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Aalborg University,
27 November 2003
Oracle History
If you like to find out more about the Oracle history, you can find some articles in the Oracle
Magazine archives at http://www.oracle.com/oramag/.
1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2004
1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2004
1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2004
1993: Oracle7
1994
• Declarative referential integrity
Media
• Stored procedures and triggers server
• Shared SQL, parallel execution
• Advanced replication 1995
1997: Oracle8 NC
• Object-relational extensions in the database
• From client/server to three-tier architecture
• Partitioning option
1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2004
1993: Oracle7
Oracle7 takes about four years of development and two years of testing, and comes with an
impressive list of new features.
In 1994, the first attempts are made to support multimedia content, resulting in the media server,
running on the nCube.
In 1995 Oracle launches a set of data warehousing features, including parallel query execution.
This allows queries to be broken up and executed in parallel, using multiple processors of a
symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) machine. In the same year, Larry Ellison introduces his vision
of the network computer (NC).
In 1996 all products are ported to the Windows NT platform, followed by a multinode scalable
database for Windows NT clusters.
1997: Oracle8
Oracle7 is still a client/server product; Oracle8 brings the internet and network computing
paradigm. The database includes support for object-oriented development and multimedia
applications; it also has features for handling both large numbers of users and large amounts of
data.
1999: Oracle8i
2000
• Java in the database (JVM and SQLJ)
• Partitioning enhancements iFS
• Data warehousing enhancements
• XML support
• Summary management
• Oracle Internet Directory (LDAP)
• Ported to Linux
1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2004
1999: Oracle8i
This product is called the internet database because of its new features, designed to support
internet-based activities and applications. It comes with a JVM, native Java support, and SQLJ -
an open standard for embedding SQL statements into client or server Java code.
Another new product is Oracle interMedia.
Oracle8 and Oracle8i are ported to Linux.
Raw Iron: Oracle starts shipping servers with Oracle's database preinstalled and running on a
slimmed-down operating system, bringing lower costs and simpler operations to smaller
organizations and departmental computing.
Oracle also starts testing Business Components for Java (BC4J).
Oracle WebDB for Linux becomes a popular download from the Oracle Technology Network. It
is a free browser-based tool for building, managing, and monitoring database-driven Web sites.
The tool will eventually mature into portal technology.
To help users more easily manage files, Oracle releases internet file system (iFS) in May 2000.
2001: Oracle9i
• Real Application Clusters, with cache fusion
– Scalability on inexpensive clustered hardware
• Automatic segment-space management
• Internet security enhancements
• Integrated business intelligence functionality
• Data Guard (standby databases)
• Oracle managed files
• Globalization support (Unicode, time zones, locales)
1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2004
2001: Oracle9i
Probably the most exciting new feature that comes with Oracle9i is Real Application Clusters,
with its cache fusion technology, resulting in transparent scalability on inexpensive, clustered
hardware.
Oracle9i also results in record-breaking TPC-C benchmark results.
1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2004
Alerts
AWR
Adv
Automatic Workload Repository
External clients
EM SQL*Plus …
SGA
Efficient V$ DBA_%
in-memory AWR
statistics snapshots
collection MMON
Self-tuning …
ADDM component
Internal clients
Alerts
AWR
Adv
Server Alert Models
EM console
EM Server
alerts alerts
Agent Server
Poll
Automatic alerts queue
metrics
notification
Alerts
AWR
Adv
DBMS_SCHEDULER Package
When?
How many times?
Arguments Arguments
DBMS_SCHEDULER Package
The DBMS_SCHEDULER package enables you to control when and where various tasks take place.
By ensuring that many routine database tasks occur without manual intervention, you can lower
operating costs, implement more reliable routines, and minimize human error. For example, the
Scheduler now schedules routine administration tasks, such as gathering optimizer statistics.
A program is a collection of metadata about what will be run by the Scheduler. The supported
program types are PL/SQL block, PL/SQL stored procedure, Java stored procedure, C routine
outside the database, and executables external to the database.
