MAGNEGAS

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

SUMESH.S.R REG NO: 15093450

To Cochin University Of Science & Technology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree Of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Department of mechanical Engineering

Sarabhai Institute of science & Technology, Vellanad Thiruvananthapuram- 695573 July -2011

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Sarabhai Institute of Science & Technology, Vellanad, Thiruvananthapuram- 695573

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this seminar report entitled MAGNEGAS is a bonafide record of the work done by SUMESH.S.R under our guidance in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering of Cochin university of Science & Technology.

Seminar coordinators

Head of Department

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly I thank God almighty for his abundant grace on preparing this seminar. I express my sincere gratitude to the head of the department, DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Sarabhai Institute of Science & Technology, Vellanad, Thiruvananthapuram for his valuable suggestion, advice, guidance & encouragement in carrying out the seminar.

I especially thank my seminar guide, for his guidance & help rendered for the successful completion of my seminar. We also thank the department for providing necessary facilities for the presentation of the seminar.

I also express my gratitude to all the staff members, my parents and my friends who were very co-operative for the successful completion of this seminar report.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
The focus of this seminar is to explore some of the direction that have been taken to develop less emission and non exhaustable fuels for personal transportation vehicles to be used in next generation. Today, millions of people use the automobile as their main source of transportation. Automobiles are the most efficient and convenient way to travel compared to walking or running. Unfortunately, most of the automobiles use fossil fuel such as oil. After the internal combustion engine consumes the gasoline it releases carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen carbons, and carbon dioxide. The chemicals cause air pollution, acid rain and the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Many alternatives have been considered out of which the use of hydrogen as fuel did resolve the environmental problems of fossil fuels due to excessive emissions of carcinogenic substances and carbon dioxide. However, the combustion of hydrogen originating from regeneration processes (e.g., from natural gas) implies the permanent removal of oxygen from our atmosphere in a directly usable form, creating a serious environmental problem called Oxygen depletion, since the combustion turns hydrogen and oxygen into water whose separation to restore the original oxygen balance is prohibitive due to cost. We then show that a conceivable global use of hydrogen from the indicated regeneration origin in complete replacement of fossil fuels would imply the permanent removal of 2.8875 x 107 metric tons of O2 /day from our atmosphere, with consequential termination of all life forms in our planet in a few years. To resolve these problems, we propose the upgrading of hydrogen into the new combustible fuel called Magnegas, which is essentially a magnetically upgraded form of

hydrogen into new clusters called Magnecules. The new Magnegas technology permits the processing of crude oil in the reactors, by producing a fuel dramatically cleaner than gasoline, at a cost visibly smaller than that due to refineries. Magnegas is produce as a byproduct in the recycling of liquid waste or from processing of carbon rich liquids. Its production is cheaper than other fuels. Its exhaust has no toxic substances, a positive balance of oxygen & less CO2 as compared to gasoline exhaust. Thus Magnegas may be the permissible alternative for the present conventional fuels.

CHAPTER 2 THE MAGNEGAS-CONCEPT

1.THE BIRTH OF THE MAGNEGAS TECHNOLOGY: The MagneGas technology has been developed by the Italian-American scientist Dr. Ruggero Maria Santilli following mathematics, physical ,chemical and then industrial research conducted over the past three decades . During the last years of President Carter's Administration, when at the Department of Mathematics of Harvard University, Dr. Santilli was invited by the DOE to apply for a research grant to study the foundations for possible new energies and fuels. Dr. Santilli indicated his willingness to accept the grant under the condition he would be allowed to search for basically new mathematics, physics and chemistry because available disciplines of the time were invariant under the reversal of the direction of time, while all energy releasing processes are irreversible over time. Therefore, reversible theories (such as special relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry) are indeed exact for reversible systems (such as the atomic structure, particles in accelerators, and many more) but, when applied to irreversible systems (such as coal combustion) lead to serious inconsistencies (the prediction that smoke and ashes reconstruct the original coal in violation of causality, energy conservation, and other basic laws)

INSUFFICIENCIES TO PRODUCE A COMBUSTIBLE GAS

Despite 150 years of development, by the late 20th century no technology for the production and

sale of combustible gases produced by underwater electric arcs had reached industrial maturity. The reasons were discovered by the Italian-American Physicist Dr. Ruggero Maria Santilli.

