SREE SASTHA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEMOLITION: EQUIPMENTS AND TECHNIQUES AUTHORS NAME:

ARUNPRAKASH A

Email Id:Arunprakash.ce@gmail.com CO-AUTHORS NAME:

KOLANJINATHAN B

Email Id:
Kolanji.nathan003@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Demolition is simply the process of destroying structures such as houses and other buildings and even destroying walls, windows etc. Destruction is not necessarily evil. Sometimes its a necessity. For something new to come the old one will be destroyed. For renovation demolition is essential. Demolition is also needed when the life span of the building is over or when its in danger of collapse. Such buildings are not good for usage and are dangerous as it may come down at any second. In the current scenario demolition is a safe and easy process because of the new sophisticated machines and explosives (which are controlled). Every owner needs to renovate his/her home and some needs to destroy his building to construct something new. As people say failure is a step to success we can say that demolition is a step to construction. In this presentation I am explaining about the process of demolition, the various kinds of demolition regarding the building and the machine/technology used and the current machinery and techniques used in demolition

INTRODUCTION:
The process known as demolition is called the opposite of construction. Construction involves putting a structure up and demolition involves pulling it down. Demolition is indicated for a number of reasons. The most common is the age and safety condition of the building. Sometimes it is simply a matter of removing the old to make room for the new. Newer construction methods and changing building and architectural styles are sometimes the things that mark an older building for demolition

Demolition Different Variations:

There are multiple types of demolition procedures used to take down structures. The size of the building and the location are factors in determining the most appropriate type. The types of demolition all involve safety considerations, but some are considered safer than others. The general rule is the safest and simplest method that can do the job is the one selected. Simple manual demolition is indicated for smaller buildings such as single story homes. Manual demolition usually involves pulling the structure down. Closely related is mechanical demolition. Quite often smaller buildings use a combination of manual and mechanical methods. Mechanical demolition involves both the pulling down and the knocking down of the structure. Mechanical demolition uses such machinery as rams, bulldozers,

Contents:
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Introduction Non-explosive demolition Building implosion Equipments Used Deconstruction Gallery References

cranes, and excavators. Larger structures involve wrecking balls. Wrecking balls are heavy balls attached to strong cable and swung by large cranes. Basically, the idea is to batter the building into pieces. Another type of demolition is called undermining. This process causes the collapse of the building by removing important supporting structures usually near the base. When done properly, undermining can bring down the building not only quickly, but also in the desired direction. The most dramatic type of demolition is certainly implosion. This involves a controlled series of explosions that causes a collapse of the structure. The explosive charges are placed and fired in a controlled manner that causes the building to fall in upon itself, hence the name "implosion." When this process is done properly, the building will come down into its own "footprint", minimizing damage to surrounding structures. Implosion is only used as a last resort because of the high safety risk involved. This type of demolition takes a long time to set up and a long time to clean up, but the actual implosion process takes mere seconds to unfold. A new type of demolition that is growing in popularity is called "deconstruction." This is thought of as the most environmentally sound method of demolition and it is sometimes called "Green demolition" for this reason. It involves a slow and careful process that is almost the reverse of the construction method. The building is slowly taken apart and as much material as possible is salvaged for reuse elsewhere. This

lightens the load on the landfills that usually receive the debris of a building destroyed by conventional demolition procedures The technique of Vrinage is used in France to weaken and buckle the supports of central floors promoting the collapse of the top part of a building onto the bottom resulting in a rapid, symmetrical, collapse. The Japanese company Kajima Construction has developed a new method of demolishing buildings which involves using computer-controlled hydraulic jacks to support the bottom floor as the support beams are removed. The floor is lowered and this process is repeated for each floor. This technique is safer and more environmentally friendly, and is useful in areas of high population density. The tallest demolished building was the 47-story Singer Building in New York City, which was built in 1908 and torn down in 1967-1968 to be replaced by One Liberty Plaza.

