Karakterisasi Damage dan

Stimulasi
Instructional Objectives
4 List factors that cause skin damage or geometric skin factor.
4 Calculate skin factor for a given additional pressure drop due to
damage; conversely, calculate additional pressure drop for a
given skin factor.
4 Calculate flow efficiency given the skin factor, wellbore pressure,
and average drainage area pressure.
4 Express skin factor as an apparent wellbore radius; conversely,
express apparent wellbore radius as a skin factor.
4 Express a given skin factor as an equivalent fracture halflength
(for an infiniteconductivity fracture); conversely, express
fracture halflength as an equivalent skin factor.
Drilling Fluid Damage
Invasi filtrat
lumpur
Butiran kecil dapat
menyumbat pori,
mengurangi permeabilitas
efektif
Flitrat dapat menjadikan
lempung mengembang,
dan menyumbat sumur
Damage Produksi
p < pb p > pb p > pd P< pd
Oil Reservoir
Gas bebas mengurangi
permeabilitas efektif
Gas Condensate
Reservoir
Ring kondensat yg
tidak mobil mengurangi
permeabilitas efektif
Damage Injeksi
air
kotor
air yang
incompatible
Model Reservoir
formation
bulk
h
Efek Skin
rw
ra
k
ka
Altered
zone
Consider an undisturbed formation of thickness h and permeability k.
Assume that something (drilling the well, producing fluid from the well,
injecting fluid into the well) changes the permeability near the wellbore.
One simple model of this effect is to assume that this altered zone has
uniform permeability ka and radius ra, and that the rest of the reservoir is
undisturbed.
For generality, we allow the permeability in the altered zone to be either
smaller or larger than the permeability in the undisturbed formation.
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Jarak dari pusat lubang bor, ft
T
e
k
a
n
a
n
,

p
s
i
Profil Tekanan Reservoir
ps
Skin dan Pressure Drop
s
p
qB
h k .
s
00708 0
We define the skin factor in terms of the additional pressure drop due to
damage.
As defined, the skin factor is dimensionless -- it has no units.
k = md
h = ft
q = STB/D
B = bbl/STB
ps = psi
= cp
Skin dan Pressure Drop
s
kh
qB .
p
s
2 141
The skin factor equation may be rearranged to
give the additional pressure drop caused by a
given skin factor.
r
h
Skin Factor dan Sifat Altered Zone
w
a
a
r
r
k
k
s ln 1
rw
rd
s
ka < k (damage), skin is positive.
ka > k (stimulation), skin is negative.
ka = k, skin is 0.
Skin Factor dan Sifat Altered Zone
w a
a
r r
s
k
k
ln
1

If we know the reservoir permeability and the skin factor and can
estimate the depth of the altered zone, we can estimate the
permeability of the altered zone using this equation.
Radius Lubang Efektif
w
wa
r
r
s ln
wa
s
w wa
e r r
wa
Skin Factor Minimum
w
e
min
r
r
s ln
Skin Factor Minimum
3 7
5 0
745
ln
ln
.
.
r
r
s
w
e
min
Contoh
Aliran menuju Perforasi Convergence
Skin Geometrik
Penetrasi Partial
h
h
p
Skin Geometrik
Interval yang diperforasi terbatas
ht
h
p
h
1
p d
p
t
s s
h
h
s +
Skin Geometrik
Penetrasi Partial, Apparent Skin Factor
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+

,
_

2
1
1
1
2
ln
1
2
ln 1
1
B
A
h
h
h r h
s
pD
pD
pD D pD
p

t p pD
h h h
t D
h h h
1 1

4
1
1 pD D
h h
A
+

4 3
1
1 pD D
h h
B
+

2
1

,
_

h
v
t
w
D
k
k
h
r
r
Geometric Skin
Lubang bor Miring
sec h
h
s s s
d
Skin Geometrik
Lubang Sumur Miring
Apparent Skin Factor
100
log
56 41
865 1 06 2
D
.
'
w
.
'
w
h
s

,
_

w
h
v
'
w
tan
k
k
tan
1
v
h
w
D
k
k
r
h
h
Sumur direkah hidrolik
Skin Geometrik
Lf
wa f
r L 2
2
f
wa
L
r
rwe
rdp
Lp
kR
kd
kdp
rp
rw
rd
Skin karena komplesi
dp d p
s s s s

,
_

,
_

,
_

d
R
dp
R
p
dp
p
dp
k
k
k
k
r
r
n L
h
s ln
Skin Gravel Pack
Lg
Cement
2
2
p gp
g R
gp
r nk
hL k
s
Productivity Index
wf
p p
q
J
The productivity index is often used to predict how changes
in average pressure or flowing bottomhole pressure pwf
will affect the flow rate q.
The productivity index is affected by

Reservoir quality (permeability)

Skin factor
Flow Efficiency
wf
s wf
f
p p
p p p
J
J
E
ideal
actual
We can express the degree of damage on stimulation with the
flow efficiency.
For a well with neither damage nor stimulation, Ef = 1.
For a damaged well, Ef < 1
For a stimulated well, Ef > 1
Flow Efficiency dan Laju Produksi
old
new
old new
f
f
E
E
q q
qnew = Flow rate after change in skin factor
qold = Flow rate before change in skin factor
Efnew = Flow efficiency after change in skin factor
Efold = Flow efficiency before change in skin factor