A schedule specifies when and how many times a job is executed.
A job specifies what needs to executed and when, along with any additional arguments required
for the job. To appropriately allocate scarce resources among competing jobs, the Scheduler uses
two other concepts:
• A job class defines a category of jobs that share common resource usage requirements and
other characteristics. You can prioritize among job classes by controlling the resources
allocated to each job class using a database resource plan. This ensures that your critical jobs
have priority and have enough resources to complete.
• A window is represented by an interval of time with a well-defined beginning and end. It is
used to change the prioritization among job classes based on a schedule.
Alerts
AWR
Adv
Advisory Framework
Segment Advisor
Space
Undo Advisor
Advisory Framework
Advisors are server components that provide feedback about resource utilization and
performance.
Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM): Does a top-down instance analysis,
identifies problems and potential causes, and gives recommendations for fixing the problems.
ADDM can potentially call other advisors.
SQL Tuning Advisor: Provides tuning advice for SQL statements
SQL Access Advisor: Deals with schema issues and determines optimal data access
PGA Advisor: Gives detailed statistics for the work areas, and provides recommendations about
optimal usage of PGA memory based on workload characteristics
SGA Advisor: Responsible for tuning and recommending SGA size depending on pattern of
access for the various components within the SGA
Buffer Cache Advisor: Predicts buffer cache hit rates for different buffer cache sizes
Library Cache Advisor: Predicts the cursor cache hit rate for different library cache sizes
Segment Advisor: Monitors object space issues and analyzes growth trends
Undo Advisor: Suggests parameter values and the amount of additional space that is needed to
support flashback for a specified time
ADDM
Alerts
DBA Proactive ADDM
monitoring results
Reactive
AWR
monitoring
Performance
In November 2003, Oracle and HP published the first TPC-C benchmark to break the 1 Million
tpmC barrier. This was done using Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition on HP Integrity
Superdome, resulting in 1,008,144.49 tpmC @ $8.33/tpmC.
By the way, Oracle 7 on the Compaq Alpha platform was the first to break the 100,000 tpmC
barrier in 1998.
• Flashback Query
– Query data at some point-in-time in the past
• Flashback Versions Query
– View changes made over time at the row level
• Flashback Transaction Query
– View changes made at the transaction level
• Flashback Database
– New strategy for doing point-in-time recovery
• Flashback Table
– Recover tables to a specified point in time
• Flashback Drop
– Undrop a table (recycle bin)
• SQL-86/87/89
– Levels 1 and 2
• SQL-92
– Entry/Transitional/Intermediate/Full levels
• SQL:1999 and SQL:2003
– Core SQL, plus named features and packages
• Conformance testing
– FIPS 127: SQL-92 only
– NIST (formerly NBS) did conformance testing until
1996; political changes eliminated NIST testing
Standards Conformance
SQL-86/87/89 was a truly minimal standard; almost any data retrieval product could conform.
SQL-92 Levels
Entry: Full SQL-89 standard, plus some small new features
Transitional: Half-way step to Intermediate
Intermediate: About half of the SQL-92 standard
Full: Everything (obviously)
Every important SQL product conformed to Entry within one year; no product reached
Transactional until this year.
Core SQL:1999 consisted of SQL-92 Entry level plus most of Transitional, and some
Intermediate and some Full. Most important SQL products conform to Core (or very nearly do)
and most of them implement several other features.
The NIST test suite is available in the public domain, but NIST is no longer organized as a
testing entity; standards conformance is now a contractual issue, rather than a public policy issue.
1. Framework
2. Foundation
3. Call Level Interface (CLI)
4. Persistent Stored Modules (PSM)
5. Host Language Bindings (gone in SQL:2003)
9. Management of External Data (MED)
10. Object Language Bindings (OLB)
11. Information and Definition Schemata
13. Java Routines and Types (JRT)
14. XML Related Specifications (XML)