NON-EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION:

weight on a cable that is swung by a crane into `easily controlled and often less efficient than other methods. Newer methods may use rotational hydraulic shears and silenced rock-breakers attached to excavators to cut or break through wood, steel, and concrete. The use of shears is especially common when flame cutting would be dangerous. Hydraulic excavators may be used to topple one- or two-story buildings by an undermining process. The strategy is to undermine the building while controlling the manner and direction in which it falls. The demolition project manager/supervisor will determine where undermining is necessary so that a building is pulled in the desired manner and direction. The walls are typically undermined at a building's base, but this is not always the case if the building design dictates otherwise. Safety and cleanup considerations are also taken into account in determining how the building is undermined and ultimately demolished. Hoe rams are typically used for removing the concrete road deck and piers during bridge demolition, while hydraulic shears are used to remove the bridge's structural steel. In some cases a crane with a wrecking ball is used to demolish the structure down to a certain manageable height. At that point undermining takes place as described above. However crane mounted demolition balls are rarely used within demolition due to the uncontrollable nature of the swinging ball and the safety implications associated.

A wrecking ball in action at the demolition of the Rockwell Gardens.

A high-reach excavator is used to demolish this tower block. For small buildings, such as houses, that are only two or three stories high, demolition is a rather simple process. The building is pulled down either manually or mechanically using large hydraulic equipment: elevated work platforms, cranes, excavators or bulldozers. Larger buildings may require the use of a wrecking ball, a heavy

High reach demolition excavators are more often used for tall buildings where explosive demolition is not appropriate or possible. Excavators with shear attachments are typically used to dismantle steel structural elements. Hydraulic hammers are often used for concrete structures and concrete processing attachments are used to crush concrete to a manageable size, and to remove reinforcing steel. To control dust, fire hoses are used to maintain a wet demolition. Hoses may be held by workers, secured in fixed location, or attached to lifts to gain elevation. Loaders or bulldozers may also be used to demolish a building. They are typically equipped with "rakes" (thick pieces of steel that could be an I-beam or tube) that are used to ram building walls. Skid loaders and loaders will also be used to take materials out and sort steel. INSTRUMENTS:

The most basic demolition hammer is a standard hammer with an especially large, heavy head and a long handle. The user can generate tremendous force with the long handle, with the head packing a serious punch which can break through a wide variety of materials. When used by someone with skills and the muscles to control it, this type of hammer can break up brick, concrete, and other hard construction materials. The sledgehammer is an example of this type of demolition hammer. Other demolition hammers utilize electricity to get a bit of extra power, being attached to motors which do the bulk of the work. This type of demolition hammer just needs to be held and manipulated by the user, without the need to exert serious force, although sometimes it can take a surprising amount of force to hold the tool in place. Jackhammers are probably among the most famous of the electric demolition hammers, and there are a variety of specialized models available for construction workers. Some people refer to demolition hammers as breakers, referencing the idea that they are designed to break up the materials at a construction site. Breaking is commonly used to take out unwanted walls, structural or otherwise, and to prepare a structure for demolition by weakening its key points so that it can be effectively leveled with a wrecking ball. Demolition hammers are also used to tear up roadways in preparation for roadwork, and to break up foundations, ranging from perimeter foundations to solid slab foundations.

Demolition Hammers:
Demolition hammers are tools which are designed to be utilized in demolition. They are typically heavy and powerful so that they can be used to break up a variety of substances, from wooden walls to concrete pads, and they are an important part of the tool arsenal for a construction crew. There are a number of types of demolition hammer on the market, ranging from simple models used in do-it-yourself projects to more heavy-duty versions for industrial demolition.

While demolition hammers can look like fun to use to a passerby, the work is grueling, rather dirty, and highly demanding. In order to demolish something safely, workers must move carefully and precisely, and they may work with engineers and demolition experts to confirm that they are taking the safest approach to a demolition project. Failure to observe safety precautions can result in severe injury or death to workers or bystanders.

Hydro demolition:
Hydro demolition is the use of powerful jets of water to break up deteriorating concrete and cement without damaging neighboring materials. Construction companies began using this technique in Europe in the 1970s, primarily for restoration and refinishing projects where crews needed to be able to remove damaged material while leaving a structure intact. People can use this demolition method on buildings, bridges, roadways, and other structures made from concrete like sidewalks and storm drains. In hydro demolition, a cutting head attaches to a machine capable of generating extremely powerful blasts of water. The water can skim the surface to remove an upper layer of concrete or penetrate more deeply to cut through walls and other materials. The surrounding material will remain intact, and water keeps dust down, making the job site safer. Construction crews use vacuums to recycle the water and collect debris as they work, which makes cleanup very easy.