The first insufficiency of stationary submerged electric arc is a very low efficiency,namely, the ratio between the volume of gas produced and the used electric every is small, thus causing an excessive cost of the produced gas. The arc is one of the most effective means for the separation of liquid molecules. Consequently, a stationary submerged electric arc creates a plasma around the tips of the electrodes very rich of Hydrogen and Oxygen. But such a plasma is traversed by the arc itself. Therefore, most of the separated Hydrogen and Oxygen ignite via an implosion by reproducing in this way the original liquid state. Dr. Santilli states: The beautiful glow of an underwater arc is partially due to the combustion within the plasma around the tips of the electrodes of Hydrogen and Oxygen into water caused by the arc itself, with a consequential dramatic reduction of efficiency.

An additional insufficiency of the gas produced by conventional stationary submerged electric arcs is the high content of the green house gas CO2 that was measured by Dr. Santilli as being up to 18% prior to combustion, with up to 27% percent CO2 content in the combustion exhaust. Due to the expectation of substantial fines and charged for any release in the atmosphere of CO2, such a feature, alone, prevented the industrial development of a combustible gas produced with a submerged electric arc.

the origin of the latter insufficiency was also identified by Dr. Santilli and consists in the fact that the plasma caused by an underwater electric arc around the tips of graphite electrodes is generally composed of mostly ionized atoms of Hydrogen H, Oxygen O and Carbon C. Due to the great affinity between Carbon and Oxygen (at the origin of life on Earth), Carbon and

Oxygen combine by forming (the triple bonded, gaseous) Carbon Monoxide CO. But CO is combustible and, when traversed by an arc in the presence of Oxygen, burns by forming CO2. thus explaining the indicate major environmental insufficiency. Additional insufficiencies discovered by Dr. Santilli are technical and are treated in the specialized literature

2.MATHEMATICAL RESEARCH: To initiate his studies under DOE support, Dr. Santilli recognized that there cannot be really new, irreversible physical and chemical theories without a really new mathematics, because all pre-existing mathematics had no time arrow, thus being itself reversible over time. Additionally, Dr. Santilli stressed that there cannot be really new irreversible mathematics without really new numbers. These studies alone required more than a decade of research of purely mathematical character, and resulted in new mathematics today technically known as santilli-geno- and hyper-mathematics, or generically hashadronic mathematics meaning a new mathematics conceived for the structure of strongly interacting particles such as protons and neutrons called "hadrons", although also applicable to the interior of any physical medium. It should be noted that hadronic mathematics consists of new numbers, new space time, new differential calculus, new algebras, new groups, new symmetries, etc. Mathematical maturity was reach in 1996 when a purely mathematics journal (Rendiconti Circolo Matematico Palermo) dedicated one entire issue to Santilli new mathematics. 3.PHYSICAL RESEARCH: Following the discovery of the appropriate irreversible covering of the 20th century mathematics, Dr. Santilli passed to the construction of corresponding coverings of physical theories such as special relativity and quantum mechanics, as well as their verification,

when applicable, in particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics and cosmology. This additional research also required decades. The new disciplines are today known under the name of hadronic relativity and mechanics and includes a step-by-step lifting of all aspects of conventional theories into broader scientific vistas. 4.CHEMICAL RESEARCH: Only following such a vast prior research, Dr. Santilli was finally in a position to construct the discipline truly needed for energy releasing processes, an irreversible covering of quantum chemistry, today known as Santilli hadronic chemistry, and also consists in a step-bystep irreversible covering of all various aspects of quantum chemistry, with impressive experimental verifications, such as the first numerically exact representation from un -adulterated first principle of the binding energy and other features of the Hydrogen, Water and other molecules. By comparison, conventional chemistry had missed these goals for about one century. In fact, quantum chemistry missed a historical 2% of experimental data on molecular binding energy for the hydrogen and was unable to get the sign let alone the value of the electric and magnetic moment of the water molecule. The so-called "screened Coulomb potentials" did improve the representation but rendered the words *quantum chemistry" equivocal since they no longer admit conventional quantized orbits and have other problems shown in the technical literature. 5.THE DISCOVERY OF MAGNEGAS:

