availability

Consumption-based costing

Capacity

Increase business relevance

Heterogeneity

Improve quality of service

P&L contribution

Deliver services

Reduce complexity

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What is SOA?

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Before - After SOA

SOA Evolution

What is SOA?

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Consequences of not having an Enterprise SOA Strategy

Video 4

Within 2-3 years, well have

Mishmashes implementations of non-cohesive SOAs Islands of architectures fragmented business functionality & Business Processes Vendor-defined SOA landscapes (every vendor wants to be the center of the universe) IT will spend a lot of time in the future unwinding shortsighted solutions Semantic mess multiple applications exposing seemingly similar functionality Lots of non-reusable, un-structured services that dont enable business processes Businesses struggle to react to change reduced competitiveness

Agenda
SOA evolution What is SOA? SOA potential benefits
SOA shifts the way we think Why an Enterprise SOA Strategy is Important Improve quality of service Vs. Drive costs down Consequences of not having an Enterprise SOA Strategy

Technology providers
Market Trends Technology Providers SOA Solution Types

SOA Evolution

What is SOA?

SOA Benefits

Tec. Providers

Market Trends
Market development of software vendor integration / EAI to SOA Suites Market development of technology providers MOM / JMS to ESB (Enterprise ServiceBus) Market development of applications software vendors Web / Application Servers / APS(Application Platform Suites) to SOA Suites Market convergence of technology provider Web Services and SOA Convergence / fusion providers EAI / MOM / BPM / Integration / B2B / Application Servers / APS / Web

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What is SOA?

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Technology Providers

Microsoft IBM BEA TIBCO Sun / SeeBeyond Oracle webMethods / Software AG SAP

IONA Cape Clear Progress / Sonic Software iWay Fujitsu Fiorano InterSystems PolarLake

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What is SOA?

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Gartner Integration 2Q07

http://mediaproducts.gartner.com/reprints/microsoft/vol1/article1/article1.html

SOA Evolution

What is SOA?

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SOA Solution Types

Evolution of closed and monolithic applications to reusable services architecture on layer distributed network

Access Layer Process Layer Service Layer Resource Layer

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What is SOA?

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Tec. Providers

SOA Solution Types

Portal BAM BPM Governance

B2B

ETL

ESB

Video 5

Agenda
SOA evolution
SOA Story Service Oriented Architecture vs. Distributed Object Architecture XML - Extensible Markup Language Web Services A new Business Environment A new Enterprise Environment Pressures on the business Web Services Vs. Business Processes SOA Definitions Legacy Business Process Architectural Choke Point SOA Business Process

What is SOA?

Agenda
SOA potential benefits
SOA shifts the way we think Why an Enterprise SOA Strategy is Important Improve quality of service Vs. Drive costs down Consequences of not having an Enterprise SOA Strategy

Technology providers
Market Trends Technology Providers SOA Solution Types

Service Oriented Architecture

Juan Carlos Corrales, Ph.D.
Profesor Titular Universidad del Cauca
jcorral@unicauca.edu.co

Sesin 01, 01/29/2011 Universidad Autnoma de Occidente

Introduction to Service Oriented Architecture