After hydro demolition, a surface is often immediately ready for restoration and needs no additional treatment. Construction workers can inspect rebar and other supports to see if any need replacement before proceeding with a fresh pour. This cuts down on working time substantially. With jack hammering, another method of concrete removal, people must remove debris and resurface the material to get it ready for restoration. This adds considerably to work time and workers also need to cope with high dust levels, a potential health hazard, especially when concrete contains toxic fillers or inclusions. Construction crews primarily use this technique to break up old, damaged material including bricks and mortar held together with decaying grout. They can also use it on perfectly serviceable surfaces if it becomes necessary to remove layers of material to retrofit or perform other work. The hydro demolition team will meet with a contractor to discuss the needs of the project, determine the best equipment to use, and set up a demolition plan.

Rotary Hammers:
The best way to learn what a rotary hammer is would be to learn the different uses for rotary hammers. Rotary hammers have been around for years and have only improved over time. The most common use for rotary hammers is drilling into concrete, or something as hard as concrete. The rotary hammer looks like a huge drill and it is considered to be in the category of that tool. However, it is called a hammer

because it moves the rotary bit in and out at a rapid speed in order to break up the concrete while drilling through it. When houses are damaged by termites, the termite technician will use a rotary hammer to drill through the slab in order to pump the right chemical below the bottom of the slab to kill the termites. But they are used for much more than just pest control. When concrete needs reinforcement, rotary hammers will be used to drill holes so they can add rebar. Demolition squads will use them for strategically placing charges to implode a building or to move a certain amount of rock from a mountainside. Because you can purchase almost any type of bit for this tool, it becomes a versatile piece of equipment. For example, one accessory for this tool looks like a shovel. When the rotary hammers motor is turned on, the in and out motion will give you the same function as stepping on the edge of a shovel to dig a hole. While the accessory is not as big as normal shovels, they will remove dirt or clay if from an area that does not allow for a regular size shovel. Rotary hammers are also called rotary drills because they can be switched back and forth from drill to hammer. The rotary hammer, with a handle that protrudes out of the side for a firmer grip, is a great tool when working over your head. Imagine drilling a hole through a concrete slab over your head and all you have is a star-chisel and a hammer. For those of you who are unfamiliar with the star-chisel, they are well known as a knuckle-buster as missing the end of the chisel with the

hammer was quite common. The movement that the hammer option provides produces more than a thousand blows per minute. That is a lot of power whenever you are holding the end of it and you are trying to penetrate very tough concrete.

Building implosion:
In the controlled demolition industry, building implosion is the strategic placing of explosive material and timing of its detonation so that a structure collapses on itself in a matter of seconds, minimizing the physical damage to its immediate surroundings Building implosion (which reduces to seconds a process which could take months or years to achieve by other methods) typically occurs in urban areas and often involves large landmark structures. . This had been stated of the destruction of 1515 Tower in West Palm Beach, Florida. "What happens is, you use explosive materials in critical structural connections to allow gravity to bring it down." A true implosion usually involves a difference between internal (lower) and external (higher) pressure, or inward and outward forces, that is so large that the structure collapses inward into itself. Instead, the technique weakens or removes critical supports so that the building can no longer withstand the force of gravity and falls under its own weight.

Numerous small explosives, strategically placed within the structure, are used to catalyze the collapse. Nitroglycerin, dynamite, or other explosives are used to shatter reinforced concrete supports. Linear shaped charges are used to sever steel supports. These explosives are progressively detonated on supports throughout the structure. Then, explosives on the lower floors initiate the controlled collapse. Trojan Nuclear Power Plant After sixteen years of service it was closed by its operator, Portland General Electric (PGE), almost twenty years before the end of its design lifetime. Decommissioning and demolition of the plant began in 1993 and was completed in 2006.