Back in the late 1970s, Dr. Santilli indicated to the DOE that he had no intention of searching for new fuels with the conventional molecular structure (that is, atoms bonded together by the conventional valence force) because the origin of environmental problems caused by fossil fuels s the impossibility of achieving a full combustion due to the strength of the valence

bond. By contrast, Dr. Santilli indicated to the DOE his intent of searching for fuels with a new chemical com position other than that of molecular character, subject to the condition of allowing a full combustion, as an evident pre-requisite to achieve true improvement in combustion.

Following the above indicated research in pure mathematics, physics and chemistry, Dr. Santilli finally achieved in 1998 his intended goal with the discovery of a new chemical species today known as Santilli magnecules,consisting of isolated atoms H, C, O, etc., dimers HO, CH, etc. and ordinary molecules H2, CO, etc. bonded together by opposing magnetic polarities in toroidal deformations of atomic orbitals. In fact, magnetic bonds, even though stable at ambient temperature, are known to be weaker then valence bonds, and they are known to disappear at a sufficient high temperature. Therefore, all fuels with Santilli magnecular structure do have indeed full combustion because the bond of their clusters is destroyed by the combustion itself. Additionally, the energy output of fuels with magnecular structure is bigger than that of fuels with molecular structure under the same atomic constituents because of the availability in the former case of free atoms such as H and O ready to combust into H2O, while in the latter case energy is lost for the separation of H2 and O2 into H and O as a premise for their combustion into H2O.

Only following the above vast preparatory research, Dr. Santilli was finally able to search for a basically new class of fuels he called MagneFuelsTM (patented and international patents pending), the prefix "Magne" indicating the new magnecular structure as opposed to the conventional molecular composition. At that time (1998), Dr. Santilli initiated comprehensive industrial research on the selection of the most effective means for the cost competitive

production of his new fuels with magnecular structure. The result was one an d only one: the use of submerged electric arcs for the gasification of liquids since no other process can compare, even partially, in efficiency. That identification signaled the birth ofMagneGases that is, of various gases with Santilli magnecular structure. Industrial maturity for the cost competitive production of clean burning MagneGases requires large investments over one additional decades of industrial research and the construction of dozens of Magnegas Refineries scientifically also known as Santilli hadronic reactors to indicate that they are conceived and designed via the use of hadronic mathematics, physics and chemistry.

Following the achievement of clean burning, cost competitive fuels with the new magnecular structure, Santilli is currently completing his commitment with the DOE of the late 1970s: the search for much needed, environmentally acceptable new energies namely, energies that cannot be even conceived, let a,one treated with the 20th century sciences. SAt any rate, all energies that could be conceived via special relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry were fully identified by the middle of the 20th century and they all resulted to have environmental shortcomings. Therefore, the only serious hope for mankind to achieve the much needed new clean energy is to surpass special relativity, quantum mechanics s and quantum, chemistry

MAJOR DRAWBACKS OF USING HYDROGEN AS A FUEL

The use of hydrogen does avoid the release carcinogenic substances and carbon dioxide in the exhaust, but causes an alarming oxygen depletion which is considerably bigger than that caused by fossil fuel combustion under the same energy output. This depletion is due to the fact that gasoline combustion turns atmospheric oxygen into CO2 part of which is recycled by plants into O2, while hydrogen combustion turns as atmospheric oxygen into H2O. This process permanently removes oxygen from our atmosphere in a directly usable form due to the excessive cost of water separation to restore the original oxygen balance .Further, H2O produced is certainly a greenhouse gas.