building implosion using explosives. Imploding a building is very fast the collapse itself only takes seconds and an expert can ensure that the building falls into its own footprint, so as not to damage neighboring structures. This is essential for tall structures in dense urban areas. Any error can be disastrous, however, and some demolitions have failed, severely damaging neighboring structures. The greatest danger is from flying debris which, when improperly prepared for, can kill onlookers. Even more dangerous is the partial failure of an attempted implosion. When a building fails to collapse completely the structure may be unstable, tilting at a dangerous angle, and filled with undetonated but still primed explosives, making it difficult for workers to approach safely. A third danger comes from air overpressure that occurs during the implosion. If the sky is clear, the shock wave, a wave of energy and sound, travels upwards and disperses, but if cloud coverage is low, the shock wave can travel outwards, breaking windows or causing other damage to surrounding buildings.[3] Stephanie Kegley of CST Environmental described shock waves by saying, "The shock wave is like a water hose. If you put your hand in front of the water as it comes out, it fans to all sides. When cloud coverage is below 1,200 feet, it reacts like the hand in front of the hose.

Demolition of a chimney at the former brewery "Henninger" in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, on 2 December 2006

The demolition of the New Haven 4 Coliseum in New Haven, Connecticut Large buildings, tall chimneys, smokestacks, and increasingly some smaller structures may be destroyed by

The wave from the shock fans out instead of up toward the sky."[4] While a controlled implosion is the method that the general public often thinks of when discussing demolition due to its spectacularity, it can be dangerous and is only used as a last resort when other methods are impractical or too costly. The destruction of large buildings has become increasingly common as the massive housing projects of the 1960s and 1970s are being leveled around the world. At 439 feet (134 m) and 2,200,000 square feet (204,000 m2), the J. L. Hudson Department Store and Addition is the tallest steel framed building and largest single structure ever imploded.[5]

Rotational hydraulic shears and standard reinforced bucket attachments are common demolition tools.

A high-reach excavator is used to demolish this tower block in northern England.

An excavator is used to demolish a barn.

Grain elevator demolition in Minneapolis, Minnesota

With heavy equipment, demolition of a house is a twoperson job that can be completed in a day or two.

Demolition of the Jamestown Bridge in Rhode Island

Implosion of Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida, April 1999

Kays Catalogues Distribution Centre on Marshall Street in Holbeck, Leeds, UK, undergoing demolition in June 2008

A tower block in Glasgow being demolished by explosives.

Demolition of Bacinol in Delft, Netherlands. Hydraulic excavators can be purpose-built for the rigorous work of demolition.

Demolition of Rockwell Gardens in Chicago.

Demolition of a house in Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Demolition of Clarke Tower in Ballymun, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.

This high-reach excavator can reach up to 110-feet and can carry up to 8,000 lb. work tools for demolishing tall structures.

REFERENCE: 1) ^ http://www.dailymotion.com/vi deo/x2td63_hd20h20070822chun k2_news 2) ^ "Kajima Demolition Tech". Popular Science. December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-18. 3) ^ Cultice, Curtice (1997). "Blasting a path to world markets". BNET Business Network. Retrieved 2008-05-19. 4) ^ Bohart, Maura (2007-0926). "Demolition Eliminates Final Remnant of Charlotte Hornets". Construction Equipment Guide. Retrieved 2008-05-19. 5) ^ "J.L. Hudson Department Store". Controlled Demolition, Inc.. 6) ^ a b WGBH Boston (199612). "Interview with Stacey Loizeaux". NOVA Online. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 2009-04-29. "She learned the fine art of demolition from her father, Mark Loizeaux, and her uncle, Doug Loizeauxpresident and vice-president of the company. NOVA spoke with Ms. Loizeaux a few days before Christmas, 1996." a. ^ http://www.palmbeachpo st.com/news/taking-down1515-tower-no-implosionnot-quite-223838.html

7) ^ Dick Grogan (1997-06-11). "Pillars of the church may save the nave". The Irish Times, City Edition; Home News Section; From the South-East. p. 2. 8) ^ a b Brent Blanchard (February 2002). "A History of Explosive Demolition in America". Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique. International Society of Explosives Engineers. pp. 2744. ISSN 0732-619X. 9) ^ Controlled Demolition, Inc.. "Seattle Kingdome demolition". Retrieved 2010-0329. 10) ^ Madden (ACT Coroner), Shane G. (1999). "General Chronology and Overview". The Bender Coronial Decision. ACT Magistrates Court and Tribunals (Coroner's Court). Retrieved 2007-03-07.