Also Hydrogen fuel typically takes up about four times as much space as gasoline to deliver the same energy content and to keep the fuel at -273C requires expensive tanks made of 70 layers of fiberglass and aluminum. Another major problem faced was that hydrogen tends to leak more than petroleum, and hydrogen can embrittle some metals. Therefore, in short problems faced using H2 as fuel can be summarized as 1 Production 2. Transportation 3. Storage of liquid hydrogen. 4. Oxygen depletion.

A REVOLUTIONARY BREAKTHROUGH: CREATION OF MAGNEGAS What is Magnegas

Upgrading hydrogen into a new combustible gas called as Magnegas. It is named so because of its unique property of inducing atomic polarization between the atoms and molecules which bond together like magnets, resulting in clusters which are stable at ordinary conditions. These clusters are called magnecules because of the dominance of magnetic over the other effects in their creation. Fig. 2.1 shows the production process of the Magnegas.

Fig. 2.1:PRODUCTION OF MAGNEGAS

CHAPTER 3 THE MAGNEGAS-PRODUCTION A new kind of reactors called Hardonic Reactor, are used for processing crude oil and liquid wastes into Magnegas and giving heat as by product .These reactors are also called as Plasma Arc Flow recyclers .These reactors are called Hardonic because they are based on concept of Hardonic Chemistry rather than Quantum Chemistry. In these reactors Magnegas is produced by Plasma Arc Flow process in which an electric arc is passed through the liquid at about 10,000F which decomposes molecules into plasma state and the H, C and O recombine to form the clusters of individual atoms of H, C and O plus ordinary molecules H2, CO and O2. Figure 3.1 below shown is US Magnegas Total Recycler whose all operations are computer controlled. It uses inch electrodes for producing arc. The extensive tests have established that the reactor uses in average 100W of electricity for an average hourly production of 500m3 of Magnegas plus heat. The reactor has been certified for total recycling of any type of non-radioactive liquid waste, including: antifreeze and engine oil wastes etc. The biggest efficiency is obtained by using crude oil which is converted into a fuel cleaner and less expensive than gasoline when compared to the cost of current refineries. Hardronic reactors with 1, 2

and 5 coal rods, which produce up to three million units of the clean burning Magnegas per hour suitable for the large scale automotive uses.

PLASMA ARC FLOW RECYCLERS:

The PLASMA ARC FLOW(TM) process gasifies a number of liquid wastes into usable byproducts. These byproducts include: a gaseous fuel known as MagneGas(TM), heat, carbon precipitates and sterile effluent liquid that is under development for organic liquid fertilizer or irrigation water. MagneGas is a cost competitive and clean burning fuel that is essentially interchangeable with Natural Gas or it can be mixed with Natural Gas. It has the lowest Green House gas emissions when compared to fossil fuel. The refinery has no odor or noise pollution as it runs quietly in a completely sealed environment. The fuel can be used for metal cutting, cooking, heating, or powering natural gas bi fuel automobiles.

The technology is called Plasma Arc Flow(TM) (patents and numerous international patents pending) and it is based in flowing the liquid waste through a submerged electric arc between coal electrodes. The arc decomposes the liquid molecules into atoms and forms a plasma around the tips of the electrodes at about 10,000F. The Plasma Arc Flow moves the plasma away from the electrodes and controls the formation of MagneGas that bubbles to the surface for collection. In this way the liquid waste is converted into MagneGas, sterile liquid effluent and carbonaceous precipitates collected in a strainer for periodical removal.

The revolutionary Plasma Arc Flow(TM) recycler creates this natural gas alternative, which can power cars, cooking grills, industrial equipment, and homes. The machine uses a patented electrical process to decompose the liquid waste molecules into atoms, and the atoms are then recombined into MagneGas.

MagneGas exhaust has been certified by an automotive laboratory accredited with the E.P.A. to

surpass all E.P.A. requirements without a catalytic converter, and is the only fuel that produces oxygen when it burns, making it dramatically cleaner than gasoline, diesel, and natural gas. MagneGas is composed of hydrogen (55-65%), carbon monoxide (30-35%), carbon dioxide (12%), water vapor (2%), and trace gases (0.5-1%).

The technology is based on specially designed reactors, commercially referred to as "PlasmaArcFlow(TM) Recyclers." These reactors are capable of recycling water-base liquid waste (such as city, farm or ship sewage and sludge, used antifreeze etc.) or certain oil-base liquid waste into a new clean burning fuel called "MagneGas(TM)".

The recyclers are divided into three different types:

I) "Total Recyclers" that are intended for the maximum conversion of liquid to fuel. The waste is converted into MagneGas and a carbon deposit that is under development for the production of electrodes or other uses.

II) "Linear Recyclers" that are intended for the sterilization of bio-contaminated liquid wastes (such as city or ship sewage) via its single passage through one or more electric arcs. This results in the production of MagneGas, carbon precipitates, plus sterilized liquid that can be processed further via industrially available filters and other systems to produce final effluent as clean as requested by local environmental requirements.

III) "Total-Linear Recyclers" for the processing of farm manure and ship or city sludge via their treatment in the Total Mode until the entire liquid is sterilized and its solid content is carbonized. The liquid is then processed in the Linear Mode for the removal of carbonized solids and completes other processes as may be required by local environmental authorities. This

process results in MagneGas, carbon precipitants plus sterilized liquid that can be processed further via industrially available filters and other systems to produce final effluent to meet local environmental requirements.

CERTIFICATION OF THE MAGNEGAS EXHAUST Magnegas(TM) fuel was shown by EPA accredited laboratory analysis results to be suitable for use as automotive fuel without catalytic converters while surpassing all current EPA requirements for combustion exhaust emissions, as shown below.

Element Hydro-carbons

MagneGas (MG) 0.026 gm/mi

Natural Gas 0.380 gm/mi 2460% of MG emission

Gasoline 0.234 gm/mi 900% of MG emission 1.965 gm/mi 750% of MG emission 0.247 gm/mi 80% of MG emission 458.655 gm/mi 195% of MG emission

EPA Standards 0.41 gm/mi

Carbon Monoxide

0.262 gm/mi

5.494 gm/mi 2096% of MG emission

3.40 gm/mi

Nitrogen Oxides

0.281 gm/mi

.732 gm/mi 260% of MG emission

1.00 gm/mi

Carbon Dioxide

235 gm/mi

646.503 gm/mi 275% of MG emission

No EPA standard exists for Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

9%-12%

0.5%-0.7% 0.04% of MG emission

0.5%-0.7% 0.04% of MG emission

No EPA standard exists for Oxygen

PROPERTIES AND TEST RESULTS:

Many tests and researches are being done till now which brought to light the following characteristics of Magnegas. 1.Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) and Infra Red Detectorsshowed that it consists of large cluster which cannot be all symmetric and havingunconventional type of bonding which does not give conventional signature. 2.Magnegas has three different energy storage levels: magnecules, molecules and newinternal molecular bonds and thus its combustion may referred as burning of amultistage rocket. 3.In Magnegas under a sufficient magnetic polarization, hydrogen acquires thenecessary energy density to avoid liquefaction as fuel and when tested it gave energyoutput equivalent to that of gasoline (proved by us Magnegas Inc) 4.Combustion of Magnegas has positive balance i.e. the oxygen produced in the exhaust is bigger than that used in combustion. 5.The exhaust emission of an Automobile converted to run on magnegas had following composition. Water vapour 65 70% O2 10% CO2 - 6% - 8% CO - 0.00% - 0.01%

WHY MAGNEGAS? Recycles liquid sludge Pollution Free On-site production Limitless quantities Transportable plant A cleaner ,better planet